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John Wickliffe (ship)

John Wickliffe (ship)

The John Wickliffe was the first ship to arrive carrying settlers for the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. Departing from Gravesend, near London, on November 22, 1847, and from Portsmouth on December 14, 1847, she arrived at Port Chalmers on March 23, 1848. March 23 is now observed as Otago Anniversary Day. Her sister ship, the Philip Laing, arrived three weeks later on April 15.

External links


- [http://www.ngaiopress.com/wicklist.htm Passenger list]

Dunedin

Dunedin
Urban Area Population 113,600
Extent Dunedin, Mosgiel,
Port Chalmers
Territorial
Authority		 Name Dunedin City
Population 121,100
Land area 3314.8km²
Extent urban area, and out as
far as Middlemarch,
Waikouaiti and the
Taieri River
Regional
Council		 Name Otago
Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, located in coastal Otago. Known in Maori as Ōtepoti, the city stands on the hills and valleys surrounding the head of Otago Harbour. The harbour and hills are the remnants of an extinct volcano. Dunedin is the home of the University of Otago.

History

The Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland founded Dunedin in 1848 as a Scottish settlement. The town's name comes from Dùn Êideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the Scottish capital. The city founders designed the street layout and names to closely match that of Edinburgh, and some quirky streets were created with little consideration for topography. The University of Otago, the oldest university in New Zealand, was founded in Dunedin in 1869. Dunedin became wealthy during the Central Otago goldrush which began at Gabriel's Gully near Lawrence in 1861. Between 1881 and 1957, Dunedin was home to the Dunedin cable trams, being both one of the first and last such systems operated anywhere in the world. During the 20th century, influence and activity moved north to the other centres ("the drift north"), but by the end of the century Dunedin had re-established its identity as a centre of excellence in tertiary education and research. Dunedin cable trams

Modern Dunedin

Dunedin has flourishing niche industries including engineering, software engineering, bio-technology and fashion. Port Chalmers on Otago Harbour provides Dunedin with deep-water port facilities. The cityscape glitters with gems of Victorian and Edwardian architecture - the legacy of the city's gold-rush affluence - many including First Church and Larnach Castle designed by one of New Zealand's most eminent architects R A Lawson. Other prominent buildings include Olveston and the magnificent Dunedin Railway Station. Other not-to-be missed attractions include the world's steepest street (Baldwin Street), the famous Captain Cook Tavern, and the local Speight's brewery. Tourists and students alike appreciate tours of the Cadbury chocolate factory. Cadbury Dunedin is also notable now as centre for ecotourism. Uniquely, the world's only mainland royal albatross colony and several penguin and seal colonies lie within the city boundaries on Otago Peninsula. To the south of Dunedin, located on the western side of Lake Waihola, lie the Sinclair Wetlands. The thriving tertiary student population has led to Dunedin having a vibrant youth culture, which came to prominence with the "Dunedin Sound" bands of the 1980s (such as The Chills, The Clean, Straitjacket Fits, and The Verlaines), and more recently a burgeoning boutique fashion industry. A very strong visual arts community lives in Dunedin and its environs. The Verlaines Sport is catered for in Dunedin by the floodlit rugby and cricket venue of Carisbrook, a soccer and athletics stadium (the New Caledonian Ground) at Logan Park, close to the University, and numerous golf courses and parks. There is also a horseracing circuit in the south of the city (Forbury Park). Saint Clair Beach, on the city's Pacific shore, is a well-known surfing venue. The climate is moderate. Winter can be frosty, but significant snowfall is uncommon (perhaps every two or three years), except in the inland hill suburbs such as Halfway Bush and Wakari. Spring can feature "four seasons in a day" weather, but from November to April it is generally settled and mild. Dunedin features the world's most southern motorway: this 10 kilometre divided highway section of State Highway One (SH1) runs from the centre of the city to the southern suburb of Mosgiel.

Geography

Mosgiel.]] Dunedin City has a land area of 3314.8 km2, about 10% larger than Cambridgeshire, England, and a little smaller than Cornwall. It is the largest city in land area in New Zealand. The Dunedin City Council boundaries since 1989 have extended to Middlemarch in the west, Waikouaiti in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east and south-east, and Henley and Taieri Mouth in the south-west. Dunedin is also home to Baldwin Street, the steepest street in the world according to the Guinness Book of Records, with a slope of 1:2.9 (i.e. for every 2.9 m horizontally the street rises 1 m). The long-since abandoned Maryhill Cablecar route had a similar gradient close to its Mornington depot. The Dunedin skyline is dominated by a ring of hills which form the remnants of a volcanic crater. Notable among these hills are Mount Cargill (700 m), Flagstaff (680 m), Saddle Hill (480 m), and Harbour Cone (320 m). The heart of the city lies on the relatively flat land to the west of the head of the Otago Harbour. Here is located The Octagon - once a swamp, it was drained in the late 19th century to create a city centre. The initial settlement of the city took place to the north of this swamp and further south on the other side of Bell Hill, a large outcrop which had to be excavated in order to provide easy access between the two parts of the settlement. Today, the central city stretches away from this point in a largely northeast-southwest direction, with the main streets of George Street and Princes Street meeting at The Octagon. Here they are joined by Stuart Street, which runs orthogonal to them, from the Dunedin Railway Station in the southeast, and steeply up to the suburb of Roslyn in the northwest. Many of the older, more established buildings in the city are located towards the northern end of this central area on the floodplains of the Water of Leith, and on the inner ring of lower hills which surround the central city (most of these hills, such as Maori Hill, Pine Hill, and Maryhill, rise to some 200 metres above the plain).

List of Dunedin suburbs

For information on individual suburbs, see Suburbs of Dunedin, New Zealand

Inner suburbs

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north) Woodhaugh; Dalmore; Pine Hill; Dunedin North; North East Valley; Opoho; Ravensbourne; Highcliff; Vauxhall; Waverley; Shiel Hill; Anderson's Bay; Tainui; Musselburgh; South Dunedin; St. Kilda; St. Clair; Corstorphine; Kew; Forbury; Caversham; Concord; Maryhill; Mornington; Belleknowes; Brockville; Halfway Bush; Roslyn; Wakari; Maori Hill; Glenleith.

Outer suburbs

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north) St. Leonards; Broad Bay; Macandrew Bay; Waldronville; Green Island; Abbotsford; Concord; Fairfield.

Towns within Dunedin City limits

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north) Waitati; Warrington; Waikouaiti; Karitane; Purakanui, Port Chalmers; Sawyers Bay, Otakou; Portobello; Brighton; Taieri Mouth; Henley; Allanton; East Taieri; Momona, Mosgiel; Outram; Middlemarch.

