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Joseph Caillaux
Joseph-Marie-Auguste Caillaux (March 30, 1863 - November 21/22, 1944) was a major French politician of the Third Republic. The leader of the Radicals, he favored a policy of conciliation with Germany during his premiership from 1911 to 1912, which led to the maintenance of the peace during the Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911.
In 1914 he resigned as Minister of Finance after his wife Henriette shot Gaston Calmette, the editor of Le Figaro newspaper when he threatened to print a letter written by Caillaux that was political dynamite. She was acquitted, however, and Caillaux became the leader of a peace party in the Assembly during World War I. This led to his arrest and trial for treason in 1918. Again rehabilitated after the war, Caillaux served at various times in the left wing governments of the 1920s.
Joseph Caillaux is interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
- Joseph Caillaux - President of the Council and Minister of the Interior and Worship
- Justin de Selves - Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Adolphe Messimy - Minister of War
- Louis Lucien Klotz - Minister of Finance
- René Renoult - Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
- Jean Cruppi - Minister of Justice
- Théophile Delcassé - Minister of Marine
- Théodore Steeg - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
- Jules Pams - Minister of Agriculture
- Albert Lebrun - Minister of Colonies
- Victor Augagneur - Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
- Maurice Couyba - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Caillaux, Joseph
Caillaux, Joseph
Caillaux, Joseph
18631863 is a common year starting on Thursday.
Events
- January 1 - Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War making slavery's abolition in the rebel states an official war goal.
- January 1 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska
- January 8 - Ground is broken in Sacramento, CA on the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.
- January 11 - American Civil War: Battle of Arkansas Post - General John McClernand and Admiral David Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union.
- January 10 - The first section of the London Underground Railway opens (Paddington to Farringdon Street).
- January 22 - The January Uprising broke out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement was to regain Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth from occupation of Russia.
- February 10 - The world-famous midgets General Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren get married in New York City. P. T. Barnum takes an entrance fee
- February 10 - Alanson Crane patents the fire extinguisher.
- February 24 - Arizona is organized as a United States territory.
- February 26 - President of the United States Abraham Lincoln signs the National Currency Act into law.
- March 3 - Idaho Territory is organized by the U.S. Congress
- March 3 - US National Conscription Act is signed - leads a week-long New York Draft Riots
- March 10 - Marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales to Princess Alexandra of Denmark
- March 30 - Prince Wilhelm Georg of Denmark is chosen as King George I of Greece.
- April 11 - 400-page book, Thirty-three Thousand, Five Hundred and Thirty Ways of Spelling "Scissors" , is offered for sale in London pawnshop
- April 30 - the Battle of Camerone in Mexico - 65 soldiers of the French Foreign Legion fight 2000 Mexicans - three of them survive the battle
- May 1 – May 4 - American Civil War: General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces at the Battle of Chancellorsville with 13001 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson lost to friendly fire, and 17500 Union casualties.
- May 14 - American Civil War: Battle of Jackson (MS).
- May 17 - After a two-month siege, the French army of Bazaine takes Puebla Mexico.
- May 18 - American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg begins (ends Saturday, July 4).8600 union 30189 confederate men surrendered
- May 21 - American Civil War: Siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana by Union forces.
- May 21 - General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists formed.
- May 23 - Ferdinand Lassalle founds the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany.
- May 28 - American Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston, Massachusetts to fight for the Union.
- May 31 - First running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race.
- June 9 - American Civil War: Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia.
- June 14 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.
- June 17 - American Civil War: Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign.
- June 20 - West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.
- July 1 - 3 - American Civil War: Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg, the largest battle of the war. 28500 confederate men & 24500 union
- July 4 - American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg - Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi after the town surrendered. The siege lasted 47 days.
- July 13 - American Civil War (New York Draft Riots): In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of violent rioting, which would later be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States.
- July 18 - American Civil War: The first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held Fort Wagner but their valiant fighting still proves the worth of African American soldiers during the war. Their colonel was shot leading attack and was buried with his men. 450 union/ 175 confederate
- July 26 - American Civil War: Morgan's Raid ends - At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 375 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.
- July 30 - Indian Wars: Chief Pocatello of the Shoshone tribe signs the Treaty of Box Elder, promising to stop harassing the emigrant trails in southern Idaho and northern Utah.
- August 8 - American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (Davis will refuse the request upon receipt).
- August 17 - American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter. Bombardment will not end until Thursday, December 31
- September 6 - American Civil War: Confederates evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island in South Carolina.
- September 8 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Sabine Pass - On the Texas-Louisiana border at the mouth of the Sabine River, a small Confederate force thwarts a Union invasion of Texas.
- October 5 - The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road starts operations in Brooklyn, New York; this is now the oldest right-of-way on the New York City Subway, the largest rapid transit system in the United States and one of the largest in the world.
