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John Tillotson

John Tillotson

John Tillotson (October 1630 – November 22, 1694) was an Archbishop of Canterbury (1691 - 1694). Tillotson was the son of a Puritan clothier in Sowerby, Yorkshire. He entered as a pensioner of Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 1647, graduated in 1650 and was made fellow of his college in 1651. In 1656 he became tutor to the son of Edmond Prideaux, attorney-general to Cromwell. About 1661 he was ordained without subscription by T Sydserf, a Scottish bishop. Tillotson was present at the Savoy Conference in 1661, and remained identified with the Presbyterians till, the passing of the Act of Uniformity in 1662. Shortly afterwards he became curate of Cheshunt, Herts, and in June 1663, rector of Kedington, Suffolk. He now devoted himself to an exact study of biblical and patristic writers, especially Basil and Chrysostom. The result of this reading, and of the influence of John Wilkins, master of Trinity College, Cambridge, was seen in the general tone of his preaching, which was practical rather than theological. He was a man of the world as well as a divine, and in his sermons he exhibited a tact which enabled him at once to win the ear of his audience. In 1664 he became preacher at Lincoln's Inn. The same year he married Elizabeth French, a niece of Oliver Cromwell; and he also became Tuesday lecturer at St Lawrence, Jewry. Tillotson employed his controversial weapons with some skill against atheism and popery. In 1663 he published a characteristic sermon on "The Wisdom of being Religious," and in 1666 replied to John Sergeant's Sure Footing in Christianity by a pamphlet on the "Rule of Faith." The same year he received the degree of D.D. In 1670 he became prebendary and in 1672 dean of Canterbury. In 1675 he edited John Wilkins's Principles of Natural Religion, completing what was left unfinished of it, and in 1682 his Sermons. Along with Burnet, Tillotson attended Lord Russell on the scaffold in 1683. In 1684, he wrote a Discourse against Transubstantiation. He afterwards enjoyed the friendship of Lady Russell, and it was partly through her that he obtained so much influence with Princess Anne, who followed his advice in regard to the settlement of the crown on William of Orange. He possessed the special confidence of William and Mary, and was made clerk of the closet to the king in March 1689. It was chiefly through his advice that the king appointed an ecclesiastical commission for the reconciliation of the Dissenters. In August of this year he was appointed by the chapter of his cathedral to exercise the archiepiscopal jurisdiction of the province of Canterbury during the suspension of Sancroft. He was also about the same time named dean of St Paul's. Soon afterwards he was elected to succeed Sancroft; but accepted the promotion with extreme reluctance, and it was deferred from time to time, at his request, until April 1691. In 1693 he published four lectures on the Socinian controversy. His attempts to reform certain abuses of the Church, especially that of clerical non-residence, awakened much ill-will, and of this the Jacobites took advantage, pursuing him to the end of his life with insult and reproach. He died on November 22 1694. For his manuscript sermons Tillotson's widow received 2500 guineas. Ralph Barker edited some 250 of them together with the "Rule of Faith" (1695-1704). In 1752 an edition appeared in 3 vols., with Life by Thomas Birch, compiled from Tillotson's original papers and letters. Various selections from his sermons and works have been published separately, e.g. by GW Weldon in 1886. AMS Press, New York, published a modern edition of his works in the 1980s.

Preceded by:
William Sancroft

Archbishop of Canterbury

Followed by:
Thomas Tenison

Tillotson, John Tillotson, John Tillotson, John Tillotson, John

1630

Events

- February 22 - Native American Quadequine introduces Popcorn to English colonists.
- June 6 - Swedish warships depart from Stockholm to Germany.
- June 26 - July 6 - Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus land in Pomerania, Germany to aid Protestants.
- July 6 - Success, last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, lands safely at Salem harbor, MBC.
- July 8 - The MBC celebrates its first Thanksgiving Day.
- September 17 - The city of Boston, Massachusetts is founded.
- September 24 - First ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River (the colony will not prosper; believed to have dispersed later).
- November 10-11 – Day of Dupes – Marie de Medicis' unsuccessful attempt to oust Richelieu.
- Johann Heinrich Alsted's Encyclopaedia is published.
- The first account of the Childes Tomb story is published.
- Paramaribo, Suriname is first settled by the British.
- Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes "Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament", an attack on Anglican bishops, in London. He was sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to public whipping, branding,and having his ears cut off.

Births

- January 11 - John Rogers, American President of Harvard (d. 1684)
- February 19 - Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire (d. 1680)
- April 28 - Charles Cotton, English poet (d. 1687)
- May 29 - King Charles II of England Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1685)
- August 1 - Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, English statesman (d. 1673)
- October 14 - Sophia of Hanover, heir to the throne of Great Britain (d. 1714)
- October - John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1694)
- November 24 - Etienne Baluze, French scholar (d. 1718)
- November 27 - Sigismund Francis of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (d. 1665) See also :Category:1630 births.

