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Jonathan Trumbull

Jonathan Trumbull

Jonathan Trumbull, Sr. (12 October 1710 – 17 August 1785) (Originally spelled: Jonathan Trumble, was changed for an unknown reason) was one of the few men who served as governor in both a pre-Revolutionary colony and a post-Revolutionary state. He was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, the son of Joseph Trumbull (1678-1755) and his wife née Hannah Higley. He graduated from Harvard College with a B.A. in 1727; three years after graduation (during which time he studied theology under the Rev. Solomon Williams at Lebanon, and was licensed to preach at Colchester, Connecticut), this became a Master of Arts degree. He became a merchant with his father in 1731, participating more fully in the business after the death of his brother at sea in 1732. From 1733-1740 he was a delegate to the general assembly, and in 1739-40 was Speaker of the House. He was appointed lieutenant colonel in Connecticut's militia in 1739. He served as deputy-governor of the Colony of Connecticut from 1766-1769, and on the death of the governor became Governor of Connecticut in 1769, serving in that capacity until 1784. He was a friend and advisor of General Washington throughout the revolutionary period, dedicating the resources of Connecticut to the fight for independence. He was the only colonial governor to continue in office through the American revolution. He received an honorary LL.D. from Yale University in 1775 and from the University of Edinburgh in 1787; Trumbull College at Yale is named for him as well as the town of Trumbull, Connecticut, just north of Bridgeport. He married, on December 9, 1735 Faith Robinson (1718-1780), daughter of Rev. John Robinson. They were the parents of six children including:
- Joseph Trumbull (1737-1778), first commissary general of the Continental Army
- Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (1740-1809), Governor of Connecticut 1798-1809
- Faith Trumbull (1743-1775), who married General Jedidiah Huntington
- Mary Trumbull (1745-1831), who married William Williams, signer of the Declaration of Independence
- David Trumbull (1751-1822), commissary of the Colony of Connecticut
- John Trumbull (1756-1843), "Painter of the American Revolution" Governor Trumbull died in Lebanon, Connecticut and is buried at the Old Cemetery there. Trumbull, Jonathan Trumbull, Jonathan Trumbull, Jonathan Trumbull, Jonathan Trumbull, Jonathan

12 October

October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). There are 80 days remaining.

Events

- 1216 - King John lost his crown jewels in The Wash, probably near Fosdyke, perhaps near Sutton Bridge
- 1492 - Christopher Columbus's expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean. The explorer believes he has reached East Asia
- 1582 - Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
- 1609 - "Three Blind Mice" published by London teenage songwriter Thomas Ravenscroft
- 1654 - The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100.
- 1681 - A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of "involving herself in politics"
- 1709 - After a democratic voting, La Villa de San Francisco de Cuéllar was founded, which with time turned into San Felipe del Real Chihuahua and now it is known as the city of Chihuahua.
- 1773 - America's first insane asylum opens for 'Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds' in Virginia
- 1792 - First celebration of Columbus Day in the USA held in New York
- 1793 - The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid on the campus of the University of North Carolina
- 1810 - First Oktoberfest: The Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria to Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen
- 1859 - Self-described "Emperor of the United States" Joshua A. Norton 'orders' the U.S. Congress was first recited in unison by students in US public schools
- 1915 - World War I: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium
- 1928 - An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston
- 1933 - The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz Island, is acquired by the United States Department of Justice
- 1938 - Filming starts on The Wizard of Oz
- 1953 - "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial" opens at Plymouth Theatre, New York
- 1959 - At the national congress of APRA in Peru a group of leftist radicals are expelled from the party. They will later form APRA Rebelde.
- 1960 - Cold War: Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a table at a General Assembly of the United Nations meeting to protest discussion of Soviet Union policy toward Eastern Europe
- 1962 - Infamous Columbus Day Storm strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest with record wind velocities; 46 dead and at least U.S. $230 million in damages
- 1964 - The Soviet Union launches the Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew and the first flight without space suits
- 1967 - Vietnam War: US Secretary of State Dean Rusk states during a news conference that proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives were futile because of North Vietnam's opposition
- 1968 - 1968 Summer Olympics open in Mexico City, Mexico
- 1968 - Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain
- 1970 - Vietnam War: US President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas
- 1972 - En route to her station in the Gulf of Tonkin, a racial brawl involving more than 100 sailors breaks out aboard the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk
- 1976 - The People's Republic of China announces that Hua Guofeng is the successor to the late Mao Tse-tung as chairman of Communist Party of China
- 1979 - The lowest recorded non-tornadic atmospheric pressure, 87.0 kPa (870 mbar or 25.69 inHg), occurred in the Western Pacific during Typhoon Tip
- 1983 - Japan's ex Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei is found guilty of taking a $2 million bribe from Lockheed and is sentenced to 4 years in jail
- 1984 - Brighton hotel bombing: Margaret Thatcher survives an IRA bomb, which shredded her bathroom barely two minutes after she had left it
- 1988 - two officers of the Victoria Police are gunned down executional style in the Walsh Street police shootings, Australia
- 1991 - Askar Akayev, previously chosen President of Kyrgyzstan by republic's Supreme Soviet, is confirmed president in an uncontested poll
- 1994 - NASA loses radio contact with the Magellan spacecraft as the probe descends into the thick atmosphere of Venus (the spacecraft presumably burned up in the atmosphere either October 13 or October 14)
- 1995 - Black motorist Johnny Gammage dies of asphxyation after being stopped by police in the nearly all-white Pittsburgh suburb of Brentwood
- 1997 - Sidi Daoud massacre in Algeria; 43 killed at a fake roadblock
- 1998 - U.S. Congress passes Digital Millennium Copyright Act
- 1999 - Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif tries to dismiss Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf, who is returning to Pakistan from abroad in a commercial airliner. Sharif orders the Karachi airport to not allow the plane to land. Army leaders refuse to accept the dismissal and, in a coup, oust Sharif's administration and take over the airport. The plane lands with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf assumes control of the country.
- 2000 - In Aden, Yemen, the USS Cole is badly damaged by two suicide bombers, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
- 2001 - War on Terrorism: Prompted by a request by US President George W. Bush, an episode of America's Most Wanted aired featuring 22 most wanted terrorists
- 2002 - Bali bombing: In Bali, terrorists detonate bombs in two nightclubs in Kuta, killing 202 and wounding over 300
- 2003 - Belarus mental hospital fire: Thirty patients die in a mental hospital fire in Randilovshchina, Belarus
- 2003 - Michael Schumacher clinches his 6th Formula One championship, an all-time record
- 2005 - The second Chinese human spaceflight Shenzhou 6 launched carrying Fèi Jùnlóng and Niè Hǎishèng for five days in orbit.
- 2005 - Apple Computer released the Video iPod

