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John T. Scopes

John T. Scopes

John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970), a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. Contrary to the impression created in various versions of Inherit the Wind, Scopes was actually born and raised in Paducah, Kentucky, but as a teenager attended Danville High School in Danville, Illinois (Danville High was also the first school he taught at shortly before he moved to Dayton), and did not move to Dayton until after he had gained a law degree at the University of Kentucky in 1924. In Dayton he took a job as the Rhea County High School's football coach, and occasionally filled in as substitute teacher when regular members of staff were off work. Scopes' involvement in the so-called Monkey Trial came about after The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) announced that it would finance a test case challenging its constitutionality of the Butler Act if they could find a Tennessee teacher was put on trial for violating the statute. A group of businessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led by mine manager George Rappelyea, saw this as an opportunity to get publicity for their town and approached Scopes, who was the football coach and who had substituted for the principal in the school's science class. Rappelyea pointed out that while the Butler Act prohibited the teaching of evolution, the state required teachers to use the assigned textbook - Hunter's Civic Biology - which included a chapter on evolution. Rappelyea argued that teachers were essentially required to break the law. When asked about the test case Scopes was initially reluctant to get involved, but after some discussion he told the group gathered in Robinson's Drugstore, "If you can prove that I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial." In the so-called Scopes Monkey Trial, the defense team included Clarence Darrow, Dudley Field Malone, John Neal, Arthur Garfield Hays and Frank McElwee, whilst the prosecution team, led by Tom Stewart, also included brothers Herbert and Sue Hicks, Wallace Haggard, and father and son pairings Ben and J. Gordon McKenzie and William Jennings Bryan and William Jennings Bryan Jr. Bryan had spoken at Scopes' high school commencement and remembered the defendant laughing while Bryan was giving the address to Scopes' graduating class six years earlier. The case ended with a guilty verdict, and Scopes was given a $100 fine, which Bryan and the ACLU offered to pay. The case was appealed to the Tennesee Supreme Court which found the Butler Act constitutional, but overturned Scopes conviction on a technicality; the judge had set the fine instead of the jury. The Butler Act remained until 1967 when it was repealed by the Tennessee legislature. Ironically, in reality Scopes never taught evolution and was therefore innocent of the crime to which his name is inexorably linked. After the trial Scopes admitted to reporter William K. Hutchinson "I didn't violate the law," explaining he had skipped the evolution lesson and his lawyers had coached his students to go on the stand: the Dayton businessmen had assumed he had violated the law. Hutchinson did not file his story until after the Scopes appeal was decided in 1927. Scopes also admitted the truth to the wife of the Modernist minister Charles Francis Potter. Scopes was not allowed to take the stand at his trial for fear he would reveal his ignorance and turned down a $50,000 offer to lecture on evolution on the vaudeville stage because he did not know enough about the subject. After the trial, Scopes went to the University of Chicago, where he received a master's degree in geology. After that he was mainly employed by the oil industry, in both the United States and Venezuela. He died at the age of 70, probably from a stroke. He is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery in Paducah, Kentucky. John Scopes wrote an autobiography entitled Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes. (Henry Holt & Company, Inc.—June 1967), ISBN 0030603404

External links


- [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4723956 NPR Timeline of Events surrounding the Scopes Monkey Trial] Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas

August 3

August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining.

Events


- 8 - Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- 435 - Deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of the Christological "heresy" (at the time) known as Nestorianism, was exiled by Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.
- 1492 - Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.
- 1492 - The Jews of Spain are expelled by the Catholic Monarchs.
- 1635 - The third of the Tokugawa shoguns, Iemitsu, establishes the system of alternate attendance by which the feudal daimyō are required to spend one year at Edo Castle in Tokyo and one year back home at their feudal manor, while their families remained in Tokyo as virtual political hostages. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 21, 1635).
- 1645 - The Second Battle of Nördlingen is fought between the forces of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1678 - Robert LaSalle builds the Griffon, the first known ship built in America.
- 1783 - Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing 35,000 people.
- 1860 - The Second Maori War begins in New Zealand.
- 1900 - Firestone Tire & Rubber Company founded.
- 1914 - First World War: Germany declares war against France.
- 1916 - First World War: The Battle of Romani is fought between forces of the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
- 1923 - Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated as the 30th President of the United States.
- 1940 - Second World War: Italy invades British Somaliland.
- 1946 - National Basketball Association is founded in the United States.
- 1948 - Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being a communist and a spy for the Soviet Union.
- 1958 - The nuclear submarine USS Nautilus travels beneath the Arctic ice cap.
- 1960 - Niger gains independence from France.
- 1972 - U.S. Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
- 1973 - R&B singer Stevie Wonder releases the classic album Innervisions.
- 1975 - A privately chartered Boeing 707 impacts the mountainside near Agadir, Morocco killing 188.
- 1977 - United States Senate Hearing on MKULTRA.
- 1981 - In the United States, Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization walks off the job. All 13,000 members will eventually be fired by President Ronald Reagan.
  - Senegalese opposition parties, under the leadership of Mamadou Dia, launches the Antiimperialist Action Front-Suxxali Reew Mi.
- 1990 - The highest temperature recorded in the UK until 10 August, 2003 - 37.1°C (98.8°F) at Cheltenham in Gloucestershire
- 1997 - Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria; 40-76 villagers killed.
- 2005 - President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya of Mauritania is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of King Fahd in Saudi Arabia.