Deaths

- January 26 - Henry Briggs, English mathematician (b. 1556)
- February 12 - Fynes Moryson, English traveler and writer (b. 1566)
- February 26 - William Brade, English composer (b. 1560)
- April 29 - Agrippa d'Aubigné, French poet and soldier (b. 1552)
- July 16 - Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (b. 1562)
- September 17 - Thomas Lake, English statesman (b. 1567)
- September 18 - Melchior Klesl, Austrian cardinal and statesman (b. 1552)
- September 20 - Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (b. 1586)
- September 25 - Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases, Spanish general (b. 1569)
- November 15 - Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (b. 1571)
- November 19 - Johann Schein, German composer (b. 1586) See also :Category:1630 deaths. Category:1630 ko:1630년

November 22

November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 39 days remaining.

Events

- 498 - After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected pope in Santa Maria Maggiore.
- 1718 - Off the coast of Virginia, British pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") is killed in battle with a boarding party led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard.
- 1830 - Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: Confederate Gen465eral John Bell Hood invades Tennessee in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General William T. Sherman from Georgia.
- 1880 - Vaudeville actress Lillian Ruell makes her debut at Tony Pastor's Theatre in New York City.
- 1917 - In Montreal, Canada, the National Hockey Association breaks up (on November 26 it was replaced with the National Hockey League).
- 1922 - Egyptology: Howard Carter, assisted by Lord Carnarvon, opens the tomb of Tutankhamun.
- 1935 - The China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California in an attempt to deliver the first airmail cargo across the[Pacific Ocean]] (the airplane later reached its destination, Manila, and delivered over 110,000 pieces of mail).
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Stalingrad - General Friedrich von Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram saying that the German 6th army is surrounded.
- 1943 - World War II: War in the Pacific - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek meet in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan (see Cairo Conference)
- 1943 - Lebanon gains independence from France.
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy assassination: In Dallas, Texas, US President John F. Kennedy is assassinated and Texas Governor John B. Connally is seriously wounded. Later the same day, US Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as the 36th President of the United States.
- 1967 - UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of the principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab-Israeli peace settlement.
- 1968 - The Beatles release the double-album The Beatles, commonly known as The White Album.
- 1972 - Vietnam War: The United States loses its first B-52 Stratofortress of the war.
- 1974 - The United Nations General Assembly grants the Palestine Liberation Organization observer status.
- 1975 - Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of Francisco Franco.
- 1977 - British Airways inaugurates a regular London to New York City supersonic Concorde service.
- 1986 - Boxing: Mike Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, becoming the youngest world heavyweight champion at the age of 20 years and 4 months.
- 1988 - In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed.
- 1989 - In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President Rene Moawad, killing him.
- 1990 - Margaret Thatcher resigns as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 2002 - In Nigeria, more than 100 people are killed at an attack aimed at the contestants of the Miss World contest.
- 2003 - In Tbilisi, Georgia, opponents of President Eduard Shevardnadze seize the parliament building and demand the president's resignation.
- 2003 - The Heritage Classic, the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the National Hockey League, is played in Edmonton, Alberta
- 2003 - England defeat Australia to win England's first rugby union world cup.
- 2004 - The Orange Revolution begins in Ukraine, resulting from the presidential elections.
- 2005 - The Xbox 360 releases in North America. First of the "new next-gen" consoles.
- 2005 - Ted Koppel retires after hosting Nightline for over 26 years.
- 2005 - Angela Merkel became the first female Chancellor of Germany

