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Jonathan Weinzapfel

Jonathan Weinzapfel

Jonathan Weinzapfel is the 33rd mayor of Evansville, Indiana. He was born to Ralph and Sylvia Weinzapfel. Ralph is currently a memembe rof the Posey County Council and Sylvia is the Executive Director of the YMCA in Evansville. Jonathan graduated from Reitz Memorial High School in 1984 and attended Indiana University where he recevied a Bachelor's degree. He earned his Master's degree from Georgetown University. His first term began on January 1, 2004. He was formerly the State represntitive of District 76(1999). During his tenure he served as the Chairmen of the Courts and Criminal Code Committee, the Enviromental Affairs Committee and the Enviromental Quality Service Council. He also served on the Finacial Institutions, the Judiciary and the Public Health Committees. His accomplishments included helping with the founding of the Southwestern Indiana Regional Development Commission and the first President of the group. The Commission is representive of Gibson, Posey, Vanderburgh and Warrick counties in order to promote economic development and to improve the quality of life in Southern Indiana. He currently resides in the West Side of Evansville and is married to Patricia whom he has three children Nathaniel, Benjamin and Eleanor. Partricia Weinzapfel is a former reporter for WFIE Channel 14 Evansville. He is currently an adjunct professor at the University of Southern Indiana. Category:Leaders of cities in Indiana Category:Evansville, Indiana

Evansville

For other places named Evansville see Evansville (disambiguation). Evansville is a city located in Vanderburgh County, Indiana. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 121,582, making it the third largest city in the state of Indiana. The city is the county seat of Vanderburgh County. In 2004 Evansville was named an "All-America City" by the National Civic League.. The city is situated on a gentle horseshoe bend on the Ohio River and for this reason it is often referred to as "River City." It was commonly referred to as "Stop Light City" before the city's Interstate 164 bypass was constructed. It serves as a regional hub for the Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois tri-state area.

Geography

Evansville is located at 37°58'38" North, 87°33'2" West (37.977166, -87.550566). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 105.6 km² (40.8 mi²). 105.4 km² (40.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.15% water. The city faces the Ohio River along its southern boundary.

Climate

Evansville has a moderate climate and four distinct seasons. Average temperatures range from 32 degrees Fahrenheit to 78 degrees Fahrenheit. Annual rainfall averages 42 inches and annual snowfall averages 13 inches.

Demographics

Evansville is Indiana's third largest city and the regional hub for the tri-state area of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky. According to the census of 2000, there are 121,582 people and 30,527 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,153.4/km² (2,987.0/mi²). There are 57,065 housing units at an average density of 541.3/km² (1,402.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the Evansville is 86.24% White, 10.92% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. 1.14% of the population is Hispanic or Latino of any race. LatinoThere are 52,273 households out of which 26.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% are married couples living together, 13.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% are non-families. 35.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.24 and the average family size is 2.90. In the city the population is spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,963, and the median income for a family is $41,091. Males have a median income of $30,922 compared to $21,776 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,388. 13.7% of the population and 10.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 19.0% of those under the age of 18 and 8.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Like the rest of Indiana, Evansville has long been noted for its hospitality and generosity. Following the Evansville Tornado of November 2005 the coordinating officer for the Federal Emergency Management Agency noted, "I don't think I've ever seen a community of people come out so quickly to help each other. All communities come together after a disaster, but this one is exceptional." [http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0,1626,ECP_734_4239245,00.html]

Cultural Features

Points of Interest

Federal Emergency Management Agency]Casino Aztar's entertainment facility includes a 2,700 passenger riverboat casino and a riverfront pavilion that houses pre-boarding facilities, retail shops, restaurants, and lounge area. An enclosed walkway links the pavilion to a first-class 250 room hotel, complete with meeting and banquet facilities. An attached parking garage offers over 1,600 sheltered parking spaces with easy access to the casino, pavilion, and hotel. Evansville's Mesker Park Zoo opened in 1928. Mesker Park is Indiana's oldest and largest zoo. Set on a spacious 40-acre park, the zoo features over 500 animals roaming freely in natural habitats surrounded by exotic plants, wildflowers, and trees. Angel Mounds State Historic Site is nationally recognized as one of the best preserved prehistoric Native American sites in the United States. From 1100 to 1450 A. D., a town on this site was home to people of the Middle Mississippian culture. Several thousand people lived in this town protected by a stockade made of wattle and daub. Because Angel Mounds was a chiefdom (the home of the chief) it was the regional center of a large community that grew outward from it for many miles. It is one of 16 state museums and historic sites in Indiana. Bosse Field (opened 1915) is the third oldest baseball stadium still hosting professional games (#2 and #1 being Chicago's Wrigley Field (1914) and Boston's Fenway Park (1912), respectively). Game scenes in A League Of Their Own were filmed there.

Festivals

A League Of Their Own]The West Side Nut Club Fall Festival is a street fair held in the area west of Downtown Evansville. It is held on the first full week of October. According to the West Side Nut Club, the Fall Festival is the second largest street festival in the United States; it is eclipsed only by the famous Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans. Each July the city plays host to the [http://www.evansvillefreedomfestival.org/index.htm/ Evansville Freedom Festival]. It includes the "Thunder on the Ohio" hydroplane races, a firework extravaganza over the Ohio River, and more. The United States Navy's Blue Angels have also been a big crowd pleaser in recent years. In the last weekend of August the popular Frog Follies takes place, when over 4000 street rods converge on the Vanderburgh County 4-H fairgrounds just north of the city.

Arts & Museums

Blue Angels]The Evansville Philharmonic Orchestra (EPO) is the largest arts institution in the tri-state area. Founded in 1934, The EPO is a professional orchestra comprised of approximately 80 musicians led by Music Director Alfred Savia. Each year, the EPO presents a seven-concert classics series, 4 double pops performances, 2 Casual Classics Series concerts and special event concerts, as well as numerous educational and outreach performances. The Evansville Museum of Arts, History and Science is home to one of southern Indiana's most established and significant cultural centers. It holds the Koch Planetarium, the oldest in Indiana. Also on the campus is the The Evansville Museum Transportation Center, which features transportation in southern Indiana from the latter part of the Nineteenth Century through the mid-Twentieth Century. The Reitz Home Museum is Evansville's only Victorian House Museum. It is noted as one of the country's finest examples of Second French Empire architecture. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. During World War II Evansville produced 167 LSTs (and 35 other craft), making it the largest inland producer of LSTs in the nation. In October, 2005 USS LST 325 was moved to an Evansville dock and to turned into a museum. It is the last navigable LST in operation today.

Sports

Although high school athletics are a constant source of local patronage, the University of Evansville and University of Southern Indiana regularly draw thousands of spectators to NCAA Division I and Division II sporting events. The city has had an indoor football team since the 2002-2003 season called the BlueCats which plays at Roberts Stadium, and, since 1995, a baseball team called Evansville Otters [http://www.evansvilleotters.com/index.html] which plays in the Frontier League at Bosse Field. Roberts Stadium, a frequent facility for both sports and concerts, seats 13,232 spectators, features four star locker rooms and a press room. The Goebbel Socer Complex is a $3.4 million project built on 70 acres of land. It features nine Olympic-size irrigated Bermuda grass fields and one $550,000+ Olympic-size AstroPlay turf field, only the second field of its kind in Indiana.