Births


- 1509 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (d. 1546)
- 1604 - John Eliot, English missionary (d. 1690)
- 1692 - John Henley, English clergyman (d. 1759)
- 1770 - King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia (d. 1840)
- 1801 - Joseph Paxton, English gardener and architect (d. 1865)
- 1808 - Hamilton Fish, American politician (d. 1893)
- 1811 - Elisha Graves Otis, American inventor (d. 1861)
- 1817 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (d. 1895)
- 1832 - Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (d. 1914)
- 1856 - Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)
- 1860 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)
- 1867 - Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1947)
- 1872 - King Haakon VII of Norway (d. 1957)
- 1887 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (d. 1915)
- 1894 - Harry Heilmann, baseball player (d. 1951)
- 1900 - Ernie Pyle, American war correspondent (d. 1945)
- 1900 - John T. Scopes, American defendant (d. 1970)
- 1901 - Stefan Wyszynski, Polish Catholic prelate (d. 1981)
- 1904 - Clifford D. Simak, American author (d. 1988)
- 1905 - Dolores del Rio, Mexican-born actress (d. 1983)
- 1905 - Cardinal Franz König, Austrian Catholic archbishop (d. 2004)
- 1916 - José Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (d. 1978)
- 1918 - Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999)
- 1920 - P.D. James, English novelist
- 1923 - Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
- 1924 - Leon Uris, American novelist (d. 2003)
- 1926 - Tony Bennett, American singer
- 1926 - Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (d. 2004)
- 1935 - Georgi Shonin, cosmonaut (d. 1997)
- 1936 - Edward Petherbridge, English actor
- 1937 - Steven Berkoff, British actor
- 1937 - Diane Wakoski, American poet
- 1938 - Terry Wogan, Irish radio and television presenter
- 1940 - Lance Alworth, American football player
- 1940 - Martin Sheen, American actor
- 1941 - Beverly Lee, American singer (Shirelles)
- 1941 - Martha Stewart, American publisher and media personality
- 1946 - Jack Straw, British politician
- 1948 - Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France
- 1950 - John Landis, American film director
- 1951 - Marcel Dionne, Canadian hockey player
- 1951 - Jay North, American actor
- 1952 - Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentine footballer and coach
- 1959 - Martin Atkins, English drummer
- 1959 - Koichi Tanaka, Japanese scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- 1963 - James Hetfield, American singer and guitarist (Metallica)
- 1977 - Tom Brady, American football player
- 1979 - Evangeline Lilly, Canadian actress and fashion model

Deaths


- 1181 - Pope Alexander III
- 1460 - King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)
- 1546 - Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (b. 1484)
- 1546 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (b. 1509)
- 1604 - Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander
- 1621 - Guillaume du Vair, French writer (b. 1556)
- 1667 - Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect (b. 1599)
- 1712 - Joshua Barnes, English scholar (b. 1654)
- 1720 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (b. 1641)
- 1721 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (b. 1648)
- 1761 - Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (b. 1691)
- 1773 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (b. 1700)
- 1780 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (b. 1715)
- 1792 - Richard Arkwright, English industrialist and inventor (b. 1732)
- 1797 - Jeffrey Amherst, British military commander (b. 1717)
- 1805 - Christopher Anstey, English writer (b. 1724)
- 1857 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)
- 1867 - Philipp August Böckh, German scholar and antiquarian (b. 1785)
- 1877 - William Butler Ogden, first Mayor of Chicago (b.1805)
- 1879 - Joseph Severn, English painter (b. 1793)
- 1916 - Sir Roger Casement, Irish rebel (hanged) (b. 1864)
- 1924 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-born writer (b. 1857)
- 1929 - Emil Berliner, German-born telephone and recording pioneer (b. 1851)
- 1929 - Thorstein Veblen, American economist (b. 1857)
- 1942 - Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1872)
- 1954 - Colette, French writer (b. 1873)
- 1964 - Flannery O'Connor, American writer (b. 1925)
- 1966 - Lenny Bruce, American comedian (b. 1925)
- 1973 - Richard Marshall, U.S. Army general (b. 1895)
- 1977 - Alfred Lunt, American actor (b. 1892)
- 1977 - Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus (b. 1913)
- 1979 - Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
- 1983 - Carolyn Jones, American actress (b. 1929)
- 1995 - Ida Lupino, English actress and director (b. 1914)
- 1995 - Edward Whittemore, American writer (b. 1933)
- 1998 - Alfred Schnittke, Russian composer (b. 1934)
- 2001 - Christopher Hewett, British actor (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Carmen Silvera, British actress (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Roger Voudouris, American singer and songwriter (b. 1954)
- 2004 - Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (b. 1908)
- 2005 - Françoise d'Eaubonne, French feminist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Steven Vincent, American journalist (b. 1955)

Holidays and observances


- Equatorial Guinea - Armed Forces Day
- Niger - Independence Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/3 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050803.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- August 2 - August 4 - July 3 - September 3 -- listing of all days ko:8월 3일 ms:3 Ogos ja:8月3日 simple:August 3 th:3 สิงหาคม

October 21

October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining.

