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John Wentworth (governor)

John Wentworth (governor)

]] Sir John Wentworth (9 August 1737 – 8 April 1820) was the British colonial governor of New Hampshire at the time of the American Revolution. He followed his uncle, Benning Wentworth, as governor in 1767. During his term, he was instrumental in the creation of Dartmouth College. Although he was born in Portsmouth, NH and was generally sympathetic to the colonists in their early disagreements with the crown, he remained loyal and was forced to leave in 1775. He later served as the royal governor of Nova Scotia from 1792 to 1808. Wentworth was knighted in 1795.

External links

- [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=36832 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online] Wentworth, John Wentworth, John Wentworth, John Wentworth, John Wentworth, John

9 August

August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining.

Events

- 48 BC - Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
- AD 378 - Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths in present-day Turkey. Valens is killed along with 2/3 of his army.
- 681 - Bulgaria is founded as a Khanate on the south bank of the Danube, after defeating the Byzantine armies of Emperor Constantine IV south of the Danube delta.
- 1173 - Construction of the (Leaning) Tower of Pisa begins, and it takes two centuries to complete.
- 1483 - Opening of the Sistine Chapel
- 1842 - Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.
- 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain - At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope.
- 1877 - Indian Wars: Battle of Big Hole - Near Big Hole River in Montana, a small band of Nez Percé Indians who refused government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army lost 29 soldiers and Indians lost 89 warriors in a US Army win.
- 1892 - Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph.
- 1902 - Edward VII is crowned king of the United Kingdom.
- 1936 - 1936 Summer Olympics: Jesse Owens wins his fourth gold medal at the games becoming the first American to win four medals in one Olympics.
- 1942 - Indian leader, Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in Bombay by British forces, launching the Quit India Movement.
- 1944 - The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey the Bear for the first time.
- 1945 - World War II: An atomic bomb nicknamed "Fat Man", with an energy of 92 terajoules (22,000 tons of TNT), is dropped by the B-29 Bockscar on the city of Nagasaki, Japan at 11:02 AM (local time). An estimated 70,000-90,000 are killed and 80,000 more are injured.
- 1965 - Singapore becomes an independent country.
- 1965 - Space disasters: A fire at a Titan missile base near Little Rock, Arkansas kills 53 construction workers.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Operation Cochise initiated - United States Marines begin a new operation in the Que Son Valley.
- 1969 - Members of a cult led by Charles Manson murder five people,Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Parent, and Abigail Folger.
- 1974 - Richard Nixon becomes the first President of the United States to resign from office, an action reportedly taken to prevent time from being wasted in impeachment proceedings in response to his role in the Watergate scandal. His Vice President, Gerald Ford, takes the oath of office and becomes the 38th president.
- 1983 - Peter Jennings hosts his first broadcast of ABC's World News Tonight as sole anchor.
- 1986 - The Headington Shark is erected in Oxford.
- 1987 - 9 people are shot dead and 17 more injured as 19-year old Julian Knight opens fire at random in the Hoddle Street Massacre in Clifton Hill
- 1988 - Wayne Gretzky is traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial transactions in hockey history.
- 1989 - Kaifu Toshiki becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
- 1993 - The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan loses a 38-year hold on national leadership as Hosokawa Morihiro becomes the first non-LDP Prime Minister of Japan since 1955.
- 1993 - King Albert II of Belgium is sworn into office nine days after the death of his brother, King Baudouin.
- 1995 - Netscape launches IPO.
- 1999 - Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.
- 1999 - The Diet of Japan enacts a law establishing the Hinomaru and Kimi Ga Yo as the official national flag and national anthem.
- 2000 - A Piper Navajo and a Piper Seminole collide in mid-air over a housing development in Burlington, New Jersey, killing 11
- 2001 - US President George W. Bush announces his support for federal funding of limited research on embryonic stem cells.
- 2001 - In Jerusalem, 15 people die and 130 wounded in the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.
- 2005 - Space Shuttle Discovery makes successful touchdown at Edwards Air Force Base, California