Panoramas

Middlemarch Middlemarch Middlemarch Middlemarch

Noted inhabitants

The arts


- Thomas Bracken (21 December 1843 -- 16 February 1898), the noted late-19th century poet who wrote the New Zealand National Anthem and who was the first person to publish the phrase "God's Own Country".
- Illustrator and engraver John Buckland Wright.
- Maori sculptor Carissa Proffit (b 1974), who works in Oamaru stone.
- Nobel Prize short-listee Janet Frame, born there in 1924, died there in 2004: [http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/frame.html NZ Edge biography]
- Writer James K. Baxter was born in Dunedin in 1926 and wrote many of his plays there in the '60s in association with Rosalie and Patric Carey's Globe Theatre.
- Cartoonist David Low lived in Dunedin before making his fame in London.
- Caricature artist Murray Webb remains a resident.
- Maori painter Ralph Hotere lives and works in Port Chalmers.
- Painters Grahame Sydney, Jeffrey Harris and Claire Beynon all live in Dunedin.
- Actor Sam Neill has close associations with Dunedin.
- Playwright Roger Hall lived and wrote in Dunedin for several years.
- Prominent architects Francis Petre and Robert Lawson both lived and worked in Dunedin.
- Many of New Zealand’s top bands of the 1980s and early 1990s started out in Dunedin, establishing the Dunedin Sound.
- The Malaysian novelist John Ling is a resident.

Politics and business


- A large proportion of the country's leading companies in and beyond the 20th century originated in Dunedin. A selection of relevant company or brand names includes Arthur Barnett, Donaghy, Fletcher, Fulton Hogan, Hallenstein, Methven, Mosgiel, NZI, Ravensdown, Wests, Whitcoulls, and Wrightson.
- The Bell Tea Company was founded here in 1898 and still has one of its factories in Hope Street (possibly recently mothballed).
- Deputy Prime Minister (since 1999) Michael Cullen was Member of Parliament for the Dunedin electorate of Saint Kilda from 1981 until 1999.

Science


- Tramway and mining engineer George Smith Duncan was born in Dunedin in 1852, attended the University of Otago and was instrumental in building the Dunedin cable tramway system.
- Two of the founders of modern plastic surgery, Harold Gillies and Archibald McIndoe were born in Dunedin in 1882 and 1900 respectively.
- Popular email program Pegasus Mail was written by David Harris while he was employed by the University of Otago.

Sport


- World record-breaking middle-distance athlete Jack Lovelock lived in the city, as did Olympic champions long jumper Yvette (Corlett) Williams and swimmer Danyon Loader.
- Other sporting celebrities to have lived in Dunedin include cricketers Glenn Turner and Clarrie Grimmett, netballer Lois Muir, yachtsman Russell Coutts and double international (cricket and rugby) Jeff Wilson.

Military


- Keith Park - WW1 Air Ace, later Air Marshall, a three star General rank, in the defense of London.
- Duncan Boyes, English recipient of the Victoria Cross, 1864-Japan, was buried in Dunedin in 1869.

Events

Annual events


- January - [http://www.whareflat.co.nz/ Whare Flat Folk Festival]
- January - [http://www.dunedin-tourism.co.nz/sfos/ Southern Festival of Speed] classic car road-race
- February - New Zealand Masters Games (Biennial event)
- February - University of Otago & Otago Polytechnic Orientation Weeks
- February - Dunedin Summer Festival
- May - [http://www.id-dunedinfashion.com Vodafone Id Dunedin]Fashion Show
- May - Capping Week (University of Otago)
- May - Dunedin Film Festival
- May - [http://www.otagorally.co.nz Otago Rally]
- May - [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0505/S00062.htm Regent Theatre 24-hour book sale] (reputedly the world's largest regularly-held second-hand book sale)
- July - Gay Pride Month
- July - Taste Otago Dunedin Food and Wine Festival
- July - [http://www.chocolatecarnival.co.nz Cadbury Chocolate Carnival]
- July - [http://www.enzedff.co.nz International Film Festival]
- September - Samstock Music Festival
- October - [http://www.otagofestival.co.nz/ Otago Festival of the Arts] (and Fringe Festival) - every second year
- October - Rhododendron Week
- December - Santa Parade

Past events


- 1865 - New Zealand Exhibition (1865)
- 1889 - New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (1889)
- 1898 - Otago Jubilee Industrial Exhibition (1898)
- 1925 - New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition (1925)
- 1948 - Centennial celebrations

Twinning

Dunedin maintains cultural, economic and educational ties with Edinburgh, Scotland. It is also twinned with Otaru, Japan, and Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

More information

The city was possibly the origin of the first Anzac biscuits. Dunedin was the city in which Speights beer was first brewed.

External links


- [http://www.cityofdunedin.com City of Dunedin official website]
- [http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=10116740 Profiles of relevant websites categorised geographically]
- [http://www.dunedintourism.co.nz/ Dunedin Tourism official Website]
- [http://www.dunedinnz.com/tourism/ Tourism Dunedin]
- [http://www.justdunedin.co.nz/ Dunedin Directory and Information website]
- [http://www.cadbury.co.nz/cadburyworld/visit.html Cadbury Factory]
- [http://www.dnairport.co.nz/welcome.asp Dunedin InternationalAirport]
- [http://www.dce.ac.nz/ Dunedin College of Education]
- [http://www.dunedin.art.museum/ Dunedin Public Art Gallery]
- [http://www.dunedinbrewery.com/ Dunedin Brewery]

Further reading


- Bishop, G. & Hamel, A. (1993). From sea to silver peaks. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ISBN 0-86868-149-0.
- Dann, C. & Peat, N. (1989). Dunedin, North and South Otago. Wellington, NZ: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01438-0.
- Herd, J. & Griffiths, G.J. (1980). Discovering Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ISBN 0-86868-030-3. Category:Otago category: Cities and towns in New Zealand category:Port cities

Gravesend, Kent

Gravesend is a town in North-West Kent, England, on the south bank of the Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. Gravesend is the administrative town of the Borough of Gravesham.

History

Origin of the name 'Gravesend'

The town is recorded as Gravesham in the Domesday Book in 1086 as belonging to Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and called 'Gravesham': a name probably derived from "graaf-ham": the home of the Reeve, or Bailiff, of the Lord of the Manor. Another theory suggests that the name Gravesham may be a corruption of the words grafs-ham - a place 'at the end of the grove'. Myth has it that Gravesend got its name because, during the outbreak of Bubonic Plague in the 1600s, the town was the place where victims were no longer buried on land - they were buried at sea (the town sits next to the Thames Estuary). Extensive Roman remains have been found nearby, at Vagniacae (today’s Springhead). Gravesend lies immediately to the north of their Watling Street. Gravesend has one of the oldest surviving markets in the country, its earliest charter dating from 1268. Town status was granted to the two parishes of Gravesend and Milton, the Charter of Incorporation being received in that year. The first Mayor of Gravesend was elected in that year, although the first Town Hall was in place by 1573: it was replaced in 1764. A new frontage was built in 1836. Although its use as a Town Hall came to an end in 1968, when the new Civic Centre was opened, it continued in use as the Magistrates' Courts. At present (2004) it is disused, and discussions are being held with a view to its future. On the river front is recorded the archaeological remains of a riverside fort built at the command of Henry VIII in 1543.