Events


- 686 - Conon becomes Pope.
- 1492 - Christopher Columbus lands on the San Salvador Islands.
- 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg
- 1600 - Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, who in effect rule Japan until the mid-Nineteenth century.
- 1774 - First display of the word "Liberty" on a flag, raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts and which was in defiance of British rule in Colonial America.
- 1797 - In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar - a British fleet led by Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve. It signalled the virtual end of French maritime power and left Britain navally unchallenged until the twentieth century.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to the Grand Army of Napoleon at Ulm, reaping Napoleon over 30,000 prisoners and inflicting 10,000 casualties on the losers. Ulm was considered to be one of Napoleon's finest hours.
- 1824 - Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.
- 1854 - Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses were sent to the Crimean War.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff - Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
- 1867 - Manifest Destiny: Medicine Lodge Treaty - Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate a reservation in western Oklahoma.
- 1879 - Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric incandescent light bulb (it lasted 13 1/2 hours before burning out).
- 1895 - The Republic of Taiwan collapses as Japanese forces invade.
- 1902 - In the United States, a five month strike by United Mine Workers ends.
- 1921 - President Warren G. Harding delivers the first speech by a sitting President against lynching in the deep south.
- 1941 - World War II: Germans rampage in Yugoslavia, killing thousands of civilians.
- 1944 - The first kamikaze attack: HMAS Australia was hit by a Japanese plane carrying a 200 kg (441 pound) bomb off Leyte Island, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began.
- 1945 - Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.
- 1945 - Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón married actress Evita.
- 1947 - 21 die as a fire destroys an asylum in Hoff, Germany.
- 1954 - The first part of JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, the The Fellowship of the Ring is published in the U.S.A.
- 1957 - The movie Jailhouse Rock, starring Elvis Presley, opens.
- 1959 - In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum opens to the public. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
- 1959 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order transferring Wernher von Braun and other German scientists from the United States Army to NASA.
- 1966 - Aberfan disaster: A coal tip falls on the village of Aberfan in Wales, killing 144 people, mostly schoolchildren
- 1967 - Vietnam War: More than 100,000 war protesters gather in Washington, DC. A peaceful rally at the Lincoln Memorial is followed by a march to The Pentagon and clashes with soldiers and United States Marshals protecting the facility (event lasts until October 23; 683 people will be arrested). Similar demonstrations occurred simultaneously in Japan and Western Europe.
- 1973 - John Paul Getty III's ear is cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a newspaper in Rome; it doesn't arrive until November 8.
- 1977 - The European Patent Institute is founded
- 1980 - 1980 World Series: In 6 games, the Philadelphia Phillies win their first World Series.
- 1986 - In Lebanon, pro-Iranian kidnappers claim to have abducted American writer Edward Tracy (he will be released in August 1991).
- 1987 - Former Miss America Bess Myerson is arrested on charges of bribery, conspiracy, and mail fraud, all involving an alimony-fixing scandal. She is later found not guilty.
- 1990 - Apple Day first celebrated, in Covent Garden, London - initiated by Common Ground
- 1994 - North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea and the United States sign an agreement that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.
- 1997 - Hotel owners from the Detroit area meet to discuss Jack Kevorkian's practice of leaving corpses in hotel rooms.

