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John Tyler

John Tyler

Alternate meaning: John Tyler, Sr. John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenth (1841) Vice President of the United States, and the tenth (1841-1845) President of the United States. He was the second President born after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and the first to assume the office of President following the death of his predecessor.

Biography

John Tyler was born the son of John Tyler (1747-1813) and Mary Armistead. He was educated at the College of William and Mary and went on to study law with his father, who became Governor of Virginia (1808-1811), and followed his father as governor (1825-1827) after a stint in the United States House of Representatives. During his time as U.S. Senator, Tyler, who had begun as a strict state-rights Democrat, grew increasingly alienated from the Jacksonian Democrats, especially by Jackson's aggressive handling of the South Carolina nullification issue. Drawn into the newly-organized Whig Party, Tyler was elected Vice President in 1840 as running mate to William Henry Harrison. Their campaign slogans of "Log Cabins and Hard Cider" and "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" are among the most famous in American politics. He assumed the presidency upon Harrison's death a month into his term. Tyler was the first Vice President to assume the Presidency in this manner. He acceded to the Presidency upon the death of President Harrison on April 4, 1841, and took the Presidential oath of office as specified by the Constitution on April 6. The Cabinet and U.S. Congress agreed with Tyler that he was President and not merely Acting President, and as the Constitution was not explicit on that aspect of succession (until the 1967 ratification of the 25th Amendment), both the House and Senate passed resolutions recognizing Tyler as President.

Marriage

Tyler married twice, firstly to Letitia Christian on March 29, 1813. They had eight children:
- Mary Tyler (April 15, 1815 - June 17, 1847).
- Robert Tyler (September 9, 1816 - December 3, 1877). He was married to Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper who served as First Lady of the United States.
- John Tyler, Jr. (April 17, 1819 - January 26, 1896).
- Letitia Christian Tyler (May 11, 1821 - December 28, 1907).
- Elizabeth Tyler (July 11, 1823 - June 1, 1850)
- Anne Contesse Tyler (April 5, 1825 - July, 1825).
- Alice Tyler (March 23, 1827 - June 8, 1854).
- Tazewell Tyler (December 6, 1830 - January 8, 1874). Letitia served as First Lady of the United States but died on September 10, 1842. Tyler spent two years as a widower. His daughter-in-law Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper served as First Lady for this period. He then married Julia Gardiner on June 26, 1844. He was the first President to marry while in office. They had seven children:
- David Gardiner Tyler (July 12, 1846 - September 5, 1927).
- John Alexander Tyler (April 7, 1848 - September 1, 1883).
- Julia Gardiner Tyler (December 25, 1849 - May 8, 1871).
- Lachlan Tyler (December 2, 1851 - January 26, 1902).
- Lyon Gardiner Tyler (August 24, 1853 - February 12, 1935).
- Robert Fitzwalter Tyler (March 12, 1856 - December 31, 1927).
- Pearl Tyler (June 20, 1860 - June 30, 1947). Altogether Tyler was the father of 15 children, more than any other President before or after him. His youngest child, Pearl, died 100 years, 1 week, and 6 days after the death of his eldest daughter, Mary.