Births

- 1008 - Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan (d. 1036)
- 1350 - Dmitry Donskoy, Grand Prince of Moscovy (d. 1389)
- 1490 - Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer (d. 1548)
- 1537 - King Edward VI of England (d. 1553)
- 1537 - Jane Grey, Queen of England (d. 1554)
- 1558 - Archduke Maximilian III of Austria (d. 1618)
- 1576 - Thomas Dudley, Massachusetts colonial magistrate (d. 1653)
- 1602 - William Chillingworth, English churchman (d. 1644)
- 1710 - Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (d. 1785)
- 1712 - William Shippen, American physician and Contental Congressman (d. 1801)
- 1725 - Etienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist and entomologist (d. 1810)
- 1798 - Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (d. 1834)
- 1801 - Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1873)
- 1840 - Helena Modrzejewska, Polish-American actress (d. 1909)
- 1860 - Elmer Sperry, American inventor (d. 1930)
- 1865 - Arthur Harden, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
- 1866 - Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937)
- 1872 - Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
- 1875 - Aleister Crowley, English occultist and author (d. 1947)
- 1896 - Eugenio Montale, Italian poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
- 1904 - Ding Ling, Chinese writer (d. 1986)
- 1906 - Joe Cronin, baseball player (d. 1984)
- 1908 - Ann Petry, American novelist (d. 1997)
- 1917 - Roque Máspoli, Uruguayan footballer
- 1923 - Jean Nidetch, American founder of Weight Watchers
- 1924 - Doris Grau, American actress (d. 1995)
- 1932 - Dick Gregory, American comedian and activist
- 1934 - Richard Meier, Americian Architect
- 1935 - Luciano Pavarotti, Italian tenor
- 1944 - Angela Rippon, British television personality
- 1950 - Susan Anton, American actress
- 1950 - Kaga Takeshi, Japanese actor
- 1953 - Serge Lepeltier, French politician
- 1953 - Les Dennis, British comedian and television presenter
- 1955 - Ante Gotovina, Croatian general
- 1962 - Carlos Bernard, American actor
- 1968 - Hugh Jackman, Australian actor and singer
- 1968 - Adam Rich, American actor
- 1969 - Martie Maguire, American musician (Dixie Chicks)
- 1970 - Kirk Cameron, American actor
- 1970 - Tanyon Sturtze, baseball player
- 1974 - Stephen Lee, English snooker player
- 1975 - Marion Jones, American athlete
- 1976 - Sarah Lane, American television personality
- 1979 - Jordan Pundik, American singer (New Found Glory)
- 1982 - Molly Bennett, Irish singer
- 1984 - Matthew Dewey Australian Composer

