Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
John William Inchbold

John William Inchbold

John William Inchbold (August 29 1830–January 23 1888) was a Pre-Raphaelite painter born in Leeds Yorkshire. He was the son of a Yorkshire newspaper owner, Thomas Inchbold. Inchbold, John William Inchbold, John William Inchbold, John William Inchbold, John William

August 29

August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. It is also the 1st day of Thoth - which is the 1st day of the Egyptian Horoscope. Thoth is the Ibis-headed god of knowledge.

Events


- 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
- 1189- Ban Kulin wrote "The Charter of Kulin", which become a symbolic "birth certificate" of Bosnian statehood
- 1261 - Urban IV becomes Pope, the last man to do so without being a Cardinal first.
- 1475 - The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between France and England.
- 1484 - Pope Innocent VIII, a staunch supporter of the Spanish Inquisition, is elected Pope.
- 1521 - The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár, now known as Belgrade.
- 1526 - Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
- 1533 - Inca emperor Atahualpa is executed in Cajamarca by the garrote.
- 1541 - The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
- 1756 - Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years' War.
- 1786 - Shays' Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens.
- 1831 - Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
- 1842 - The Tokugawa shogunate orders the local daimyō to begin providing foreign ships with fresh water and supplies when requested. (Traditional Japanese date: July 24, 1842).
- 1862 - Battle of Aspromonte: Italian royal forces defeat rebels.
- 1871 - Emperor Meiji orders the Abolition of the han system and the establishment of prefectures as local centers of administration. (Traditional Japanese date: July 14, 1871).
- 1885 - Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle.
- 1895 - The formation of the Northern Rugby Union at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, England.
- 1896 - Chop suey is invented in New York City.
- 1898 - The Goodyear tire company is founded.
- 1907 - The Quebec Bridge collapses during construction, killing 75 workers.
- 1910 - Japan changes Korea's name to Chōsen and appoints a governor-general to rule its new colony.
- 1911 - Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with whites, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.
- 1922 - Turkish forces set fire to Smyrna, in Asia Minor.
- 1930 - The last 36 remaining inhabitants of St Kilda are voluntarily evacuated to Scotland.
- 1943 - German-occupied Denmark scuttles most of its navy; Germany dissolves Danish government.
- 1944 - Slovak National Uprising takes place as 60,000 Slovak troops turn against the Nazi rulers.
- 1949 - Soviet atomic bomb project: The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, known as First Lightning or Joe 1, at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.
- 1952 - Premiere of John Cage's 4'33" in Woodstock, New York.
- 1958 - United States Air Force Academy opens in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
- 1966 - Last Beatles concert, in San Francisco, California.
- 1966 - Execution of Sayyid Qutb, a leading theoretician of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.
- 1982 - The synthetic chemical element Meitnerium, atomic number 109, is first synthesized at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany.
- 1991 - Supreme Soviet suspends all activities of the Soviet Communist Party.
- 1995 - NATO launches Operation Deliberate Force against Bosnian Serb forces.
- 1996 - A Vnukovo Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 crashes into a mountain on the Arctic island of Spitsbergen, killing all 141 aboard.
- 1997 - At least 98 villagers are killed by the GIA in the Rais massacre, Algeria.
- 1997 - Serial killer Ángel Maturino Reséndiz bludgeons to death Christopher Maier of Lexington, Kentucky, USA, the first of nine victims.
- 2003 - Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, the Shia Muslim leader in Iraq, is assassinated in a terrorist bombing, along with nearly 100 worshippers as they leave a mosque in Najaf.
- 2005 - Hurricane Katrina devastates much of the U.S. Gulf Coast from Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle, killing more than 1350 and costing over 100 billion dollars in damage.

Births


- 1619 - Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French minister of finance (d. 1683)
- 1628 - John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English royalist statesman (d. 1701)
- 1632 - John Locke, English philosopher (d. 1704)
- 1725 - Charles Townshend, English politician (d. 1767)
- 1756 - Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde, Austrian field marshal and statesman (d. 1845)
- 1780 - Jean Ingres, French painter (d. 1867)
- 1805 - Frederick Maurice, English theologian (d. 1872)
- 1809 - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
- 1810 - Juan Bautista Alberdi, founding father of the Argentine Republic (d. 1884)
- 1843 - David B. Hill, Governor of New York (d. 1910)
- 1844 - Edward Carpenter, English Socialist poet (d. 1929
- 1862 - Andrew Fisher, fifth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
- 1862 - Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
- 1871 - Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
- 1876 - Charles F. Kettering, American inventor (d. 1958)
- 1898 - Preston Sturges, American screenwriter (d. 1959)
- 1904 - Werner Forssmann, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1979)
- 1905 - Dhyan Chand, Indian hockey player (d. 1979)
- 1915 - Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)
- 1916 - George Montgomery, American actor (d. 2000)
- 1917 - Isabel Sanford, American actress (d. 2004)
- 1920 - Charlie Parker, American jazz saxophonist and composer (d. 1955)
- 1923 - The Lord Attenborough, English film director
- 1924 - Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005)
- 1924 - Dinah Washington, American singer (d. 1963)
- 1933 - Arnold Koller, Swiss Federal Councilor
- 1936 - John McCain, American politician
- 1937 - James Florio, Governor of New Jersey
- 1938 - Elliott Gould, American actor
- 1938 - Robert Rubin, United States Secretary of the Treasury
- 1939 - William Friedkin, American film director
- 1939 - Joel Schumacher, American film director
- 1940 - Gary Gabelich, race car driver and land world speed record holder
- 1941 - Robin Leach, English television host
- 1946 - Bob Beamon, American jumper
- 1958 - Michael Jackson, American singer and songwriter
- 1959 - Ernesto Rodrigues, Portuguese composer
- 1959 - Timothy Perry Shriver, American chairman of the Special Olympics
- 1961 - Carsten Fischer, German field hockey player
- 1962 - Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
- 1963 - Elizabeth Fraser, English singer (Cocteau Twins)
- 1969 - Me'Shell NdegéOcello, American singer
- 1969 - Joe Swail, Irish snooker player
- 1970 - Jacco Eltingh, Dutch tennis player
- 1971 - Carla Gugino, American actress
- 1978 - Larry Ganzman, Ukrainian emigrant
- 1980 - David Desrosiers, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
- 1981 - Lanny Barbie, Canadian porn star and Penthouse magazine's Pet of the Month for June, 2003