Presidency

His presidency was rarely taken seriously in his time; he was usually referred to as the "Acting President" or "His Accidency" by opponents. Further, Tyler quickly found himself at odds with his former political supporters. Harrison had been expected to adhere closely to Whig Party policies and work closely with Whig leaders, particularly Henry Clay. Tyler shocked Congressional Whigs by vetoing virtually the entire Whig agenda, twice vetoing Clay's legislation for a national banking act following the Panic of 1837 and leaving the government deadlocked. Tyler was officially expelled from the Whig Party in 1841, a few months after taking office, and the entire cabinet he had inherited from Harrison resigned in September. The one exception was Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, who remained to finalize the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842, demonstrating his independence from Clay. For two years Tyler struggled with the Whigs, but when he took John C. Calhoun as Secretary of State, to 'reform' the Democrats, the gravitational swing of the Whigs to identity with 'the North' and the Democrats as the party of 'the South,' led the way to the sectional party politics of the next decade. thumb In May 1842, when the Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island came to a head, Tyler declined to use Federal troops to suppress the rioting adherents of a new state constitution, which extended Rhode Island's restricted franchise. Tyler was of the opinion that the 'lawless assemblages' were dispersing, and expressed his confidence in a 'temper of conciliation as well as of energy and decision:'
"I freely confess that I should experience great reluctance in employing the military power of Government against any portion of the people; but however painful the duty I have to assure your Excellency, that if resistance is made to the execution of the laws of Rhode-Island, by such force as the civil peace shall be unable to overcome, it will be the duty of this Government to enforce the Constitutional guarantee-- a guarantee given and adopted mutually by all the original States, of which Rhode-Island was one."
Tyler's later career may be seen in the light of his actions at this turn of events. His letter declined to offer an opinion on the internal affairs of Rhode Island: "They are questions of municipal regulation, the adjustment of which belongs exclusively to the people of Rhode Island." It was the first occasion in U.S. history where the question had arisen, according to Tyler, who was overlooking Shays' Rebellion. He ended his published letter:
"The people of the State of Rhode Island have been too long distinguished for their love of order and of regular government, to rush into revolution, in order to obtain a redress of grievances, real or supposed, which a government under which their fathers lived in peace, would not in due season redress. No portion of her people will be willing to drench her fair fields with the blood of their own brethren, in order to obtain a redress of grievances which their constituted authorities cannot, for any length of time, resist, if properly appealed to by the popular voice. None of them will be willing to set an example, in the bosom of this Union, of such frightful disorder, such needless convulsions of society, such danger to life, liberty and property, and likely to bring so much discredit on the character of popular governments. My reliance on the virtue, intelligence and patriotism of her citizens, is great and abiding, and I will not doubt but that a spirit of conciliation will prevail over rash counsels, that all actual grievances will be promptly redressed by the existing Government, and that another bright example will be added to the many already prevailing among the North American Republics, of change without revolution and a redress of grievances without force or violence."
The last year of Tyler's presidency was marred by a freak accident that killed two of his Cabinet members. During a ceremonial cruise down the Potomac River on February 28, 1844, a main gun of the USS Princeton blew up during a demonstration firing, instantly killing Thomas Gilmer, the Secretary of the Navy, and Abel P. Upshur, the Secretary of State. Tyler met his second wife, Julia Gardiner, during the ceremony. Her father was also killed during the explosion. Tyler and Gardiner were married not long afterwards in New York City, on June 26 1844. Tyler was an advocate to the annexation of Texas.

Cabinet


Supreme Court appointments

Tyler appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Samuel Nelson - 1845

States Admitted to the Union


- Florida – March 3, 1845 1845

Post-Presidency

Tyler retired to a plantation named "Walnut Grove" he had bought in Virginia, renaming it "Sherwood Forest" to signify that he had been "outlawed" by the Whig party, and withdrew from electoral politics, though his advice continued to be sought by states-rights Democrats.

Confederate allegiances

Tyler had long been an advocate of states' rights, believing that the question of a state's "free" or "slave" status ought to be decided at the state level, with no input from the federal government. He was himself a slaveowner his entire life. In February 1861, Tyler re-entered public life to sponsor and chair the Washington Peace Convention. The convention sought a compromise to avoid civil war, while the Confederate Constitution was being drawn up at the Montgomery Convention. When the Senate rejected his plan, Tyler urged Virginia's immediate secession. Having served in the provisional Confederate Congress in 1861, he was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives but died of bronchitis and bilious fever before he could take office, which could mean he is the only American president to die on foreign soil, depending on if one considers the Confederacy foreign or not (see Texas v. White). He was 71 years and 295 days old. His final words were "Perhaps it is best". Tyler is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The city of Tyler, Texas is named for him. There was another John Tyler, born in the twentieth century, who was an advocate for the rights of the disabled. He parked his wheelchair in front of Metro buses in Seattle, WA in the late 1970s and performed other actions to make sure that the proper wheelchair lifts, not the "folding camel" lifts, would be put onto the public transit buses. The original lifts, which could potentially dump people in wheelchairs and which also broke down more easily, were put onto the buses. Being that he had severe polio, he was quite fortunate in being able to do so. He was in all probability named after President Tyler. That may have given him some of his own strength and ability to confront such serious issues as "disabled" lifts put onto the buses and his own fading battle with polio. He died from suicide on December 24th of 1984, after having lead a lonely life -- but a good one. And he is remembered to this day at Center Park, the very first apartment building ever built in the United States specifically for people in wheelchairs.

See also


- Dorr Rebellion
- U.S. presidential election, 1840
- Sherwood Forest Plantation

References

#

External links


- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jt10.html Official Whitehouse biography]
- [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/john_tyler.pdf U.S. Senate Historian's Office: Vice Presidents of the United States--John Tyler]
- [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpe:@field(DOCID+@lit(rbpe16901500)) Tyler's letters refusing government intervention, April and May, 1842]
-
- [http://www.sherwoodforest.org/Genealogy.html List of Descendants]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/tyler-1.html First State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/tyler-2.html Second State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/tyler-3.html Third State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/tyler-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g10.htm John Tyler's Health and Medical History] Tyler, John Tyler, John Tyler, John Tyler, John Tyler, John Tyler, John Tyler, John Tyler, John ko:존 타일러 ja:ジョン・タイラー simple:John Tyler

John Tyler, Sr.