Deaths

- 632 - Edwin of Deira, King of Northumbria and Bretwalda
- 638 - Pope Honorius I
- 642 - Pope John IV
- 1095 - Margrave Leopold II of Austria (b. 1050)
- 1176 - William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, English politician
- 1491 - Fritz Herlen, German artist
- 1492 - Piero della Francesca, Italian painter
- 1565 - Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b. 1520)
- 1576 - Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1527)
- 1590 - Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter (b. 1543)
- 1600 - Luis Molina, Spanish Jesuit (b. 1535)
- 1632 - Kutsuki Mototsuna, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1549)
- 1646 - François de Bassompierre, Marshal of France (b. 1579)
- 1678 - Edmund Berry Godfrey, English magistrate (b. 1621)
- 1679 - William Gurnall, English writer (b. 1617)
- 1685 - Christoph Ignaz Abele, Austrian jurist (b. 1628)
- 1730 - King Frederick IV of Denmark (b. 1671)
- 1758 - Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth, British field marshal (b. 1680)
- 1845 - Elizabeth Fry, British social reformer and philanthropist (b. 1780)
- 1870 - Robert E. Lee, American Confederate general (b. 1807)
- 1898 - Calvin Fairbank, American abolitionist minister (b. 1816)
- 1915 - Edith Cavell, English nurse (b. 1865)
- 1924 - Anatole France, French author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1844)
- 1940 - Tom Mix, American actor (b. 1880)
- 1946 - Joseph Stilwell, U.S. general (b. 1883)
- 1954 - George Welch, American pilot (b. 1918)
- 1956 - Don Lorenzo Perosi, Italian composer (b. 1872)
- 1965 - Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)
- 1969 - Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (b. 1912)
- 1971 - Dean Acheson, U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1893)
- 1971 - Gene Vincent, American musician (b. 1935)
- 1978 - Nancy Spungen, Girlfriend of Sex Pistol Sid Vicious b. 1958)
- 1984 - Sir Anthony Berry, British politician (bombing victim) (b. 1925)
- 1985 - Johnny Olson, American game show announcer (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Alf Landon, Governor of Kansas (b. 1887)
- 1993 - Leon Ames, American actor (b. 1902)
- 1993 - Tofik Bakhramov, Russian footballer (b. 1926)
- 1997 - John Denver, American singer (b. 1943)
- 1998 - Matthew Shepard, American murder victim (b. 1976)
- 1999 - Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player (b. 1936)
- 2001 - Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, British politician (b. 1907)
- 2002 - Ray Conniff, American bandleader and musician (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Audrey Mestre, French diver (b. 1974)
- 2003 - Jim Cairns, Australian politician (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Joan Kroc, American philanthropist (b. 1928)
- 2003 - Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931)
- 2005 - C. Delores Tucker, American politician and civil rights activist (b. 1927)

Holidays and observances

October 12th is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:
- St. Wilfrid
- St. Edwin
- St. Amicus
- St. Salvinus
- St. Seraphinus
- Bl. Camillus Constanzi
- St. Domnina
- St. Edistius
- St. Fiace
- St. Felix and Cyprian
- St. Heribert
- St. Maximilian of Lorch
- St. Monas
- St. Pantalus
- Roman festivals - Fortuna Redux, last day of the Ludi Augustales
- Hinduism - Dussehra (2005)
- Judaism - Yom Kippur begins at sunset (2005)
- RC Saints - Our Lady of the Pillar (Zaragoza, Spain); Saint Wilfrid
- Also see October 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Equatorial Guinea - Independence Day (from Spain, 1968)
- Malawi - Mother's Day
- Spain - Hispanic Day, the National Day
- Columbus Day (traditionally) - United States.
- El Dia de la Raza - Latin America.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 11 - October 13 - September 12 - November 12 -- listing of all days ko:10월 12일 ms:12 Oktober ja:10月12日 simple:October 12 th:12 ตุลาคม

1710

Events

- April 10 - The world's first copyright legislation became effective, Britain's Statute of Anne

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700-1721)
- War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)

Births

- January 3 - Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (d. 1796)
- January 4 - Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (d. 1736)
- February 15 - King Louis XV of France (d. 1774)
- April 15 - William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1790)
- April 17 - Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (d. 1767)
- April 25 - James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (d. 1776)
- April 26 - Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (d. 1796)
- April 30 - Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (d. 1795)
- May 14 - King Adolf Frederick of Sweden (d. 1771)
- May 16 - William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (d. 1782)
- June 10 - James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (d. 1768)
- July 21 - Paul Möhring, German physician and scientist (d. 1792)
- August 20 - Thomas Simpson, British mathematician (d. 1761)
- September 3 - Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (d. 1784)
- September 30 - John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
- October 16 - Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1790)
- November 8 - Sarah Fielding, English writer (d. 1768)
- November 13 - Charles Simon Favart, French dramatist (d. 1792)
- October 12 - Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (d. 1785)
- October 24 - Alban Butler, English Catholic priest and writer (d. 1773)
- November 10 - Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (d. 1792)
- November 22 - Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (d. 1784)
- November 27 - Robert Lowth, English bishop and grammarian (d. 1787)
- December 2 - Bertinazzi, Italian actor and writer (d. 1783)

Deaths

- January 16 - Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (b. 1675)
- January 21 - Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic (b. 1638)
- February 16 - Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (b. 1632)
- March 4 - Louis III, Prince of Condé (b. 1668)
- April 28 - Thomas Betterton, English actor
- June 1 - David Mitchell, British admiral (b. 1642)
- September 19 - Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (b. 1644) Category:1710 ko:1710년 ms:1710

17 August

August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 136 days remaining.