Births

- 1428 - Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, English politician (d. 1471)
- 1515 - Marie of Guise, Queen of James V of Scotland and regent of Scotland (d. 1560)
- 1564 - Henry Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham, English conspirator (d. 1610)
- 1602 - Elisabeth of France, Queen of Philip IV of Spain (d. 1644)
- 1635 - Francis Willughby, English biologist (d. 1672)
- 1643 - Robert Cavelier de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687)
- 1710 - Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (d. 1784)
- 1721 - Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres, Swiss-born cartographer and Canadian statesman (d. 1824)
- 1722 - Hryhori Skovoroda, Ukrainian poet, philosopher and composer (d. 1794)
- 1767 - Andreas Hofer, Tyrolian patriot (d. 1810)
- 1808 - Thomas Cook, British travel entrepreneur (d. 1892)
- 1819 - George Eliot, British novelist (d. 1880)
- 1849 - Christian Rohlfs, German artist (d. 1938)
- 1852 - Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924)
- 1856 - Heber J. Grant, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1945)
- 1868 - John Nance Garner, U.S. Vice President (d. 1967)
- 1869 - André Gide, French writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)
- 1877 - Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (d. 1919)
- 1890 - Charles de Gaulle, President of France (d. 1970)
- 1893 - Harley J. Earl, automobile designer (d. 1969)
- 1897 - Paul Oswald Ahnert, German astronomer (d. 1989)
- 1899 - Hoagy Carmichael, American composer (d. 1981)
- 1899 - Wiley Post, American pilot (d. 1935)
- 1901 - Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999)
- 1904 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- 1913 - Benjamin Britten, British composer (d. 1976)
- 1917 - Andrew Fielding Huxley, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1918 - Claiborne Pell, U.S. Senator
- 1921 - Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian and actor (d. 2004)
- 1923 - Arthur Hiller, Canadian film director
- 1923 - Gunther Schuller, American composer and conductor
- 1924 - Geraldine Page, American actress (d. 1987)
- 1932 - Robert Vaughn, American actor
- 1940 - Terry Gilliam, American/British comedian and director
- 1941 - Tom Conti, British actor
- 1943 - Billie Jean King, American tennis player
- 1950 - Lyman Bostock, baseball player (d. 1978)
- 1950 - Steve Van Zandt, American musician
- 1950 - Tina Weymouth, American musician (Talking Heads and Tom Tom Club)
- 1958 - Jamie Lee Curtis, American actress
- 1961 - Mariel Hemingway, American actress
- 1961 - Randal L. Schwartz, American computer programmer
- 1962 - Victor Pelevin, Russian writer
- 1967 - Boris Becker, German tennis player
- 1967 - Bart Veldkamp, Dutch-born speed skater
- 1974 - David Pelletier, Canadian figure skater
- 1976 - Ville Valo Finnish singer (HIM)
- 1982 - Aiyegbeni Yakubu, Nigerian footballer
- 1984 - Scarlett Johansson, American actress

Deaths

- 1318 - Mikhail Yaroslavich, Russian prince (b. 1271)
- 1594 - Martin Frobisher, English explorer
- 1617 - Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1590)
- 1694 - John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1630)
- 1697 - Liberal Bruant, French architect
- 1710 - Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer (b. 1637)
- 1718 - Blackbeard (Edward Teach), British pirate
- 1758 - Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe, British politician (b. 1680)
- 1774 - Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British general and statesman (b. 1725)
- 1783 - John Hanson, American Continental Congressman (b. 1715)
- 1794 - John Alsop, American Continental Congressman (b. 1724)
- 1875 - Henry Wilson, United States Vice President (b. 1812)
- 1900 - Arthur S. Sullivan, British composer (b. 1842)
- 1916 - Jack London, American writer (b. 1876)
- 1917 - Teoberto Maler, German-born explorer (b. 1842)
- 1943 - Lorenz Hart, American lyricist (b. 1895)
- 1955 - Shemp Howard, American actor and comedian (heart attack) (b. 1895)
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (b. 1917)
- 1963 - C. S. Lewis, Irish author (b. 1898)
- 1963 - Aldous Huxley, British author (b. 1894)
- 1980 - Mae West, American actress and writer (b. 1893)
- 1981 - Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
- 1986 - Scatman Crothers, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1986 - William Bradford Huie, American writer (b. 1910)
- 1988 - Luis Barragán, Mexican architect (b. 1908)
- 1989 - Rene Moawad, President of Lebanon (b. 1925)
- 1993 - Anthony Burgess, British author (b. 1917)
- 1996 - Mark Lenard, American actor (b. 1924)
- 1997 - Michael Hutchence, Australian singer and songwriter (b. 1960)
- 2005 - Bruce Hobbs, American jockey (b. 1920)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Feast of Saint Cecilia
- Also see November 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Lebanon - Independence Day (from France, 1943)
- United States - If a Thursday, Thanksgiving is celebrated; Family Day begins in 2005
- Astrology: usually the first day of sun sign Sagittarius

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 21 - November 23 - October 22 - December 22 -- listing of all days ko:11월 22일 ms:22 November ja:11月22日 simple:November 22 th:22 พฤศจิกายน

1694

Events

- February 6 - The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed.
- July 27 - A Royal Charter is granted to the Bank of England.
- December 22 - The Triennial Bill became law.
- December 28 - Queen Mary II of England dies; King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland is now sole ruler after his co-ruler's death.
- Much of the town of Warwick, England destroyed by fire.
- The Lao empire of Lan Xang unofficially ends.

Births

- April 25 - Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, English architect (d. 1753)
- June 4 - François Quesnay, French economist (d. 1774)
- June 26 - Georg Brandt, Swedish chemist and minerologist (d. 1768)
- July 4 - Louis-Claude Daquin, French composer (d. 1772)
- August 5 - Leonardo Leo, Italian composer (d. 1744)
- August 8 - Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher (d. 1746)
- August 26 - Elisha Williams, American rector of Yale College (d. 1755)
- September 22 - Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, English statesman and man of letters (d. 1773)
- September 25 - Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1754)
- October 26 - Johan Helmich Roman, Swedish composer (d. 1758)
- November 8 - Leonhard Trautsch, German composer (d. 1762)
- November 21 - Voltaire, French philosopher (d. 1778)
- December 22 - Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and writer (b. 1768)