John Tyler (February 28, 1747-January 6, 1813) was a Virginia planter, judge, Governor of Virginia (1808-1811), and father of President John Tyler. Tyler County, West Virginia is named in his honor.

Reference


- [http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/tyler.html Political Graveyard] Tyler Sr., John

March 29

March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). There are 277 days remaining.

Events


- 537 - Vigilius is consecrated and enthroned as Pope, replacing Silverius.
- 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England.
- 1638 - Swedish colonists establish the first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden.
- 1792 - King Gustav III of Sweden dies after being shot in the back at a midnight masquerade at Stockholm's Royal Opera just 13 days earlier. He is succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf.
- 1799 - New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state
- 1806 - Construction authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.
- 1809 - King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état. At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden.
- 1847 - Mexican-American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.
- 1848 - An upstream ice jam stops almost all water flow over Niagara Falls.
- 1849 - The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab
- 1865 - American Civil War: Battle of Appomattox Court House begins
- 1867 - Queen Victoria gives Royal Assent to the British North America Act which establishes the Dominion of Canada on July 1.
- 1871 - The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
- 1879 - Anglo-Zulu War: Battle of Kambula: British forces defeat 20,000 Zulus.
- 1882 - The Knights of Columbus are established.
- 1911 - The M1911 semi-automatic handgun designed by John Browning becomes the standard-issue handgun in the United States Army, and is subsequently widely used in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War.
- 1930 - Heinrich Brüning is appointed German Reichskanzler.
- 1941 - World War II: British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy forces intercept those of the Italian Regia Marina off the Peloponnesus coast of Greece in the Battle of Cape Matapan.
- 1945 - World War II: Last day of V-1 flying bomb attacks on England.
- 1951 - Red Scare: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage.
- 1953 - A fire at a nursing home in Largo, Florida kills 35 people.
- 1961 - The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, allowing residents of Washington, DC to vote in presidential elections.
- 1969 - In Madrid, Spain, four different performers tie for first place at the fourteenth Eurovision Song Contest. The medals are shared by Spain's Salomé singing "Vivo cantando" (I live singing), United Kingdom's Lulu singing "Boom Bang-a-bang", Netherlands' Lenny Kuhr singing "De troubadour" (The troubadour), and France's Frida Boccara singing "Un jour, un enfant" (One day, a child...)
- 1971 - Francis Ford Coppola begins filming on Mario Puzo's The Godfather. The movie, released in 1972, goes on to win Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay.
- 1971 - My Lai massacre: Lt. William Calley is convicted of premeditated murder and sentenced to life in prison.
- 1971 - A Los Angeles, California jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and three female followers.
- 1973 - Vietnam War: The last United States soldiers leave South Vietnam.
- 1974 - NASA's Mariner 10 becomes the first spaceprobe to fly by Mercury. It was launched on November 3, 1973.
- 1975 - Andy Born :-)
- 1981 - First running of the London Marathon
- 1982 - The Canada Act 1982 (U.K.) receives the Royal Assent by Queen Elizabeth II, setting the stage for the Queen of Canada to proclaim the Constitution Act, 1982
- 1982 - Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney release their single "Ebony and Ivory".
- 1984 - The Baltimore Colts of the NFL move to Indianapolis in the middle of the night.
- 1985 - The first Care Bears Movie, produced by Canadian animation studio Nelvana Limited, is released in US theatres by The Samuel Goldwyn Company.
- 1990 - Warning label on records: recording companies agree to put a warning label on music products that contain potentially offensive lyrics.
- 1993 - Catherine Callbeck becomes premier of Prince Edward Island and Canada's first female premier.
- 1993 - Edouard Balladur becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1999 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 10006.78 – above the 10,000 mark for the first time ever.
- 2001 - A chartered Gulfstream III jet crashes into a hillside during approach into Aspen, Colorado, killing 18 people.
- 2004 - Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia join NATO as full members.
- 2004 - The Republic of Ireland becomes the first country in the world to ban smoking in all work places, including bars and restaurants.
- 2006 - Predicted total solar eclipse.