Births

- 1201 - Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
- 1593 - Izaak Walton, English angler (d. 1683)
- 1648 - Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694)
- 1653 - John Oldham, English poet (d. 1683)
- 1674 - František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect (d. 1766)
- 1722 - Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (d. 1758)
- 1726 - Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (d. 1778)
- 1757 - Thomas Telford, Scottish civil engineer (d. 1834)
- 1776 - Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (d. 1856)
- 1797 - Charles Robert Malden, British naval officer (d. 1855)
- 1805 - Joseph Locke, English railway and civil engineer (d. 1860)
- 1845 - Brother Andre, Canadian religious figure (d. 1937)
- 1871 - Leonid Andreyev, Russian writer (d. 1919)
- 1872 - Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (d. 1962)
- 1874 - Reynaldo Hahn, Venezuelan composer and conductor (d. 1947)
- 1896 - Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (d. 1980)
- 1896 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934)
- 1896 - Erich Hückel, German physicist (d. 1980)
- 1899 - P. L. Travers, Australian author (d. 1996)
- 1902 - Zino Francescatti, French violinist (d. 1991)
- 1909 - Adam von Trott zu Solz, German diplomat opposing the Nazi regime (executed) (d. 1944)
- 1911 - William Alfred Fowler, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
- 1914 - Tove Jansson, Finnish author (d. 2001)
- 1919 - Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1987)
- 1919 - Ralph Houk, baseball player and manager
- 1921 - J. James Exon, Nebraska Senator and Governor
- 1922 - Philip Larkin, English poet (d. 1985)
- 1927 - Daniel Keyes, American author
- 1927 - Robert Shaw, English actor (d. 1978)
- 1928 - Bob Cousy, American basketball player
- 1931 - Mário Zagallo, Brazilian football coach and player
- 1933 - Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, Japanese television personality and children's author
- 1938 - Leonid Kuchma, Ukrainian politician
- 1938 - Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
- 1939 - Romano Prodi, Italian politician, President of the European Commission
- 1939 - Brito, Brazilian football player
- 1944 - Sam Elliott, American actor
- 1945 - Ken Norton, American boxer
- 1945 - Posy Simmonds, English cartoonist
- 1949 - Jonathan Kellerman, American writer
- 1953 - Robert Cray, Blues musician
- 1957 - Melanie Griffith, American actress
- 1959 - Stuart Hughes, Canadian actor
- 1962 - Kevin Mack, American football player
- 1963 - Whitney Houston, American singer and actress
- 1964 - Brett Hull, Canadian-born hockey player
- 1967 - Deion Sanders, American football player
- 1968 - Gillian Anderson, American actress
- 1968 - Eric Bana, Australian actor
- 1969 - Troy Percival, baseball player
- 1972 - Juanes, Colombian singer
- 1973 - Kevin McKidd, Scottish actor
- 1974 - Matt Morris, baseball player
- 1976 - Jessica Capshaw, American actress
- 1976 - Rhona Mitra, English actress
- 1977 - Chamique Holdsclaw, American basketball player
- 1977 - Mikael Silvestre, French footballer
- 1978 - Audrey Tautou, French actress
- 1982 - Karol Bancerz, Polish journalist

Deaths

- 117 - Trajan, Roman Emperor (b. 53)
- 378 - Valens, Roman Emperor (killed in battle) (b. 328)
- 803 - Byzantine Empress Irene
- 1107 - Emperor Horikawa of Japan (b. 1079)
- 1250 - King Eric IV of Denmark (b. 1216)
- 1534 - Cardinal Cajetan, Italian theologian (b. 1470)
- 1634 - William Noy, English jurist (b. 1577)
- 1720 - Simon Ockley, English orientalist (b. 1678)
- 1744 - James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos, English patron of the arts (b. 1673)
- 1919 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (b. 1857)
- 1942 - Edith Stein, (St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross) (executed) (b. 1891)
- 1945 - Harry Hillman, American athlete (b. 1881)
- 1962 - Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
- 1967 - Joe Orton, English writer (b. 1933)
- 1969 - Abigail Folger, American heiress (b. 1943)
- 1969 - Wojciech Frykowski, Polish writer (b. 1936)
- 1969 - Cecil Frank Powell, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- 1969 - Jay Sebring, American hair stylist (b. 1933)
- 1969 - Sharon Tate, American actress (murdered) (b. 1943)
- 1975 - Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (b. 1906)
- 1995 - Jerry Garcia, American guitarist (Grateful Dead) (b. 1942)
- 2000 - John Harsanyi, Hungarian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
- 2002 - Peter Neville, anarchist, sociologist, and peace activist
- 2003 - Ray Harford, English footballer and manager (b. 1945)
- 2003 - Gregory Hines, American actor and dancer (b. 1946)
- 2005 - Matthew McGrory, American actor (b. 1973)
- 2005 - Judith Rossner, American novelist (b. 1935)

Holidays and observances

- Feast day of Jean Vianney, Edith Stein and Saint Romanus Ostiarius in the Roman Catholic Church
- Feast day of the great martyr Saint Panteleimon in Russian Orthodox Church
- South Africa: National Women's Day
- Singapore: National Day
- India :Quit India Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/9 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050809.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- August 8 - August 10 - July 9 - September 9 -- listing of all days ko:8월 9일 ms:9 Ogos ja:8月9日 simple:August 9 th:9 สิงหาคม

1737

Events

- 12 February — The San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated in Naples, Italy.
- May 28 — The planet Venus passed in front of Mercury. The event is witnessed during the evening hours by the amateur astronomer John Bevis at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. As of 2005, it is still the only such planet/planet occultation that has been directly observed.
- Benjamin Franklin created the Philadelphia police force - the first city-paid force.
- In Britain the Theatrical Licensing Act requires plays to be submitted to the Lord Chamberlain for censorship.
- Georg August University of Göttingen Founded
- The direct male line of the Medici family becomes extinct
- Richmond, Virginia founded
- Austro-Turkish War begins
- Our Lady of Guadalupe is designated the patron saint of Mexico City
- The (Belfast) News Letter newspaper founded in Ireland
- Lancaster County Prison is first constructed
- North Adams, Massachusetts first settled
- New Salem, Massachusetts first settled
- Hardwick, Massachusetts first settled
- Westminster, Massachusetts first settled