Parks

The city oversees the operation of 65 parks and 21 special facilities encompassing more than 2,300 acres of land in the City of Evansville and Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Among these are three popular 18-hole public golf courses and one 9-hole golf course. Located on nearly 200 acres of rolling hills in western Vanderburgh County, Burdette Park features an aquatic center with water slides, three pools, and a snack bar. It also offers a BMX racing track, batting cages, softball diamonds, miniature golf, tennis courts, and locations for fishing. Wesselman Woods Nature Preserve is a National Natural Landmark with nearly 200 acres of virgin bottomland hardwood forest. The Nature Center features exhibits, events, wildlife observation areas, meeting rooms, library, and gift shop.

Law & Government

Burdette Park]The Mayor of Evansville, Jonathan Weinzapfel, serves as the chief executive officer and a nine-member elected City Council is the legislative branch of city government. The City of Evansville is the county seat for Vanderburgh County. In recent years there has been a considerable push to unify the Evansville city and Vanderburgh county governments. [http://www.citycountystudy.com/] The current proposal calls for a Mayor and Deputy Mayor, who would be appointed by the mayor, and a 15 member Metro Council composed of 15 persons: Three at-large members and 12 members elected by the Voters of the City. Currently the proposal is under review and has not received the necessary support from area state representatives and senators. Vanderburgh County's delegation to the Indiana State House of Representatives is comprised of four representatives: Dennis Avery (District 75), Trent van Haaften (District 76), Phil Hoy (District 77), and Suzanne Crouch (District 78). Evansville and Vanderburgh County are represented by two state senators. In general, the southern third of the county and Armstrong Township are part of District 49, currently held by Larry Lutz. The county's west side is also in District 49. Most of the county is in District 50, which extends to the east, by a seat held by Vaneeta Becker. The region is located in the 8th District of Indiana ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/in08_109.gif map]) and served by U.S. Representative John Hostettler.

Education

The city and county are divided into a nationally recognized public school system of 20 elementary schools, 11 middle schools, and five public high schools. In addition there are two Catholic high schools, one private, and a charter school.
- Signature School, Indiana's first Four Star charter high school, is currently seeking to become an International Baccalaureate Programme.
  - Evansville Day School offers grades K-12. The school's enrollment including all grades is 258. Though often just two universities are listed for Evansville, the University of Southern Indiana (USI) and the University of Evansville, Indiana University School of Medicine also has a presence in the city. The [http://shaw.medlib.iupui.edu/ecme/ecmepage.htm Evansville Center for Medical Education] is located on the campus of USI. Both Ivy Tech State College and ITT Tech have locations in the city as well.

Transportation

Ivy Tech State College] Immediate access to all major forms of transportation makes Evansville an important factor in Indiana's global economy. The city boasts an excellent road, rail, water, and air transportation system. It is bounded on the north by Interstate 64, extending west to St. Louis, Missouri and east to Louisville, Kentucky. Interstate 164 provides a convenient link from Interstate 64 to the city's thriving eastside retail district and a direct route to Henderson, Kentucky. Interstate 69 will soon be extended to Evansville, creating a new international trade corridor from Canada to the Rio Grande Valley. Engineering design began in 1997 and construction schedules are currently being planned. The Evansville Regional Airport, housed in a 140,000 sq. ft. terminal, offers over 50 flights a day to destinations around the country. A complimentary shuttle service is offered from the airport to major hotels. The Metropolitan Evansville Transit System (METS) provides bus transportation to all sections of the city.

Business & Employment

Evansville is the regional center for a large trade area in Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois. Originally a ferry landing, the town was founded in 1812 by Hugh McGary. Later, it was the terminus of a failed Wabash & Erie Canal (1853), a furniture and cigar manufacturing capital (into the early 1900s when German immigrants shaped the city's character), a railroad and refrigerator center, and lately a plastics industry kingpin. During the final third of the 20th century, the transition was made from a small river town to a commerical, medical, and service hub for a tri-state region with 700,000 residents. Many of the city's businesses, including Mead Johnson Nutritionals, a division of Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Whirlpool Corporation are part of multinational operations. A 1990s economic spurt was fueled by the growth of the University of Southern Indiana, which now has 10,000 students, and the arrival of giant Toyota and AK Steel plants as well as Casino Aztar, Indiana's first gaming boat. Evansville is also the corporate headquarters for Accuride, Atlas Van Lines, Berry Plastics, Old National Bank, Shoe Carnival, and Vectren. The City of Evansville also offers a unique pro-business tax structure for companies locating inside the Evansville Urban Enterprise Zone. Established in 1983 as one of only six enterprise zones in the State of Indiana, the 2.1 square mile Evansville Urban Enterprise Zone offers inventory tax credits and other tax credits to eligible businesses.

Media

The principal daily newspaper is the Evansville Courier & Press, which is owned by the E.W. Scripps Company. The newspaper also publishes the monthly Evansville Business Journal for the region. Evansville Living, a bi-monthly city magazine published by the Tucker Publishing Group, showcases the people, businesses, and community. The city has a total of 30 radio stations that include adult contemporary, big band, classical, jazz, rock, country, oldies, and easy listening formats. The University of Evansville's WUEV FM is a non-commercial station that plays a variety of alternative, classical, and jazz music. Evansville is the 100th-largest television market in the United States according to Nielsen Media Research. The local broadcast television stations are:
- WEHT ABC Channel 25
- WEVV CBS Channel 44
- WTVW FOX Channel 7
- WFIE NBC Channel 14
- WTSN PAX Channel 63
- WNIN PBS Channel 9
- WWAZ WB Channel 19

History

Settled by pioneer immigrants some 200 years ago, the city of Evansville is situated on a gentle horseshoe bend on the Ohio River. The first cabin built in Evansville was built in 1809, home of George Miller. As testament to the Ohio's grandeur, the early French explorers named it La Belle Riviere ("The Beautiful River"). Before the pioneers, Evansville was home first to an ancient community of Native Americans called the Mississippians. Evansville was laid out in 1817, and was named in honor of Robert Morgan Evans (1783-1844), one of its founders, who was an officer under then General William Henry Harrison in the War of 1812. It soon became a thriving commercial town, with an extensive river trade, was incorporated in 1819, and received a city charter in 1847. The completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal, in 1843, from Evansville to Toledo, Ohio, a distance of 400 miles, greatly accelerated the city's growth. Evansville's first railroad company, Evansville & Crawfordsville Railroad, was built in 1850. Evansville's main street was paved in 1889. In 1932 the first bridge from Evansville crossing the Ohio River was built. On November 6, 2005, the Evansville Tornado of November 2005 caused 22 deaths in Newburgh and Evansville.