Births


- 1328 - Hongwu Emperor of China (d. 1398)
- 1449 - George, Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1478)
- 1527 - Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French cardinal (d. 1578)
- 1581 - Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (d. 1641)
- 1650 - Jean Bart, French admiral (d. 1702)
- 1660 - Georg Ernst Stahl, German scientist (d. 1734)
- 1675 - Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (d. 1710)
- 1687 - Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1759)
- 1712 - Sir James Denham Steuart, British economist (d. 1780)
- 1725 - Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (d. 1801)
- 1757 - Pierre François Charles Augereau, duc de Castiglione, French marshal (d. 1816)
- 1762 - Herman Willem Daendels, Dutch statesman (d. 1818)
- 1772 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, British poet (d. 1834)
- 1775 - Giuseppe Baini, Italian composer (d. 1844)
- 1790 - Alphonse de Lamartine, French writer (d. 1869)
- 1833 - Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor and founder of the Nobel Prize (d. 1896)
- 1847 - Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian writer (d. 1906)
- 1851 - George Ulyett, British cricketer (d. 1898)
- 1895 - Edna Purviance, American actress (d. 1958)
- 1904 - Patrick Kavanagh, Irish poet (d. 1967)
- 1912 - Sir Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)
- 1914 - Martin Gardner, American writer
- 1917 - Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (d. 1993)
- 1921 - Malcolm Arnold, British composer
- 1924 - Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (d. 2003)
- 1928 - Whitey Ford, baseball player
- 1929 - Ursula K. Le Guin, American author
- 1940 - Geoff Boycott, British cricketer
- 1940 - Manfred Mann, British musician
- 1941 - Steve Cropper, American musician
- 1942 - Elvin Bishop, American musician
- 1942 - Judy Sheindlin, American judge and television host
- 1943 - Brian Piccolo, American football player (d. 1970)
- 1949 - Benjamin Netanyahu, 9th Prime Minister of Israel
- 1952 - Trevor Chappell, Australian Cricketer
- 1953 - Peter Mandelson, British politician
- 1955 - Rich Mullins, American musician (d. 1997)
- 1956 - Carrie Fisher, American actress and writer
- 1957 - Wolfgang Ketterle, German physicist, Nobel Prize laueate
- 1957 - Steve Lukather, American musician
- 1959 - Ken Watanabe, Japanese actor
- 1962 - David Campese, Australian rugby player
- 1971 - Nick Oliveri, American musician
- 1972 - Felicity Andersen, Australian actress
- 1973 - Lera Auerbach, Russian composer
- 1978 - Joey Harrington, American football player
- 1984 - Kieran Richardson, British footballer

Deaths


- 310 - Pope Eusebius
- 1125 - Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian writer
- 1221 - Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1201)
- 1266 - Birger jarl, Swedish statesman and founder of Stockholm (b. 1210)
- 1422 - King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)
- 1500 - Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1442)
- 1558 - Julius Caesar Scaliger, Italian humanist scholar (b. 1484)
- 1600 - Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (b. 1557)
- 1623 - William Wade, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)
- 1662 - Henry Lawes, English composer (b. 1595)
- 1687 - Sir Edmund Waller, English poet (b. 1606)
- 1765 - Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (b. 1691)
- 1775 - Peyton Randolph, American president of the Continental Congress (b. 1721)
- 1777 - Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (b. 1720)
- 1805 - Horatio Nelson, British admiral (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1758)
- 1873 - Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (b. 1807)
- 1896 - James Henry Greathead, British engineer (b. 1844)
- 1931 - Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian writer (b. 1862)
- 1944 - Alois Kayser, German missionary to Nauru (b. 1877)
- 1969 - Jack Kerouac, American novelist (b. 1922)
- 1969 - Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (b. 1882)
- 1975 - Charles Reidpath, American athlete (b. 1887)
- 1980 - Hans Asperger, Austrian psychologist (b. 1906)
- 1984 - François Truffaut, French film director (b. 1932)
- 1986 - Lionel Murphy, Australian politician and judge (b. 1922)
- 1995 - Shannon Hoon, American singer (Blind Melon) (b. 1967)
- 1995 - Jesús Blasco, Spanish comic book author (b. 1919)
- 2003 - Fred Berry, American actor (b. 1951)
- 2003 - Luis A. Ferré, Governor of Puerto Rico (b. 1940)
- 2003 - Louise Day Hicks, American politician (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
- 2005 - Francisco Alejandro Gutierrez, Cuban-American musician Captain Jack (b. 1962)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. saints - Saint Ursula and her 11 (or 11000) virgins; Saint Hilarion
- Also see October 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Republic of China - Overseas Chinese Day
- Trafalgar Day — celebrated throughout much of the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th Century.
- International Day of the Nacho — celebrated in the United States and Mexico since the early 1990s.

Etc


- In the comic novel Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett, the Earth was born on this day in 4004 BC, within a quarter of an hour of 9 in the morning. This was supposedly because God liked to get things over with early.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/21 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 20 - October 22 - November 21 - September 21 – more historical anniversaries ko:10월 21일 ms:21 Oktober ja:10月21日 simple:October 21 th:21 ตุลาคม

Teacher

:For university teachers, see professor. In education, teachers are those who teach students or pupils, often a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. There are many different ways to teach and help students learn. This is often referred to as the teacher's pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use, a teacher will need to consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals. See education for more.

Related positions

A teacher who registers a student, or who is positioned to help the student in a particular subject, is called a "tutor". A teacher or trainer from whom a student learns a great deal may be called a "mentor". (However this term is not used, in this context, in the UK.) An "educationalist" is an educational theorist, writer or researcher. In traditional China, the model teacher, Confucius, is greatly revered. A Chinese term for teacher is shifu or laoshi.

University teachers

Teachers in college are called instructors or lecturers. In the United States, the term "professor" is usually applied to college or University teachers that have received tenure; although, there are rankings from Assistant Professor through Full Professor that may be defined differently at various institutions. In the United Kingdom the title 'Professor' is restricted to teachers that have been granted a 'chair'. Others are known as lecturers or readers.