General Gordon

Gravesend is associated with General Gordon (1833-1885), who lived in the town during the construction of the Thames forts. For six years he devoted himself to the welfare of the towns 'poor boys', establishing a Sunday school and providing food and clothes for them from his Army wage. In command of the Royal Engineers from 1865-71, he was responsible for the forts that guard the Thames downstream from Gravesend, New Tavern Fort in the town, Shornemead Fort on the south bank, and Coalhouse Fort on the north. His links with Gravesend are commemorated: the embankment of the Riverside Leisure Area is known as the Gordon Promenade, while Khartoum Place lies just to the south.

Gravesend clock tower, Harmer Street

The town’s clock tower was built at the top of Harmer street. The foundation stone was laid on 6 September 1887. The memorial stone states that the clock tower was erected by public subscription (£700 was raised toward its construction) and it was dedicated to Queen Victoria, to commemorate the 50th year of her long reign. Built with Portland and Dumfries stone, backed with hard stock brickwork, the design of the structure was based on the Westminster tower that houses Big Ben. The centre of the clock itself is measured at 50 feet (15 m) above the ground and the face is 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) in diameter.

St George's church

St George's church, just opposite the pier, was restored in 1731 in the Georgian style of the period, after having previously burnt down in August 1727 when a great fire consumed much of Gravesend destroying about 110 houses and the parish church, services being transferred to the town hall until the church was rebuilt. The parish records were lost in the fire so that the site of the burial of the native American princess Pocahontas has also been lost.

Pocahontas

Pocahontas was to become the first Native American to visit England, and so Europe. The daughter of Powhatan, chief of the Powhatan confederacy of Indian tribes, she came into contact in 1607 with a group of English settlers at Jamestown, in Virginia. A legend was born when she famously saved the pioneer Captain John Smith from the immediate threat of death from an Indian raiding party which descended upon the hapless settlers, by shielding the Captain from the tomahawk blows of his captors by throwing herself upon him. What is certainly true is that, after John Smith had returned to England she was made a hostage by the English settlers to attempt a procurement of good behaviour from the Powhatan tribes, and that his daughter was falsely informed that Smith had died. She later sailed with Rolfe to England, with their infant son, Thomas, where she was received at the court in London by Queen Anne, and, something of a celebrity, was 'taken up by society'. It is reported she met up with John Smith in London and that the shock broke her heart. She later died on board a vessel at Gravesend in March 1617, before her homeward journey, and is buried in the parish churchyard of St Georges, although the exact location of her grave is unknown.

Gravesend Hospital

Gravesend Hospital was opened in 1854, following the donation of a site by the Earl of Darnley in 1853; it had its origin on 2 December 1850, as a dispensary on the Milton road 'to assist the really destitute poor of Gravesend and Milton and vicinities ... unable to pay for medical aid'. By 1893, 4699 such people had benefited by its presence. In 2004 the original building was demolished to make way for a new local health centre. [http://www.kentandmedway.nhs.uk/news_and_publications/future_directions/gravesham_community_project/default.asp Details are here]

Windmill Hill

Windmill Hill named for its erstwhile windmills, offers extensive views across the Thames, and was a popular spot for Victorian visitors to the town, because of the Camera obscura installed in the old mill and for its tea gardens and other amusements. The hill was the site of a beacon in 1377, which was instituted by Richard II, and still in use 200 years later at the time of the Spanish Armada, although the hill was then known as 'Rouge Hill'. A modern beacon was erected and lit during 1988, the 300th anniversary. It was during the reign of Elizabeth I that the first windmill was placed on top the highest point in Gravesend, 179 ft (55 m) above the high water mark of the river. One mill burnt down in 1763, but was replaced the following year and that too demolished in 1894. The last surviving windmill was destroyed by fire during Mafeking Night celebrations in 1900.

Football

Gravesend is also home to Gravesend and Northfleet football club who play at Stonebridge Road. They are currently in the Nationwide Conference and are managed by ex-coventry city defender Liam Daish. For further information visit www.gnfc.co.uk (the official site) or the fansite www.whitebucket.net

Communications

The River Thames

Shipping on the river

The River Thames has long been an important feature in Gravesend life and may well have been the deciding factor for the first settlement here. One of the town's first distinctions was in being given the sole right to transport passengers to and from London by water in the late 14th century. The ‘Tilt Boat’ was a familiar sight on the river. The first steamboat plied its trade between Gravesend and London in the early 19th century, bringing with it a steadily increasing number of visitors to The Terrace Pier Gardens, Windmill Hill, Springhead Gardens and Rosherville Gardens. Gravesend soon became one of the first English resort towns and thrived from an early tourist trade. Gravesend ‘watermen’ were often in a family trade; and the town is the headquarters of the Port of London Authority Thames Navigation Service, supplying both river and sea pilots. Today radar plays an important part in the movement of shipping on the river. Until the building of Tilbury Docks on the opposite side of the river, between 1882-6, Gravesend was the first port of entry. Thousands of emigrants, as well as large numbers of troops, embarked from here. Tilbury Docks have expanded considerably since with the closure of all the London Docks. The entrance to the Docks is somewhat awkward, situated as it is on the sharp bend of the river, and often need tugboat assistance, as do the larger ships moored at Tilbury landing stages. There have been many tug companies based at Gravesend: among them the Sun Company, the Alexandra Towing Company and, today, the Smith Howard Towing Company. Also on the river front is a fine example of a cast iron pier, a unique structure with the first known iron cylinders used for its foundation. From here the steamboat services had begun from London in 1815. The pier has recently been completely refurbished (2004), and awaits commercial use. The river still plays a vital part in the life of the community today, providing an important link for industry and jobs to the benefit of many people. The cross-river passenger ferry to Tilbury provides a long-established route to and from the neighbouring County of Essex. Before the Dartford Crossing came into being there was a vehicle ferry here as well.

Gravesend Regatta

Rowing matches have been taking place on the river Thames at Gravesend since from at least the year of 1698, and the first organized Regatta was in 1715. The first Borough Regatta began in 1882, setting the pattern for an annual event on the Thames that is carried on to this day. The popularity of the early events have recently begun to return, thanks to much Borough Council publicity.