Famous People from Evansville


- Chic Anderson, sportscaster
- Andy Benes, baseball player
- Bud Boetticher, director of western movies and Ohio State University football star
- Avery Brooks, actor - Uncle Tom's Cabin, American History X, A Man Called Hawk, Spenser: For Hire, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
- Calbert Cheaney, NBA basketball player
- Elbert Frank Cox, mathematician
- Neal Doughty, keyboard player, REO Speedwagon
- Louis J. Koch, creator of Holiday World
- Ron Glass, actor "Barney Miller", "Firefly"
- Bob Griese, football player
- Roy Halston Frowick fashion designer (graduated from Bosse High School)
- Bob Hamilton, professional golfer and winner of the 1944 PGA Championship
- Lee Hamilton, former U.S. Congressman
- Kevin Hardy, football player
- Don Mattingly, baseball player
- Walter McCarty, NBA basketball player
- Michael Michele, actress - "ER"
- Marilyn Miller, stage and screen actress of the 1920s - 30s
- Robert D. Orr (1917-2004), former governor of Indiana
- Paul Osborn (1901-1988), playwright, including screenplay for East of Eden
- Scott Rolen, baseball player
- Ray Ryan, oil man, property developer, gambler and multi-millionaire
- Ruth Siems, Stove Top Stuffing creator
- Larry Stallings, NFL linebacker
- Matt Williams TV producer - "The Cosby Show", "Roseanne", "Home Improvement", playwright

Trivia


- The national headquarters Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia is located in Evansville.
- The first Sears department store was opened on October 5, 1925 in Evansville.
- The Evansville Crimson Giants were a National Football League team from 1921-2. The MLB Triple A Evansville Triplets played in Evansville from 1970-1984.

See Also


- List of cities and towns along the Ohio River

External Links


- [http://www.frogfollies.org/ Frog Follies]
- [http://www.evansvillecvb.org Evansville Convention & Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.evansville.net/user/boneyard/index.html The Evansville Boneyard]
- [http://www.emuseum.org/ Evansville's museum]
- [http://www.evansvilleotters.com/ Evansville Otters]
- [http://www.evpl.org/ Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library] Category:All-America City Category:Cities in Indiana Category:Vanderburgh County, Indiana

Indiana

:This article is about the U.S. state. See also Indiana, Pennsylvania (U.S.) and Indiana, São Paulo (Brazil.) Indiana, meaning the "Land of the Indians," is a state of the United States of America. Its capital is Indianapolis. The U.S. postal abbreviation for the state is IN. A resident of Indiana is called a Hoosier (which is also the name used for a student of Indiana University, Bloomington). The USS Indiana was named in honor of this state.

History

The area of Indiana has been settled since before the development of the Hopewell culture (ca. 100–400 CE). It was part of the Mississippian culture from roughly 1000CE up to the conventional end of Mississippian dating ("contact with Europeans"). The specific Native American tribes that inhabited this territory at that time were primarily the Miami and the Shawnee. The area was claimed for New France in the 17th century, handed over to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the settlement at the end of the French and Indian War, given to the United States after the American Revolution, soon after which it became part of the Northwest Territory, then the Indiana Territory, and joined the Union in 1816 as the 19th state.

Law and Government

The current governor of Indiana is Mitch Daniels, whose campaign slogan was "My Man Mitch." He was elected to office on November 2, 2004. The state's U.S. senators are B. Evans "Evan" Bayh III (Democrat) and Richard G. Lugar (Republican). Indiana is considered by many to be one of the more conservative states in the Midwest. Since it supported Lyndon B. Johnson over Barry Goldwater in 1964, Indiana has not backed a single Democratic presidential candidate. However, half of Indiana's governors in the 20th century were Democrats. Former Governor and current U.S. Senator Evan Bayh is an all-but-announced canidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008. His middle-of-the-road record and attention to constituencies has been well-received by Indiana voters. His father was a three-term Senator with a liberal record.

Geography

Evan Bayh Indiana is bounded on the north by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan, on the east by Ohio, on the south by Kentucky with which it shares the Ohio River as a border, and on the west by Illinois. Indiana is one of the Great Lakes states. The 475 mile long Wabash River bisects the state from northeast to southwest and has given Indiana two theme songs, the state song On the Banks of the Wabash as well as The Wabash Cannonball. The White River (a tributary of the Wabash, which is a tributary of the Ohio) zigzags through central Indiana. Indianapolis and Muncie are large cities on this river. Evansville, the third largest city in Indiana, is located on the Ohio River, which forms all of the Indiana-Kentucky border. Northern Indiana is mostly farmland; however, the northwest corner of the state is part of the greater metropolitan area of Chicago and is therefore more densely populated. Gary, a city on Lake Michigan, is effectively a suburb of Chicago, even though it is in Indiana. The Kankakee River, which winds through Northern Indiana, serves somewhat as a demarcating line between rural and suburban northwest Indiana. Southern Indiana is a mixture of farmland and forest. The Hoosier National Forest is a 200,000 acre nature preserve near Bedford. Southern Indiana generally contains more hills and geographic variation than the northern portion.

Economy

Hoosier National Forest The total gross state product in 2003 was $214 billion. Indiana's per capita income, as of 2003, was $28,783. Indiana is located well within the Corn Belt, and the state's agricultural methods and principal farm outputs reflect this: a feedlot-style system raising corn, to fatten hogs and cattle. Soybeans are also a major cash crop. The state's nearness to large urban centers, such as Chicago, Illinois, also assures that much dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Specialty crops include melons (southern Wabash Valley), tomatoes (concentrated in central Indiana), grapes, and mint (Source: USDA crop profiles). In addition, Indiana is a significant producer of tobacco. It should be remembered that most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many isolated parcels of woodland remain, and much of the southern, hilly portion is heavily forested (a condition which supports a local furniture-making sector in that part of the state). A high percentage of Indiana's GDP comes from manufacturing. The Calumet region of northwest Indiana is the largest steel producing area in the USA, and this activity also requires that very large amounts of electric power be generated. Indiana's other manufactures include automobiles, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery. In addition, Indiana has the international headquarters of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly as well as the headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals, a division of Bristol-Myers Squibb. Bristol-Myers Squibb Despite it's reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less hit by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer, and labor accept, somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. In other words, firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages for those skills, which often makes location in the state desirable. (Source for basic manufacturing facts in the above two paragraphs is generally McCoy and McNamara, "Manufacturers in Indiana," Purdue University Center for Rural Development, Research Paper 19, July 1998.) In mining Indiana is probably best known for its decorative limestone from the southern, hilly portion of the state, especially from around Bedford (the home area of Apollo I astronaut Gus Grissom). One of the many public buildings faced with this stone is The Pentagon, and after the attack of September 11, 2001, a special effort was made by the mining industry of Indiana to replace those damaged walls with as nearly identical type and cut of material as the original facing. There are also large coal mines in the southern portion of the state. Like most Great Lakes states Indiana has small to medium operating petroleum fields; the principal location of these today is in extreme southwest. Indiana's economy is considered to be one of the most business-friendly states in the U.S. This is due in part to it's conservative business climate, low business taxes, and many labor laws that have remained unchanged since the 1800s, emphasizing the supremacy of employer/management. The doctrine of at-will employment, where an employer can terminate an employee for any or no reason, is firmly ensconced in Indiana. Unions in Indiana are among the weakest in the U.S. and it is difficult for unions to organize. It has been said that Indiana is a post-industrial state with a pre-Industrial Revolution mindset regarding the rights of workers. With isolated exceptions in university areas such as Bloomington and Lafayette, technology has been slow to catch on in Indiana, in part to Hoosiers' traditional, well-known resistance to change. Most political leaders at the state level continue to emphasize the state's past economic base of manufacturing and farming.