Senior teachers

Teachers who look after the whole school are called head teachers, school principals, headmasters or headmistresses. The equivalent in colleges and universities is called the dean, principal or vice-chancellor. Teachers of this status rarely teach students. A teacher in a grammar or public school in Britain may also be a Head of House. Houses were also used in secondary and comprehensive schools. As with most large organisations a school needs a hierarchical structure of command, allowing matters to be delegated to a specific department or section of the school. In many cases there are deputy headteachers, heads of department (or subject, such as science or history) and heads of year. A head of year is in charge of the pastoral care of one year group. Every school has a disciplinary procedure which dictates how punishments should be given to misbehaving students. One common method of coping with problems is the idea of escalation whereby the classroom teacher attempts to deal with the student(s) themselves before passing it on to a more senior teacher. Eventually, should the situation not be resolved, the headmaster becomes involved.

Emergency teachers

A teacher may be replaced by another teacher if they are absent due to an illness, death, or planned absence. In the United States, replacement teachers are known as substitute teachers (or more informally as "subs"); in Australia and New Zealand, they are known as emergency or relieving teachers; in the UK and in Canada they are generally known as supply teachers. In Western Canada, they are called TOCs (teachers-on-call). Temporary, substitute teachers in universities are usually in forms of multiple guest lecturers. These teachers often find it difficult to acclimatise to the new environment, often moving from one school to another week after week. They are often viewed badly by the students they are looking after with a "you're not my real teacher" attitude making behaviour management very difficult. Meanwhile, especially in subjects like second languages, they may actually know less than their students. In long term replacements, however, this quickly subsides. Teacher trade union groups have expressed resentment towards the continuous use of supply teachers (who may be paid a lower amount) to satisfy long-term shortages when school administrations have resisted creating a permanent teaching position. A teacher is a constant learner.

Qualification and registration

Teachers are usually educated in a university or college. Often they must be certified by a government body before they can teach in a school.

Australia

Certification in Australia differs from state to state; however as a general rule all teachers must possess a tertiary certification - either a Bachelor of Education, BA (Education), Bachelor of Teaching or Graduate Diploma of Education (DipEd) - awarded by a Australian certified University or an equivalent award from overseas plus experience in the classroom. Many states now have Teacher Registration Boards or are soon to institute them. These organisations are charged with certifying potential teacher's qualification and ensure constant Professional Development.

Canada

Note: The following information is incorrect and needs to be updated. Canadian teachers must receive certification from a provincial College of Teachers in order to be able to teach elementary and secondary school. The process for certification is somewhat different in Quebec relative to English Canada.

England and Wales

In England and Wales teachers must have gained Qualified Teacher Status (QTS). There are many paths in which a person can work towards gaining their QTS, the most popular of which is to have completed a first degree program (such as a BA or BSc) and then a Post-Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE). Other methods include a specific teaching degree (BEd) or on-the-job training at a school. All qualified teachers in England must serve, after training, a statutory one year induction period that must be passed in order to remain a registered teacher. In Wales this period lasts for two years. During this period a teacher is known as an NQT (Newly Qualified Teacher). Schools are obliged to provide guidance, support and training to facilitate the NQT's success during this year. Local education authorities are also obliged to provide professional development opportunities.

Scotland

In Scotland teachers must hold a valid teaching qualification (TQ) and be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland. Following initial teacher education and gaining a teaching qualification a Scottish teacher is deemed to be provisionaly registered with the GTCS and must undergo a year of probation supported through the Scottish Executive's induction programme. There are several possible to routes to a TQ, including a Bachelor of Education in Music, Physical Education or Technological Education for secondary school or a general BEd for primary school, a Professional Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) or a concurrent undergraduate degree combining a Bachelor of Science or Scottish MA with the initial teacher education elements of a PGDE. Concurrent degrees are only avaible from the University of Stirling. A Scottish teacher may only qualify in a subject directly related to their undergraduate or graduate studies. For teachers qualified outside of Scotland an application must be made to the GTCS for exceptional registration.

United States

In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach. Typical requirements include a bachelor's degree, education coursework, licensing exams, a criminal background check, and payment of a fee. Until recently, a person could not teach unless he or she had completed a year or more of specific teaching training at a normal school. In the past two decades, normal school courses have been made optional through the promotion of Alternate Route teacher certification. New Jersey was the first state to establish an Alternate Route program, doing so in 1984. Since then, most states have established their own programs. Teachers in New York State must have a Bachelor's degree and complete a Master's degree within five years. Additionally, to be permanently certified, teachers must pass three state exams on pedagogy, general knowledge and knowledge of a content area. In order to work in a public school a candidate must be fingerprinted. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes252021.htm elementary school teachers], 600,000 [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes252022.htm middle school teachers], and 1 million [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes252031.htm secondary school teachers] employed in the U.S. US News has ranked Michigan State University as the #1 graduate program in teacher education for the last 11 years. Other prominent graduate schools of education include Stanford University, Harvard University, UC--Berkeley, UCLA, the University of Illinois--UC, the University of Indiana--Bloomington, and the University of Michigan. Category:Education Category:Educators

World Teacher's Day

UNESCO inaugurated World Teachers’ Day on 5 October 1994 to celebrate and commemorate the signing of the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers on 5 October 1966. World Teachers’ Day also highlighted the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher Education Teaching Personnel adopted in 1997. Some countries such as Taiwan also celebrate Teacher's Day as a national holiday. In Brazil, it is celebrated on October 15.