Deaths

- January 2 - Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, English politician (b. 1651)
- January 7 - Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield
- February 4 - Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (b. 1651)
- April 27 - John George IV, Elector of Saxony (b. 1668)
- June 17 - Philip Cardinal Howard, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (b. 1629)
- August 8 - Antoine Arnauld, French philosopher and mathematician (b. 1612)
- October 15 - Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist (b. 1632)
- November 22 - John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1630)
- November 25 - Ismael Bullialdus, French astronomer (b. 1605)
- November 28 - Matsuo Basho, Japanese poet (b. 1644)
- November 29 - Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician (b. 1628)
- December 2 - Pierre Paul Puget, French artist (b. 1622)
- December 28 - Queen Mary II of England, Scotland, and Ireland (b. 1662) Category:1694 ko:1694년

Archbishop of Canterbury

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior clergyman of the established Church of England and symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The present incumbent is Rowan Williams. Today the archbishop fills four main roles:
- he is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the east of the County of Kent and extreme north-east Surrey. Founded in 597, it is the oldest bishopric in the English church.
- he is the metropolitan of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England.
- as Primate of All England, he is the chief religious figure in the Church of England (the British sovereign is the "Supreme governor" of the church). Power in the church is not highly centralised, so the archbishop (along with his "junior" colleague the Archbishop of York) must usually lead through persuasion. He plays an important part in national ceremonies such as coronations; thanks to his high public profile his opinions are often in demand by the news media.
- as symbolic head of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop is recognized as primus inter pares ("first among equals") of all Anglican primates. Since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences. The Archbishop's main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, where his cathedra sits. As holder of one of the "five great sees" (along with the York, London, Durham and Winchester), the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of House of Lords. Since Henry VIII broke with Rome the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English (latterly British) monarch. Today the choice is made in the name of the Sovereign by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. As the current archbishop, the Right Honourable and Most Reverend Dr Rowan Douglas Williams, the 104th Lord Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003; he signs himself Rowan Cantuar. He was previously Archbishop of Wales and Bishop of Monmouth.

Origins

Records suggest that the Roman Britons had three Archbishops, seated in London, York, and Caerleon, an ancient city of South Wales. However, in the fifth and sixth centuries the country was overrun by the pagan Anglo-Saxons. Of the kingdoms they set up there, Kent had the closest ties to European trade and culture. The first Archbishop of Canterbury was Saint Augustine who arrived in Kent in 597, sent by Pope Gregory the Great to mission to the English. He was accepted by King Ethelbert, on his conversion to Christianity, about the year 598. Since then the Archbishops of Canterbury have been referred to as occupying the Chair of St Augustine. Before the break with Papal authority in the 16th Century, the Church of England was an integral part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church. The present Church of England, an established national church, still considers itself part of the broader Western Catholic tradition as well as being the "mother church" of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

Province and Diocese

The Archbishop of Canterbury exercises metropolitical (or supervisory) jurisdiction over the Province of Canterbury, which encompasses thirty of the forty-four dioceses of the Church of England. (The remaining fourteen dioceses, in northern England, fall within the Province of York.) Formerly, the four dioceses of Wales were also under the Province of Canterbury; in 1920, however, the Welsh dioceses transferred from the established Church of England to the disestablished Church in Wales. The Archbishop of Canterbury has a ceremonial provincial curia, or court, consisting of some of the senior bishops of his province. The Bishop of London—the most senior cleric of the Church with the exception of the two Archbishops—serves as Canterbury's Provincial Dean, the Bishop of Winchester as Chancellor, the Bishop of Lincoln as Vice-Chancellor, the Bishop of Salisbury as Precentor, the Bishop of Worcestor as Chaplain and the Bishop of Rochester as Cross-Bearer. The question of whether the Archbishop of Canterbury or the Archbishop of York should take precedence was once a cause of a long struggle. The dispute was temporarily resolved in 1071 after Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas of Bayeaux, Archbishop of York, submitted the matter to the Pope. Pope Alexander II decided that Canterbury was to have precedence, and that future Archbishops of York would have to be consecrated by, and swear allegiance to, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1119, however, the Archbishop-Elect of York, Thurstan, refused to acknowledge the pre-eminence of Canterbury. As a consequence, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, refused to consecrate him. When Thurstan appealed to Rome, Pope Callixtus II not only personally consecrated him, but also issued a papal bull repudiating the supremacy of Canterbury. The matter was finally settled by Pope Innocent VI during the fourteenth century. Under Pope Innocent's arrangement, which lasts to this day, the Archbishop of Canterbury would be recognised as superior to the Archbishop of York. The former would be acknowledged as "Primate of All England", and the latter as "Primate of England". The pre-eminence of the Archbishop of Canterbury is acknowledged by an Act of Parliament passed during the reign of Henry VIII. The Archbishop of Canterbury also has a precedence of honour over the other archbishops of the Anglican Communion. He is recognised as primus inter pares, or first amongst equals. The Archbishop of Canterbury, however, does not exercise any direct authority in the provinces outside England. The Archbishop at the present time has four suffragan bishops. One of these, the Suffragan Bishop of Dover, is given the additional title of "Bishop in Canterbury" and empowered to act almost as if he were the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, since the Archbishop is so frequently away fulfillfilling national and international duties. The Suffragan Bishop of Maidstone is a second assistant working in the diocese. The suffragan bishops of Ebbsfleet and Richborough, on the other hand, are provincial episcopal visitors for the whole Province of Canterbury, licensed by the Archbishop as "flying bishops" to visit parishes throughout the province who are uncomfortable with the ministrations of their local bishop who has participated in the ordination of women.