Demographics

As of 2004, the population of Indiana was estimated to be 6,237,569. This includes about 229,000 foreign-born (3.7%). Racially, the state is:
- 85.8% White
- 8.4% Black
- 3.5% Hispanic
- 1% Asian
- 0.3% Native American
- 1.2% Mixed race The five largest ancestries in the state are: German (22.7%), American (12%), Irish (10.8%), English (8.9%), African American (8.4%). German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with almost one-in-four whites reporting German ancestry in the Census. Persons of American and British ancestry are also present throughout the state, especially in the southern and central parts of the state. Gary and the surrounding Chicago suburbs, along with the city of Indianapolis, have large black populations. South Bend has a large Polish population and there are a sizeable number of people with Belgian ancestry in Mishawaka. Dyngus Day, the Polish celebration of the end of Lent, takes place on the Monday after Easter and is widely celebrated in South Bend. A large Hispanic/Latino population has swelled in Elkhart County, particularly the north side of the city of Goshen. This formerly German- and Dutch-dominated area now has a high concentration of Hispanic (particularly Mexican)-oriented businesses and many official signs in the area are bilingual. Population growth since 1990 has been extremely concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati. Meanwhile, population decline has primarily been in a series of counties that geographically form a line between Logansport and Richmond. Most of these counties were at the heart of the Gas Belt. There were also three counties along the Wabash River and the Ohio River that experienced decline, these were Vigo, Knox, and Perry.

Religion

Religiously, Indiana is predominantly Protestant, although there is also a significant Roman Catholic population. The Catholic presence is perhaps better known than its size would imply due to the existence of the University of Notre Dame. Indiana is home to a moderate proportion of Mennonite and Amish Christians, particularly in Elkhart and LaGrange Counties in the north, and Parke County in the west, and the state has the nation's largest population of members of the Protestant "Churches of Christ" denomination. The current religious affiliations of the people of Indiana are shown below:
- Christian – 82%
  - Protestant – 62%
    - Baptist – 15%
    - Methodist – 10%
    - Lutheran – 6%
    - Church of Christ – 5%
    - Pentecostal – 3%
    - Mennonite/Pietist – 1%
    - Other Protestant – 23%
  - Roman Catholic – 19%
  - Other Christian – 1%
- Other Religions – 1%
- Non-Religious – 17%

Important Cities and Towns

Education

Colleges and Universities

Professional Sports Teams

Time Zones

Roman Catholic Most of Indiana has historically exempted itself from the observation of daylight saving time (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, observe daylight saving time unofficially and illegally by local custom. In addition, Lake, Porter, LaPorte, Newton, and Jasper counties in the nortwest and Gibson, Posey, Vanderburgh, Warrick, and Spencer counties in the southwest are in the Central time zone and remain subject to daylight saving time. The history of this unique arrangement is fairly convoluted. From 1918 until 1961, at which time authority under the various Standard Time Acts was in the Interstate Commerce Commission, the dividing line between Eastern and Central Standard Time was approximately the eastern boundary line of the State of Indiana. In 1961 after hearings, the Interstate Commerce Commission adjusted the boundary line between Eastern and Central so that the line essentially split Indiana down the middle. In 1967, the Governor of Indiana petitioned the United States Department of Transportation to have the entire state of Indiana placed on Central Time. Instead, the time line was fixed in a position where all but 10 counties in western Indiana were placed in the Eastern Time Zone, but dispensation was given to allow a state to exempt an entire time zone bloc within the state from observance of Daylight Saving Time. Technically, during the summer months, this meant most of Indiana was on Eastern Standard Time, but functionally most of the state was on Central Daylight Time. Due to this confusion, the state passed a bill in 2005 whereby the entire state is to begin observing daylight saving time starting in April 2006. Counties would remain under their current time zones, but the bill also asks the federal Department of Transportation, which has jurisdiction over time zones, to reconsider whether more counties should switch to the Central zone. The counties that petitioned for Central Time were St. Joseph, Starke, Marshall, Pulaski, Fulton, White, Cass, Benton and Carroll in the northern part of the state; Fountain and Vermillion counties in the central part of the state; and Sullivan, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Lawrence, Pike, Dubois, and Perry counties in the southern part of the state. As of October 25, 2005, the USDOT had tentatively proposed that only St. Joseph, Starke, Knox, Pike, and Perry Counties move from the Eastern to the Central time zone. [http://dms.dot.gov/search/document.cfm?documentid=360876&docketid=22114]

Miscellaneous Information


- State bird: Cardinal
- State flower: Peony
- State motto: "Crossroads of America."
- State poem: [http://www.in.gov/sic/about/emblems/state_poem.html Indiana], by Arthur Franklin Mapes
- State song: On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away
- State river: Wabash
- State stone: Salem limestone
- State tree: Tulip tree Indiana is the home state of a large number of astronauts, including such notables as "Gus" Grissom and Frank Borman. Many other astronauts, including Neil Armstrong and Gene Cernan, were graduates of Purdue University in West Lafayette ([http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/history/space_program/hoosier_astronauts.html]). Neil Armstrong's Purdue class ring may be the only such object that has ever traveled to the moon and back.

Natural Resources

There are 24 Indiana state parks, nine man-made reservoirs, and hundreds of lakes in the state.

External Links


- [http://www.in.gov Indiana government home page] :
- [http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/emblems/index.html Indiana state emblems]
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html U.S. Census Bureau]
- [http://www.usnewspapers.org/state/indiana Indiana Newspapers]
- Category:States of the United States ko:인디애나 주 ja:インディアナ州 simple:Indiana th:มลรัฐอินดีแอนา

YMCA

:Alternate meaning: YMCA (song) YMCA (song) The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is an ecumenical organization offering programming based on Christian values. The YMCA mission is often stated as, "To put Christian principles into practice through programs that build a healthy spirit, mind, and body for all." Each local YMCA oversees its own finances and governance. Within most countries, the local YMCAs are related primarily in terms of overall strategy and direction only—the organization is truly community-based and staffed and supported by volunteers and local employees. In some localities nowadays, the YMCA is almost exclusively a community sports facility, utilizing physical activities and recreation as a method of promoting positive values. YMCAs operate in 119 countries worldwide. Individual YMCA programming and mission varies from country to country as a result of the model of local governance adopted by the organization.