Road communications

Journeys by road to Gravesend were once quite hazardous, since the main London-Dover road crossed Blackheath, notorious for its highwaymen. Stagecoaches from London to Canterbury, Dover and Faversham used Gravesend as one their ’stages’ as did those coming north from Tonbridge. In 1840 there were 17 coaches picking up and setting down passengers and changing horses each way per day. There were two coaching inns in the New Road: the New Prince of Orange and the Lord Nelson. Stagecoaches had been plying the route for at least two centuries: Samuel Pepys records having stopped off at Gravesend in 1650. Today, the A226 road from Gravesend to Rochester runs beside the Thames and offers a fine view of the Hoo Peninsula. The A2 road passes two miles south of Gravesend town centre, while the A226 also provides a link westwards to Dartford and the Dartford Crossing.

Rail communications

The first railway connection came after the London & Greenwich Railway (sanctioned in 1833, opened in 1836) extended its line through Woolwich and Dartford to Gravesend railway station in the summer of 1849. In 1844 a railway to the east of the town had been opened using the Higham tunnel of the Thames and Medway Canal (see below); the erstwhile London & Greenwich, now the South Eastern Railway, bought this in 1847, opening through services between London and the Medway towns two years later. Gravesend now stands on the new Eurostar main line, and when the connection is opened to St Pancras station in London in 2006 there will be a railway station at Ebbsfleet, to the west of the town.

Thames and Medway Canal

The Thames and Medway Canal was opened for barge traffic in 1824, but after only 20 years it had proved too difficult a route for navigation between the Thames and Medway and was left to silt up. From 1844, the canal's tunnel was used to provide a route for the railway. This change of use arose due to the differing tides between the two rivers; a steam engine often had to be used to pump water into the Higham tunnel to compensate for low tides. A steam tug was also used to assist with the pulling of the barges through the tunnel. Today the canal basin at the Gravesend end of the Canal is used for pleasure craft: the lock is still in use. At the present time (December 2004) it is being dredged and restoration and strengthening works will be carried out to the basin walls as part of regeneration of the area.

Other notes of interest

During the time General Gordon was in Gravesend (1865-71) the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov was an officer in the Russian Navy and was posted to Gravesend, where he wrote part of his first symphony, said to be the first ever such style of composition attempted by a Russian composer. By the river close to Northfleet, on what became the property of the imperial paper mills there was once a pond which had the curious tendency of draining when the river was at full tide and filling again when the tide subsided. This strange behaviour was explained by the submerging of the springs that fed the pond with the tidal waters, when the tides receded the springs were once again able to drain into the pond. On 10 August 2003, Gravesend recorded the highest temperature since records began in the United Kingdom, with a reading of 38.1 degrees Celsius (100.6 degrees Fahrenheit). One explanation for the phenomenon was the large amount of earthworks in connection with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, which had exposed a great deal of the local sandy soil, which reflected more sunshine! During the 1970s and early 1980s, the town was the home of a very successful youth marching band, the "Gravesham Corps of Drums" (latterly the "Gravesham Corps"). The band finished third in the British Championships in 1981. At nearby Higham, the Falstaff Inn takes its name from a scene set on the Gravesend-Rochester road in the play Henry V by William Shakespeare.

Population

Since 1801, Gravesend has grown from being a small riverside settlement to become a major town. Its population in 1831 was 5079; by 1921 this had risen to 31,137, and by 1971 to 54,071.

External links


- [http://www.gravesham.gov.uk Borough website includes notes on the town] Category:Towns in Kent

November 22

November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 39 days remaining.

Events


- 498 - After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected pope in Santa Maria Maggiore.
- 1718 - Off the coast of Virginia, British pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") is killed in battle with a boarding party led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard.
- 1830 - Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: Confederate Gen465eral John Bell Hood invades Tennessee in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General William T. Sherman from Georgia.
- 1880 - Vaudeville actress Lillian Ruell makes her debut at Tony Pastor's Theatre in New York City.
- 1917 - In Montreal, Canada, the National Hockey Association breaks up (on November 26 it was replaced with the National Hockey League).
- 1922 - Egyptology: Howard Carter, assisted by Lord Carnarvon, opens the tomb of Tutankhamun.
- 1935 - The China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California in an attempt to deliver the first airmail cargo across the[Pacific Ocean]] (the airplane later reached its destination, Manila, and delivered over 110,000 pieces of mail).
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Stalingrad - General Friedrich von Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram saying that the German 6th army is surrounded.
- 1943 - World War II: War in the Pacific - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek meet in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan (see Cairo Conference)
- 1943 - Lebanon gains independence from France.
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy assassination: In Dallas, Texas, US President John F. Kennedy is assassinated and Texas Governor John B. Connally is seriously wounded. Later the same day, US Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as the 36th President of the United States.
- 1967 - UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of the principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab-Israeli peace settlement.
- 1968 - The Beatles release the double-album The Beatles, commonly known as The White Album.
- 1972 - Vietnam War: The United States loses its first B-52 Stratofortress of the war.
- 1974 - The United Nations General Assembly grants the Palestine Liberation Organization observer status.
- 1975 - Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of Francisco Franco.
- 1977 - British Airways inaugurates a regular London to New York City supersonic Concorde service.
- 1986 - Boxing: Mike Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, becoming the youngest world heavyweight champion at the age of 20 years and 4 months.
- 1988 - In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed.
- 1989 - In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President Rene Moawad, killing him.
- 1990 - Margaret Thatcher resigns as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 2002 - In Nigeria, more than 100 people are killed at an attack aimed at the contestants of the Miss World contest.
- 2003 - In Tbilisi, Georgia, opponents of President Eduard Shevardnadze seize the parliament building and demand the president's resignation.
- 2003 - The Heritage Classic, the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the National Hockey League, is played in Edmonton, Alberta
- 2003 - England defeat Australia to win England's first rugby union world cup.
- 2004 - The Orange Revolution begins in Ukraine, resulting from the presidential elections.
- 2005 - The Xbox 360 releases in North America. First of the "new next-gen" consoles.
- 2005 - Ted Koppel retires after hosting Nightline for over 26 years.
- 2005 - Angela Merkel became the first female Chancellor of Germany