Births


- 1584 - Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general (d. 1648)
- 1602 - John Lightfoot, English churchman (d. 1675)
- 1713 - John Ponsonby, Irish politician (d. 1789)
- 1769 - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, French marshal (d. 1851)
- 1790 - John Tyler, 10th President of the United States (d. 1862)
- 1824 - Ludwig Büchner, German philosopher and physician (d. 1899)
- 1826 - Wilhelm Liebknecht, German journalist and politician (d. 1900)
- 1867 - Cy Young, baseball player (d. 1955)
- 1874 - Lou Hoover, First Lady of the United States (d. 1944)
- 1889 - Warner Baxter, American actor (d. 1951)
- 1891 - Yvan Goll, French-German writer (d. 1950)
- 1892 - József Cardinal Mindszenty, Hungarian Catholic cardinal (d. 1975)
- 1895 - Ernst Jünger, German author (d. 1998)
- 1897 - Ruby Muhammad, American wife of Elijah Muhammad
- 1899 - Lavrenty Beria, Soviet Communist leader (d. 1953)
- 1900 - John McEwen, eighteenth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)
- 1901 - Carl Barks, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
- 1901 - Andrija Maurovic, Croatian illustrator (d. 1981)
- 1902 - Marcel Aymé, French writer (d. 1967)
- 1902 - William Walton, English composer (d. 1983)
- 1905 - Philip Ahn, Korean-American actor (d. 1978)
- 1908 - Arthur O'Connell, American actor (d. 1981)
- 1908 - Dennis O'Keefe, American actor (d. 1968)
- 1911 - Brigitte Horney, German actress (d. 1988)
- 1912 - Hanna Reitsch, German pilot (d. 1979)
- 1913 - Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)
- 1913 - R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
- 1916 - Eugene McCarthy, American politician (d. 2005)
- 1918 - Pearl Bailey, American singer and actress (d. 1990)
- 1918 - Sam Walton, American businessman (d. 1992)
- 1919 - Eileen Heckart, American actress (d. 2001)
- 1927 - John McLaughlin, American political commentator
- 1927 - John Robert Vane, English pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- 1929 - Lennart Meri, President of Estonia
- 1931 - Aleksei Gubarev, cosmonaut
- 1936 - Judith Guest, American author
- 1937 - Billy Carter, Presidential brother (d. 1988)
- 1940 - Ray Davis, American musician (P-Funk)
- 1941 - Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr., American astrophysicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
- 1943 - Eric Idle, English actor, writer, and composer
- 1943 - John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- 1943 - Vangelis, Greek musician
- 1944 - Terry Jacks, Canadian musician, songwriter, and activist
- 1944 - Denny McLain, baseball player
- 1945 - Walt Frazier, American basketball player
- 1948 - Bud Cort, American actor
- 1949 - Michael Brecker, American jazz saxophonist
- 1952 - Teofilo Stevenson, Cuban boxer
- 1954 - Karen Ann Quinlan, American right-to-die cause célèbre (d. 1985)
- 1955 - Earl Campbell, American football star
- 1955 - Christopher Lawford, American actor
- 1956 - Patty Donahue, lead singer of The Waitresses
- 1957 - Christopher Lambert, French actor
- 1959 - Perry Farrell, American musician (Jane's Addiction and Porno for Pyros)
- 1960 - Marina Sirtis, English actress
- 1964 - Elle Macpherson, Australian model
- 1967 - Brian Jordan, baseball player
- 1968 - Lucy Lawless, New Zealand actress and singer
- 1976 - Jennifer Capriati, American tennis player
- 1981 - Jlloyd Samuel, West Indian-born footballer
- 1983 - Justin Tuck, NFL football player
- 1986 - Astrit Hasani, Kosovar table-tennis player

Deaths


- 1058 - Pope Stephen X
- 1368 - Emperor Go-Murakami, Emperor of Japan (b. 1328)
- 1461 - Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (b. 1421)
- 1578 - Arthur Champernowne, English admiral (b. 1524)
- 1578 - Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French cardinal (b. 1527)
- 1625 - Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Spanish historian (b. 1549)
- 1628 - Tobias Matthew, Archbishop of York (b. 1546)
- 1772 - Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish philosopher and mathematician (b. 1688)
- 1751 - Thomas Coram, English sea captain and philanthropist
- 1792 - King Gustav III of Sweden, (shot) (b. 1746)
- 1800 - Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (b. 1714)
- 1826 - Johann Heinrich Voß, German poet (b. 1751)
- 1855 - Henri Druey, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1799)
- 1888 - Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer (b. 1813)
- 1906 - Slava Raskaj, Croatian painter (b. 1878)
- 1912 - Robert Falcon Scott, English explorer (b. 1868)
- 1934 - Otto Hermann Kahn, German millionaire and benefactor (b. 1867)
- 1937 - Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (b. 1882)
- 1959 - Barthelemy Boganda, first President of the Central African Republic (b. 1910)
- 1972 - Lord J. Arthur Rank, movie theater owner (b. 1888)
- 1980 - Mantovani, Italian-born conductor and arranger (b. 1905)
- 1991 - Lee Atwater, American politicial consultant (b. 1951)
- 1999 - Joe Williams, American jazz singer and actor (b. 1918)
- 1992 - Paul Henreid, Austrian actor (b. 1908)
- 1994 - Eugène Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (b. 1912)
- 1994 - Bill Travers, British actor (b. 1922)
- 1999 - Joe Williams, American singer (b. 1918)
- 2001 - Helge Ingstad, Norwegian explorer (b. 1899)
- 2001 - John Lewis, American jazz pianist (b. 1920)
- 2003 - Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (SARS) (b. 1956)
- 2004 - Sir Peter Ustinov, British actor (b. 1921)
- 2005 - Johnnie Cochran, American lawyer (b. 1937)
- 2005 - Grant Johannesen, American pianist (b. 1921)