History

sports facility The YMCA movement was founded in London on June 6, 1844 by George Williams and a group of like-minded Evangelical Christians. Williams was a draper, typical of the many young men who were being drawn to big cities by the Industrial Revolution. His colleagues were similarly employed, and they were concerned by the lack of healthy activities for young men in cities such as London. The alternatives were often taverns, brothels, and other temptations to sin. The "Y" expanded to Australia in 1850. The first YMCA in North America was opened in Montreal, Quebec by the congregation of Saint James Methodist Church on November 25, 1851, and the first in the United States opened on December 29, 1851 In 1855 delegates from YMCAs convened in Paris, France, where they adopted a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs. The main point of the "Paris Basis" were that no minor disagreement should ever be able to split the movement from its Christian focus. To further enhance this point of view, John 17.21 was adopted as the motto of the organization: "...that they may all be one." The focus of the Paris conference was almost purely individual - to help young men to "build a healthy spirit, mind, and body for all". Throughout the 20th century it became evident in the member countries that YMCA would be an organization of both genders. The name, however, has naturally prevailed, being a strong brand name. In some of the member countries the YMCA was the first national organization to adopt a strict policy of equal gender representation in commitees and national boards. An example is Norway in 1880. In 1973 the "Kampala principles" were adopted, reinforcing the policies of the YMCAs, but stating what had become obvious in most national YMCAs, that a global viewpoint was more necessary, and that in doing so, the YMCAs would have to take political stands, especially so in international challenges. At the world conference in Germany in 1997, the "Challenge 21" was adopted, giving even more focus to the global challenges, like gender equality, sustainable development, war and peace, fair distribution and the challenges of globalization, racism and HIV/AIDS. All these topics are viewed as challenges against the will of God. The YMCAs took a firm stand in the global fight against Apartheid and also in the situation in the Middle East. At the world conference in Oaxtepec, Mexico in 2002, a strong call for a peaceful solution to the crisis was adopted. The YMCAs, especially in Western Europe and North America has also used great resources to help build national YMCAs in Eastern Europe with great success. In 2003 a youth convention was arranged in Prague with attendance from almost all countries in Europe to celebrate the healing of the wounds from the "iron curtain". Today, YMCAs are present in 119 countries. The present president is Caesar Molebatsi from South Africa, and Bartholomew Shaha of Bangladesh is Secretary General. The activities of the YMCA can be divided into four categories:

Spiritual

The first YMCA was very much concerned with Bible study, although the organization has generally moved on to a more holistic approach to youthwork. Around six years after its birth, an international YMCA conference in Paris decided that the objective of the organization should become "Christian discipleship developed through a programme of religious, educational, social and physical activities" (Binfield 1973:265). More recent objectives as found on the YMCA UK website include no reference to discipleship.

Parent/Child

disciple]] In the US, the YMCA parent child programs (originally called YMCA Indian Guides, Princess, Braves and Maiden's) have provided structured opportunities for fellowship, camping, and community-building activities (including craft-making and community service) for several generations of parents and kids in kindergarten through third grade. The roots of these still vibrant programs stem from similar activities dating back to 1926. Notable founders of YMCA Indian Guides include Harold Keltner, a St. Louis YMCA director, and indirectly, Joe Friday, an Ojibwa hunting guide. The two men met in the early 1920s, when Joe Friday was a speaker at a local YMCA banquet for Fathers and Sons that Harold Keltner had arranged. Today, Joe Friday and Harold Keltner are commemorated with patch awards honoring their legacy which are given out to distinguished YMCA volunteers in the program. YMCA Indian Guides participants historically took pride in cultivating respect and honor for Native American culture. Responding to a number of variables, including making the program more culturally sensitive and attracting a broader audience, in 2003 the program evolved into what is now known nationally as "YMCA Adventure Guides," "Trailblazers" is the YMCA's parent/child program for older kids. In some programs, children earn patches for achieving various goals, such as completing a designated nature hike or participating in Y-sponsored events. A typical, suburban Indian Guide meeting was parodied in the Bob Hope/Lucille Ball comedy of 1960, The Facts of Life. More recently, the continued popularity of the YMCA I-Guides is seen in the 1995 Chevy Chase/Farrah Fawcett comedy, Man of the House, wherein a campout takes place complete with the dads and kids addressing one another by their program names in patch-covered vests, wearing headdresses, singing songs, and roasting marshmallows around a campfire.

Physical fitness

Basketball, volleyball, swimming pools, and racquetball were all developed by YMCA instructors. It is very common for YMCAs to have weight rooms, along with facilities for playing various sports. Up until the YMCA became co-ed in the early 60s, men and boys, including the swimming instructors, swam nude. The original reason cited for not allowing swimsuits in the pool was that the cotton or even older wool swimsuits would clog up the filtration system. At that time, male-segregated nudity was very common in the locker rooms while showering or while swimming in male-only high-school swimming classes. It was understood that there was nothing wrong or sexual about males seeing other males while naked. Females were never allowed to be present at such a setting.

Education

Many colleges and universities owe their creation to the YMCA. Springfield College was founded in 1885 as an international training school for YMCA Professionals, while Sir George Williams University—one of the two schools that eventually became Concordia University—started from night courses offered at the Montreal YMCA. Northeastern University, Boston began out of a YMCA in Boston, and Franklin University began as the YMCA School of Commerce. The YMCA pioneered the concept of night school, providing educational opportunities for people with full-time employment. Many YMCAs offer ESL programs, alternative high school, day care, and summer camp programs. American high school students have a chance to participate in YMCA Youth and Government, wherein clubs of kids representing each YMCA community convene annually in their respective state legislatures to "take over the State Capitol for a day." YMCA Youth and Government helps teens learn about and participate in civics in a real-world setting.

See also


- YWCA
- YMCA Youth and Government
- Jewish Community Center
- 92nd Street Y

External links


- [http://www.ymca.int/ Official Website of the World Alliance of YMCAs]
- [http://www.asiapacificymca.org/ Official Website of Asia and Pacific Alliance of YMCAs]
- [http://www.ymcaworldservice.org/ YMCA World Service website]
- [http://www.ymca.net/ YMCA United States website]
- [http://www.ymca.ca/ YMCA Canada website]
- [http://www.ymca.org.au/index2.php/ YMCA Australia website]
- [http://www.bangladeshymca.org/ Bangladesh YMCA Website ]
- [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/ymca.html YMCA and the Gay Subculture] Category:International organizations Category:British charities Category:LGBT culture Category:Diver training agency ja:キリスト教青年会

Indiana University

Indiana University, technically founded in 1820, is an eight-campus university system in the state of Indiana. Frequently it is referred to incorrectly as the "University of Indiana." The IU system includes the following locations:
- Indiana University Bloomington in Bloomington, Indiana (main campus)
- Indiana University East in Richmond, Indiana
- Indiana University Kokomo in Kokomo, Indiana
- Indiana University Northwest in Gary, Indiana
- Indiana University South Bend in South Bend, Indiana
- Indiana University Southeast in New Albany, Indiana The system also operates three regional campuses in cooperation with Purdue University:
- IUPUI (Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis) in Indianapolis
- IPFW (Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne) in Fort Wayne
- IUPUC (Indiana University-Purdue University Columbus) in Columbus The IUPUI campus also hosts the Indiana University Medical Center, the Indiana University School of Law - Indianapolis, and the Indiana University School of Dentistry, all of which are on IUPUI's campus but technically independent of IUPUI. The number of students at Indiana University is 92,916; the majority of these students study at the main Bloomington campus (35,694 students) and at IUPUI (28,139 students) [ spring 2005 ]. ---- The Indiana University of Pennsylvania or IUP is a public university in Indiana, Pennsylvania and is not associated with Indiana University.

Related Topics


- Indiana Hoosiers
- Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities

External link


- [http://www.indiana.edu/campuses/ IU regional campuses official web site] ja:インディアナ大学システム

Master's degree

:For other degrees, see Academic degree or Degree (disambiguation) A master's degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate or graduate course of one to three years in duration. In the United Kingdom it is sometimes awarded for an undergraduate student whose final year consists of higher-level courses and a major research project. In the recent standardized European system of higher education diplomas, it corresponds to a two-year graduate program to be entered after three years of undergraduate studies and in preparation for either high-qualification employment or for doctoral studies.