Births


- 1428 - Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, English politician (d. 1471)
- 1515 - Marie of Guise, Queen of James V of Scotland and regent of Scotland (d. 1560)
- 1564 - Henry Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham, English conspirator (d. 1610)
- 1602 - Elisabeth of France, Queen of Philip IV of Spain (d. 1644)
- 1635 - Francis Willughby, English biologist (d. 1672)
- 1643 - Robert Cavelier de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687)
- 1710 - Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (d. 1784)
- 1721 - Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres, Swiss-born cartographer and Canadian statesman (d. 1824)
- 1722 - Hryhori Skovoroda, Ukrainian poet, philosopher and composer (d. 1794)
- 1767 - Andreas Hofer, Tyrolian patriot (d. 1810)
- 1808 - Thomas Cook, British travel entrepreneur (d. 1892)
- 1819 - George Eliot, British novelist (d. 1880)
- 1849 - Christian Rohlfs, German artist (d. 1938)
- 1852 - Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924)
- 1856 - Heber J. Grant, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1945)
- 1868 - John Nance Garner, U.S. Vice President (d. 1967)
- 1869 - André Gide, French writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)
- 1877 - Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (d. 1919)
- 1890 - Charles de Gaulle, President of France (d. 1970)
- 1893 - Harley J. Earl, automobile designer (d. 1969)
- 1897 - Paul Oswald Ahnert, German astronomer (d. 1989)
- 1899 - Hoagy Carmichael, American composer (d. 1981)
- 1899 - Wiley Post, American pilot (d. 1935)
- 1901 - Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999)
- 1904 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- 1913 - Benjamin Britten, British composer (d. 1976)
- 1917 - Andrew Fielding Huxley, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1918 - Claiborne Pell, U.S. Senator
- 1921 - Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian and actor (d. 2004)
- 1923 - Arthur Hiller, Canadian film director
- 1923 - Gunther Schuller, American composer and conductor
- 1924 - Geraldine Page, American actress (d. 1987)
- 1932 - Robert Vaughn, American actor
- 1940 - Terry Gilliam, American/British comedian and director
- 1941 - Tom Conti, British actor
- 1943 - Billie Jean King, American tennis player
- 1950 - Lyman Bostock, baseball player (d. 1978)
- 1950 - Steve Van Zandt, American musician
- 1950 - Tina Weymouth, American musician (Talking Heads and Tom Tom Club)
- 1958 - Jamie Lee Curtis, American actress
- 1961 - Mariel Hemingway, American actress
- 1961 - Randal L. Schwartz, American computer programmer
- 1962 - Victor Pelevin, Russian writer
- 1967 - Boris Becker, German tennis player
- 1967 - Bart Veldkamp, Dutch-born speed skater
- 1974 - David Pelletier, Canadian figure skater
- 1976 - Ville Valo Finnish singer (HIM)
- 1982 - Aiyegbeni Yakubu, Nigerian footballer
- 1984 - Scarlett Johansson, American actress

Deaths


- 1318 - Mikhail Yaroslavich, Russian prince (b. 1271)
- 1594 - Martin Frobisher, English explorer
- 1617 - Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1590)
- 1694 - John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1630)
- 1697 - Liberal Bruant, French architect
- 1710 - Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer (b. 1637)
- 1718 - Blackbeard (Edward Teach), British pirate
- 1758 - Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe, British politician (b. 1680)
- 1774 - Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British general and statesman (b. 1725)
- 1783 - John Hanson, American Continental Congressman (b. 1715)
- 1794 - John Alsop, American Continental Congressman (b. 1724)
- 1875 - Henry Wilson, United States Vice President (b. 1812)
- 1900 - Arthur S. Sullivan, British composer (b. 1842)
- 1916 - Jack London, American writer (b. 1876)
- 1917 - Teoberto Maler, German-born explorer (b. 1842)
- 1943 - Lorenz Hart, American lyricist (b. 1895)
- 1955 - Shemp Howard, American actor and comedian (heart attack) (b. 1895)
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (b. 1917)
- 1963 - C. S. Lewis, Irish author (b. 1898)
- 1963 - Aldous Huxley, British author (b. 1894)
- 1980 - Mae West, American actress and writer (b. 1893)
- 1981 - Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
- 1986 - Scatman Crothers, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1986 - William Bradford Huie, American writer (b. 1910)
- 1988 - Luis Barragán, Mexican architect (b. 1908)
- 1989 - Rene Moawad, President of Lebanon (b. 1925)
- 1993 - Anthony Burgess, British author (b. 1917)
- 1996 - Mark Lenard, American actor (b. 1924)
- 1997 - Michael Hutchence, Australian singer and songwriter (b. 1960)
- 2005 - Bruce Hobbs, American jockey (b. 1920)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Feast of Saint Cecilia
- Also see November 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Lebanon - Independence Day (from France, 1943)
- United States - If a Thursday, Thanksgiving is celebrated; Family Day begins in 2005
- Astrology: usually the first day of sun sign Sagittarius

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 21 - November 23 - October 22 - December 22 -- listing of all days ko:11월 22일 ms:22 November ja:11月22日 simple:November 22 th:22 พฤศจิกายน

1847

1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

January


- January 4 - Samuel Colt sells his first hoe to the United States government.
- January 13 - The art of T-bagging ends the Mexican-American War in California.
- January 16 - John C. Fremont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory.
- January 30 - Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco.

February


- February 22 - Mexican-American War: The Battle of Buena Vista - 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio López de Santa Anna defeating the Mexicans the next day.

March


- March 1 - Faustin Soulouque declares himself Emperor of Haiti
- March 9 - Mexican-American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz.
- March 29 - Mexican-American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.

May


- May 7 - In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association (AMA) is founded.

June


- June 1 – First communist congress in London

July


- July 1 - The United States issues its first postage stamps.
- July 24 - After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.
- July 26 - Liberia gains independence.

August


- August 12 – US troops of general Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Chalco and Xochimilco lakes in Mexico
- August 20 – US troops defeat Mexican troops in Valencia, Mexico

September


- September 6 - Henry David Thoreau leaves Walden Pond and moves in with Ralph Waldo Emerson and his family in Concord, Massachusetts.