Holidays and observances


- Festival of Ishtar

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/29 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272955&day=10272994&cat=10272946 This Day in History] ---- March 28 - March 30 - February 28 (February 29) - April 29 -- listing of all days ko:3월 29일 ms:29 Mac ja:3月29日 simple:March 29 th:29 มีนาคม

January 18

January 18 is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 347 days remaining (348 in leap years)

Events


- 336 - Saint Mark elected Catholic Pope.
- 350 - General Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans, proclaims himself Emperor.
- 474 - Leo II briefly becomes Byzantine emperor
- 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
- 1307 - German king Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf king of Bohemia.
- 1479 - Louis IX, the Rich, duke of Bayern (U of Ingolstadt), dies at 61.
- 1486 - King Henry VII of England marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV.
- 1520 - King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde.
- 1535 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro.
- 1670 - Henry Morgan captures Panama.
- 1701 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia.
- 1778 - James Cook is the first known European to discover the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands".
- 1861 - Georgia joins the Confederacy.
- 1871 - Wilhelm I of Germany becomes the first German Emperor.
- 1884 - Dr William Price attempts to cremate the body of his infant son, Jesus Christ Price, setting a legal precedent for cremation in the UK.
- 1886 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England.
- 1896 - The X-ray machine is exhibited for the first time.
- 1911 - Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, marking the first time an aircraft landed on a ship
- 1915 - Japan issues the "Twenty-One Demands" to China in a bid to increase its power in east Asia.
- 1916 - A 611 gram chondrite type meteorite struck a house near the village of Baxter in Stone County, Missouri.
- 1919 - World War I: The Paris Peace Conference opens in Versailles, France.
- 1919 - Bentley Motors is founded.
- 1939 - Louis Armstrong records Jeepers Creepers.
- 1943 - World War II: Soviet officials announce they have broken the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad.
- 1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The first uprising of Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto.
- 1944 - The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City for the first time hosts a jazz concert; the performers are Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman, Lionel Hampton, Artie Shaw, Roy Eldridge and Jack Teagarden.
- 1945 - Liberation of the Budapest ghetto by the Red Army
- 1958 - Willie O'Ree, the first African American National Hockey League player, make his NHL debut with the Boston Bruins.
- 1964 - Plans are revealed for the World Trade Center in New York City.
- 1964 - The Beatles appear on the Billboard magazine charts for the first time.
- 1967 - Albert DeSalvo, the "Boston Strangler," is convicted of numerous crimes and is sentenced to life in prison.
- 1975 - The Jeffersons debuts on CBS.
- 1977 - Scientists identify a previously unknown bacterium as the cause of the mysterious "legionnaire's disease."
- 1977 - Australia's worst rail disaster occurs at Granville, Sydney killing 83.
- 1978 - The European Court of Human Rights finds the United Kingdom government guilty of mistreating prisoners in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture.
- 1983 - The International Olympic Committee restores Jim Thorpe Olympic medals to his family.
- 1990 - Former preschool operators Raymond Buckey and his mother Peggy McMartin Buckey are acquitted in a Los Angeles, California court of 52 child molestation charges.
- 1990 - Washington, DC, Mayor Marion Barry is arrested for drug possession in an FBI sting.
- 1991 - Eastern Airlines shuts down after 62 years citing financial problems.
- 1993 - For the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. holiday is officially observed in all 50 United States states.
- 1995 - In southern France near Vallon-Pont-d'Arc a network of caves are discovered that contain paintings and engravings that are 17,000 to 20,000 years old.
- 1997 - In north west Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 3 Spanish aid workers, 3 soldiers and seriously wound one other.
- 1997 - Boerge Ousland of Norway becomes the first person to cross Antarctica alone and unaided.
- 1998 - Lewinsky scandal: Matt Drudge breaks the Bill Clinton - Monica Lewinsky affair story on his website The Drudge Report.
- 2002 - A Canadian Pacific Railway train carrying anhydrous ammonia derails outside of Minot, North Dakota, killing one man and calling into question the maintenance of CP track and the policy of voice-tracking used by Clear Channel Communications.
- 2003 - Canberra firestorm, kills 4 and destroys 491 homes
- 2005 - A U.N. World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Japan begins