Style and privileges

Both the Archbishops of Canterbury and York are styled "The Most Reverend"; retired Archbishops as "The Right Reverend". Archbishops are, by convention, appointed to the Privy Council, and may therefore also use "The Right Honourable" for life. In formal documents, the Archbishop of Canterbury is referred to as "The Most Reverend Father in God, Forenames, by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England and Metropolitan". In debates in the House of Lords, the Archbishop is referred to as "The Most Reverend Primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury". "The Right Honourable" is not used in either instance. He may also be formally addressed as "Your Grace" - or, more often these days, simply as "Archbishop", "Father" or "Dr Williams" (in the current instance). The surname of the Archbishop of Canterbury is not used in formal documents; only the forenames and see are mentioned. The Archbishop is legally permitted to sign his name as "Cantuar" (from the Latin for Canterbury). He shares the right to use only a title in the signature with the Archbishop of York, other bishops and Peers of the Realm. In the order of precedence, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ranked above all individuals in the realm, with the exception of the Sovereign and members of the Royal Family. Immediately below him is the Lord Chancellor, and then the Archbishop of York. The Archbishop of Canterbury's official residence in London is Lambeth Palace. Until the 19th century, the Archbishops also had major residences at Croydon Palace and then Addington Palace. The following Archbishops have died at Lambeth: Wittlesey, in 1375; Kemp, 1453; Dean, 1504; all buried in Canterbury Cathedral: Cardinal Pole, the last Catholic archbishop, 1558, after lying in state here 40 days was buried at Canterbury; Parker, 1575, buried in Lambeth Chapel; Whitgift, 1604, buried at Croydon; Bancroft, 1610, buried at Lambeth; Juxon, 1663, buried in the chapel of St. John's College, Oxford; Sheldon, 1667, buried at Croydon; Tillotson, 1694, buried in the church of St. Laurence Jewry, London; Tennison, 1715; and Potter, 1747, both buried at Croydon; Seeker, 1768; Cornwallis, 1783, and Moore, 1805, all buried at Lambeth. Of the medieval archbishops, in 1381 Simon of Sudbury fell a victim to Wat Tyler and his followers when they attacked Lambeth Palace.

External links

- [http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/ Official web site] Category:Church of England Category:Anglicanism Canterbury Category:Christian leaders Category:Religion in Kent Category:Religion in the United Kingdom Category:Canterbury ja:カンタベリー大主教

1694

Events

Births

Deaths

Sowerby

Sowerby is a placename in England
- Sowerby, West Yorkshire
- Sowerby, North Yorkshire

Sowerby family

The Sowerbys were a British family of naturalists, illustrators, botanists, and zoologists who showed a remarkable lack of imagination in the naming of their sons from the second generation on.
- James Sowerby (1757 - 1822)
- James De Carle Sowerby (1787 - 1871)
- George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788 - 1854)
- George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812 - 1884)
- George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843 - 1921) The vast majority of their work was on molluscs and their systematics. Together, they introduced numerous (sometimes the number 5000 is mentioned) taxonomic names. Because they all extensively published in conchology, it is even for professional taxonomists not easy to unravel who of the three "G.B. Sowerby"s is meant by a particular citation. Even with a date attribution is not obvious: e.g. "Sowerby, 1870" might refer to either George II or George III.

References

- [http://www.conchology.be/en/cyberConchology/hsn/hsn_detail.php?released=February%2C+2002&uni=0202fea&page=17 Who were the Sowerbys? by Katherine v.W. Palmer], Internet Hawaiian Shell News, January 2002, pp. 17 - 24. Reprint of Hawaiian Shell News, Nov. 1965, pp. 4ff. Available on a CD of back issues of HSN, ISSN 1543-6039. Category:British naturalists