Deaths


- 886 - Basil I, Byzantine Emperor (b. 811)
- 1093 - Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1057)
- 1395 - Duke Albert III of Austria (b. 1349)
- 1435 - Isabeau de Bavière, queen of Charles VI of France (b. 1371)
- 1442 - John VI, Duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
- 1526 - King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (killed in battle) (b. 1506)
- 1533 - Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru
- 1657 - John Lilburne, English dissenter
- 1712 - Gregory King, English statistician (b. 1648)
- 1769 - Edmund Hoyle, English author and teacher (b. 1672)
- 1780 - Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (b. 1713)
- 1799 - Pope Pius VI (b. 1717)
- 1877 - Brigham Young, American religious leader and western settler (b. 1801)
- 1904 - Murad V, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1840)
- 1930 - William Archibald Spooner, English writer (b. 1844)
- 1935 - Queen Astrid of Belgium (b. 1905)
- 1947 - Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1917)
- 1966 - Sayyid Qutb, Egyptian theoretician (b. 1906)
- 1968 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (b. 1881)
- 1972 - Lale Andersen, German singer (b. 1905)
- 1975 - Eamon de Valera, first Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (b. 1882)
- 1981 - Lowell Thomas, American writer and broadcaster (b. 1892)
- 1982 - Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (b. 1915)
- 1987 - Lee Marvin, American actor (b. 1924) 1988 Alastair Leslie-Dakers
- 1989 - Peter Scott, English explorer, naturalist, and painter (b. 1909)
- 2003 - Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, Iraqi political leader (b.1939)
- 2004 - Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (b. 1942)

Holidays and observances


- Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholic Church commemorate the beheading of John the Baptist with a feast day
- Slovakia - Slovak National Uprising Day (1944, against the Nazi's)

Fictional


- The day the running stopped for fugitive Richard Kimble - 29 August 1967.
- Judgment Day in the movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day - 29 August 1997.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/29 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 28 - August 30 - July 29 - September 29 – listing of all days ko:8월 29일 ms:29 Ogos ja:8月29日 simple:August 29 th:29 สิงหาคม

1830

1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events


- February 3 - The previously autonomous state of Greece gains full independence from the Ottoman Empire as the final result of the Greek War of Independence. Negotiations for the borders between the two states continue until 1832, under the supervision of Russia, France and Britain.
- March 26 - Joseph Smith publishes the Book of Mormon
- April 6 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is organized.
- May 13 - Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.
- May 28 - US congress passes the Indian Removal Act
- June 24 - Last person put on pillory in England - Peter Bossey, in addition to 6 months in prison and seven years of penal transportation to Australia
- June 26 - William IV succeeds George IV as King of the UK.
- July 5 - France invades Algeria.
- July 17 - France grants Barthélemy Thimonnier a patent (#7454) for a sewing machine. It chain stitches at 200/minute.
- July 18 - Uruguay adopts its first constitution.
- July 20 - Greece grants citizenship to Jews.
- July 25 - Rioting breaks out in Paris against Charles X
- July 27-29 - "Three Glorious Days" - people in Paris rebel against the Ordinance of St. Cloud by king Charles X of France and clash against the National Guard - 1800 rioters and 300 soldiers dead. King has to flee the capital. The July Revolution begins in France.
- August 2 - Abdication of King Charles X of France in favor of his grandson, Henry V, who is not allowed to take the throne.
- August 9 - The Duke of Orleans becomes King of the French as Louis Philippe.
- August 13 - Louis Philippe appoints the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.
- August 25 - Beginning of the Belgian revolution.
- August 31 - Edwin Beard Budding is granted a patent for the invention of lawnmower.
- September 15 - Liverpool-Manchester railway opened
- October 4 - The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium, in revolt against the government of the Netherlands.
- November 2 - Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France
- November 8 - Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies
- November 22 - The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- November 29 - Beginning of a major Polish insurrection in Warsaw against Russian rule.
- December 20 - Recognition of the Independence of Belgium by the Great Powers.
- First long-distance (Manchester–Liverpool) railway begins operation.