Births

- January 23 - John Hancock, American statesman and revolutionary (d. 1793)
- January 29 - Thomas Paine, American patriot and pamphleteer (d. 1809)
- April 27 - Edward Gibbon, English historian (d. 1794)
- May 20 - William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, British statesman (d. 1805)
- September 9 - Luigi Galvani, Italian physician and physicist (d. 1798)
- September 14 - Michael Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1806)
- September 19 - Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d. 1832)
- December 26 - Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general (d. 1815)
- Frances Abington, English actress (d. 1815)
- John Hunter, second governor of New South Wales (d. 1821)
- Johann Friedrich Struensee, Danish royal physician (d. 1772)
- Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese shogun (d. 1786)

Deaths

- January 17 - Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, German architect (b. 1662)
- January 29 - George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, British soldier (b. 1666)
- February 14 - Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1685)
- March 16 - Benjamin Wadsworth, American President of Harvard University (b. 1670)
- May 4 - Eustace Budgell, English writer (b. 1686)
- May 10 - Emperor Nakamikado of Japan (d. 1702)
- July 9 - Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1671)
- September 27 - John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (b. 1680)
- November 20 - Caroline of Ansbach, queen of George II of Great Britain (b. 1683)
- December 11 - John Strype, English historian and biographer (b. 1643)
- December 18 - Antonio Stradivari, Italian luthier (b. 1644)
- December 19 - James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland (b. 1667)
- December 27 - William Bowyer, English printer (b. 1663)
- William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1657) Category:1737 ko:1737년

8 April

April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). There are 267 days remaining in the year.

Events

- 217 - Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus
- 1203 - Congress in Bilino Polje, where Ban Kulin officially declared his allegiance to the Catholic Church and denounced the heresy.
- 1730 - Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
- 1742 - The first performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio The Messiah, in Dublin.
- 1767 - Ayutthaya kingdom fell to Burmese invaders.
- 1820 - The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Melos.
- 1832 - Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
- 1893 - First recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA.
- 1895 - The United States Supreme Court declared income tax to be unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
- 1899 - Martha Place becomes the first woman to be executed in an electric chair.
- 1904 - France and the United Kingdom sign the Entente cordiale.
- 1904 - Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times.
- 1910 - The Los Angeles Motordome opened near Playa del Rey, California.
- 1913 - The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified requiring direct election of Senators.
- 1916 - In Corona, California, auto racer Bob Burman crashed through a crowd barrier at the last Boulevard Race, killing himself, his mechanic and a track policeman, and badly injuring five spectators.
- 1918 - World War I: Actors Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin sell war bonds on the streets of New York, New York's financial district.
- 1929 - Indian Independence Movement At Delhi Central Assembly, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw handouts, and bombs in a corridor not to cause injury and courted arrest.
- 1935 - The Works Progress Administration is formed when the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 becomes law.
- 1942 - World War II: Siege of Leningrad - Soviet Union forces open a much-needed railway link to Leningrad.
- 1945 - At the POW camp at Flossenbürg, pastor and theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer is hanged.
- 1952 - In a radio address to the nation from the White House, President Harry S. Truman calls for the seizure of all steel mills in the United States in order to prevent a nationwide strike.
- 1953 - Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta is convicted by Kenya's British rulers.
- 1967 - In Vienna, Austria, Sandie Shaw wins the twelfth Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom singing "Puppet on a String".
- 1971 - a 6 pound meteorite struck the home of Robert and Wanda Donahue in Wethersfield, Connecticut
- 1974 - At the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Hank Aaron breaks baseball great's Babe Ruth's record by hitting his 715th home run.
- 1975 - Frank Robinson of the Cleveland Indians manages his first game as major league baseball's first African American manager.
- 1975 - Vietnam War: After spending a week in South Vietnam, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Frederick Weyand gives a report to the U.S. Congress that South Vietnam will fall without additional military aid.
- 1985 - Bhopal disaster: India files suit against Union Carbide for the disaster which killed an estimated 2,000 and injured another 200,000.
- 1986 - Clint Eastwood is elected mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California receiving 72% of the vote (voter turnout was also doubled over the previous mayoral election).
- 1987 - Los Angeles Dodgers executive Al Campanis resigns amid great controversy over racially-charged remarks he had made while on Nightline.
- 1989 - South Africa In Johannesburg, the Progressive Federal Party, Independent party, National Democratic Movement and the force of "Ontevrede Afrikaners" or dissatisfied Afrikaners merged to form the Democratic Party.
- 1990 - Twin Peaks premieres.
- 1992 - Retired tennis great Arthur Ashe announces to the world that he has AIDS, acquired from blood transfusions during one of his two heart surgeries.
- 1994 - Body of Kurt Cobain discovered in his Washington home.
- 1999 - Haryana Gana Parishad, a political party in the Indian state of Haryana, merges with the Indian National Congress.
- 2000 - A U.S. Marine Corps V-22 Osprey crashes during landing at Marana, Arizona killing 19.
- 2002 - Ed McMahon files a US$20 million lawsuit against his insurance company and others regarding a toxic mold infecting McMahon's Beverly Hills, California home.
- 2004 - Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups.
- 2004 - The famous Japanese economist and former professor at Waseda University graduate school Kazuhide Uekusa was arrested on the escalator of JR Shinagawa Station because of trying to peep under a high school girl's skirt with his hand mirror.
- 2005 - Funeral of Pope John Paul II