Events

- 1427 - First band of gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizen of Paris
- 1807 - Robert Fulton's first American steamboat leaves New York City for Albany, New York on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.
- 1850 - Argentine's War of Independence hero, General José de San Martín, dies in Boulogne-sur-Mer (France), at the age of 77.
- 1862 - Indian Wars: Lakota (Sioux) uprising begins in Minnesota as desperate Lakota attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They will be overwhelmed by the U.S. military six weeks later.
- 1863 - American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter. Bombardment will not end until December 31, 1863.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Confederate forces defeated Union troops at the Battle of Gainesville.
- 1877 - Arizona blacksmith F.P. Cahill is fatally wounded by Billy the Kid. Cahill will die the next day, becoming the first person killed by the Kid.
- 1883 - Dominican Republic the first public performance of the Dominican National Anthem, Quisqueyanos valientes
- 1896 - London - Bridget Driscoll becomes the first person in the world to die in an automobile accident after being struck by a car travelling about 4 MPH.
- 1914 - World War I: The German army of General Hermann von Francois defeats the Russian force commanded by Pavel Rennenkampf at the Battle of Stalluponen.
- 1915 - Jewish American Leo Frank is lynched for the alleged murder of a 13-year-old girl in Atlanta, Georgia.
- 1918 - Bolshevik revolutionary leader Moisei Uritsky is assassinated.
- 1943 - World War II: The US 7th Army under General George S. Patton arrive in Messina, Italy, followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily.
- 1945 - Indonesia proclaims itself independent from the Netherlands.
- 1953 - Addiction: First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous in Southern California.
- 1960 - Gabon gains independence from France.
- 1962 - East German border guards kill 18-year-old Peter Fechter as he attempts to cross the Berlin Wall into West Berlin. He thus became the first victim of the wall.
- 1963 - A ferry linking remote islands off the coast of Okinawa sinks, killing 112.
- 1969 - Category 5 Hurricane Camille hits the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing $1.5 billion in damage.
- 1970 - Venera program: Venera 7 is launched. It will later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet, Venus.
- 1978 - Double Eagle II becomes first balloon to cross the Atlantic Ocean when it lands in Miserey near Paris, 137 hours after leaving Presque Isle, Maine.
- 1979 - Two Soviet Aeroflot jetliners collide in mid-air over Ukraine, killing 156
- 1980 - Azaria Chamberlain disappears, likely taken by a dingo, leading to what was then the most publicised trial in Australian history.
- 1988 - Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and US Ambassador Arnold Raphel are killed in a plane crash.
- 1991 - Wade Frankum starts his killing spree in Strathfield, Australia, an event that was later dubbed the Strathfield Massacre.
- 1998 - Monica Lewinsky scandal: US President Bill Clinton admits in taped testimony that he had an "improper physical relationship" with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. On the same day he admits before the nation that he "misled people" about his relationship.
- 1999 - A 7.4-magnitude earthquake strikes Izmit, Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000.
- 2002 - In Santa Rosa, California, the Charles M. Schulz Museum opens to the public.
- 2004 - MD5 collision found by Chinese researchers.
- 2004 - The National Assembly of Serbia unanimously adopts new state symbols for Serbia: Boze Pravde becomes the new anthem and the coat of arms is adopted for the whole country.
- 2005 - The first forced evacuation of settlers, as part of the Israel unilateral disengagement plan, starts.

Births

- 1473 - Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower (d. 1483?)
- 1562 - Hans Leo Hassler (baptised), German composer (d. 1612)
- 1578 - Francesco Albani, Italian painter (d. 1660)
- 1601 - Pierre de Fermat, French mathematician (d. 1665)
- 1629 - King John III of Poland (d. 1696)
- 1786 - Davy Crockett, frontiersman, soldier (d. 1836)
- 1828 - Jules Bernard Luys, French neurologist (d. 1897)
- 1844 - Emperor Menelek II of Ethiopia (d. 1913)
- 1866 - Julia Marlowe, nee Sarah Frost, Shakespearean actress (d. 1950)
- 1882 - Samuel Goldwyn, Hollywood producer (d. 1974)
- 1887 - Marcus Garvey, Jamaican leader, Rastafari prophet (d. 1940)
- 1887 - Emperor Charles I of Austria (d. 1922)
- 1893 - Mae West, American actress and playwright (d. 1980)
- 1904 - Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist
- 1911 - Mikhail Botvinnik, chess player (d. 1995)
- 1913 - W. Mark Felt, FBI associate director and Deep Throat Watergate informant
- 1913 - Rudy York, baseball player (d. 1970)
- 1920 - Maureen O'Hara, actress
- 1926 - Jiang Zemin, former President of the People's Republic of China
- 1929 - Francis Gary Powers, U-2 pilot (d. 1977)
- 1930 - Glenn Corbett, actor (d. 1993)
- 1930 - Ted Hughes, English poet (d. 1998)
- 1932 - V. S. Naipaul, West Indian-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1935 - Oleg Tabakov, Russian actor
- 1939 - Luther Allison, blues musician, guitarist
- 1943 - Robert De Niro, actor
- 1948 - Rod MacDonald, musician
- 1951 - Alan Minter, boxer
- 1952 - Nelson Piquet, Brazilian formula one driver
- 1952 - Guillermo Vilas, Argentinian tennis player
- 1954 - Eric Johnson, guitarist
- 1958 - Belinda Carlisle, singer and guitarist
- 1958 - Kirk Stevens, Canadian snooker player
- 1959 - David Koresh, American cult leader (d. 1993)
- 1960 - Sean Penn, actor, director
- 1962 - Gilby Clarke, American musician Guns N' Roses
- 1964 - Colin James, blues musician
- 1966 - Rodney Mullen, American skateboarder
- 1966 - William E. Dudley, American poet
- 1968 - Ed McCaffrey, American football player
- 1969 - Donnie Wahlberg, American actor and singer
- 1970 - Jim Courier, American tennis player
- 1971 - Jorge Posada, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player
- 1977 - Thierry Henry, French footballer
- 1977 - Tarja Turunen, Finnish singer (Nightwish)
- 1977 - William Gallas, French footballer
- 1980 - Lene Marlin, Norwegian singer