Readings


- Ms. Moffett's First Year: Becoming a Teacher in America by Abby Goodnough (PublicAffairs, 1586482599, 2004).
- Burks, M.P., Requirements for Certification, Fifty-first Edition, 1986-87. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
- Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy, Task Force on Teaching as a Profession. A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century. 1986. ED 268 120.
- Feistritzer, C.E. The Condition of Teaching, A State by State Analysis. Laurenceville, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
- Holmes Group. Tomorrow's Teachers: A Report of the Holmes Group. 1986. ED 270 454.
- Roth, R.R. and R. Mastain (Eds.). Manual on Certification and Preparation of Educational Personnel in the United States. Sacramento: National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification, 1984.

See also


- Current issues in teaching
- Curriculum
- Education
- Instructional design
- Lesson
- School
- School counselor
- National Teachers Hall of Fame (in Emporia, Kansas, USA)
- Teaching in popular culture
- School and university in literature

External links


- [http://www.ei-ie.org/ressourc/english/erec1966.htm 1966 United Nations recommendation concerning the status of teachers]
- [http://www.wideopendoors.net/teaching/teaching_theories.html Teaching Theories]
- [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-925/want.htm So You Want To Be a Teacher]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/2004/04/secret_diary_of_the_telford_teacher.shtml The secret diary of a teacher] based in Shropshire, UK (An abridged version may be found here: [http://www.people.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=14178565&method=full&siteid=55768&headline=i-m-teacher-who-exposed-class-hell-name_page.html]) A typical experience of a teacher, as seen in comprehensive school classrooms across Britain from about 1979 onwards.
- [http://www.eslbase.com/ Advice on becoming a TEFL teacher]
- [http://www.nea.org U.S. National Education Association (NEA)]
- [http://www.ed.gov/index.jhtml U.S. Department of Education]
- [http://www.teacherleaders.org Teacher Leaders Network]
- [http://www.teachers.tv Teachers' TV] Teachers' TV is a channel for everyone who works in education across England Category:Education, training, and library occupations
- Category:Professions ja:教員 simple:Teaching th:ครู

May 25

May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). There are 220 days remaining.

Events


- 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo back from the Moors.
- 1420 - Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
- 1521 - The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.
- 1659 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth.
- 1787 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates convene a Constitutional Convention to write a new Constitution for the United States. George Washington presides.
- 1810 - In the May Revolution, armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy during the Semana de Mayo.
- 1865 - In Mobile, Alabama, 300 are killed when an ordnance depot explodes.
- 1895 - Playwright, poet and novelist Oscar Wilde is convicted of "commiting acts of gross indecency with other male persons" and sentenced to serve two years in prison.
- 1895 - The Republic of Taiwan is formed, with Tang Ching-sung as the president.
- 1914 - The United Kingdom's House of Commons passes Home Rule Act for devolution in Ireland.
- 1925 - Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution.
- 1925 - The National Forensics League of the U.S. is founded.
- 1926 - Sholom Schwartzbard assassinates Symon Petliura, the head of the Paris-based government-in-exile of Ukrainian People's Republic.
- 1935 - In a span of 45 minutes at the Big Ten meet in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Jesse Owens sets or ties four track and field world records.
- 1935 - Babe Ruth hits his 714th and last home run at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, setting a baseball record that will stand for 39 years.
- 1938 - Spanish Civil War: Bombing of Alicante, 313 deads.
- 1940 - World War II: The Battle of Dunkirk begins.
- 1946 - The parliament of Transjordan makes Abdullah I of Jordan their king.
- 1953 - Nuclear testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its first and only nuclear artillery test.
- 1955 - Kanchenjunga, third highest peak in the world is scaled successfully for the first time.
- 1961 - Apollo program: U.S. president John F. Kennedy announces before a special joint session of Congress his goal to initiate a project to put a "man on the moon" before the end of the decade.
- 1963 - In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the Organisation of African Unity is established.
- 1966 - Explorer program: Explorer 32 launches.
- 1965 - Muhammad Ali knocks out Sonny Liston in the first minute of the first round of a boxing match.
- 1967 - Celtic_F.C. become the first British team to reach a European_Cup final and also to win it, beating Inter_Milan 2-1 in normal time.
- 1968 - In St. Louis, Missouri, US Vice-President Hubert Humphrey and US Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall dedicate the Gateway Arch as part of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial.
- 1973 - Mike Oldfield releases Tubular Bells.
- 1977 - Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope) opens a limited run in theaters before expanding to become the highest grossing movie to date.
- 1979 - American Airlines Flight 191: In Chicago, Illinois, a DC-10 crashes during takeoff at O'Hare International Airport killing 271 on board and two people on the ground.
- 1979 - The movie Alien opens in theaters.
- 1981 - In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created between Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
- 1982 - HMS Coventry is sunk during the Falklands War.
- 1985 - Bangladesh is hit by a tropical cyclone and storm surge, which kills approximately 10,000 people.
- 1988 - The Berulsemann was born.
- 1988 - Professional Wrestler Josh Wallen is born.
- 1995 - The Bosnian Serb Army kills 72 youngsters in the Bosnian city of Tuzla.
- 1997 - A military coup in Sierra Leone replaces President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah with Major Johnny Paul Koromah.
- 1997 - Strom Thurmond becomes the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Senate, at 41 years and 10 months.
- 1999 - The two officers scapegoated after the 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor, Rear Admiral Kimmel and Lieutenant General Short were exonerated (posthumously) by the US Senate of all charges of dereliction of duty.
- 2001 - 32-year-old Erik Weihenmayer, of Boulder, Colorado, becomes the first blind person to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
- 2001 - 64-year-old Sherman Bull, of New Canaan, Connecticut, becomes the oldest person to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
- 2002 - China Airlines Flight 611: A Boeing 747-200 breaks apart in mid-air and plunges into the Taiwan Strait killing 225 people.
- 2002 - A train crash in Tenga, Mozambique kills 197 people.
- 2003 - Néstor Kirchner becomes President of Argentina after defeating Carlos Menem. He is the first elected President since the December 2001 economic crisis.
- 2004 - The theatrical version of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is released on DVD.
- 2004 - Tampa Bay Lightning win the Stanley Cup.
- 2005 - Liverpool win the UEFA Champions League after beating AC Milan in the final.