Births


- February 3 - Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (d. 1903)
- February 9 - Abd al-Aziz, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1876)
- March 15 - Paul von Heyse, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)
- August 18 - Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (d. 1916)
- September 2 - William P. Frye, American politician (d. 1911)
- September 8 - Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)
- December 10 - Emily Dickinson, American poet (d. 1886)

Month/day unknown


- Mary Hunt, American temperance movement leader (d. 1906)
- Harriet (Galápagos tortoise), the world's oldest known living animal alive today, and purported inspiration for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
- Winter of the Deep Snow (1830-1831) in Illinois.

Deaths


- January 7 - Thomas Lawrence, English painter (b. 1769)
- March 17 - Laurent, Marquis de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, French marshal (b. 1764)
- June 4 - Antonio José de Sucre, Venezuelan revolutionary leader and statesman (b. 1795)
- June 26 - King George IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1762)
- September 18 - William Hazlitt, British essayist (b. 1778)
- November 8 - King Francis I of the Two Sicilies (b. 1777)
- December 1 - Pope Pius VIII (b. 1761)
- December 8 - Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (b. 1767)
- December 17 - Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan revolutionary leader and statesman (b. 1783) Category:1830 ko:1830년 ms:1830 simple:1830 th:พ.ศ. 2373

1888

1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). In Germany, 1888 is known as the 1888 Year of Three Emperors.

Events


- January 3 - 91cm telescope first used at Lick Observatory
- January 12 - Blizzards in Dakota and Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas - 235 dead, many of which were children on their way home from school
- January 24 - Jacob L. Wortman patents the typewriter ribbon.
- January 26 - Australia celebrates the first centennary of European settlement.
- January 27 - In Washington, DC the National Geographic Society is founded.
- March 11 - The "Great Blizzard of '88" begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.
- March 22 - The Football League is formed
- April 11 - The Concertgebouw in Amsterdam is inaugurated.
- May 13 - Brazil abolishes slavery.
- May 28 - Celtic played their first official match against Rangers and won 5-2
- June 3 - "Kingdom of Sedang" formed in modern-day Vietnam
- June 19 - In Chicago, Illinois, Republican Convention opens at Auditorium Building. General Benjamin Harrison & Levi Morton will win the nominations.
- July 27 - British parliament passes an act that permits bicycles on road on condition that they are equipped with a bell that should be rung while on the carriageway. The law is abolished 1930
- August 7 - The body of Martha Tabram was found, a possible murder victim of Jack the Ripper
- August 31 - Mary Ann Nichols is murdered. She is perhaps the first of Jack the Ripper's victims.
- September 4 - George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film.
- September 6 - Charles Turner becomes the first bowler to take 250 wickets in an English season - a feat since accomplished only by Tom Richardson (twice), J.T. Hearne, Wilfred Rhodes (twice) and Tich Freeman (six times).
- September 8 - In London, the body of Annie Chapman is found. She is generally considered the second victim of Jack the Ripper.
- September 8 - In England the first 6 Football League matches ever were played.
- September 30 - In London, the bodies of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victim respectively.
- October 9 - The Washington Monument officially opens to the general public.
- November 6 - U.S. presidential election, 1888: Democrat incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the overall popular vote, but is voted out of office because he loses in the Electoral College to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison.
- November 9 - In London the body of Mary Jane Kelly is found. She is typically considered the fifth and last of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders actually follow, but police attribute them to copycat killers.
- Gramophone patented by Emile Berliner
- Annie Besant organizes a match girl strike
- John Robert Gregg first published Gregg Shorthand
- Slavery abolished in Brazil
- Sarawak and Borneo become British protectorates
- Susan B. Anthony organizes a congress for women's rights in Washington DC
- National library in Athens, Greece
- First railways in China
- Kodak camera increases the popularity of photography as a hobby.
- The first recorded film, Roundhay Garden Scene, is made in Roundhay in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The film is two seconds (4 frames) in length.
- First sightings of the dolphin Pelorus Jack in Cook Strait, New Zealand

Births

January-March


- January 1 - Victor Goldschmidt, Swiss geochemist (d. 1947)
- January 8 - Matt Moore, Irish-born actor (d. 1960)
- January 24 - Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960)
  - Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958)
- February 2 - Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)
- February 17 - Otto Stern, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969)
- February 19 - José Eustasio Rivera, Colombian writer (d. 1928)
- February 20 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (d. 1948)
- February 25 - John Foster Dulles, United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)
- February 27 - Lotte Lehmann, German singer (d. 1976)
- March 1 - Ewart Astill, English cricketer (Leicestershire) (d. 1948)
- March 4 - Knute Rockne, American football player and coach (d. 1931)
- March 10 - Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (d. 1966)
- March 12 - Vaslav Nijinsky, Ukrainian ballet dancer (d. 1950)
- March 17 - Frank Buck, big game hunter (d. 1950)
- March 26 - Elsa Brändström, Russian nurse (d. 1948)