Deaths

- 1153 - Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
- 1304 - Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan (b. 1243)
- 1510 - Edmund Dudley, English statesman
- 1657 - Robert Blake, British admiral (b. 1599)
- 1676 - Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen, German novelist
- 1673 - Regnier de Graaf, Dutch physician and anatomist (b. 1641)
- 1720 - Anne Lefèvre, French scholar (b. 1654)
- 1723 - Joseph Bingham, English scholar (b. 1668)
- 1768 (N. S.) - Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky, Russian poet (b. 1703)
- 1785 - Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (b. 1710)
- 1786 - King Frederick II of Prussia (b. 1712)
- 1834 - Husein Gradaščević, Bosniak rebel leader (b. 1802)
- 1850 - Don José de San Martín, Argentine general
- 1875 - Wilhelm Bleek, linguist
- 1880 - Ole Bull, Norwegian violinist
- 1896 - Bridget Driscoll, world's first automobile fatality
- 1901 - Edmond Audran, French composer (b. 1842)
- 1925 - Ioan Slavici, Transylvanian writer of Romanian origin
- 1954 - Billy Murray, recording artist (b. 1877)
- 1969 - Otto Stern, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- 1973 - Jean Barraqué, French composer
- 1973 - Paul Williams, American singer (The Temptations)
- 1973 - Conrad Aiken, American author (b. 1889)
- 1979 - Vivian Vance, actress
- 1983 - Ira Gershwin, American lyricist
- 1987 - Rudolf Hess, Nazi deputy (b. 1894)
- 1988 - Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, President of Pakistan (b. 1924)
- 1990 - Pearl Bailey, American singer and actress (b. 1918)
- 1992 - Al Parker, actor
- 2004 - Gérard Souzay, French baritone (b. 1918)
- 2005 - John Bahcall, astrophysicist

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/17 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 16 - August 18 - July 17 - September 17 -- listing of all days ko:8월 17일 ja:8月17日 simple:August 17 th:17 สิงหาคม

Lebanon, Connecticut

Lebanon is a town located in New London County, Connecticut. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 6,907.

History

The town of Lebanon was founded in 1700. The first Connecticut governor Jonathan Trumbull was born in the town and raise his family there. The town is the home of the only standing piece of architech by John Trumbull and the famous War Office.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 143.1 km² (55.2 mi²). 140.1 km² (54.1 mi²) of it is land and 2.9 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.05% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 6,907 people, 2,446 households, and 1,934 families residing in the town. The population density is 49.3/km² (127.6/mi²). There are 2,820 housing units at an average density of 20.1/km² (52.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 96.89% White, 0.81% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. 1.65% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,446 households out of which 38.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% are married couples living together, 8.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% are non-families. 15.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.77 and the average family size is 3.09. In the town the population is spread out with 28.0% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 101.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $61,173, and the median income for a family is $63,198. Males have a median income of $45,952 versus $35,594 for females. The per capita income for the town is $25,784. 2.3% of the population and 1.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.0% of those under the age of 18 and 3.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Category:New London County, Connecticut Category:Towns in Connecticut

Governor of Connecticut

The following is a list of Governors of the State of Connecticut, from the Colonial period through present day.

Governors of the Colony of Connecticut, 1639-1662

(The colony was initially formed from the towns of Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield)
- John Haynes 1639-1640
- Edward Hopkins 1640-1641
- John Haynes 1641-1642
- George Wyllys 1642-1643
- John Haynes 1643-1644
- Edward Hopkins 1644-1645
- John Haynes 1645-1646
- Edward Hopkins 1646-1647
- John Haynes 1647-1648
- Edward Hopkins 1648-1649
- John Haynes 1649-1650
- Edward Hopkins 1650-1651
- John Haynes 1651-1652
- Edward Hopkins 1652-1653
- John Haynes 1653-1654
- Edward Hopkins 1654-1655
- Thomas Welles 1655-1656
- John Webster 1656-1657
- John Winthrop, Jr. 1657-1658
- Thomas Welles 1658-1659
- John Winthrop, Jr. 1659-1662

Governors of the Colony of New Haven, 1639-1665

- Theophilus Eaton 1639-1658
- Francis Newman 1658-1660
- William Leete 1661-1665 (when the Colony of Connecticut and the Colony of New Haven, merged by Royal Charter in 1662, became one government)

Governors of the Colony of Connecticut, 1662-1776

- John Winthrop, Jr. 1662-1676
- William Leete 1676-1683
- Robert Treat 1683-1687
- Sir Edmond Andros 1687-1689 as part of the Dominion of New England
- Robert Treat 1689-1698
- Fitz-John Winthrop 1698-1707
- Gurdon Saltonstall 1707-1724
- Joseph Talcott 1724-1741
- Jonathan Law 1741-1750
- Roger Wolcott 1750-1754
- Thomas Fitch 1754-1766
- William Pitkin 1766-1769
- Jonathan Trumbull 1769-1776

Governors of the State of Connecticut, 1776-present

See also: lists of incumbents Connecticut
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University of Edinburgh

The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is one of the ancient universities of Scotland and is amongst the largest and most prestigious in the United Kingdom.