North America

MA, MS, MSc, MSE, AM, SM

The Master of Arts (Magister Artium) and Master of Science (Magister Scientiæ) degrees are the basic type in most subjects and may be entirely course-based, entirely research-based or (more typically) a mixture. Admission to a masters program is normally contingent upon holding a bachelors degree, and progressing to a doctoral program usually requires a master's degree. In some fields or graduate programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelors degree. Some programs provide for a joint bachelors and masters degree after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, and due to the flexibility of Latin word order, Artium Magister (AM) or Scientiæ Magister (SM) may be used at some schools. For example, Harvard University uses the degree abbreviations A.M., S.M. and Ed.M. for its master's degrees.

MASc, MEng

The Master of Engineering degree is awarded to students who have done graduate work at the masters level in the field of engineering. While in the United States, candidates in engineering are typically awarded MS degrees, in the U.K. and Canada, they are generally given MSc, MASc or MEng degrees. (An example of an MEng-awarding U.S. university is the University of California, Berkeley, of which the Civil & Environmental Engineering department offers both MS and MEng degrees.) In Canada, the Master of Applied Science (MASc) is awarded to masters students with a research focus (having completed work leading to a thesis), while an MEng is awarded to masters students with a coursework focus and the completion of a research paper. The distinction between MASc and MEng is not definite since some universities grant only an MEng and some universities grant only an MASc, either research or coursework-focused.

MAT

Coursework and practica leading to a Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) degree is intended to prepare individuals for a teaching career in a specific subject of middle and/or secondary-level curricula (i.e., middle or high school). The MAT differs from the MEd degree in that the course requirements are dominated by classes in the subject area to be taught (e.g., foreign language, math, science, etc.) rather than educational theory. Work toward most MAT degrees will, however, necessarily include classes on educational theory in order to meet program and state requirements. Work toward the MAT degree may also include practica (i.e., student teaching).

MBA, MHA, MPA, MAL

Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Health Administration (MHA) and Master of Public Administration (MPA), are professional degrees focusing on management for the private and public sector.

MAcc or MAc

Master of Accountancy (MAcc or MAc) is typically a one-year, non-thesis graduate program designed to prepare graduates for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the CPA exam.

MArchHist

The two-year Master of Architectural History (M.Arch.Hist.) is the first professional degree in architectural history or historic preservation and often is awarded for progress toward a Ph.D.

MDiv, MTh, STM

The Master of Divinity (M.Div.) is the first professional degree in ministry and is a common academic degree among theological seminaries. It is typically three years in length. Other theology degree titles used are Master of Theology and Master of Sacred Theology.

MEd

Master of Education degrees are similar to MA, MS, and MSc where the subject studied is education. In the United States some states license teachers with a bachelors degree but require a masters within a set number of years as continuing education. Other Education related master's degrees conferred in the United States are Master of Science in Education (M.S.Ed. or M.S.E.), Master of Arts in Education (M.A.Ed.) and Master of Adult Education (M.Ad.Ed.).

MMus

Master of Music is a three or four year degree in the field of music.

MFA

The Master of Fine Arts (MFA) is a two to three year terminal degree in a creative field of study such as theatre arts, creative writing, filmmaking or studio art.

M.A.L.S., MLA, MLS

The Master of Arts in Liberal Studies (M.A.L.S.), Master of Liberal Arts (MLA), Master of Arts in Liberal Arts (M.A.L.A.) and Master of Liberal Studies (MLS) are interdisciplinary master's degrees, occasionally awarded in specific subjects. Regardless of the title, these degrees are essentially similar, often requiring the completion of a liberal arts curriculum and a master's thesis or capstone project. In the 1950s, Wesleyan University initiated the first master's program of this sort, to refresh the educations of local secondary school teachers. Today, these degrees are often undertaken for personal enrichment, or to explore an interdisciplinary subject that does not conform to the scope of traditional master's degree programs.

MLS, MLIS, MSIS

A Master of Library Science (MLS) degree is the culmination of an interdisciplinary program encompassing information science, information management, librarianship, and/or related topics. Modern variants include Master of Library and Information Studies (MLIS), Master of Science in Information Studies (MSIS), Master of Librarianship, et al. While some universities use standard degree titles such as Master of Arts (University of Iowa) and Master of Science (University of Illinois) for their Library Science master's degrees.

MPH

The Master of Public Health degree is awarded to students who have completed a post-graduate course of study in Public Health.

MPhil

In the United States and Canada, a Master of Philosophy or Magister Philosophiae (MPhil) degree is sometimes awarded to ABD (all but dissertation) doctoral candidates who have completed all coursework, passed their written and oral examinations, and met any other special requirements before beginning work on the doctoral dissertation. Assuming all requirements are met, the MPhil degree is generally awarded after about one year of full time study towards a doctorate. The MPhil is considered equivalent to the former French DEA Diplôme d'études approfondies.

MSN, M.Nur.

The Master of Science in Nursing is the most common title for a graduate professional degree in nursing. A few schools also use the titles Master of Nursing or Master of Arts.

MSW

The Master of Social Work (MSW) is a semi-professional degree preparing students to become social workers.

United Kingdom

Undergraduate Masters

(MSci, MChem, MComp, MEng, MMath, MPhys, etc.) In the UK, many universities now have a four year (five years in Scotland) undergraduate programmes in science courses, with a project in the final year. The awards for these are named after the subject, so a course in mathematics would earn a Master in Mathematics degree, (abbreviated to MMath), or have a general title such as MSci (Master in Science at most universities but Master of Natural Sciences at Cambridge). Although these degrees reflect a higher level of achievement than the traditional bachelor's degree, some are generally considered less prestigious than postgraduate masters degrees such as MSc and MA. In content the first three years are generally identical to those of the equivalent bachelor's degree while the fourth year is a combination of higher-level taught courses and a research project.

Postgraduate Masters

Postgraduate masters in the United Kingdom can either be "taught" degrees, involving lectures, examination and a short dissertation, or "research" degrees (though the latter have largely been replaced by MPhil and MRes programmes, see below). Taught masters programmes involve 1 or 2 years of full-time study. The programmes are often very intensive and demanding, and concentrate on one very specialised area of knowledge. Some universities also offer a Masters by Learning Contract scheme, where a candidate can specify his or her own learning objectives; these are submitted to supervising academics for approval, and are assessed by means of written reports, practical demonstrations and presentations.

Taught Postgraduate Masters

(MSc, MA, LL.M., MLitt, MSSc, etc) The most common types of postgraduate taught Masters degrees are the Master of Arts (MA) awarded in Arts, Humanities, Theology and Social Sciences and the Master of Science (MSc) awarded in pure and applied Science. However, some universities - particularly those in Scotland - award the Master of Letters (MLitt) Master of Letters to students in the Arts, Humanities, Divinity and Social Sciences. [It should be noted that the MLitt is a research degree at the University of Cambridge, where the Master of Philosphy (MPhil) is the stanadard one-year taught degree.] In Law the standard taught degree is the Master of Laws, but certain courses may lead to the award of MA or MLitt. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate masters degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an honours degree). Nowadays however, masters degrees are normally classified into the categories of Pass or Distinction, which tend to require marks of 50% and 70% respectively.