April-June


- April 4 - Tris Speaker, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1958)
- April 6 - Hans Richter, German filmmaker (d. 1976)
- April 18 - Duffy Lewis, Major League Baseball player (d. 1979)
- April 26 - Anita Loos, American writer (d. 1981)
- April 27 - Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (d. 1917)
- May 10 - Karl Barth, Protestant theologian (d. 1968)
  - Max Steiner, Austrian-American composer (d. 1971)
- May 11 - Irving Berlin, American composer (d. 1989)
- May 17 - Tich Freeman, English cricketer (d. 1965)
- May 23 - Zack Wheat, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1972)
- May 25 - Miles Malleson, English actor (d. 1969)
- May 27 - Louis Durey, French composer (d. 1979)
- June 3 - Tom Brown, American jazz musician (d. 1958)
- June 6 - Pete Wendling, American composer, pianist, and piano roll recording artist (d. 1974)
- June 9 - Ida Rentoul Outhwaite, Australian illustrator (d. 1960)
- June 13 - Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese writer (d. 1935)
- June 24 - Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch architect (d. 1964)

July-October


- July 5 - Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
- July 10 - Giorgio Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)
- July 16 - Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)
- July 17 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- July 22 - Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)
- July 23 - Raymond Chandler, American novelist (d. 1959)
- August 14 - John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor (d. 1946)
- August 16 - Armand J. Piron, American jazz musician (d. 1943)
- September 5 - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, President of India (d. 1975)
- September 6 - Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., American politician (d. 1969)
- September 12 - Maurice Chevalier, French singer and actor (d. 1972)
- September 16 - Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finnish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
- September 26 - J. Frank Dobie, American folklorist and journalist (d. 1964)
- September 26 - T. S. Eliot, American-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
- October 6 - Roland Garros, French pilot (d. 1918)
- October 7 - Henry A. Wallace, Vice President of the United States (d. 1965)
- October 8 - Ernst Kretschmer, German psychiatrist (d. 1964)
- October 9 - Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Russian politician (d. 1938)
- October 16 - Eugene O'Neill, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
- October 16 - Paul Popenoe, American eugenicist (d. 1979)

November-December


- November 7 - Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Indian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980)
- November 15 - Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian scientist (d. 1957)
- November 23 - Harpo Marx, American comedian (d. 1964)
- November 26 - Francisco Canaro, Uruguayan-born violinist and composer (d. 1964)
- November 30 - Ralph Hartley, American electronics researcher and inventor (d. 1970)
- December 4 - King Alexander of Yugoslavia (d. 1934)
- December 19 - Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
- December 28 - F.W. Murnau, German film director (d. 1931)

Deaths


- January 19 - Anton de Bary, German biologist (b. 1831)
- January 29 - Edward Lear, British artist and writer (b. 1812)
- February 3 - Henry Maine, British jurist (b. 1822)
- March 6 - Louisa May Alcott, American novelist (b. 1832)
- March 9 - German Emperor Wilhelm I (b. 1797)
- March 12 - Henry Bergh, founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (b. 1811)
- April 15 - Matthew Arnold, English poet (b. 1822)
- April 15 - Father Damien, Belgian priest (b. 1811)
- June 15 - German Emperor Friedrich III (b. 1840)
- July 20 - Paul Langerhans, German pathologist and biologist (b. 1847)
- August 9 - Charles Cros, French poet (b. 1831)
- August 23 - Philip Henry Gosse, British scientist (b. 1810)
- August 24 - Rudolf Clausius, German physicist, contributions to thermodynamics (b. 1822)
- October 16 - John Wentworth, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)
- December 31 - Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (b. 1808)

Marriages


- January 1 - Elias Disney & Flora Disney
- April 11 - Henry Ford & Clara Jane Bryant
- May 2 - Josephus Daniels & Addie Worth Bagley
- September 5 - Billy Sunday & Helen Amelia Thompson
- September 11 - Robert Homans & Agnes Mary Josephine Mellon
- November 29 - Axel Blixen-Finecke & Bertha Henriette Marie Castenschiold
- December 20 - Charles Urban & Julia Avery Category:1888 ko:1888년 ms:1888 simple:1888 th:พ.ศ. 2431

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on academic teaching of art. Hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite". In particular they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts. They called him 'Sir Sloshua', believing that his sloppy technique was a formulaic and clichéd form of academic Mannerism. In contrast they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art. The Pre-Raphaelites have been considered the first avant-garde movement in art, though they have also been denied that status, because they continued to accept both the concepts of history painting and of 'mimesis', or imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. However, the Pre-Raphaelites undoubtedly defined themselves as a reform movement, created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The Germ, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the "Pre-Raphaelite Journal".