Births


- 1048 - Emperor Shenzong of China (d. 1085)
- 1334 - Emperor Suko of Japan (d. 1398)
- 1458 - Mahmud Begada, Sultan of Gujarat (d. 1511)
- 1606 - Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1649)
- 1661 - Claude Buffier, French philosopher and historian (d. 1737)
- 1713 - John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1792)
- 1725 - Samuel Ward, American politician (d. 1776)
- 1803 - Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist and playwright (d. 1873)
- 1803 - Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist and philosopher (d. 1882)
- 1820 - Anne Brontë, English writer (d. 1849)
- 1845 - Lip Pike, baseball player (d.1883)
- 1860 - James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (d. 1944)
- 1865 - John Mott, American YMCA leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
- 1865 - Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
- 1877 - Billy Murray, American singer (d. 1954)
- 1879 - Lord Beaverbrook, English publisher (d. 1964)
- 1880 - Jean Alexandre Barré, French neurologist (d. 1967)
- 1882 - Marie Doro, American actress (d. 1956)
- 1887 - Francesco Forgione, Italian priest (d. 1968)
- 1888 - Miles Malleson, English actor (d. 1969)
- 1889 - Igor Sikorsky, Russian inventor (d. 1972)
- 1912 - Princess Dukhye of Korea (d. 1989)
- 1913 - Richard Dimbleby, British journalist and broadcaster (d. 1965)
- 1918 - Claude Akins, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1921 - Jack Steinberger, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1922 - Enrico Berlinguer, Italian politician (d. 1984)
- 1924 - István Nyers, Hungarian footballer (d. 2005)
- 1925 - Rosario Castellanos, Mexican poet (d. 1974)
- 1925 - Jeanne Crain, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1926 - Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1991)
- 1927 - Robert Ludlum, writer (d. 2001)
- 1929 - Beverly Sills, American soprano
- 1931 - Georgi Grechko, cosmonaut
- 1932 - John Gregory Dunne, American writer (d. 2003)
- 1935 - Cookie Gilchrist, American football player
- 1936 - Tom T. Hall, American singer and songwriter
- 1936 - Vladimir ("Wally""Walter") Fekula, American banker, raconteur
- [[1938]] - [[Raymond Carver, American writer (d. 1988)
- 1939 - Dixie Carter, American actress
- 1939 - Ian McKellen, English actor
- 1943 - Jessi Colter, American singer
- 1944 - Frank Oz, English-born puppeteer and director
- 1949 - Jamaica Kincaid, Antiguan-born novelist
- 1953 - Daniel Passarella, Argentine football player
- 1956 - Sugar Minott, Jamaican singer
- 1958 - Paul Weller, British musician
- 1963 - Mike Myers, Canadian actor and comedian
- 1965 - Simon Fowler, English singer (Ocean Colour Scene)
- 1966 - McLoud, Swiss composer, musician, and multimedia artist
- 1967 - Poppy Z. Brite, American author
- 1968 - Kendall Gill, American basketball player
- 1969 - Anne Heche, American actress
- 1970 - Jamie Kennedy, American actor
- 1971 - Sonya Smith, American actress
- 1974 - Monica Keena, American actress
- 1975 - Lauryn Hill, American singer
- 1976 - Miguel Tejada, Dominican Major League Baseball player
- 1976 - Jonny Wilkinson, English rugby player
- 1977 - Pat Burrell, baseball player
- 1978 - Brian Urlacher, American football player
- 1979 - Carlos Bocanegra, American soccer player
- 1984 - Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, Miss Iceland, crowned Miss World in 2005.