Yorkshire

:This article is about the English county. For other uses, see Yorkshire (disambiguation). Yorkshire (disambiguation) Yorkshire (disambiguation) Yorkshire is the largest traditional county of England, covering some 6,000 sq. miles (15,000 km²) with a population of some five million. It is traditionally divided into West, North and East Ridings (from Old Norse þriðing, "third part", a legacy of the area's ninth century Scandinavian settlers). The county town, York, is not part of any riding. The emblem of Yorkshire is the White Rose of the House of York, and there is a Yorkshire Day celebrated on August 1. Amongst the celebrations there is a Civic gathering of Lord Mayors, Mayors and other Civic Heads from across the county and convened by the Yorkshire Society, in 2004 it was held in Leeds and in 2005 it was held in Bradford. The people of Penistone will be hosting the Civic gathering in 2006. There is also an "anthem" for the county in the form of the folk song "On Ilkla Moor Baht'at" (on Ilkley Moor without a Hat). The Yorkshire dialect is colloquially known as "Tyke", and this is also the "affectionate" (!) term for a Yorkshireman, though the term is not universally used by all Yorkshiremen and is virtually non-existent on the North Riding coastline. The social stereotype of a Yorkshireman has a tendency to include such accessories as a flat cap and a whippet. Among Yorkshire's unique traditions is the Long Sword dance, a traditional dance not found elsewhere in England. More recently, Yorkshire has been home to its own genre of techno music, Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass.

History

:Main article History of Yorkshire The Ridings were divided further into wapentakes. In about 1823 these were North Riding
- Allertonshire
- Birdforth
- Bulmer
- Gilling East and West
- Halikeld
- Hang East and West
- Langbaurgh East and West
- Pickering Lythe
- Ryedale
- Whitby Strand East Riding
- Buckrose
- Dickering
- Harthill - Bainton beacon, Holme beacon, Hunsley beacon and Wilton beacon
- Holderness South Middle and North
- Howdenshire
- Ouse and Derwent West Riding
- Agbrigg and Morley (Agbrigg and Morley divisions)
- Barkston Ash
- Ewcross
- Claro Lower and Upper
- Morley
- Osgoldcross
- Skyrack Lower and Upper
- Staincliffe East and West
- Staincross
- Strafforth and Tickhill Lower and Upper Apart from these there were the Ainsty wapentake, the City of York (not part of any riding), and Hullshire (geographically in the East Riding though not part of it). The Ridings were used as the basis of administrative counties upon the introduction of local government, in 1888, although many boroughs within the area were made county boroughs in their own right. In 1974 the local government system was reformed, with the bulk of the area being split between:
- North Yorkshire (including Yorkshire's county town of York — although the county town of North Yorkshire is Northallerton)
- South Yorkshire
- West Yorkshire
- Humberside (including parts of Lincolnshire)
- Cleveland (including parts of County Durham) South and West Yorkshire are termed metropolitan counties, as they cover mostly built-up areas. Additionally, small portions were ceded to the control of Cumbria (Sedbergh Rural District), Lancashire (Bowland Rural District, Barnoldswick, Earlby, and part of Skipton Rural District), County Durham (Startforth Rural District) and Greater Manchester (Saddleworth]]). In 1986 the county councils of West and South Yorkshire were abolished, and in 1996 Cleveland and Humberside were broken up into districts, which became independent administrative counties (unitary authority areas) in their own right, as did an expanded City of York. The bulk of the Yorkshire part of Humberside became known as the East Riding of Yorkshire, with Kingston upon Hull being independent. For ceremonial purposes the districts previously covered by Cleveland now fall in the ceremonial counties of North Yorkshire and County Durham, and the districts previously covered by Humberside now fall in the ceremonial counties of East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Much of Yorkshire is now represented by the region of Yorkshire and the Humber.

Villages, towns and cities in Yorkshire

See the list of places in Yorkshire.

Local government areas in ceremonial Yorkshire

- East Riding of Yorkshire
- Kingston upon Hull
- Middlesbrough
- North Yorkshire
- Craven
- Hambleton
- Harrogate
- Richmondshire
- Ryedale
- Scarborough
- Selby
- Redcar and Cleveland
- Stockton-on-Tees south of the river
- South Yorkshire
- Barnsley
- Doncaster
- Rotherham
- Sheffield
- West Yorkshire
- Bradford
- Calderdale
- Kirklees
- Leeds
- Wakefield
- York

External links

- [http://www.britannia.com/history/yorkshire/ The History of Yorkshire]
- [http://www.yorkshire-dialect.org/ Samples of Yorkshire Dialect]
- [http://flagspot.net/flags/gb-en-ys.html Yorkshire flags]
- [http://www.book-lover.com/yorkshire/images/yorkshire.html Yorkshire Images] - a gallery of drawings depicting Yorkshire as it was in the 1800s.

Clare College, Cambridge

Clare College is a college of the University of Cambridge, the second oldest surviving college after Peterhouse. Clare is famous for its chapel choir and also for its gardens, which form part of what is known as the Backs (essentially the rear part of colleges which are next to the River Cam). The current Master is Anthony (Tony) J Badger, Paul Mellon Professor of American History.