Births

- 563 BC - Gautama Buddha, Indian religious leader (d. 483 BC)
- 1320 - King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
- 1533 - Claudio Merulo, Italian composer (d. 1604)
- 1541 - Michele Mercati, Italian physician and gardener (d. 1593)
- 1605 - King Philip IV of Spain, (d. 1665)
- 1641 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (d. 1704)
- 1692 - Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer (d. 1770)
- 1859 - Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (d. 1938)
- 1865 - Charles W. Woodworth, American entomologist (d. 1940)
- 1868 - King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
- 1874 - Stanisław Taczak, Polish general, commander-in-chief of the Greater Poland Uprising (d.1960)
- 1875 - King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934)
- 1889 - Sir Adrian Boult, English conductor (d. 1983)
- 1892 - Mary Pickford, Canadian actress and studio founder (d. 1979)
- 1904 - John Hicks, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- 1905 - Helen Joseph, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1992)
- 1905 - Erwin Keller, German field hockey player
- 1911 - Melvin Calvin, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
- 1911 - Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher and essayist (d. 1995)
- 1912 - Alois Brunner, Austrian Nazi
- 1912 - Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (d. 1969)
- 1914 - María Félix, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
- 1918 - Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States
- 1919 - Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia
- 1921 - Franco Corelli, Italian tenor (d. 2003)
- 1923 - George Fisher, American cartoonist (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Edward Mulhare, Irish actor (d. 1997)
- 1926 - Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian
- 1928 - John Gavin, American actor and U.S. Ambassador to Mexico
- 1929 - Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
- 1929 - Jacques Brel, Belgian singer and composer (d. 1978)
- 1930 - Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma, French-born fascist
- 1933 - Fred Ebb, American composer (d. 2004)
- 1934 - Kurokawa Kisho, Japanese architect
- 1938 - Kofi Annan, Ghanian United Nations Secretary General, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1940 - John Havlicek, American basketball player
- 1941 - Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer
- 1943 - Michael Bennett, American dancer, choreographer, and theater director (d. 1987)
- 1943 - Miller Farr, American football player
- 1946 - Catfish Hunter, baseball player
- 1946 - Tim Thomerson, American actor
- 1947 - Tom DeLay, American politician
- 1947 - Robert Kiyosaki, American investor, businessman, and writer
- 1947 - Larry Norman, American singer and songwriter
- 1949 - John Madden, English director
- 1949 - Brenda Russell, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Gary Carter, baseball player
- 1955 - Barbara Kingsolver, American novelist
- 1960 - John Schneider, American actor
- 1963 - Julian Lennon, English musician and singer
- 1963 - Alec Stewart, English cricketer
- 1964 - Biz Markie, American rapper and disc jockey
- 1966 - Robin Wright Penn, American actress
- 1966 - Mazinho, Brazilian football player
- 1968 - Patricia Arquette, American actress
- 1971 - Chino XL, American rapper
- 1972 - Paul Grey, American bassist (Slipknot)
- 1973 - Bobby Ologun, Nigerian television performer and martial artist
- 1977 - Mark Spencer, computer programmer
- 1979 - Alexi Laiho, Finnish guitarist and singer (Children of Bodom)
- 1980 - Manuel Ortega, Austrian singer
- 1980 - Katee Sackhoff, American actress
- 1982 - Judy Star, Canadian actress

Deaths

- 217 - Caracalla, Roman Emperor (b. 186)
- 956 - Gilbert of Chalon, Duke of Burgundy
- 1143 - John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1087)
- 1364 - King John II of France (b. 1319)
- 1461 - Georg Purbach, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1423)
- 1492 - Lorenzo de Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1449)
- 1586 - Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer and theologian (b. 1522)
- 1587 - John Foxe, English writer (b. 1516)
- 1691 - Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611)
- 1697 - Niels Juel, Danish admiral (b. 1629)
- 1704 - Hiob Ludolf, German orientalist (b. 1624)
- 1704 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (b. 1641)
- 1725 - John Wise, English clergyman (b. 1652)
- 1848 - Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
- 1920 - Charles Tomlinson Griffes, American composer (b. 1884)
- 1931 - Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- 1936 - Robert Bárány, Austrian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1876)
- 1938 - Joe "King" Oliver, American musician (b. 1885)
- 1950 - Vaslav Nijinsky, Polish-born ballet dancer (b. 1890)
- 1965 - Lars Hanson, Swedish actor (b. 1965)
- 1973 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist (b. 1881)
- 1978 - Ford Frick, baseball commissioner
- 1981 - Omar Bradley, U.S. general (b. 1893)
- 1984 - Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1894)
- 1990 - Ryan White, American activist (b. 1971)
- 1991 - Per Yngve "Dead" Ohlin, Norwegian musician (black metal)
- 1992 - Daniel Bovet, Swiss-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1907)
- 1993 - Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897)
- 1996 - Ben Johnson, American actor (b. 1918)
- 1994 - Kurt Cobain, lead singer of niverna
- 1997 - Laura Nyro, American singer and composer (b. 1947)
- 2000 - Claire Trevor, American actress (b. 1910)
- 2002 - Maria Felix, Mexican actress (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Anita Borg, American computer scientist (b. 1949)
- 2004 - Bruce Edwards, golf caddy (b. 1954)

Holidays and observances

- Worldwide Roma Nation Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/8 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050514.html The New York Times: On This Day] ----- April 7 - April 9 - March 8 - May 8 -- listing of all days ko:4월 8일 ms:8 April ja:4月8日 simple:April 8 th:8 เมษายน