Beginnings of the Brotherhood

The Germ The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded in John Millais' parents' house on Gower Street, London in 1848. At the initial meeting John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt were present. Hunt and Millais were students at the Royal Academy of Arts. They had previously met in another loose association, a sketching society called the Cyclographic club. Rossetti was a pupil of Ford Madox Brown. He had met Hunt after seeing Hunt's painting "The Eve of St Agnes", based on Keats' poem. As an aspiring poet, Rossetti wished to develop the links between Romantic poetry and art. By autumn four more members had also joined to form a seven-strong Brotherhood. These were William Michael Rossetti (Dante Gabriel Rossetti's brother), Thomas Woolner, James Collinson and Frederic George Stephens. Ford Madox Brown was invited to join, but preferred to remain independent. He nevertheless remained close to the group. Some other young painters and sculptors were also close associates, including Charles Alston Collins, Thomas Tupper and Alexander Munro. They kept the existence of the Brotherhood secret from members of the Royal Academy.

Early doctrines

The Brotherhood's early doctrines were expressed in four declarations: # To have genuine ideas to express; # To study Nature attentively, so as to know how to express them; # To sympathise with what is direct and serious and heartfelt in previous art, to the exclusion of what is conventional and self-parading and learned by rote; # And, most indispensable of all, to produce thoroughly good pictures and statues. These principles are deliberately undogmatic, since the Brotherhood wished to emphasise the personal responsibility of individual artists to determine their own ideas and method of depiction. Influenced by Romanticism, they thought that freedom and responsibility were inseparable. Nevertheless, they were particularly fascinated by Medieval culture, believing it to possess a spiritual and creative integrity lost in later eras. This emphasis on medieval culture was to clash with the realism promoted by the stress on independent observation of nature. In its early stages the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood believed that the two interests were consistent with one another, but in later years the movement divided in two directions. The realist side was led by Hunt and Millais, while the medievalist side was led by Rossetti and his followers, Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. This split was never absolute, since both factions believed that art was essentially spiritual in character, opposing their idealism to the materialist realism associated with Courbet and Impressionism. In their attempts to revive the brilliance of colour found in Quattrocento art, Hunt and Millais developed a technique of painting in thin glazes of pigment over a wet white ground. In this way they hoped that their colours would retain jewel-like transparency and clarity. This emphasis of brilliance of colour was in reaction to the excessive use of bitumen by earlier British artists such as Reynolds, David Wilkie and Benjamin Robert Haydon. Bitumen produces unstable areas of muddy darkness, an effect which the Pre-Raphaelies despised.

Public controversies

The first exhibition of Pre-Raphaelite work came in 1849. Both Millais' "Isabella" (1848–1849) and Holman Hunt's "Rienzi" (1848–1849) were exhibited at the Royal Academy and Rossetti’s "Girlhood of Mary Virgin" was shown at the Free Exhibition on Hyde Park Corner. As agreed all members of the Brotherhood signed works with their name and "PRB". Between January and April 1850 the group published a literary magazine called The Germ. William Rossetti edited the magazine, which published poetry by the Rossettis, Woolner and Collinson, together with essays on art and literature by associates of the Brotherhood, such as Coventry Patmore. As the short runtime implies, the magazine did not manage to achieve a sustained momentum. (Daly 1989) Coventry Patmore In 1850 the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood became controversial after the exhibition of Millais's painting "Christ in the House of His Parents", considered to be blasphemous by many reviewers, notably Charles Dickens. Their medievalism was attacked as backward-looking and their extreme devotion to detail was condemned as ugly and jarring to the eye. According to Dickens, Millais made the Holy Family look like alcoholics and slum-dwellers, adopting contorted and absurd 'medieval' poses. A rival group of older artists, The Clique, also used their influence against the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Their principles were publicly attacked by the President of the Academy, Sir Charles Lock Eastlake. However, the Brotherhood found support from the critic John Ruskin, who praised their devotion to nature and rejection of conventional methods of composition. He continued to support their work both financially and in his writings. Following the controversy, Collinson left the Brotherhood. They met to discuss whether he should be replaced by Charles Alston Collins or Walter Howell Deverell, but were unable to make a decision. From that point on the group disbanded, though their influence continued to be felt. Artists who had worked in the style still followed these techniques (initially anyway) but they no longer signed works "PRB".

Later developments and influence

Walter Howell Deverell Artists who were influenced by the Brotherhood include John Brett, Philip Calderon, Arthur Hughes, Evelyn de Morgan and Frederic Sandys. Ford Madox Brown, who was associated with them from the beginning, is often seen as most closely adopting the Pre-Raphaelite principles. After 1856, Rossetti became an inspiration for the medievalising strand of the movement. His work influenced his friend William Morris, in whose firm Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. he became a partner, and with whose wife Jane he may have had an affair. Ford Madox Brown and Edward Burne-Jones also became partners in the firm. Through Morris's company the ideals of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood influenced many interior designers and architects, arousing interest in medieval designs, as well as other crafts. This led directly to the Arts and Crafts movement headed by William Morris. Holman Hunt was also involved with this movement to reform design through the Della Robbia Pottery company. After 1850, both Hunt and Millais moved away from direct imitation of medieval art. Both stressed the realist and scientific aspects of the movement, though Hunt continued to emphasise the spiritual significance of art, seeking to reconcile religion and science by making accurate observations and studies of locations in Egypt and Israel for his paintings on biblical subjects. In contrast, Millais abandoned Pre-Raphaelitism after 1860, adopting a much broader and looser style influenced by Reynolds. William Morris and others condemned this reversal of principles. The movement influenced the work of many later British artists well into the twentieth century. Rossetti later came to be seen as a precursor of the wider European Symbolist movement. The Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery has a world-renowned collection of works by Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelites, seeing these works strongly influenced the young J.R.R. Tolkien while he was growing up in the city. In the twentieth century artistic ideals changed and art moved away from representing reality. Since the Pre-Raphaelites were fixed on portraying things with near-photographic precision, though with a distinctive attention to detailed surface-patterns, their work was devalued by many critics. Since the 1970s there has been a resurgence in interest in the movement.