Births


- 885 - Daigo, Emperor of Japan (d. 930)
- 1543 - Alfonso Ferrabosco (I), Italian composer (d. 1588)
- 1641 - François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (d. 1691)
- 1672 - Antoine Houdar de la Motte, French writer (d. 1731)
- 1688 - Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1765)
- 1689 - Montesquieu, French writer (d. 1755)
- 1779 - Peter Roget, British lexicographer (d. 1869)
- 1782 - Daniel Webster, American statesman (d. 1852)
- 1840 - Henry Austin Dobson, English poet (d. 1921)
- 1842 - Albert Alonzo Ames, Mayor of Minneapolis (d. 1911)
- 1848 - Ioan Slavici, Transylvanian writer (d. 1925)
- 1849 - Edmund Barton, first Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1920)
- 1850 - Seth Low, American politician (d. 1916)
- 1854 - Thomas Watson, American telephone pioneer (d. 1934)
- 1882 - A. A. Milne, English author (d. 1956)
- 1888 - Thomas Sopwith, British aviation pioneer (d. 1989)
- 1892 - Oliver Hardy, American comedian and actor (d. 1957)
- 1892 - Paul Rostock, German surgeon (d. 1956)
- 1904 - Cary Grant, English actor (d. 1986)
- 1905 - Joseph Bonanno, Italian-born gangster (d. 2002)
- 1908 - Jacob Bronowski, Polish-born mathematician, poet, and physicist (d. 1974)
- 1913 - Danny Kaye, American actor (d. 1987)
- 1914 - Arno Schmidt, German author (d. 1979)
- 1914 - William Stafford, American poet (d. 1993)
- 1922 - Bob Bell, American clown (d. 1997)
- 1931 - Chun Doo-hwan, President of South Korea
- 1932 - Robert Anton Wilson, American author
- 1933 - John Boorman, Irish film director
- 1934 - Raymond Briggs, English writer and illustrator
- 1937 - John Hume, Irish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998
- 1938 - Curt Flood, baseball player (d. 1997)
- 1941 - David Ruffin, American singer (d. 1991)
- 1941 - Doodles Weaver, Amnerican singer
- 1943 - Kay Granger, American politician
- 1944 - Paul Keating, twenty-fourth Prime Minister of Australia
- 1946 - Joseph Deiss, Swiss Federal Councilor
- 1947 - Takeshi Kitano, Japanese actor and director
- 1949 - Philippe Starck, French designer
- 1950 - Gilles Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver (d. 1982)
- 1952 - R. Stevie Moore, American singer, songwriter, and home recording pioneer
- 1953 - Brett Hudson, American actor
- 1955 - Kevin Costner, American actor
- 1956 - Sharon Mitchell, American actress
- 1961 - Mark Messier, Canadian hockey player
- 1962 - Jeff Yagher, American actor
- 1964 - Jane Horrocks, British actress
- 1965 - Dave Attell, American writer and comedian
- 1966 - David Bautista, American professional wrestler
- 1967 - Kim Perrot, American basketball player (d. 1999)
- 1969 - Jesse L. Martin, American actor
- 1970 - DJ Quik, American rapper
- 1971 - Jonathan Davis, American musician (KoЯn)
- 1971 - Christian Fittipaldi, Brazilian race car driver
- 1972 - Mike Lieberthal, baseball player
- 1973 - Crispian Mills, British musician (The Jeevas and Kula Shaker)
- 1974 - Michael Tunn, Australian television and radio
- 1979 - Paulo Ferreira, Portuguese footballer
- 1980 - Julius Peppers, American football player
- 1982 - Quinn Allman, American musician (The Used)
- 1982 - Bert McCracken, American vocalist (The Used)
- 1983 - Samantha Mumba, Irish singer and actress