October


- October 12 - German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG & Halske.
- October 28 - Donner Party, a caravan of settlers from Illinois to California, is stuck near what is now Donner Lake due to heavy snowstorm. They will be rescued February 19 1848

Undated


- Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire.
- Abd al-Kader is captured and imprisoned by the French.
- Founding of the Architectural Association School of Architecture

Ongoing events


- Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
- Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)

Births


- Michel-Joseph Maunoury, French Gereral during WWI (d. 1923)
- Wong Fei Hung, Chinese healer and revolutionary (d. 1924)
- February 11 - Thomas Alva Edison, American inventor (d. 1931)
- February 15 - Robert Fuchs, Austrian composer (d. 1927)
- March 3 - Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish-born inventor (d. 1922)
- March 27 - Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
- April 10 - Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-born journalist and newspaper publisher (d. 1911)
- May 7 - Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1929)
- June 11 - Millicent Fawcett, British suffragist and feminist (d. 1929)
- July 25 - Paul Langerhans, German pathologist and biologist (d. 1888)
- September 5 - Jesse James, American outlaw (d. 1882)
- October 2 - Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany (d. 1934)
- November 26 - Dagmar of Denmark, empress of Tsar Alexander III of Russia (d. 1928)
- December 7 - George Grossmith, English actor and comic writer (d. 1912)
- December 18 - Augusta Holmès, French composer (d. 1903)

Exact month/day of birth unknown


- Hale Johnson, American temperance movement leader (d. 1902)

Deaths


- January 19 - Charles Bent, first Governor of New Mexico Territory (assassinated)
- March 9 - Mary Anning, British paleontologist (b. 1799)
- March 11 - Johnny Appleseed, American pioneer agronomist (b. 1774)
- April 30 - Archduke Charles, Austrian general (b. 1771)
- May 14 - Fanny Mendelssohn, German composer and pianist (b. 1805)
- May 29 - Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy, French marshal (b. 1766)
- September 13 - Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (b. 1767)
- October 3 - Charles Hatchett, English chemist (b. 1765)
- October 22 - Negus Sahle Selassie of Shewa Category:1847 ko:1847년 ms:1847 simple:1847

Portsmouth

Portsmouth is a city of about 186,000 people located in the county of Hampshire on the southern coast of England. A significant naval port for centuries, it is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and to many famous ships. Despite the average population, Portsmouth is in fact a metropolitan city of almost half a million, with four boroughs: Havant, Gosport, Fareham and Waterlooville. Most of the city lies on Portsea Island, located where the Solent joins the English Channel. The island is separated from the mainland to the north by a narrow creek, bridged in places to make it - in appearance - a peninsula. The sheltered Portsmouth Harbour lies to the west of the island and the large tidal bay of Langstone Harbour is to the east. Portsdown Hill dominates the skyline to the north and to the south are the waters of the Solent with the Isle of Wight beyond. Portsmouth includes the following residential districts: Buckland, Copnor, Cosham, Eastney, Fratton, Hilsea, Kingston, Milton, North End, Portsea, Paulsgrove, Somers Town, Southsea, Stamshaw, Tipner and Wymering. Portsmouth has declined as a military port in recent years but remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy. There is a commercial port serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic.

Name

The origin of the name Portsmouth is a matter of some dispute, popular legend holds that it comes from being the "mouth of the port" (the port originally being that at Portchester, previously known as Portus Adurni). The other main suggestion is that the name came from a chieftain with the name Port (not an uncommon old English name) with the Saxon word mutha. The city is also known as Pompey (pronounced pom -pee) - again, the term is of unknown, although widely speculated meaning.

History

Early history of the area

Although there have been settlements in the area since before Roman times, mostly being offshoots of Portchester, Portsmouth is commonly regarded as having been founded in 1180 by John of Gisors (Jean de Gisors). Most early records of Portsmouth are thought to have been destroyed by Norman invaders following the Norman Conquest. The earliest detailed references to Portsmouth can be found in the Southwick Cartularies. In the Domesday survey there is no mention of Portsmouth. However settlements that later went on to form part of Portsmouth, primarily Buckland (later Portsea), Copnor and Froddington (later Fratton) were listed. At this time it is estimated the Portsmouth area had a population not greater than two or three hundred. While in the primary manor of Portsea there was a small church prior to 1166 (now St Mary's at Kingston) Portsmouth's first real church came into being in 1181 when John of Gisors granted an acre (4,000 m²) of land to Augustinian monks at the Southwick Priory to build a chapel dedicated to Thomas a Becket. This chapel continued to be run by the monks of Southwick Priory until the Reformation after which its possession was transferred to Winchester College. The modern Portsmouth Cathedral is built on the original location of the chapel.

Growth of the city

In 1194, after King Richard I (the Lionheart) returned from being held captive by Duke Leopold V of Austria, Richard set about summoning a fleet and an army to Portsmouth, which Richard had taken over from John of Gisors. On May 2, 1194 King Richard I gave Portsmouth its first Royal Charter granting permission for the city to hold a fifteen day annual fair (which became known as the Free Market Fair), weekly markets (on Thursdays), to set up a local court to deal with minor matters, and exemption from paying the annual tax ("farm") of £18 a year--instead the money would be used for local matters. The actual physical charter was handed over by the Bishop of Ely William de Longchamps. The present location of the charter is currently unknown but its text survives, as when later royal charters were granted to the city reaffirming and extending its privileges large parts of the original charter were quoted verbatim. As a crescent and an eight-point star (as appear on the city coat of arms) were to be found on both the seals of King Richard and William de Longchamps it is commonly thought that this may have been the source of them, although there is no known documentary evidence for this. King Richard later went on to build a number of houses and a hall in Portsmouth, the hall is thought to have been at the current location of the Clarence Barracks (the area was previously known as Kingshall Green). In 1200 King John issued another charter to Portsmouth reaffirming the rights and privileges awarded by King Richard. King John's desire to invade Normandy resulted in the establishment of Portsmouth as a permanent naval base. In 1212 William of Wrotham (Archdeacon of Taunton, Keeper of the King's Ships) started constructing the first docks of Portsmouth. At about the same time Pierre des Roches (Bishop of Winchester) founded Domus Dei (Hospital of St Nicholas) which performed its duties as an almshouse and hospice until 1540 when like other religious buildings it was seized by King Henry VIII). During the thirteenth century Portsmouth was commonly used by King Henry III and Edward I as a base for attacks against France. By the fourteenth century commercial interests had grown considerably, despite rivalry with the dockyard of nearby Southampton. Common imports included wool, grain, wheat, woad, wax and iron, however the ports largest trade was in wine from Bayonne and Bordeaux.

War with France

In 1338 a French fleet led by Nicholas Behuchet arrived at Portsmouth docks flying English flags before anyone realised that they were a hostile force. The French burnt down most of the buildings in the town and many of the population were raped and slaughtered, only the local church and Domus Dei survived. As a result of this King Edward III gave the remaining townsfolk exemption from national taxes so that they could afford to rebuild the town. Only ten years after this devastation the town for the first time was struck by the plague known as the Black Death. In order to prevent the regrowth of Portsmouth as a threat the French again sacked the city in 1369, 1377 and 1380. King Henry V was the first king to decide to build permanent fortification in Portsmouth. In 1418 he ordered a wooden Round Tower be built at the mouth of the harbour, which was completed in 1426. However it wasn't until the Tudor dynasty that Portsmouth's defence was seriously dealt with. Under King Henry VIII the Round Tower was rebuilt out of stone and a Square Tower was raised. It was at this time that Robert Brygandine and Sir Reginald Bray, with the support of the king, commenced the building in Portsmouth of the country's first dry dock. In 1527 with some of the money obtained from the dissolution of the monasteries Henry VIII built the fort which became known as Southsea Castle. Over the years Portsmouth's fortification was increased by numerous monarchs including King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth I, although most of these have now fallen into disrepair or been converted into tourist attractions. On December 21, 1872 the Challenger expedition was launched from Portsmouth.