1820

1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 1 - Constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to summoning of Spanish parliament (March 7) and restoration of 1812 Constitution (March 8) by king Ferdinand VII. (See Mid-nineteenth century Spain.)
- January 28 - Russian expedition lead by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev approaches the Antarctic coast. (See History of Antarctica.)
- January 29 - George IV of the United Kingdom ascends the Throne, ending the period known as the English Regency.
- January 30 - Edward Bransfield lands on the Antarctic mainland. (See History of Antarctica.)
- February 6 - 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone.
- February 23 - The Cato Street conspiracy is exposed. The principals are executed on May 1
- March 3 & 6 - Slavery in the United States: The Missouri Compromise becomes law.
- March 15 - Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state.
- April - Radical War in Scotland
- May 1 - Last hanging drawing and quartering in Britain – Cato Street conspirators for treason (only hanged and beheaded) (See Capital punishment in the United Kingdom.)
- Spring - Joseph Smith, Jr. at age 14 claims to be visited in a vision by God and Jesus (Tradition holds that this occurred on April 6)
- July - Constitutionalist revolution in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
- August 24 - Constitutionalist insurrection at Oporto, Portugal; revolution in Lisbon, September 15 (See Portugal's crises of the Nineteenth Century.)
- October 9 - Guayaquil declare independence from Spain. (See also History of Ecuador).
- October 25-November 20 - Congress of Troppau (Opava) between rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia
- November - U.S. presidential election: James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed.
- November 17 - Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the first American to see Antarctica (the Palmer Peninsula was later named after him).

Unknown date

- The 6th Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica begins appearing.
- Republic of Buenos Aires (Argentina) establishes a penal colony in Falkland Islands.
- Venus de Milo found on the island of Melos.
- Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Births

- January 17 - Anne Brontë, English author (d. 1849)
- February 8 - William Tecumseh Sherman, American Civil War general (d. 1891)
- February 15 - Susan B. Anthony, American suffragist (d. 1906)
- February 17 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (d. 1881)
- February 28 - John Tenniel, English illustrator (d. 1914)
- March 3 - Henry D. Cogswell, American philanthropist and temperance movement pioneer (d. ?).
- March 14 - Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (d. 1878)
- May 12 - Florence Nightingale, English nurse (d. 1910)
- May 27 - Mathilde Bonaparte, Italian princess (d. 1904)
- July 23 - Julia Gardiner Tyler, First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)
- September 17 - Émile Augier, French dramatist (d. 1889)
- September 27 - Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel, German classical scholar (d. 1878)
- September 29 - Comte de Chambord, claimant to the French throne (d. 1883)
- October 6 - Jenny Lind, Swedish soprano (d. 1887)
- November 23 - Isaac Todhunter, English mathematician (d. 1884)
- November 28 - Friedrich Engels, German social philosopher (d. 1895)
- Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist activist (d. 1913)

Deaths

- January 29 - King George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)
- February 14 - Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (stabbed) (b. 1778)
- March 22 - Stephen Decatur, American sailor (b. 1779)
- June 19 - Sir Joseph Banks, British naturalist and botanist (b. 1743)
- September 3 - Benjamin Latrobe, English architect (b. 1764)
- October 15 - Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Austrian field marshal (b. 1771)
- December 25 - Joseph Fouché, French statesman (b. 1763) Category:1820 ko:1820년 ms:1820 simple:1820

New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a small U.S. state in northern New England. It is located east of Vermont, north of Massachusetts, south of Quebec, Canada, and west of Maine and the North Atlantic Ocean. The state ranks 46th of the 50 states in land area (23,249 km²) and 41st in population (around 1.3 million by a 2003 U.S. Census Bureau estimate). It is the site of the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential elections, and has probably the most famous of all state mottos: "Live free or die," quoted from Revolutionary War hero John Stark's response to a letter honoring him for the Battle of Bennington. New Hampshire's state nickname is "the Granite State" because it has numerous granite quarries, although that industry has declined greatly in recent decades. The nickname has also been embraced for reflecting the state's attachment to tradition and limited government. More recently, many people, primarily libertarians, have begun referring to New Hampshire as "The Free State". This is partially a reference to the fact that the state has been chosen as the destination of The Free State Project, and partially a homage to all the libertarian laws, or in some cases lack of laws, that caused New Hampshire to be chosen in the first place. Its state flower is the purple lilac. Its state bird is the purple finch. Its state tree is the American white birch, also called paper birch or canoe birch. New Hampshire is home to the highest winds ever recorded on Earth: 231 mph in 1934 at the Mount Washington weather observatory in the Presidential Range. In 2003, it gained international attention for having the first openly gay bishop of a large mainline Christian church, Gene Robinson, within the Anglican Communion (the Episcopal Church in the United States of America). New Hampshire's recreational attractions include skiing and other winter sports; observing the fall foliage; the Lakes Region; and the New Hampshire International Speedway (formerly Bryar Motorsport Park), home of the Loudon Classic, the longest-running motorcycle race in the United States. USS New Hampshire was named in honor of this state.