History

The founding of the University is attributed to Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, who left the funds on his death in 1558 that ultimately provided the endowment for the University of Edinburgh. The University was established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI in 1582. This was an unusual move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. What makes the University of Edinburgh even more unusual is the fact that its funding came the following year from the Town Council, making it in many ways the first civic university, known as the "Tounis College". It became the fourth Scottish university in a period when the much more populous and richer England had only two. By the 18th century Edinburgh was a leading centre of the European Enlightenment and became one of the continent's principal universities. Papal bull building, home of its Law School]] Papal bull Before the building of Old College to plans by Robert Adam implemented after the Napoleonic Wars by the architect William Henry Playfair, the University of Edinburgh did not enjoy a custom built campus and existed in a hotchpotch of buildings from its establishment until the early 19th Century. The university's first custom built building was the magnificent Old College, now the School of Law, situated on South Bridge. Its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor. It went under what was then North College Street (now Chambers Street), and under the University buildings until it reached the University's anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel that the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged. Towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming too cramped and so Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design a new Medical School premise in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the awe inspiring McEwan Hall in the 1880s. The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of Divinity at the University since the 1920s. In addition, the University is responsible for a number of historic and modern buildings across the City, including the oldest purpose-built concert hall in Scotland, and the second oldest in use in the British Isles, St Cecilia's Concert Hall; Teviot Row House, which is the oldest purpose built Student Union Building in the world; and the handsomely restored 17th-century Mylne's Court student residence which stands at the head of Edinburgh's Royal Mile. Edinburgh's Library pre-dates its University by three years. Founded in 1580, its collection has grown to become the largest university library in Scotland with over 2 million periodicals, manuscripts, theses, microforms and printed works. These are housed in the main University Library building in George Square - one of the largest academic library buildings in Europe, designed by Basil Spence - and an extensive series of Faculty and Departmental Libraries. The two oldest Schools - Law and Divinity - are both well-esteemed in their respective subjects, with Law being based in Old College, and Divinity being based in New College, on the Mound, just in front of the temporary home of the Scottish Parliament. Students at the university are represented by the Edinburgh University Students' Association, EUSA, comprising Edinburgh University Union (EUU) which was founded in 1889 and the Student Representative Council (SRC), founded in 1884 by Robert Fitzroy Bell. Edinburgh University also boasts a student newspaper (Student) founded by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887. In 2002 the University was re-organised from its 9 academic faculties into three 'Colleges'. While technically not a collegiate university, it now comprised of the Colleges of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Science & Engineering (SCE) and Medicine & Vet Medicine (MVM). Within these Colleges are 'Schools' - roughly equivalent to the departments they succeeded. (However, it is notable that individual Schools have a good degree of autonomy regarding their finances and internal organisation) This has brought a certain degree of uniformity (in terms of administration at least) across the University. Along similar lines, all teaching is now done over two semesters (rather than 3 terms) - bringing the timetables of different Schools into line with one another, and coming in to line with many other large universities. (notably in the US, but to an increasing degree in the UK as well)

Present

The University of Edinburgh is a member of the Russell Group of large, research-led British universities. It is also the only Scottish university (and the only British university apart from Oxford and Cambridge) to be a member of both the Coimbra Group and the LERU: two associations of leading European universities. The university is a member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-driven universities. The Times Higher Education Supplement World University Rankings 2005 placed Edinburgh at 30th overall in the world, and 16th in biomedicine, 27th in the arts, and 38th science. In another ranking compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Edinburgh was placed ninth in Europe and 47th worldwide. The latest university ranking of around 120 British institutions (published by the Times newspaper in 2005) ranks Edinburgh the fifth best university in Britain. In 2005, it has been named Sunday Times Scottish University of the Year. The University's School of Management is also making strides in recent years, having been ranked 25th, 27th and 30th in the world in the last three international rankings of MBA programs by the Economist. The management school also offers the hugely successful MSc. in Finance and Investment which began in the 2004 academic year. Edinburgh has the third largest financial endowment among UK universities at £160m, according to the Sutton Trust (2002). It is also the third largest endowment per student.

Location

Edinburgh is one of the greenest and most architecturally beautiful cities in Europe often referred to as the "Athens of the North". The University plays an integral role in the city, contributing to its vibrant atmosphere. However, as well as the architectural gems cited above, it has contributed several of the most ugly buildings in the city. These include the Appleton Tower and the University Library (at George Square) and the Darwin building (at the south Edinburgh King's Buildings site). With the expansion in topics of study the university has expanded its campuses such that it now has seven main sites:
- The Chancellor's Building was opened on 12th August 2002 by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh and houses the new £40 million Medical School at the New Royal Infirmary in Little France. It was a joint project between private finance, the local authorities and the University to create a large modern hospital, veterinary clinic and research institute and thus the University is currently (2003) in the process of moving its Veterinary and Medical Faculties there (and quite possibly also the School of Nursing). It has two large lecture theatres and a medical library. It is connected to the new Edinburgh Royal Infirmary by a series of corridors.
- George Square and surrounding streets in the southern central area of the city is the oldest region, occupied primarily by the schools of art, social science, medicine and law, as well as the main university library. It is also used for teaching first year undergraduates in science and engineering. Nearby are the main EUSA buildings of Potterrow, Teviot Row House (the oldest custom-built students union in the country) and the Pleasance Societies Centre. Old residents of George Square include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies at Summerhall, at the East end of The Meadows. This houses Veterinary Medicine.
- The King's Buildings, further south, houses most of the Science and Engineering schools including a Biology School that is a world leader in genetics. The Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) and British Geological Survey (BGS) also have a presence on campus.
- New College, on the Mound, which houses the School of Divinity parts of which are also used by the Church of Scotland.
- Moray House School of Education just off the Royal Mile, used to be the Moray House Institute for Education until that was acquired by the University in 1998. The University has since extended it and agglomerated it with its own Sports Institute along with a large new building to house the expanding Institutes. The Moray House campus is being amalgamated with the George Square campus through simple ownership of much of the intervening land.
- Pollock Halls, adjoining Holyrood Park to the east, provides accommodation (mainly half board) for the majority of students in their first year. Two of the older houses in Pollock Halls were demolished in 2002 and a new building has been built in their place, leaving a total of ten buildings. Most other students in the city live in private flats in the Marchmont, Newington, Bruntsfield, New Town and Leith areas, although some university-owned flats are also available there.