History

The college was founded in 1326 by the university's Chancellor, Richard de Badew, and named University Hall. Providing maintenance for only two fellows, however, it soon hit financial hardship. In 1338 the college was refounded as Clare Hall by an endowment from Elizabeth de Clare, a granddaughter of Edward I, that provided for twenty fellows and ten students. The college was known as Clare Hall up until 1856, when it changed its name to Clare College. (A new Clare Hall was founded by Clare as a postgraduate institution in 1966). 1966 1966] Clare's 'Old Court', which frames King's College Chapel as the left border of one of the most celebrated architectural vistas in England, was built between 1638 and 1715, with a long interruption for the English Civil War. The period spans the arrival of true classicism into the mainstream of British architecture. Its progress can be traced in the marked differences between the oldest wing (the north), which still has vaulting and other features in the unbroken tradition of English Gothic, and the final southern block, which shows a fully articulated classic style. The college's chapel was built in 1763 and designed by James Burrough. Its altarpiece is Annunciation by Cipriani. Clare has a much-photographed bridge over the river which has fourteen stone balls decorating it. In actual fact, one of the balls has a missing section. A number of apocryphal stories circulate concerning this - the one most commonly cited by members of college is that the original builder of the bridge was not paid the full amount for his work and so removed the segment to balance the difference in payment. A more likely explanation is that a wedge of stone cemented into the ball as part of a repair job became loose and fell out, presumably still lying on the river bed. The repair work is necessary when a stone ball becomes worn around the metal rod on which it is secured to the bridge; a wedge of stone is removed from the base of the ball (around the rod) in order to free it, it is then turned sideways, a hole is drilled at the new base to receive the rod, and the wedge-shaped gap is filled with a new piece of stone. This can be observed on other balls on the same bridge, where the seam between the main ball and the replacement wedge is visible and tangible, though difficult to spot as a repaired ball is always aligned to have the new wedge facing outwards. The bridge is the oldest of Cambridge's current bridges.

College life

Clare is known as one of the most musical colleges in Cambridge. Many of its students play instruments, and its orchestra and choir attract some of the best young musicians in the country. It holds popular jazz and drum'n'bass nights in its cellars. The Scratch Perverts used to DJ regularly. Great emphasis is placed on extra-curricular activities in addition to academic study. Freshers are traditionally welcomed by being told to 'get a life' and explore their potentials to the maximum. Clare uses a purely meritocratic selection system which awards points for academic and extra-curricular potential, and was widely praised for being the first college to open the details of its admissions procedure to the national press. Clare is a very liberal college. The Socialist Workers' Student Society society meets there, and Clare students have previously been arrested for various direct action protests. A liberal attitude is taken during jazz and comedy nights. Its student paper, Clareification, published by the Union of Clare Students (which recently won "Best University College Paper" in "The Cambridge Student"), is filled with satirical articles mocking Cambridge traditions, reports on silly student antics, and college gossip in the infamous "Clareifornication" column. It is often the subject of criticism by the staff for risqué and tasteless content. It was recently described by the Master, Professor Badger, as "an unholy cross between the Sun on a bad day, and the Daily Sport". An earlier tagline, attributed to an infamous college fellow, held it to be a "squalid pornographic scandal rag run off on a photocopier." Union of Clare Students

Famous alumni

External links

- [http://www.clare.cam.ac.uk Clare College, Cambridge official website]
- [http://www.srcf.ucam.org/clareification/ CLAREification website- the weekly satirical magazine of Clare students]
- [http://ucs.clare.cam.ac.uk/ Union of Clare Students website] Category:Colleges of the University of Cambridge

1647

Events

- March 14 - Thirty Years War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
- April 3 - In England, letter from the Agitators of the New Model Army, protesting delay of pay, is read in the House of Commons
- August 8 - The battle of Dungans Hill, Irish forces are defeated by British Parliamentary forces.
- August - Peter Stuyvesant appointed Director of New Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company.
- Johann von Werth tried to take his troops over the Austrian border, but they refused.

Events of the English Civil War

- Castle of Aberystwyth razed to the ground by Parliamentarian troops
- August: Army marches to London
- December 28, Charles promises church reform. This agreement led to the Second English Civil War.

Ongoing events

- English Civil War (1642-1649)

Births

- January 7 - Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1677)
- March 12 - Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie, French general (d. 1727)
- April 1 - John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (d. 1680)
- June 20 - John George III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1691)
- July 2 - Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English privy councillor (d. 1730)
- August 12 - Johann Heinrich Acker, German writer (d. 1719)
- August 22 - Denis Papin, French inventor
- September 23 - Joseph Dudley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1720)
- November 18 - Pierre Bayle, French philosopher (d. 1706)
- Henry Aldrich, English theologian and philosopher (d. 1710) See also :Category:1647 births.