History

New Hampshire was founded by Captain John Mason and first settled in 1623, just three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. In 1631, Captain Thomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation (comprising modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham). In 1679 this Upper Plantation became the "Royal Province" with John Cutt as governor. The "Royal Province" continued until 1698 when it came under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts with Joseph Dudley as Governor. Thus it continued until 1741. Under King George II New Hampshire returned to its royal provincial status with a governor of its own, Benning Wentworth, who was its governor from 1741 to 1766. It was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. It was the first state to declare its independence, and the historic attack on Fort William and Mary (now Fort Constitution) helped supply the cannon and ammunition needed for the Battle of Bunker Hill that took place north of Boston a few months later. On January 5, 1776, the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire, meeting in Exeter, New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution in the soon-to-be United States, six months before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. In the 1830s, New Hampshire saw two major news stories: the founding of the Republic of Indian Stream on its northern border with Canada over the unresolved post-revolutionary war border issue, and the founding of the modern Republican Party by Amos Tuck and friends. New Hampshire grew as a hotbed of Abolitionist sentiment up to the American Civil War, participating in the Underground Railroad in providing safe routes into Canada, primarily via the Connecticut River waterway. In the 20th Century, New Hampshire gained political renown for its First in the Nation political primaries which tended to accurately predict who would be elected President of the United States. See also: Province of New Hampshire

Law and government

Province of New Hampshire The New Hampshire state capital is Concord, which has also been known over time by the names Rumford and Penacook. The governor of New Hampshire is John Lynch (Democrat). New Hampshire's two U.S. senators are Judd Gregg (Republican) and John E. Sununu (Republican). New Hampshire has a bifurcated executive branch, consisting of the Governor and a five-member Executive Council which votes on state contracts over $5,000 and "advises and consents" to the governor's nominations to major state positions such as department heads and all judgeships, and pardon requests. New Hampshire does not have a Lieutenant Governor, the Senate President serves as "acting governor" whenever the governor is unable to perform the duties. The New Hampshire General Court is the bicameral legislative body, consisting of the the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representative is the third-largest and most representative legislative body in the world with 400 members. Legislators are typically independently wealthy or retired as they only make $100 a year, plus mileage. The state's sole appellate court is the New Hampshire Supreme Court. The Superior Court is the court of general jurisdiction and the only which provides for jury trials in civil and criminal cases. The other state courts are the Probate Court, District Court, and Family Division. The New Hampshire State Constitution is the supreme law of the state, followed by the the New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated. Although the state retains the death penalty, the last execution was conducted in 1939. In 2004, the General Court passed the "New Hampshire Parental Notification Prior to Abortion Act" which was declared unconstitutional in Federal court; in Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England, the state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Politics

New Hampshire has historically been dominated by the Republican Party. However, in national elections it has become a swing state. In 2004, New Hampshire narrowly gave its four electoral votes to John Kerry with 50.2% of the vote. In the 2000 presidential election, New Hampshire narrowly supported George W. Bush. The state supported Clinton in 1992 and 1996, but prior to that had only strayed from the Republican party for three candidates—Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson. Unlike other northeastern states, Republicans still dominate most local and state offices. Democratic strength is greatest in Strafford, Cheshire, Grafton and Merrimack counties. New Hampshire has a Libertarian-like political tradition that values individual freedom and weak state governmental powers, although the Libertarian party does not do well in elections when compared to the Democratic and Republican parties. Much of the authority in the state is in the hands of municipal governments. In 1995, with the passage of Senate Bill 2, municipalities were able to continue conducting town meetings the traditional way or by ballot voting. The New Hampshire's government has earned the positive attention of residents in neighboring Vermont: Killington, Vermont has twice voted to secede from Vermont and join New Hampshire—a largely symbolic act, since secession would require the agreement of both states' legislatures and the U.S. Congress. Supporters of the secession note that almost all Vermont towns were first chartered by New Hampshire, and point out that these two states already have some unusual cross-border links, including two of the rarely seen interstate school districts in the United States (a third is shared by Oregon and Nevada).