20th century

Challenger expedition.]] The city was bombed extensively during WW2, while most of the city has since been rebuilt developers still occasionally find unexploded bombs. In 2003, erection was started of a 170 metre high Spinnaker Tower sited at Portsmouth Harbour, and celebrating the city's maritime tradition. Completed in 2005, the tower has twin concrete legs meeting at half height to form a single column from which steel sails are mounted; an observation deck at the top provides a view of the city and harbour for tourists. In late 2004, Tricorn Centre, dubbed "The ugliest building in the UK" was finally demolished after years of delay and wrangling over the cost of doing so and the controversy as to whether it was worth preserving as an example of sixties Brutalist architecture.

Education

Higher and further education

The city has one university, the University of Portsmouth, but several local colleges also have the power to award HNDs. Local further education colleges include Highbury College, the largest, which specializes in vocational education, Portsmouth College, South Downs College and Havant College which all offer a mixture of academic and vocational courses.

Secondary education

Local secondary schools are Admiral Lord Nelson School, City of Portsmouth Girls' School, King Richard Secondary School, Mayfield School, Milton Cross School, Priory School, Springfield School, St Edmund's RC School, St Luke's CofE VA Secondary School and The City of Portsmouth Boys' School. Independent schools include Mayville High School, Portsmouth High School, St John's College and Portsmouth Grammar School. Both Admiral Lord Nelson School and Milton Cross School were built recently to meet the demand of a growing young population.

Government

The city is administered by the Portsmouth City Council, which is currently a unitary authority. Until April 1, 1997 it was a district of Hampshire. The legally defined borders of Hampshire, as used for local government purposes, were adjusted in 1997 by the "Hampshire (Cities of Portsmouth and Southampton) (Structural Change) Order 1995". However, for most purposes, such as postal addresses, the city is generally still regarded as being part of Hampshire.

Media

Portsmouth was one of the first cities in the UK to get a local TV station, MyTV (which later rebranded to PortsmouthTV) in 2001. The TV station has had some success but it limited availability in some parts of Portsmouth has limited its growth. The local radio station is [http://www.quayradio.com/ 107.4 The Quay]. Other regional stations that cover the central south coast include Ocean FM, on a broadcast frequency of 96.7 to 97.5FM, and BBC Radio Solent on 96.1FM. Before 107.4 The Quay, Radio Victory was the local station in Portsmouth. The city currently has only one major daily local newspaper known as [http://www.thenews.co.uk/ The News]. Johnston Press, owner of Portsmouth Publishing & Printing, the company producing The News, also produces a free weekly "local affairs" newspaper called The Journal.

Shopping

In the last decade the number of shops in Portsmouth has grown dramatically due to both the buoyancy of the local economy and improved transport links. Shopping areas in the city include:
- Ocean Retail Park is an out of town shopping area located on the north eastern side of Portsea Island off the A2030 leading to the A27. It is close to the site of the old Portsmouth Airport that closed in 1973. The retail park is composed of shops requiring large floor space for selling consumer goods (furniture, electrical goods, computers).
- [http://www.cascadesshopping.com/ Cascades Shopping Centre] an indoor shopping centre built in the early nineties with approximately 75 shops covering a wide range of goods.
- Commercial Road running alongside the Cascades shopping centre this area contains approximately a further 50 shops, located near Portsmouth & Southsea train station.
- Gunwharf Quays a new shopping area which opened in 2002 consists of 85 mainly upmarket fashion stores, restaurants and a Vue multi-screen cinema, located near Portsmouth Harbour train station and the Hard Bus Interchange, and a relatively short walk from Commercial Road.
- Bridge Centre a 11,043 square metre shopping centre built in 1988, now dominated by the newly built Asda Walmart store. Other shopping areas with more than twenty shops include North End, Fratton Road, Palmerston Road, Elm Grove and Albert Road.

Sport

The city is home to Portsmouth F.C., who play their home games at Fratton Park. The club are in the process of building a new stadium on the same site. Locks Sailing Club at Longshore way is the city's premier dinghy sailing club. Portsmouth Rugby Football Club play their home games in the London Division at Rugby Camp, Hilsea. The city's rowing club is located in Southsea at the Seafront near the Hovercraft Terminal.

Tourist Attractions

Most of Portsmouth's tourist attractions are related to its naval history. In the last decade Portsmouth's historic dockyard has been given a much needed face-lift. Among the attractions are the D-Day museum (which holds the Overlord embroidery), HMS Victory which has been restored in the Dockyard, the remains of the Mary Rose raised from the sea-bed in recent years and HMS Warrior. The much-troubled millennium project to build the Spinnaker Tower at Gunwharf Quays was finally completed in 2005. The tower is 165 m tall, features viewing decks at sea level, 100 m, 105 m, and 110 m. A high speed internal lift runs up one leg, and a panoramic external glass lift runs up the outside of the opposite leg. Other tourist attractions include the birthplace of Charles Dickens, Cumberland House (a natural history museum), and Southsea castle.

Transport and communications

The city has several mainline railway stations, on a direct route to London. Portsmouth's stations are (in order, out of the city): Portsmouth Harbour, Portsmouth & Southsea, Fratton, Hilsea and Cosham. Portsmouth Harbour has passenger ferry links to Gosport and the Isle of Wight. A car ferry service to the Isle of Wight operated by Wightlink is nearby. There is an ongoing debate on the development of public transport structure, with monorails and underground trains both being considered. There are plans for a rail-link to Gosport and the Port Solent residential & commercial complex. Existing stations are also due a face-lift. There are three road links to the mainland. These are the M275, A3 (London Road) and A2030 (Eastern Road). The telephone area code for Portsmouth is (023), and was previously (01705), and before that (0705).

Future developments


A2030 There is an ongoing debate on the development of public transport structure, with monorails and underground trains both being considered. A light rail link to Gosport has been authorised; presently there is a link via passenger ferry. The Portsmouth Harbour rail & ferry terminal is due a face-lift. Portsmouth's regeneration is being continued in the city centre with the demolition of the Tricorn Centre, a long abandoned shopping mall and car park, described as a "concrete monstrosity". Discussion is still ongoing as to what will be built in its place. The rebuilding of Fratton Park, home to Portsmouth Football Club is set to hold 35,000 fans. The stadium will be built to allow Portsmouth to compete successfully in the English Football's Premier League. Along with the stadium, 500 houses will be built in a development called Pompey Village. This is currently at a planning stage.