List of artists

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood


- James Collinson (painter)
- William Holman Hunt (painter)
- John Everett Millais (painter)
- Dante Gabriel Rossetti (painter, poet)
- William Michael Rossetti (critic)
- Frederic George Stephens (critic)
- Thomas Woolner (sculptor, poet)

Associated Artists and Figures


- Ford Madox Brown (painter, designer)
- Edward Burne-Jones (painter, designer)
- Thomas Cooper Gotch (painter)
- Arthur Hughes (painter)
- Jane Morris (artist's model)
- May Morris (embroideress and designer)
- Christina Rossetti (poet)
- Elizabeth Siddal (painter, poet and artist's model)
- Algernon Swinburne (poet)
- John William Waterhouse (painter)
- William Morris (designer, architect)

Collections

There are major collections of Pre-Raphaelite work in the Tate Gallery, Manchester Art Gallery, Lady Lever Art Gallery on Merseyside and Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.

See also


- British art
- Early Renaissance painting
- English school of painting
- Middle Ages in history

References


- Daly, Gay (1989). Pre-Raphaelites in love, Ticknor & Fields, New York. ISBN 0899194508
- Gaunt, William. Pre-Raphaelite Tragedy ISBN 0351164189
- Hawksley, Lucinda. (1999) Essential Pre-Raphaelites Paragon, United Kingdom. ISBN 1-84084-524-4

External links


- [http://www.dlc.fi/~hurmari/preraph.htm Collection of links]
- [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/pre-Raphaelites/index.asp Liverpool Walker Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite collection]
- [http://www.angelfire.com/wy2/preraph/page2.html Pre-Raphaelite People and Principles] Category:Visual arts in the United Kingdom

Yorkshire

:This article is about the English county. For other uses, see Yorkshire (disambiguation). Yorkshire (disambiguation) Yorkshire (disambiguation) Yorkshire is the largest traditional county of England, covering some 6,000 sq. miles (15,000 km²) with a population of some five million. It is traditionally divided into West, North and East Ridings (from Old Norse þriðing, "third part", a legacy of the area's ninth century Scandinavian settlers). The county town, York, is not part of any riding. The emblem of Yorkshire is the White Rose of the House of York, and there is a Yorkshire Day celebrated on August 1. Amongst the celebrations there is a Civic gathering of Lord Mayors, Mayors and other Civic Heads from across the county and convened by the Yorkshire Society, in 2004 it was held in Leeds and in 2005 it was held in Bradford. The people of Penistone will be hosting the Civic gathering in 2006. There is also an "anthem" for the county in the form of the folk song "On Ilkla Moor Baht'at" (on Ilkley Moor without a Hat). The Yorkshire dialect is colloquially known as "Tyke", and this is also the "affectionate" (!) term for a Yorkshireman, though the term is not universally used by all Yorkshiremen and is virtually non-existent on the North Riding coastline. The social stereotype of a Yorkshireman has a tendency to include such accessories as a flat cap and a whippet. Among Yorkshire's unique traditions is the Long Sword dance, a traditional dance not found elsewhere in England. More recently, Yorkshire has been home to its own genre of techno music, Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass.

History

:Main article History of Yorkshire The Ridings were divided further into wapentakes. In about 1823 these were North Riding
- Allertonshire
- Birdforth
- Bulmer
- Gilling East and West
- Halikeld
- Hang East and West
- Langbaurgh East and West
- Pickering Lythe
- Ryedale
- Whitby Strand East Riding
- Buckrose
- Dickering
- Harthill - Bainton beacon, Holme beacon, Hunsley beacon and Wilton beacon
- Holderness South Middle and North
- Howdenshire
- Ouse and Derwent West Riding
- Agbrigg and Morley (Agbrigg and Morley divisions)
- Barkston Ash
- Ewcross
- Claro Lower and Upper
- Morley
- Osgoldcross
- Skyrack Lower and Upper
- Staincliffe East and West
- Staincross
- Strafforth and Tickhill Lower and Upper Apart from these there were the Ainsty wapentake, the City of York (not part of any riding), and Hullshire (geographically in the East Riding though not part of it). The Ridings were used as the basis of administrative counties upon the introduction of local government, in 1888, although many boroughs within the area were made county boroughs in their own right. In 1974 the local government system was reformed, with the bulk of the area being split between:
- North Yorkshire (including Yorkshire's county town of York — although the county town of North Yorkshire is Northallerton)
- South Yorkshire
- West Yorkshire
- Humberside (including parts of Lincolnshire)
- Cleveland (including parts of County Durham) South and West Yorkshire are termed metropolitan counties, as they cover mostly built-up areas. Additionally, small portions were ceded to the control of Cumbria (Sedbergh Rural District), Lancashire (Bowland Rural District, Barnoldswick, Earlby, and part of Skipton Rural District), County Durham (Startforth Rural District) and Greater Manchester (Saddleworth]]). In 1986 the county councils of West and South Yorkshire were abolished, and in 1996 Cleveland and Humberside were broken up into districts, which became independent administrative counties (unitary authority areas) in their own right, as did an expanded City of York. The bulk of the Yorkshire part of Humberside became known as the East Riding of Yorkshire, with Kingston upon Hull being independent. For ceremonial purposes the districts previously covered by Cleveland now fall in the ceremonial counties of North Yorkshire and County Durham, and the districts previously covered by Humberside now fall in the ceremonial counties of East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Much of Yorkshire is now represented by the region of Yorkshire and the Humber.