Deaths

- January 29 - Francis Meres, English writer (b. 1565)
- March 14 - Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (b. 1584)
- May 21 - Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch poet and historian (b. 1581)
- June 12 - Thomas Farnaby, English grammarian
- July 7 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (b. 1586)
- July 16 - Masaniello, Italian rebel (b. 1622)
- August 24 - Nicholas Stone, English sculptor and architect (b. 1586)
- October 8 - Christian Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (b. 1562)
- October 25 - Evangelista Torricelli, Italian mathematician and physicist (b. 1608)
- Bonaventura Cavalieri, Italian mathematician (b. 1598) See also :Category:1647 deaths. Category:1647 ko:1647년

Oliver Cromwell

, 1657.]] Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 – September 3, 1658) was an English military leader and politician. After leading the overthrow of the British monarchy, he ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland as Lord Protector, from December 16, 1653 until his death, which is believed to have been by either malaria or poisoning. After his burial he was exhumed and hanged, drawn and quartered. Cromwell was born in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. He studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, which was then a recently-founded college with a strong Puritan ethos. However, he left without taking a degree, probably due to the death of his father. At the outset of the English Civil War, Cromwell began his military career by raising a cavalry troop, known as the "Ironsides Cavalry", which became the basis of his New Model Army, as well as Cromwell's nickname, "Old Ironsides". Cromwell's leadership in the Battle of Marston Moor (in 1644) brought him to great prominence. As a leader of the Parliamentarian cause, and commander of the New Model Army, (informally known as the "Roundheads"), Cromwell defeated King Charles I, thus bringing to an end the monarchy's claims to absolute power. In 2003, Cromwell was ranked 10th in a popular BBC poll of "Great Britons."

Family

Oliver Cromwell descended from Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1483), an older sister of Tudor statesman Thomas Cromwell. Catherine was married to Morgan ap Williams, son of William ap Yevan and Joan Tudor. There is speculation that Joan was an illegitimate daughter of Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford. Although Catherine married, her children kept her name; possibly to maintain their connection with their famous uncle. The family line continued through Richard Cromwell (c. 1500–1544), Henry Cromwell (c. 1524–January 6, 1603), then to Oliver's father Robert Cromwell, Esquire (c. 1560–1617), who married Elizabeth Steward or Stewart (1564–1654) on April 25, 1599, the day she delivered him a son. Another interesting feature of the Cromwell bloodline is that the mother's maiden name, as an alternative to the argument above, might have been kept as the surname for a different purpose: to disguise the male side of the family's heritage, instead of merely accentuating the female's side from Thomas Cromwell. This heritage goes through the Tudors, de Valois, and Wittelsbach—three royal dynasties of England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. Cromwell's alleged paternal ancestor, Jasper Tudor was a younger brother of Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, uncle to his son Henry VII of England, and son of Owen Tudor and Catherine of Valois, daughter of Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria. However, the descent of Oliver Cromwell from Jasper is unverified; and is 'doubtful', in view of the tendency of Cromwell's supporters to 'fabricate' claims of his descent from the Royal line. This also occurred with the claim that Cromwell's ancestors on his mother's side could be traced back to a Scottish Stuart (from Stewart and originally Steward) prince shipwrecked on the Norfolk coast in 1406. This claim for a Scottish royal "pedigree" was unfounded, as Cromwell's Steward ancestors actually descended from the Skywards of Calais.

Member of Parliament

Having decided against following an uncle to Virginia, Cromwell instead became the Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in the Parliament of 1628–1629. His maiden speech was the defence of a radical democrat, who had argued in an unauthorised pamphlet in favour of "giving the vote to all men". Oliver was also prominent in defending the people of The Fens from wealthy landowners, who wanted to drive them off their land. Charles I ruled without a Parliament for the next eleven years (having dissolved Parliament), and alienated many people with his policies of raising extra-parliamentary taxes, and imposing his Catholicized vision of Protestantism on the Church of England. When King Charles was forced by shortage of funds to call a Parliament again in 1640, Oliver Cromwell was one of many MP's who bitterly opposed voting for any new taxes until the King agreed to govern with the consent of Parliament, on both civil and religious issues. The failure to solve this crisis led directly to civil war breaking out between English "Parliamentarians" (supporters of the power of Parliament) and British "Royalists" (supporters of the King). Cromwell was a passionate supporter of the Parliament, primarily on religious grounds. Although not an accomplished speaker, Cromwell was prominent in the Parliamentary cause from the outset. He was related to a significant number of members of Parliament by blood or marriage, and his views were influential. When spies identified him as an insider to the revolt against King Charles, and soldiers were sent to arrest him, Cromwell was one of several members absent. However, he did not become a leader of the Parliamentary cause until well into the civil war, when his military ability brought him to prominence. Although he was later involved in the King's overthrow and execution, Cromwell did not start the civil war as a radical republican; rather he did so with the intention of forcing Charles to reign with the consent of Parliament, and with a more consensual, Protestant, religious policy.

Religious beliefs

Cromwell's understanding of religion and politics were