Alumni and faculty

The University has many famous alumni, including:

Politics

- Gordon Brown, Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Robin Cook, Foreign Secretary
- Tessa Jowell, Secretary of State for Culture, Media, and Sport
- Lord Melville, statesman
- Lord Robert Finlay, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain
- Jennie Lee, Minister for the Arts and founder of the Open University
- Lord MacKay, Lord Chancellor
- David McLetchie, leader of the Scottish Conservative Party
- Lord Petty-Fitzmaurice, Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Malcolm Rifkind, Foreign Secretary
- Lord John Russell, Prime Minister
- David Steel, leader of the Liberal Party and first Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
- Jim Wallace, leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats and Deputy First Minister
- Charles Tupper, Prime Minister of Canada
- Ike Skelton, U.S. congressman from Missouri
- Mike Synar, U.S. congressman from Oklahoma
- John Witherspoon, signatory, American Declaration of Independence
- Benjamin Rush, signatory, American Declaration of Independence
- Julius Nyerere, first President of Tanzania
- Yun Po Sun, President of South Korea
- Hastings Banda, President of Malawi

Sciences

- Sir Michael Atiyah, mathematician
- Charles Glover Barkla, Nobel laureate in Physics
- Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone
- Joseph Bell, medic
- Joseph Black, physicist and chemist
- Sophia Jex-Blake, pioneer of medical education for women in Britain
- Max Born, Nobel laureate in Physics
- David Brewster, scientist
- Charles Darwin, naturalist, author of the "Origin of Species"
- James Dewar, chemist and physicist
- Peter Doherty, Nobel laureate in Medicine
- Klaus Fuchs, physicist
- Archibald Geikie, geologist
- James Hector, geologist
- Peter Higgs, physicist, Emeritus Professor of Physics and father of the Higgs boson.
- Robin Hochstrasser, chemist.
- Archie Howie, physicist.
- Charles Hutton, mathematician
- James Hutton, the father of modern geology.
- Robert Jameson, naturalist and mineralist
- George Kelly, psychologist
- Sir John Leslie, mathematician and physicist
- Joseph Lister, introduced antiseptics into surgery
- Colin Maclaurin, mathematician
- David MacRitchie, archaeologist
- James Clerk Maxwell, physicist and father of electromagnetics
- Roger Mercer, archaeologist
- Robin Milner, computer scientist
- Augustus De Morgan, mathematician and logician
- Alexander Munro III, anatomists
- Richard Owen, biologist and palaeontologist
- John Playfair, mathematician
- Robert Sibbald, Professor of Medicine
- James Young Simpson, pioneered the use of chloroform in midwifery
- Peter Guthrie Tait, physicist
- Igor Tamm, Nobel laureate in Physics
- Stephen Tweedie, computer scientist
- John Walker, naturalist
- Edmund Whittaker, mathematician
- William Withering, physician

Arts

- Robert Adam, architect
- J. M. Barrie, Peter Pan author
- Elizabeth Blackadder, artist
- Thomas Brown, philosopher
- Thomas Carlyle, essayist and historian
- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes author
- Adam Ferguson, philosopher and historian
- Robert Garioch, poet and translator
- Oliver Goldsmith, writer and physician
- David Hume, philosopher and historian
- Margaret Iversen, art historian
- Ku Hung-ming, writer and polyglot
- Sorley Maclean (Somhairle MacGill-Eain), Gaelic poet
- James MacMillan, classical composer
- James Mill, historian and utilitarianist philosopher
- Keith Moxey, art historian
- Peter Roget, author of the first Thesaurus
- Sir Walter Scott, author and poet
- Robert Louis Stevenson, author
- Dugald Stewart, philosopher
- Kerry Stewart, artist

Miscellaneous

- John Aikin, physician and writer
- Mitch Benn, comedian, songwriter and broadcaster
- John Brown, physician and author
- George Chalmers, antiquarian and political writer
- Henry Thomas Cockburn, judge
- Benjamin Constant, writer and politician
- Daisy Donovan, actor and broadcaster
- James Africanus Horton, First African Graduate from a British University
- Chris Hoy, track cylist
- Reginald Johnston, diplomat and pedagogue of Pu Yi, the last Emperor of China
- Allan Little, BBC Foreign Correspondent
- A.S. Neill, educationalist
- Gregory Neilson, Publisher and notable Roman Catholic
- George Newlands, theologian
- Mark O'Neil, philanthropist
- Lord Playfair, scientist and parlimentarian
- Ian Rankin, author
- Stella Rimington, former head of MI5
- Piers Sellers , astronaut
- Samuel Smiles, author and reformer
- Simon Taylor. International and Professional Rugby player
- Kirsty Wark, broadcaster Hume and Maxwell both applied for teaching posts at the university, which refused to employ either.