Research Postgraduate Masters

(MPhil and MRes) The Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is a research degree awarded for the completion of a thesis. It is a shorter version of the Ph.D. and some universities routinely enter potential PhD students into the MPhil programme and allow them to upgrade to the full PhD programme a year or two into the course. The Master of Research (MRes) degree is a more structured and organised version of the MPhil, usually designed to prepare a student for a career in research. For example, an MRes may combine individual research with periods of work placement in research establisments. Like the PhD, the MPhil and MRes degrees are awarded without class or grade.

MAs in Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin

The universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin award masters degrees to BAs without further examination, when a certain number of years after matriculation (7 in the case of Oxford and Cambridge) have passed, and (in some but not all cases) upon payment of a nominal fee. It is commonplace for recipients of the degree to have graduated several years previously and to have had little official contact with the university or academic life since then. The only real significance of these degrees is that they historically conferred voting rights in University elections, and certain other privileges e.g. the right to dine at the holder's college's high table. They still do confer some restricted and rarely used voting rights. The MAs awarded by Oxford and Cambridge are colloquially known as the Oxbridge MA. The University of Cambridge also offers an MA to certain senior staff - both academic and non-academic - after three years' employment with the university. Until the advent of the modern research university in the mid 19th century, several other British and American universities also gave such degrees "in course".

Scottish MA

In Scotland the first degree in Arts, Fine Art, Humanities and Social Sciences awarded by many universities is the Master of Arts It should be noted the Science and Law faculties of Scottish universities award the BSc and LLB degrees respectively and the New Universities generally award the BA. The Scottish MA is roughly equivalent to a BA from a University elsewhere in the United Kingdom.

European Union

In order to facilitate the movement of students between European Union countries, a standardized schedule of higher education diplomas, also known as the Bologna process, was proposed: a 3-year undergraduate degree called licence or bachelors degree, then a two-year diploma called master, then a doctorate, meant to be obtained in 3 years. Because of these indicated schedules, the reform is also referred to as 3-5-3.

Austria

The traditional Austrian equivalent to the Master degree is the Diplomstudium, (At an university, only.) leading to the title Diplom-Ingenieur (female title: Diplom-Ingenieurin) in engineering or Magister (female: Magistra) in almost every other discipline. This is a first degree after 5 years of study. (The fields of Medicine, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine pose an exception. The first degree in these disciplines is a professional doctorate.) Due the Bologna process these first degrees are replaced by postgraduate degrees (2 years) leading to the same titles . The admission to these new degrees require a Bakkalaureus degree (female: Bakkalaura - the Austrian title for a Bachelor degree after 3 years of study) in the same or a related field or an equivalent Bachelor from other countries. The continuing use of the traditional titles for the new degrees reflects the relatively high social prestige of these titles in the Austrian society. The traditional degrees at an Austrian Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science), the Magister(FH)/Magistra(FH) and the Diplom-Ingenieur(FH)/Diplom-Ingenieurin(FH) (first degrees after 4 years of study, and not equivalent to the Master degree) are also replaced by undergraduate Bakkalaureus(FH)/Bakkalaura(FH) degrees (3 years) and postgraduate degrees (2 years, and equivalent to a Master degree) with the traditional titels. However, in some disciplines existing also postgraduate degrees with the English title Master. (e.g. the MBA in business administration or the Master of Advanced Studies, the Master of Arts, and the Master of Science in various fields of study) The admission to these new degrees also require an undergraduate degree, but not always in the same or a related discipline.

Belgium

In Belgium, owning a masters degree means that you have completed a higher education (usually university) programme of 4 or 5 years. Before the Bologna process most university degrees required 4 years of studies (leading to a licence), but some programmes required 5 years of study. An example in the field of education in business/management was the 5-year programme of "Ingénieur de Gestion" (Dutch "Handelsingenieur" - English' "Management Engineer") with an important amount of mathematics and sciences, and which corresponds to a M.Sc. in Management. This degree co-existed with an undergraduate degree in business (4 years) named "Licence en sciences économiques appliquées (Dutch. "Licentiaat in toegepaste economische wetenschappen" - English. "Licence in applied economics").

Germany

In Germany the Magister or Diplom (first degree after 5 years, from either an University or a Technische Hochschule and NOT from a Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science)) has traditionally been the equivalent to the Master degree. Due the Bologna process these academic titles are mostly being replaced by the (postgraduate) Master degree, which has caused widespread scepticism among many faculty and student body members who prefer the traditional title and curriculum. The traditional degree at a German Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science), the Diplom(FH) (first degree after 4 years of study) is also replaced by undergraduate Bachelor's degrees (3 years) and postgraduate Master's (2 years).

Finland

In Finland, the introduction of Bologna Process has standardized most of the degrees into the European model. The higher degree is called Master (of respective field) in all fields of study and takes two yeas after the Bachelor's degree. Medicine-related fields of Medicine, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine pose an exception. In medical fields, the licenciate (In Finnish, lisensiaatti) is an equivalent degree, the completion of which takes five (dentistry) or six years (medicine and veterinary), while the Bachelor degree is gained after second year of studies. In Engineering, the higher degree is either diplomi-insinööri (literally: "Engineer with diploma") or arkkitehti (Architect) although in international use MSc is used. In Pharmacy, the degree is proviisori. All such degrees retaining their historical name are classified as Masters. Some other Masters degrees give the right to use the traditional title of the degree-holder. E.g. the Masters of Science in Agriculture and Forestry may use the titles of metsänhoitaja or agronomi depending on their field of study.

France

In France, a traditional diploma was the maîtrise (which translates literally as "master's qualification") after 4 years of studies. This diploma becomes the first year of the Masters program, often referred to as M1. Because of this change, legal texts specifying a maîtrise (for instance, those defining the conditions for the external agrégation) had to be amended. The Masters programs subsume the former DEA (research-oriented 1-year degree), and DESS (industry-oriented 1-year degree), which become the second year of the Master (M2).

Italy

The old university system (Vecchio ordinamento) consisted in a unique five year course program, followed by a variable period (6-12 months usually) for the thesis work. This system has been reformed in 1999/2000 to adapt it to the Bologna process. Now (Nuovo Ordinamento) you have a three year course program called Laurea Breve, and after two years of specialisation, called Laurea Specialistica. Both have a final study work. Then, one can start a phd program. Medicine universities have not changed the system, and consist in six year of study followed, eventually, by the specialisation (3-6 years more).

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the traditional acadamic degrees were doctorandus (drs.) (after 4 years; 5 years for some natural sciences, 6 years for medicine), ingenieur (ir.) (after 5 years) and for Law meester in de rechten (mr.) (after 4 years). Even though universities have adopted the masters and bachelors degree system, the old titles drs., ir. and mr. are still used (and the use of them is protected by law). The doctorandus (literally meaning "he who has to become doctor") degree is comparable with the MA degree (sometimes MSc). The ingenieur (engineer) degree is comparable with an M.Eng. or MSc degree. Finally, the mr. degree is comparable with the LL.M degree. In the Netherlands a suffix degree (MA / MSc / MEng / LL.M) can be used for holders of a prefix degree (drs., ir., mr.) instead of the prefix degree (e.g. 'ir. Jansen' or 'Jansen MSc'). A pre- and postfix can not be used at the same time (e.g. 'drs. Jansen MSc').