Deaths


- 52 BC - Publius Clodius Pulcher (murdered)
- 474 - Leo I, Byzantine Emperor (b. 401)
- 1367 - King Peter I of Portugal (b. 1320)
- 1425 - Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (b. 1391)
- 1471 - Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (b. 1419)
- 1547 - Pietro Bembo, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1470)
- 1583 - Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (b. 1522)
- 1677 - Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch merchant (b. 1619)
- 1862 - John Tyler, President of the United States (b. 1790)
- 1873 - Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, English author (b. 1803)
- 1927 - Empress Carlotta of Mexico (b. 1840)
- 1936 - Rudyard Kipling, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
- 1940 - Kazimierz Tetmajer, Polish writer (b. 1865)
- 1952 - Curly Howard, American actor and comedian (b. 1903)
- 1954 - Sydney Greenstreet, English actor (b. 1879)
- 1966 - Kathleen Norris, American writer (b. 1880)
- 1967 - Goose Tatum, American basketball player
- 1969 - Hans Freyer, German sociologist (b. 1887)
- 1970 - David O. McKay, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1873)
- 1980 - Sir Cecil Beaton, English fashion designer (b. 1904)
- 1984 - Vassilis Tsitsanis, Greek singer and songwriter (b. 1915)
- 1985 - Wilfrid Brambell, Irish actor (b. 1912)
- 1995 - Adolf Butenandt, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- 1995 - Ron Luciano, baseball umpire (b. 1937)
- 1997 - Paul Tsongas, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (b. 1941)
- 2000 - Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Austrian architect (b. 1897)
- 2001 - Laurent-Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939)
- 2001 - Al Waxman, Canadian actor (b. 1935)
- 2003 - Edward "The Sheik" Farhat, American professional wrestler (b. 1924)
- 2005 - Lamont Bentley, American actor (b. 1973)

Holidays and observances


- Christian ecumenism - Week of Prayer for Christian Unity begins

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/18 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 17 - January 19 - December 18 - February 18 — listing of all days ko:1월 18일 ms:18 Januari ja:1月18日 simple:January 18 th:18 มกราคม

1862

1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-March


- January 1 - Britain annexes Lagos island in modern-day Nigeria
- January 10 - End of term for John Gately Downey, 7th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Amasa Leland Stanford.
- January 30 - The first American ironclad warship, the USS Monitor is launched.
- February 1 - Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" is published for the first time (Atlantic Monthly).
- February 6 - American Civil War: Ulysses S. Grant gives the United States its first victory of the war, by capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee, known as the Battle of Fort Henry.
- February 15 - American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee and captures it the next day.
- February 22 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a six-year term as president of the Confederate States of America.
- March 8 - American Civil War: The iron-clad CSS Virginia (formerly USS Merrimack) is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia.
- March 9 - American Civil War: First battle between two ironclad warships USS Monitor v CSS Virginia
- March 13 American Civil War: The US federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.
- March 28 - American Civil War: Battle of Glorieta Pass - In New Mexico Union forces succeed in stopping the Confederate invasion of New Mexico territory. The battle began on March 26.

April-May


- April 5 - American Civil War: Battle of Yorktown - The battle begins when Union forces under General George McClellan close in on the Confederate capital Richmond, Virginia.
- April 6 - American Civil War: In Tennessee, the Battle of Shiloh begins.
- April 7 - American Civil War: Battle of Shiloh - Union Army under General Ulysses S. Grant defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.
- May 2 - The California State Normal School (now "San Jose State") is created by an Act of the California Legislature.
- May 5 - Battle of Puebla, Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army; commemorated as the Cinco de Mayo.
- May 11 - American Civil War: The ironclad CSS Virginia is scuttled in the James River northwest of Norfolk, Virginia.
- May 15 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the United States Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed USDA).
- May 20 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.

June-July


- June 1 - American Civil War: Battle of Fair Oaks ends - Both sides claim victory.
- June 4 - American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee.
- June 6 - American Civil War: Battle of Memphis - Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee from the Confederates
- June 8 - American Civil War: Battle of Cross Keys - Confederate forces under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union assault on the James Peninsula led by General George McClellan.
- July 1 - Marriage of Princess Alice, second daughter of Queen Victoria to Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine.
- July 1 - United States president Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railway Acts authorizing construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad.
- July 1 - Russian State Library is founded
- July 2 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land Grant Act into law, creating land-grant colleges to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the United States.
- July 16 - American Civil War: David G. Farragut becomes the first United States Navy rear admiral.
- July 19 - American Civil War: Morgan's Raid - At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan's raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River.
- July 23 - American Civil War: Henry W. Halleck takes command of the Union Army.

August


- August 2 - American Civil War: Skirmish at Taberville, MO -Union forces force Confederate troops to march south, near Taberville, Missouri
- August 5 - American Civil War: Battle of Baton Rouge - Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city.
- August 6 - American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad CSS Arkansas is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with the USS Essex near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
- August 9 - American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain - At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope.
- August 17 - Indian Wars: Lakota (Sioux) uprising begins in Minnesota as desperate Lakota attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They will be overwhelmed by the US military six weeks later.
- August 19 - Indian Wars: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily-defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.
- August 21 - The Vienna Stadtpark opens its gates.
- August 28-August 30 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Bull Run