Villages, towns and cities in Yorkshire

See the list of places in Yorkshire.

Local government areas in ceremonial Yorkshire


- East Riding of Yorkshire
- Kingston upon Hull
- Middlesbrough
- North Yorkshire
  - Craven
  - Hambleton
  - Harrogate
  - Richmondshire
  - Ryedale
  - Scarborough
  - Selby
- Redcar and Cleveland
- Stockton-on-Tees south of the river
- South Yorkshire
  - Barnsley
  - Doncaster
  - Rotherham
  - Sheffield
- West Yorkshire
  - Bradford
  - Calderdale
  - Kirklees
  - Leeds
  - Wakefield
- York

See also


- Yorkshire County Cricket Club
- Yorkshire Pudding
- Yorkshire Wolds
- Yorkshire Dales
- North Yorkshire Moors
- Famous Yorkshire people
- Yorkshire Society
- Jorvik
- Kings of Jorvik
- Earl of York
- Duke of York
- Yorkshire Regiment

External links


- [http://www.britannia.com/history/yorkshire/ The History of Yorkshire]
- [http://www.yorkshire-dialect.org/ Samples of Yorkshire Dialect]
- [http://flagspot.net/flags/gb-en-ys.html Yorkshire flags]
- [http://www.book-lover.com/yorkshire/images/yorkshire.html Yorkshire Images] - a gallery of drawings depicting Yorkshire as it was in the 1800s.

Newspaper

A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605. The newspaper industry survived competition from 20th-century technologies, especially radio and television, but 21st-century developments on the Internet are posing major threats. General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news. Those can include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; use editorial cartoonists, usually to illustrate writing that is opinion, rather than news; and also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes. horoscope, South Carolina, United States]]

Overview

A daily newspaper is issued every day, often with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday, and where they exist Sunday, editions of daily newspapers tend to be large, include more specialized sections, and cost more. Weekly newspapers are also common and tend to be smaller and less prestigious than daily papers. However, those Sunday newspapers that do not have weekday editions are not considered to be weekly newspapers, and are generally equivalent in size and prestige to daily newspapers. Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the United States and Canada, there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions of USA Today in the United States and The Globe and Mail and The National Post in Canada. Large metropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Toronto Star can fill the role of de facto national newspapers. The owner of the newspaper, or person in charge, is the publisher. The person responsible for content is the editor, editor in chief, or executive editor. Newspapers have been developed around very narrow topic areas, such as news for merchants in a specific industry, fans of particular sports, fans of the arts or of specific artists, and participants in the same sorts of activities or lifestyles.