Geography

Nevada See List of New Hampshire counties New Hampshire is part of the New England region. It is bounded by Quebec, Canada to the north, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshire's major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains region, the Lakes region the Seacoast region, the Merrimack Valley region, the Monadnock region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. See List of mountains in New Hampshire New Hampshire was home to the famous geological formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until May 2 to May 3, 2003, when the symbol of New Hampshire collapsed. The Presidential Range in New Hampshire spans the central portion of the state, with Mount Washington being the tallest, and other mountains like Mount Madison and Mount Quincy Adams surrounding it. With hurricane force winds every third day on the average, 100 recorded deaths among visitors, and conspicuous krummholz (dwarf, matted trees much like a carpet of bonsai), the upper reaches Mount Washington claim the distinction of the "worst weather on earth." In consequence, a non-profit observatory is located on the peak for the purposes of observing harsh environmental conditions. In the flatter southwest corner of New Hampshire another feature, the prominent landmark and tourist attraction of Mount Monadnock, has given its name to a general class of earth-forms, a monadnock signifying in geomorphology any isolated resistant peak rising from a less resistant eroded plain. See List of New Hampshire rivers Major rivers include the 116 mile (187 km) Merrimack River, which bisects the state north-south and ends up in Massachusetts. Its major tributaries include the Souhegan River. The 410 mile (670 km) Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshire's Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, forms the western border of New Hampshire. Oddly, the state border is not in the center of that river, as is usually the case, but lies at the low-water mark on the Vermont side, so New Hampshire actually owns the whole river. The Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the state's only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The largest lake is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 72 square miles (186 km²) in the central part of New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any coastal state, 18 miles (29 km) by state figures. (Under some federal definitions, Pennsylvania's coast is shorter: See Footnote in "Miscellaneous"). Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. About 10 miles (16 km) offshore are the Isles of Shoals, nine small islands (4 belonging to the state) best known as the site of a 19th-century art colony founded by poet Celia Thaxter, as well as the alleged location of one of the buried treasures of the pirate Blackbeard. The state has an ongoing boundary dispute with Maine in the area of Portsmouth Harbor, with New Hampshire claiming dominion over several islands (now known as Seavey Island) that include the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard as well as to the Maine towns of Kittery and Berwick. New Hampshire asserts the area was granted to it by Massachusetts prior to Maine becoming a state of its own rather than just the northern part of Massachusetts, in the Missouri Compromise of 1820. New Hampshire’s claim is also bolstered by British records of captured American POWs during the Revolutionary period, who were held in England and claimed "Berwick, NH," "York, NH," and "Kittery, NH" as their home towns. A dramatic change in the visual landscape of New Hampshire occurred about a century ago when it changed from an open landscape of fields and small farms: It is now the second-most-forested state in the country, after Maine, in terms of percentage of land covered by woods. This change was caused by the abandonment of farms by owners seeking wage jobs in urban areas or bank seizure of unproductive farms, with farming families moving west. The reversion forms the subject of many poems by Robert Frost, while the emigration is consistent with the results of New Hampshire native and newspaper legend Horace Greeley imploring, "Go West, Young Man." The northern third of the state, locally refered to as "north of the notches", contains less than 5% of the state's population and is therefore often at a disadvantage in state politics. Even many New Hampshire residents are unaware that the state extends north a considerable distance beyond the Conway area. As a result, while most of New Hampshire prospers, the northern third suffers from relatively high poverty rates, and is losing population.

Economy

Horace Greeley [http://www.bea.gov/ The Bureau of Economic Analysis] estimates that New Hampshire's total state product in 2003 was $49 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $35,140, 7^th in the nation. Its agricultural outputs are dairy products, nursery stock, cattle, apples, and eggs. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electric equipment, rubber and plastic products, and tourism. New Hampshire experienced a significant shift in its economic base during the last century. Historically, the base was composed of the traditional New England manufactures of textiles, shoe-making, and small machining shops drawing upon low wage labor from nearby small farms and from Quebec. Today, these sectors contribute only 2% for textiles, 2% for leather goods, and 9% for machining of the state's total manufacturing dollar value (Source: U.S. Economic Census for 1997, Manufacturing, New Hampshire). These traditional sectors experienced their sharp decline during the Twentieth Century due to increasingly obsolete plants and increasingly cheaper wages available in the US South. The current New Hampshire economy is largely driven by fiscal policy. The state has no personal income tax and advocates a frugal budget, thereby attracting commuters, light industry, specialty horticulture, and service firms from other jurisdictions with high tax policies, notably from neighboring Massachusetts. This is a viable fiscal policy for a small, high-income state with limited social service demands, but it has not been one hundred percent successful, and pockets of depressed manufacturing activity still remain. Additionally, New Hampshire's lack of a broad-based tax system (aside from the controversial state-wide property tax which former Governor Benson cut nearly in half in two years) has resulted in the state's local communities having some of the nation's highest property taxes, yet overall NH remains ranked 49th in combined average state and local tax burden, due to its lack of income or sales taxes.

Demographics

As of 2004, the population of New Hampshire was estimated to be 1,299,500. This includes 64,000 foreign-born (4.9%). The racial makeup of the state is:
- 95.1% White
- 1.7% Hispanic
- 1.3% Asian
- 0.7% Black
- 0.2% Native American
- 1.1% Mixed race The five largest ancestry groups in New Hampshire are: Irish (19.4%), English (18%), French (14.6%), French Canadian (10.6%), German (8.6%). People of British ancestry live throughout most of New Hampshire, although Coos and Hillsborough counties are predominantly French-Canadian. New Hampshire has the highest percentage of residents of French/French-Canadian ancestry of any state.

Religion

The religious affiliations of the people of New Hampshire are:
- Christian – 80%
- Protestant – 43%
- Congregational/United Church of Christ – 7%
- Baptist – 7%
- Episcopal – 4%
- Methodist – 3%
- Other Protestant or general Protestant – 22%
- Roman Catholic – 35%
- Other Christian – 2%
- Other Religions – 1%
- Non-Religious – 19% see People from New Hampshire

Important cities and towns

People from New Hampshire
- Berlin, the northernmost town of any size, important center of the forest products industry.
- Manchester, is the most populous city in the state giving it the nickname of the "Queen City." The Merrimack River runs through the city and once provided water power to a textile mill industry.
- Nashua, the second-most-populous city, was twice named the best city in the country to live by Money magazine.
- Keene is still called "The Elm City" despite the fact that Dutch elm disease destroyed most of the city's elm trees in the 1930s. Keene is the home to Keene State College.
- Salem contains The Mall at Rockingham Park, frequented by Massachusetts residents to avoid paying sales tax; Canobie Lake Park, an amusement park; and Rockingham Park, New England's first racetrack for horses.
- Peterborough is the inspiration for the town of Grover's Corners portrayed in Thornton Wilder's play Our Town.
- Lebanon is known as "The City of Fountains." It contains Lebanon College and the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and is the location of many malls along the Connecticut River that draw Vermont shoppers avoiding that state's sales tax.