External links

- [http://www.ed.ac.uk/ University of Edinburgh]
- [http://www.registry.ed.ac.uk/ University of Edinburgh Registry]
- [http://www.coimbra-group.be Coimbra Group] (a network of leading European universities)
- [http://www.eusa.ed.ac.uk/ Edinburgh University Students' Association]
- [http://www.studentnewspaper.org/ Student newspaper]
- [http://www.ed.ac.uk/history/ Edinburgh University historical tour] Edinburgh, University of ja:エジンバラ大学 th:มหาวิทยาลัยเอดินบะระ

Yale University

Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Yale has graduated five U.S. Presidents, including William Howard Taft (B.A.), Gerald Ford (LL.B), George H.W. Bush (B.A.), Bill Clinton (J.D.), and George W. Bush (B.A.), and several Supreme Court justices, including current justice Clarence Thomas and current nominee Samuel Alito. The university's assets include a $15.2 billion endowment (the second-largest among academic institutions) and more than a dozen libraries that hold a total of 11 million volumes. Yale has 3,200 faculty members, who teach 5,200 undergraduate students and 6,000 graduate students. Nineteen Nobel laureates are affiliated with the university. Yale's 70 undergraduate majors are primarily focused on a liberal curriculum, and few of the undergraduate departments are pre-professional in nature (even the engineering departments encourage and require students to explore academic disciplines outside of engineering). Some 20 percent of Yale undergraduates major in the sciences, 35 percent in the social sciences, and 45 percent in the arts and humanities. All tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, and more than 75 percent of Yale's 2,000 undergraduate courses enroll fewer than 20 students. Yale uses a residential college housing system modeled after those at Oxford and Cambridge. Each of 12 residential colleges houses a representative cross-section of the undergraduate student body, and features numerous facilities, seminars, resident faculty, and support personnel. Yale's graduate programs include classics, sciences, drama, art, architecture, history, medicine, and law. In recent years, fewer than 10 percent of the nearly 20,000 applicants to the undergraduate college have been offered admission, and about three-quarters of those offered admission choose to attend. Yale Law School accepts about 6 percent of its nearly 4,000 applicants (making it the most selective law school in the United States), and more than 80 percent of those offered admission choose to attend. The rivalry between Yale and Harvard is long and storied, by far the oldest in the Ivy League; from academics to rowing to college football, their historic competition is similar to that of Oxford and Cambridge. During Yale's tercentennial celebration in 2001, Yale president Richard C. Levin summarized Yale's institutional goals: "As we look to the future, Yale remains committed to undergraduate education and a determination to educate leaders. Leaders of the twenty-first century will operate in a global environment. Therefore, Yale's curriculum is increasing its focus on international concerns and having strong international representation among our student population."

History

Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut and dated October 9, 1701. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, all of whom were Harvard alumni, met in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's first library. [http://www.thecrimson.com/fmarchives/fm_03_11_1999/article5I.html]. The group is now known as The Founders. Originally called the Collegiate School of Connecticut, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, in Killingworth, Connecticut. In 1716, the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, where it remains to this day. In the meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Mather (Harvard A.B., 1656) and the rest of the Harvard clergy, which Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The relationship worsened after Mather resigned, and the administration repeatedly rejected his son and ideological colleague, Cotton Mather (Harvard A.B., 1678), for the position of the Harvard presidency. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hopes that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm]. In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Andrew or Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman in Wales named Elihu Yale to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in India as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of King George I. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College in gratitude to its benefactor and to increase the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest. Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached his home in Wrexham, North Wales, a trip from which he never returned. And while he did ultimately leave his fortunes to the "Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony of Connecticot," the institution was never able to successfully lay claim to it. Regardless, the entire institution eventually became Yale University. Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other prestigious schools, for instance Harvard), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where all upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew words "Urim" and "Thummim" on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July, 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. Fortunately, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree for his efforts. Yale College expanded gradually, establishing the Yale Medical School (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1861), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). (The divinity school was founded by Congregationalists who felt that the Harvard Divinity School had become too liberal.) In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed to Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (1901), Yale School of Public Health (1915), and the Yale School of Nursing (1923) and reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School. The University's youngest school, the [http://www.mba.yale.edu/ Yale School of Management], was founded in 1976. Yale College became coeducational in 1969. Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early twentieth century designed to artificially increase the proportion of upper-class white Christians of notable families in the student body (see Numerus clausus), and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.[http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/99_12/admissions.html] The President and Fellows of Yale College, also known as the Yale Corporation, is the governing board of the University. See also: Oxbridge rivalry, which documents a similar history in which Cambridge University was founded by dissident scholars from its "rival" Oxford University

Heads of Collegiate School, Yale College, and Yale University

Intellectual "schools"

Yale's English and literature departments were the birthplace of New Criticism. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, after the passing of the New Critical fad, the Yale literature department became a center of American deconstruction, with French and Comparative Literature departments centered around Paul de Man and supported by the English department. This has become known as the "Yale School." Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historian C. Vann Woodward is credited for beginning in the 1960s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Most noticeably, a tremendous number of currently active Latin American historians were trained at Yale in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by Emìlia Viotta da Costa; younger Latin Americanists tend to be "intellectual cousins" in that their advisors were advised by the same people at Yale.

Collections

Yale has the largest collection of rare books and manuscripts in the world, which is housed in the Beinecke Rare Book Library. Yale's library system is the second-largest university collection in the world with a total of almost 11 million volumes. The main library, Sterling Memorial Library, contains about 5 million volumes. The Yale Center for British Art is the largest collection of British art outside of the UK. Other collections reside at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven's most popular museum;