History

According to the World Association of Newspapers: 59 BC: Regular publications have been created and distributed by governments for millennia, including Acta Diurna, a listing of events ordered by Julius Caesar in ancient Rome. A.D. 713: The first newspaper, Mixed News in Kaiyuan, was published as a hand-written newssheet in Beijing, China. Kaiyuan was the name given to the year in which the paper was published. 1605: Johann Carolus published the first printed newspaper Relation aller fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Collection of all distinguished and commemorable news) in Strasbourg, now in France but at the time an independent city within the (mostly) German-speaking Holy Roman Empire. In the same year Abraham Verhoeven of Antwerp (Low Countries/Belgium) publishes Nieuwe Tydingen (source : Encyclopaedia Britannica).The continuous publication of the Nieuwe Tijdingen indicates that the demand for newspapers soon became well-established. 1621: The first English-language private newspaper, The Corante, was first published, in London. 1631: La Gazette, the first French newspaper, was founded. 1632: Courante uyt Italien ende Duytschlandt, the first Dutch newspaper, was founded. 1645: the oldest newspaper still in circulation, Post-och Inrikes Tidningar of Sweden, began publishing. 1650: The world's first daily printed newspaper, Einkommende Zeitungen (Incoming news) founded in Leipzig, Germany. 1665: The oldest surviving English newspaper, The London Gazette begins publication. 1666: The first Danish newspaper, Den Danske Mercurius is published in Ribe by Anders Bording. 1690: Worcester Post-Man founded, which became Berrow's Worcester Journal in 1753, The Worcester Post-Man/Berrow's Worcester Journal is the world's oldest surviving unofficial newspaper. Also, Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick in Boston became the first newspaper published in British North America. It was suppressed after one issue. 1701: (September 6) Estimated first issue of the Norwich Post in England, which was probably the first provincial newspaper. 1702: The first English daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was founded by Samuel Buckley on 11 March. (Publication ceased in 1735). 1728: St. Petersburg Vedomosti, the oldest Russian newspaper still in circulation, is founded in Saint Petersburg. 1749: Berlingske Tidende, the first surviving Danish newspaper, is founded by E.H Berling. 1763: Norske Intelligenz-Sedler, Norway's first newspaper, was published. 1780: The Bengal Gazette, India's first newspaper, was founded. 1785: The Daily Universal Register was founded by John Walters. It became The Times on January 1, 1788. 1803: Just 15 years after the first British penal colony was established, Australia's military government published the Sydney Gazette and the New South Wales Advertiser, Australia's first newspapers. 1821: The Guardian was founded. 1827: El Mercurio, the oldest continually-published Spanish language newspaper, was founded in the port city of Valparaíso, Chile. 1833: (September 3) The New York Sun, the first truly successful penny press in the United States, was first published by Benjamin H. Day. By 1936, the paper was the largest seller in the country, with a circulation of over 30,000 copies. 1851 The New York Times was first published. 1871: Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun (Yokohama Daily News) is launched as the first daily newspaper in Japan. Today, on a per-capita basis, Japan ranks first in the world in circulation of newspapers. 1884: Otto Merganthaler invented the Linotype machine, which casts type in full lines using hot lead, a quantum leap in newspaper publishing, and ushering in the era of "hot lead." The systems remained in general production in the industry well into the 1980s, when computerized pagination became prominent. 1962: The Los Angeles Times drives Linotype hot metal typesetters with perforated tape created from RCA computers speeding up the typesetting. The key was development of a dictionary and method to automate the hyphenation and justification of text in columns (tasks that had taken 40 percent of a manual operator's time). 1973: Harris introduced editing terminals, which were quickly followed by terminals from Raytheon, Atex, Digital Equipment Corporation and others. The output was strips of type on film from phototypesetters ("cold type" replacing the "hot type" of Linotype machines)). Atex worked with the Minneapolis Star to develop the first pagination system that allowed the creation and output of full editorial pages, eliminating the need for manual paste-up of strips of film. The Atex system featured "Atex Messaging" which is widely believed to be the forerunner of both e-mail and instant messenger applications.

Format

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:
- Broadsheets: 600mm by 380mm (23½ by 15 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards 'compact' newspapers is changing this.
- Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380mm by 300mm (15 by 11¾ inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets.
- Berliner or Midi: 470mm by 315mm (18½ by 12¼ inches) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy or, from 12 September 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspaper to make publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design. To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is printed on pink paper, while L'Équipe (formerly L'Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey, while the Tour de France leader wears a yellow jersey, or maillot jaune.

Circulation and readership

The number of copies distributed on an average day is called the newspaper's circulation, and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not the same as copies sold since some newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the common assumption that a typical copy of the newspaper is read by more than one person. maillot jaune, February 2005]] According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers - the Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun - with circulations well above 4 million. Germany's Bild, with a circulation of 4.5 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom The Sun is the top seller, with around 3.2 million copies distributed daily (late-2004). In India, The Times of India is the largest English newspaper with 2.14 million copies daily. In the United States and the United Kingdom at least, overall newspaper circulation has been declining for many years, although some individual titles have thrived. USA Today has a daily circulation of approximately 2 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country. However, the validity of USA Todays circulation figures are disputed by some in the newspaper community. This is because of the newspaper's contracts with hotels; many of its papers are delivered to hotel guests who do not realise they are being charged for it. (However, this technique of increasing circulation, sometimes known as bulk sales, is not unique to USA Today.) In 2004, several large U.S. newspapers were found to have overstated their circulation.

Advertising

Most newspapers make nearly all their money from advertising. The income from the customer's payment at the news-stand is small in comparison. For that reason newspapers are not expensive to buy, and some (such as AM New York) are free. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper expresses its opinions. Publishers of commercial newspapers strive for higher circulation so that advertising in their newspaper becomes more effective, allowing the newspaper to attract more advertisers and charge more for the service. But some advertising sales also market demographics: some newspapers might sacrifice higher circulation numbers in favor of an audience with a higher income. Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might only want a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Some newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases free access is only available for a matter of days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

Newspaper journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism. Much emphasis has been placed upon the accuracy and fairness of the journalist - see Ethics. In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The more restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication. In the past newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used either as a rich man's toy, or a political tool. More recently in the United States, a greater number of newspapers (and all of the largest ones) are being run by large media corporations such as Gannett (the largest in the United States), Cox, The Tribune Company, etc. Many industry watchers have concerns that the growing need for profit growth natural to corporations will have a negative impact on the overall quality of journalism. Even though the opinions of the owners are often relegated to the editorial section, and the opinions of the readers are in the op-ed ("opposite the editorial page") and letters to the editors sections of the paper, newspapers have