- Concord
- Derry
- Portsmouth
- Rochester
- Durham
- Loudon
- Littleton
- Claremont
- Dover
- Merrimack

- Bedford
- Londonderry
- Hudson
- Hampton
- Milford
- Hanover
- New London
- Randolph
- Tilton
- Franklin

10 largest towns/cities in New Hampshire according to 2000 Census

- While Census records may seem to indicate that two separate Census Districts exist for this community, in fact one district is contained entirely within the other.

Education

Franklin

Colleges and universities

- Antioch New England
- Chester College of New England
- Colby-Sawyer College
- Granite State College
- Daniel Webster College
- Dartmouth College
- Franklin Pierce College
- Franklin Pierce Law Center
- Hesser College
- Keene State College

- Lebanon College
- New England College
- Southern New Hampshire University
- Plymouth State University
- Rivier College
- Saint Anselm College
- The Thomas More College of Liberal Arts
- University of New Hampshire
- University of New Hampshire at Manchester

Notable high schools

- St. Paul's School
- Dublin School
- Tilton School
- Derryfield School
- Pinkerton Academy
- St. Thomas Aquinas High School
- Phillips Exeter Academy
- Kimball Union Academy

Professional sport teams

Kimball Union Academy Minor league baseball teams:
- Nashua Pride
- New Hampshire Fisher Cats Hockey team:
- Manchester Monarchs Arena football teams:
- Manchester Wolves Soccer team:
- New Hampshire Phantoms

Miscellaneous information

New Hampshire Phantoms New Hampshire Phantoms See List of New Hampshire-related topics
- The New Hampshire Constitution is the nation's only state constitution that allows the Right to Revolution.
- New Hampshire's Constitution is one of the few in the nation that does not mandate the provision of a public school system.
- In Charlestown, New Hampshire there is the reconstructed Fort at Number 4 from the 1740's and 1750's
- New Hampshire has the highest per capita of elected and appointed Libertarians, and the highest density of Libertarian Party members in the nation.
- New Hampshire was the last of the New England states to observe Fast Day, a day of prayer for a bountiful harvest. Traditionally observed on the 4th Thursday in April, from 1949 was observed as a legal holiday on the 4th Monday in April until 1991 when it was replaced by Civil Rights Day. [http://www.state.nh.us/nhinfo/fast.html]
- There is no general sales tax, no individual income tax, no capital gains tax, no inventory tax and no tax on machinery and equiptment in New Hampshire, though the state does have meals, lodging, and other taxes. (List of states without personal income tax)
- New Hampshire is the only state that does not mandate public kindergarten, partly out of frugality and lack of funding, and partly out of belief in local control, a philosophy under which towns and cities, not the state, make as many decisions as possible. As of 2005, all but two dozen communities in the state provided public kindergarten with local property-tax money.
- Like several states, New Hampshire requires all hard liquor to be sold in state-owned, state-run stores, which keep prices so low that it attracts many out-of-state customers.
- New Hampshire is host to the New Hampshire Highland Games. New Hampshire has also registered an official tartan with the proper authorities in Scotland, used to make kilts worn by the State Police while they serve during the games.
- Based on FBI figures, New Hampshire has the least overall crime in the nation as of 2001.
- New Hampshire is the #1 healthiest state in the nation, tied with Minnesota, as ranked by the United Health Foundation, 2003.
- New Hampshire has the 4th lowest percentage of government employment in the country, following Nevada, Pennsylvania and Massachusettes.
- New Hampshire has the only piece of Interstate highway that is two-lane (i.e. a single northbound lane and a single southbound lane) with a cobblestone median. This was done to preserve Franconia Notch, the site of the Old Man of the Mountain, a former rock formation visible from Interstate 93 in Franconia.
- In northern New Hampshire the town of Dixville Notch is traditionally the first city or town in the U.S. to vote in presidential primaries and the presidential election. The few dozen residents of Dixville Notch all stay awake until after midnight to vote. State law grants that a town where all registered citizens have voted may close early and announce their results.
- Approximately 37% are registered Republicans and 27% are registered Democrats but a full 36% are registered Independents.
- New Hampshire is the only state with no mandatory seatbelt law for adults, no motorcycle helmet law for adults, nor mandatory vehicle insurance for automobiles.
- New Hampshire is the destination of the Free State Project.
- EXTENDED FOOTNOTE on coastline. Official figures recognize two coastal concepts, the coastline and the shoreline. The coastline is a generalized measurement of the shore configuration, whereas the shoreline includes measurements for offshore islands and other features such as inlets and rivers to the head of a narrow tidewater. Pennsylvania has no saltwater coastline of 0 miles, but when the more detailed measurement of shoreline is used, Pennsylvania has a saltwater shoreline of 89 miles versus 131 for New Hampshire. Pennsylvania's number apparently comes because a portion of the Delaware River on its southeastern border is tidal. Source: U.S. Dept of Commerce, "U.S. Coastline by States" cited on Page 606 of the 2003 "World Almanac."

Granite State firsts

From New Hampshire's official folklife website: http://www.nh.gov/folklife/
- On January 5, 1776 a