Deaths


- 709 - Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne
- 735 - Bede, English historian and monk
- 967 - Murakami, Emperor of Japan (b. 926)
- 992 - Mieszko I of Poland
- 1085 - Pope Gregory VII
- 1261 - Pope Alexander IV
- 1452 - John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1555 - Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b. 1508)
- 1555 - Henry II of Navarre (b. 1503)
- 1595 - Valens Acidalius, German critic and poet (b. 1567)
- 1632 - Adam Tanner, Austrian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1572)
- 1667 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (b. 1620)
- 1681 - Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish playwright (b. 1600)
- 1693 - Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, comtesse de la Fayette, French writer (b. 1634)
- 1741 - Daniel Ernst Jablonski, German theologian (b. 1660)
- 1786 - Peter III of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal (b. 1717)
- 1789 - Anders Dahl, Swedish botanist (b. 1751)
- 1797 - John Griffin Whitwell, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, British field marshal (b. 1719)
- 1805 - William Paley, English philosopher (b. 1743)
- 1848 - Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (b. 1797)
- 1849 - Benjamin d'Urban, British general and colonial administrator (b. 1777)
- 1912 - Austin Lane Crothers, American politician (b. 1860)
- 1930 - Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1848)
- 1934 - Gustav Holst, English composer (b. 1874)
- 1935 - Sir Frank Watson Dyson, English Astronomer Royal (b. 1868)
- 1940 - Joe De Grasse, American film director (b. 1873)
- 1951 - Paula von Preradovic, Croatian-born writer (b. 1887)
- 1965 - Sonny Boy Williamson, American singer, songwriter, and musician (b. 1899)
- 1977 - Yevgenia Ginzburg, Russian writer (b. 1904)
- 1986 - Chester Bowles, American politician (b. 1901)
- 1988 - Ernst Ruska, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- 1994 - Sonny Sharrock, American jazz guitarist (b. 1940)
- 1996 - Brad Nowell, American singer and guitarist (Sublime) (b. 1968)
- 2003 - Jeremy Michael Ward, American musician (The Mars Volta) (drug overdose)
- 2004 - Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (b. 1917)
- 2005 - Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician (b. 1929)
- 2005 - Graham Kennedy, Australian television personality (b. 1934)
- 2005 - Ruth Laredo, American pianist (b. 1937)

Holidays and observances


- Commemoration of the Venerable Bede (Anglican)
- Argentina - Day of May Revolution/National Day (1810)
- Chad, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe - African Freedom/Unity Day
- Jordan - National Day/Arab Renaissance Day (1946)
- Libya, Sudan - Sudan National Day/May Revolution Day (1969)
- United States - Memorial Day/Decoration Day, a legal holiday (1868)
- Virginia - Confederate Memorial Day (1868)
- Lebanon, Liberation Day (1999)
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Day of Youth
- Ancient Latvia - Urbanas Diena observed
- Towel Day, in memory of Douglas Adams, is observed

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25 BBC: On This Day] ---- May 24 - May 26 - April 25 - June 25 – listing of all days ko:5월 25일 ms:25 Mei ja:5月25日 simple:May 25 th:25 พฤษภาคม

Tennessee

Tennessee is a Southern state of the United States.

Origin and history of the name Tennessee

The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through a Native American village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while travelling inland from South Carolina. European settlers later encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or "Tanase") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River). It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Pardo. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain. Some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean "meeting place", "winding river", or "river of the great bend".[http://web.archive.org/web/20041023191026/http://www.state.tn.us/sos/statelib/pubsvs/faq.htm#01][http://www.tngenweb.org/campbell/hist-bogan/tennessee.html] The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the Governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. In 1788, North Carolina named the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee "Tennessee County". When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted "Tennessee" as the name of the state.

History

The area now known as Tennessee was first settled by Paleo-Indians nearly 11,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley prior to Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters. When Spanish explorers first visited the area, led by Hernando de Soto in 1539–43, it was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. For unknown reasons, possibly due to expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee, an Iroquoian tribe, moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the native populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, including the Chickasaw and Choctaw. From 1838 to 1839, nearly 17,000 Cherokees were forced to march from Eastern Tennessee to Indian Territory west of Arkansas. This came to be known as the Trail of Tears, as an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way.1 Tennessee was admitted to the Union in 1796 as the 16th state, and was created by taking the north and south borders of North Carolina and extending them with only one small deviation to the Mississippi River, Tennessee's western boundary. Tennessee was the last Confederate state to secede from the Union when it did so on June 8, 1861. After the American Civil War, Tennessee adopted a new constitution that abolished slavery (February 22, 1865), ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on July 18, 1866, and was the first state readmitted to the Union (July 24 of the same year). Tennessee was the only state that seceded from the Union that did not have a military governor after the American Civil War, mostly due to the influence of President Andrew Johnson, a nat