Poland

Currently there are two models of higher education in Poland. In the traditional model, a masters degree is awarded after completion of a university curriculum—a 5 year programme in science courses at a university or other similar institution, with a project in the final year called magisterium (it can be translated as a Master of Arts or a Master of Science thesis) that often requires carrying out research in a given field. An MA degree is called a magister (abbreviated mgr) except for medical education where it is called a lekarz medycyny (this gives the holder the right to use the title of physician) or a lekarz weterynarii in the veterinary field. Technical universities usually give the title of magister inżynier (abbreviated mgr inż.) corrseponding to an MSc Eng degree. More and more institutions introduce another model, which as of 2005 is still less popular. In this model, following the Bologna process directives, higher education is split into a 3-year bachelor programme ending with a title of licencjat (non-technical) or inżynier (technical fields), and a 2-year programme (uzupełniające studia magisterskie) giving the title of magister or magister inżynier. Nevertheless, even in these institutions, it is often possible to bridge the bachelor education directly into the master programme, without formally obtaining the licencjat degree, thus shortening the time needed for completing the education slightly. Depending on field and school, the timing may be slightly different.

Hong Kong

MA, MSc, MSocSc, MSW, MEng, LLM

Hong Kong requires two years of full-time coursework to achieve a masters degree. For part-time study, three years of study are normally required to achieve a postgraduate degree.

MPhil

As in the United Kingdom, MPhil or Master of Philosophy is a research degree awarded for the completion of a thesis, and is a shorter version of the PhD.

Taiwan

In Taiwan, bachelor degrees are basically four years (with honors). There is an entrance examination required for people who want to study in Master and PhD degrees. The course offered for Master and PhD normally is research-based.

See also


- Bachelor's degree
- Professional Master's degree
- Master of Business Administration
- Master of Engineering
- Master of Fine Arts
- Master of Theology
- Licentiate
- Engineer's degree
- Doctorate
- British degree abbreviations
- Degrees of Oxford University
- Degrees of Cambridge University

External links


- [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9210/degree.htm The Masters Degree]
- [http://www.collegeart.org/caa/ethics/mfa_standards.html College Art Association Visual Arts MFA Guidelines]

January 1

January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Here a calendar year refers to the order in which the months are displayed, January to December. The first day of the medieval Julian year was usually a day other than January 1. This day was adopted as the first day of the Julian year by all Western European countries except England between about 1450 and 1600. The Gregorian calendar as promulgated in 1582 did not specify that January 1 was to be either New Year's Day or the first day of its numbered year. Although England began its numbered year on March 25 (Lady Day or Annunciation Day), between the 13th century and 1752, January 1 was called New Year's Day, and was, with Christmas and occasionally Twelfth Night, a holiday when gifts were exchanged. 364 days (365 in leap years) remain in the year after this day.

Events


- 45 BC - The Julian calendar first takes effect.
- 404 - Last known gladiator competition in Rome takes place.
- 630 - Prophet Muhammad sets out toward Mecca with the army that will capture it bloodlessly.
- 990 - Kievan Rus' adopts the Julian calendar.
- 1438 - Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary.
- 1600 - Scotland begins using the Julian calendar.
- 1651 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland
- 1673 - Regular mail delivery begins between New York and Boston.
- 1700 - Russia begins using the Julian calendar.
- 1707 - John V is crowned King of Portugal
- 1738 - Bouvet Island is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.
- 1788 - First edition of The Times of London, previously The Daily Universal Register, is published.
- 1797 - Albany replaces New York City as the capital on New York.
- 1801 - Legislative union of Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland is completed to form United Kingdom.
- 1801 - The first known asteroid, 1 Ceres, is discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi.
- 1804 - French rule ends in Haiti.
- 1808 - Importation of slaves into the United States is banned.
- 1818 - Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus is published.
- 1855 - London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
- 1861 - Porfirio Diaz conquers Mexico City.
- 1863 - American Civil War: The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect.
- 1863 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made by Daniel Freeman for a farm in Nebraska.
- 1880 - Ferdinand de Lesseps begins French construction of the Panama Canal.
- 1887 - Queen Victoria was proclaimed empress of India in Delhi.
- 1892 - Ellis Island opens to begin accepting immigrants to the United States.
- 1893 - Japan begins using the Gregorian calendar.
- 1894 - The Manchester Ship Canal, England, was officially opened to traffic.
- 1898 - New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The four initial boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx, are joined on January 25th by Staten Island to create the modern city of five boroughs.
- 1899 - Spanish rule ends in Cuba.
- 1901 - Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.
- 1901 - The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister.
- 1901 - The first official Mummers Parade is held.
- 1902 - The first Rose Bowl game is played in Pasadena, California.
- 1908 - For the first time, a ball is dropped in New York City's Times Square to signify the start of the New Year.
- 1911 - Northern Territory is separated from South Australia and transferred to Commonwealth control.
- 1912 - The Republic of China is established.
- 1916 - German troops abandon Yaoundé and their Kamerun colony to British forces and begin the long march to Spanish Guinea.
- 1934 - Alcatraz Island becomes a U.S. federal prison.
- 1934 - Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring".
- 1935 - Bucknell University wins the first Orange Bowl 26-0 over the University of Miami.
- 1937 - Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua.
- 1937 - The first Cotton Bowl game is played in Dallas, Texas.
- 1939 - The Vienna New Year's Concert is first held.
- 1942 - The Declaration by the United Nations is signed by twenty-six nations.
- 1948 - British railways are nationalised to form British Rail.
- 1948 - After partition, India declines to pay the agreed share of Rs.550 million in cash balances to Pakistan.
- 1948 - Enrico De Nicola formally becomes President of the Italian Republic, but refuses to be a candidate for the first constitutional election the following May.
- 1949 - UN Cease-fire orders to operate in Kashmir from one minute before midnight. War between India and Pakistan stops accordingly.
- 1956 - The Republic of the Sudan achieves independence from the Egyptian Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
- 1958 - The European Community is established.
- 1959 - Fulgencio Batista, President of the Republic of Cuba, is overthrown by Fidel Castro's forces.
- 1960 - The Republic of Cameroon achieves independence from France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
- 1962 - Western Samoa achieves independence from New Zealand; its name is changed to the Independent State of Western Samoa.
- 1964 - The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into the independent republics of Zambia and Malawi, and the British-controlled Rhodesia.
- 1969 - Marien Ngouabi formally becomes the President of the Republic of Congo.
- 1970 - The Unix epoch begins at 00:00:00 UTC.
- 1971 - Cigarette advertisements are banned on American television.
- 1973 - The Kingdom of Denmark, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland are admitted into the European Community.
- 1976 - NBC introduces its new logo: an abstract N, similar to the Nebraska Educational Television Network logo.
- 1978 - Air India Flight 855 Boeing 747 explodes and crashes into the sea off the coast of Bombay, killing 213.
- 1979 - Formal diplomatic relations are established between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America.
- 1981 - The Republic of Greece is admitted into the European Community.
- 1981 - The Republic of Palau achieves self-government; it is not yet independent from the United States of America.
- 1983 - The ARPANET officially changes to using the Internet Protocol, creating the Internet.
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