September-October


- September 1 - American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly - Confederate General Robert E. Lee leads his forces in an attack on retreating Union troops in Chantilly, Virginia, driving them away.
- September 2 - American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Second Bull Run.
- September 5 - American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia into Maryland.
- September 12 - American Civil War: Confederate capture a Union garrison in the Battle of Harpers Ferry.
- September 17 - Union forces defeat Confederate troops at the Battle of Antietam, in the bloodiest day in the American Civil War (with over 20,000 casualties).
- September 19 - American Civil War: Battle of Iuka - Union troops under General William Rosecrans defeat a Confederate force commanded by General Sterling Price at Iuka, Mississippi
- September 22 - Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister of Prussia.
- September 22 – Emancipation Proclamation
- September 29 - Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" speech
- October 8 - American Civil War: Battle of Perryville - Union forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.
- October 11 - American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the north.
- October 25 - In New Granada, rebels troops of southern states defeat the government troops

November-December


- November 5 - American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln removes George McClellan as commander of the Union Army.
- November 5 - Indian Wars: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers and are sentenced to hang.
- November 14 - American Civil War: Union President Abraham Lincoln approves General Ambrose Burnside's plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia (this led to a dramatic Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13).
- November 28 - American Civil War: Battle of Cane Hill - Union troops led by General John Blunt push back Confederate forces commanded by General John Marmaduke into northwestern Arkansas' Boston Mountains.
- December 2 - First US Navy hospital ships enter service
- December 18 - General Order No. 11 is issued by General Ulysses S. Grant.
- December 26 – William D. Duly hangs 38 Dakota Sioux in Minnesota
- December 26-December 29 - American Civil War: Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.
- December 30 - The USS Monitor sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
- December 31 - American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union (thus dividing Virginia in two); meanwhile, the Battle of Stones River is fought near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Undated


- Richard Jordan Gatling patents the Gatling gun.
- The United States passes the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
- A smallpox epidemic in California.
- Bureau of Internal Revenue, forefunner of IRS, founded
- Francisco Solano López becomes Paraguayan dictator
- Donald McIntyre builds a property in northwest Queensland, which will later become the town of Julia Creek.

Ongoing Events


- The American Civil War (1861-1865)

Births


- January 15 - Loie Fuller, American dancer (d. 1928)
- January 24 - Edith Wharton, American writer (d. 1937)
- January 29 - Frederick Delius, English composer (d. 1934)
- February 4 - George Ernest Morrison, Australian adventurer and journalist (d. 1920)
- March 8 - George Frederick Phillips, Canadian-born military hero (d. 1904)
- March 12 - Jane Delano, American founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service (d. 1919)
- March 17 - Silvio Gesell, economist (d. 1930)
- March 28 - Aristide Briand, French politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1932)
- April 2 - Nicholas M. Butler, American president of Columbia University, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1947)
- April 26 - Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (d. 1938)
- May 15 - Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian dramatist and narrator (d. 1931)
- June 5 - Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
- June 7 - Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
- June 21 - Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince and historian (d. 1943)
- June 27 - May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer (d. 1938)
- July 2 - William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- July 14 - Gustav Klimt, Austrian artist (d. 1918)
- August 21 - Emilio Salgari, Italian writer (d. 1911)
- August 22 - Claude Debussy, French composer (d. 1918)
- August 29 - Andrew Fisher, fifth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
- August 29 - Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
- September 11 - O. Henry, American writer (d. 1910)
- September 25 - Billy Hughes, seventh Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
- October 3 - Johnny Briggs, English cricketer (d. 1902)
- October 19 - Auguste Lumière, French inventor (d. 1954)
- November 14 - George Washington Vanderbilt, American businessman (d. 1914)
- November 15 - Gerhart Hauptmann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1946)
- November 16 - Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (d. 1944)
- Billy Sunday American baseball player, evangelist, prohibitionist, (d. 1935)
- December 8 - Georges Feydeau, French playwright (d. 1921)
- William E. Johnson, American leader of Anti-Saloon League (d. 1950)

Deaths


- January 10 - Samuel Colt, American firearms inventor (b. 1814)
- January 18 - John Tyler, 10th President of the United States (b. 1790)
- February 7 - Prosper Meniere, French scientist (b. 1799)
- April 10 - W.H.L. Wallace, American Civil War general (b. 1821)
- May 6 - Henry David Thoreau, American author and philosopher (b. 1817)
- July 24 - Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States (b. 1782)
- August 10 - Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (b. 1829)
- November 13 - Ludwig Uhland, German poet (b. 1787)
- December 18 - Barbara Fritchie, U.S. patriot in Civil War (b. 1766)
- John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1780) Category:1862 ko:1862년 ms:1862 simple:1862 th:พ.ศ. 2405

1841

1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar).

Events


- January 26 - The United Kingdom occupies Hong Kong. Later during the year, the first census of the island recorded a population of about 7,500.
- February 18 - The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins and lasts until March 11.
- March 4 - Martin Van Buren, President of the United States is succeeded by Willia