Lists

Chronology


- 1181 - Establishment of a church.
- 1194 - Portsmouth awarded its Royal Charter
- 1212 - Establishment of docks.
- 1212 - Domus Dei the first hospital of the city buit.
- 1256 - Portsmouth given permission to form a local guild of merchants.
- 1265 - Town sacked and burnt during the Second Barons' War.
- 1338 - French invaders burn down most of town.
- 1348 - Black Death strikes Portsmouth for the first time.
- 1426 - Portsmouth's first permanent defensive works (the Round Tower) completed.
- 1449 - Portsmouth placed under Greater Excommunication as a result of the murder of Adam Moleyns the Bishop of Chichester.
- 1495 - Britain's first dry dock built at Portsmouth.
- 1510 - Mary Rose built in Portsmouth dock yard.
- 1527 - Southsea castle built.
- 1561 - Britain's first state lottery funds further fortifications.
- 1563 - 300 locals die of the plague.
- 1625 - The Black Death strikes Portsmouth.
- 1729 - Establishment of the Royal Naval Academy.
- 1732 - Establishment of Portsmouth Grammar School.
- 1760 - The modern Landport Gate built.
- 1806 - Birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in Portsmouth.
- 1809 - The town of Southsea established.
- 1811 - Introduction of piped water into Portsmouth.
- 1812 - Birth of Charles Dickens in Portsmouth.
- 1834 - Portsmouth hit by Earthquake.
- 1835 - The Municipal Reform Act of 1835 abolishes Southampton jurisdiction of the port.
- 1861 - Clarence Pier built
- 1872 - Challenger expedition launched from Portsmouth
- 1890 - Portsmouth Town Hall built.
- 1898 - Portsmouth F.C., the city's principal football club was founded.
- 1931 - The population of Portsmouth peaks at quarter of a million people.
- 1932 - Portsmouth Airport opens.
- 1966 - Tricorn Centre opened.
- 1971 - Portsmouth Airport closes after a series of accidents.
- 1991 - Portsmouth Cathedral nave completed.
- 1994 - Portsmouth was the start and end point for a stage of the Tour de France.
- 2000 - Portsmouth suffers flooding due to failure of the emergency water drainage system during heavy rainfall.
- 2001 - MyTV (later renamed PortsmouthTV) launches.
- 2002 - Gunwharf Quays opened.
- 2003 - Spinnaker Tower construction begins.
- 2004 - Tricorn Centre demolished, with its last shops closed in 2002.
- 2005 - Spinnaker Tower opened on October 18.

Famous residents


- Admiral George Anson
- Sir Francis Austen (Brother of Jane Austen)
- Henry Ayres (former premier of Australia)
- Walter Besant was born in Portsmouth
- Roger Black (Olympic medalist) was born in Portsmouth
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth
- James Callaghan (former British prime minister) was born in Portsmouth
- Jeremiah Chubb
- Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth
- Arthur Conan Doyle
- Helen Duncan (last woman charged with witchcraft in the UK)
- Christopher Hitchens was born in Portsmouth
- Brian Howe (vocalist Bad Company) was born in Portsmouth
- Joe Jackson
- Paul Jones (vocalist Manfred Mann)
- Rudyard Kipling
- Peter Sellers was born in Portsmouth
- Alison Shaw (vocals, bass) and Jim Shaw (guitar) of the band Cranes
- Nevil Shute (also known as Nevil Shute Norway)

Population

Year Number of houses Population Source
1560 1000 (est) Portsmouth: a history by Patterson
1801 5310 32,160 1801 census
1811 6852 40,567 1811 census
1821 8627 45,048 1821 census
1831 9410 50,389 1831 census
1841 9886 53,032 1841 census
1851 12,825 72,096 1851 census
1861 15,819 94,799 1861 census
1871 19,013 112,954 1871 census
1881 22,701 127,989 1881 census
1891 29,353 159,251 1891 census
1901 36,368 188,133 1901 census
1911 231,165 1911 census
1921 247,343 1921 census
1931 249,300 1931 census
1951 233,545 1951 census
1961 68,618 215,077 1961 census
1971 197,431 1971 census
1981 175,382 1981 census
1991 177,142 1991 census
2001 186,700 (est) 2001 census (preliminary report)

See also


- HMNB Portsmouth
- Southsea
- El Ferrol Spanish Armada (1588)

External links


- [http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ Portsmouth City Council]
- [http://www.southsearowingclub.co.uk/ Southsea Rowing Club]
- [http://www.pompeyfc.co.uk/ Portsmouth Football Club]
- [http://www.portsmouth.cjb.net Newcomers Guide To Portsmouth]
- [http://www.geocities.com/portsmouthguide Portsmouth City Guide]
- [http://www.portsmouthrecordsoffice.co.uk/ Portsmouth Records Office]
- [http://www.vrportsmouth.co.uk/ Portsmouth Virtual Tour]
- [http://www.citygrowthportsmouth.co.uk/ City Growth Portsmouth]

History


- [http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/media/TimelineAW.pdf Timeline]
- http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stephen.pomeroy/local/local.htm
- http://www.portsdown.demon.co.uk/
- http://www.portsmouth.history.cwc.net/
- http://www.envf.port.ac.uk/geo/research/portsmouth/
- http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/

Media


- [http://www.quayradio.com/ 107.4 The Quay] (local radio station)
- [http://www.thenews.co.uk/ The News] (local newspaper)

Museums


- http://www.maryrose.org/
- http://www.flagship.org.uk/
- http://www.portsmouthnaturalhistory.co.uk/
- http://www.portsmouthcitymuseums.co.uk/
- http://www.southseacastle.co.uk/
- http://www.charlesdickensbirthplace.co.uk/
- http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/

Transport


- [http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/southeast/hampshire/information/information.php Portsmouth bus services]
- [http://www.wightlink.co.uk Portsmouth ferry services]

Webcams


- [http://62.49.203.250/harboureye/newsbrand.htm Overlooking harbour]
- [http://www.portsmouth-guide.co.uk/local/livepicture/collegeview.htm View from Portsmouth college]
- [http://www.testit.uk.com/campage.htm M275 Traffic Cam] Category:Cities in England Category:Coastal cities Category:Local government in Hampshire Category:Ports and harbours of England Category:Port cities Category:Unitary authorities in England ja:ポーツマス (ハンプシャー州) simple:Portsmouth

Port Chalmers

Port Chalmers is a town of 3,000 people located within the boundaries of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. Port Chalmers lies ten kilometres in