- October 14 - American Civil War: Battle of Bristol Station - Confederate General Robert E. Lee forces fail to drive the Union army out of Virginia.
- October 15 - American Civil War: The first successful submarine, the CSS Hunley sinks during a test, killing Horace Lawson Hunley (its inventor) and a crew of seven.
- October 26 - 29, the Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed
- October 29 - Sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agree to form the International Red Cross.
- October 29 - American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie - Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant ward-off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.
- November 16 - American Civil War: Battle of Campbell's Station - Near Knoxville, Tennessee, Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside.
- November 17 - American Civil War: Siege of Knoxville begins - Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege (the two week long siege and one failed attack was unsuccessful).
- November 19 - American Civil War: Union President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
- November 23 - American Civil War: Battle of Chattanooga III begins - Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee and counter-attack Confederate troops.
- November 24 - American Civil War: Battle of Lookout Mountain - Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city led by General Braxton Bragg.
- November 25 - American Civil War: Battle of Missionary Ridge - At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the Siege of Chattanooga by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.
- November 26 - American Civil War: Mine Run - Union forces under General George Meade position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (Meade's forces could not find any weaknesses in the Confederate lines and gave up trying after five days).
- November 27 - American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison and return safely to the South.
- End of term for Amasa Leland Stanford, 8th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Frederick Ferdinand Low.
Unknown dates
- Bartolomé Mitre secretly backs the revolt of Venancio Flores against the Uruguayn Blanco government
- Thomas Nast draws the modern Santa Claus for Harper's Weekly, although Santa existed previously.
- Construction begins on the First Transcontinental Railroad in Sacramento, California
Ongoing Events
- The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Births
- January 1 - Pierre de Coubertin, French founder of the modern Olympic Games (d. 1937)
- January 12 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian religious leader (d. 1902)
- January 15 - Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1946)
- January 17 - David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)
- March 12 - Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (d. 1938)
- March 25 - Simon Flexner, American pathologist (d. 1946)
- May 21 - Eugen, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (d. 1954)
- March 27 - Sir Henry Royce, English automobile pioneer (d. 1933)
- May 24 - George Grey Barnard, American sculptor (d. 1938)
- May 29 - Arthur Mold, English cricketer (d. 1921)
- June 2 - Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (d. 1942)
- July 1 - William Stairs, Canadian explorer (d. 1892)
- July 21 - C. Aubrey Smith, English actor (d. 1948)
- July 30 - Henry Ford, American automobile manufacturer and industrialist (d. 1947)
- August 3 - Géza Gárdonyi, Hungarian author (d. 1922)
- September 13 - Arthur Henderson, Scottish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)
- September 21 - John Bunny, American film comedian (d. 1915)
- October 11 - Louis Cyr, Canadian strongman (d. 1912)
- October 16 - Austen Chamberlain, English statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)
- December 7 - Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer (d. 1945)
- December 11 - Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (d. 1941)
- December 12 - Edvard Munch, Norwegian painter (d. 1944)
- Aaron S. Watkins, American Presidential candidate (d. 1941)
Deaths
- April 1 - Jakob Steiner, Swiss mathematician (b. 1796)
- May 10 - Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, American Confederate general (b. 1824)
- July 26 - Sam Houston, first President of the Republic of Texas (b. 1793)
- August 13 - Eugène Delacroix, French painter (b. 1798)
- September 17 - Alfred de Vigny, French author (b. 1797)
- September 20 - Jakob Grimm, German folklorist (b. 1785)
- November 2 - Theodore Judah, American railroad engineer (b. 1826)
- November 15 - Frederick VII, King of Denmark (b.1808)
- December 13 - Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German writer (b. 1813)
Category:1863
ko:1863년
ms:1863
simple:1863
th:พ.ศ. 2406
November 22
November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 39 days remaining.
Events
- 498 - After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected pope in Santa Maria Maggiore.
- 1718 - Off the coast of Virginia, British pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") is killed in battle with a boarding party led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard.
- 1830 - Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: Confederate Gen465eral John Bell Hood invades Tennessee in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General William T. Sherman from Georgia.
- 1880 - Vaudeville actress Lillian Ruell makes her debut at Tony Pastor's Theatre in New York City.
- 1917 - In Montreal, Canada, the National Hockey Association breaks up (on November 26 it was replaced with the National Hockey League).
- 1922 - Egyptology: Howard Carter, assisted by Lord Carnarvon, opens the tomb of Tutankhamun.
- 1935 - The China Clipper takes off from Alameda, California in an attempt to deliver the first airmail cargo across the[Pacific Ocean]] (the airplane later reached its destination, Manila, and delivered over 110,000 pieces of mail).
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Stalingrad - General Friedrich von Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram saying that the German 6th army is surrounded.
- 1943 - World War II: War in the Pacific - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek meet in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan (see Cairo Conference)
- 1943 - Lebanon gains independence from France.
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy assassination: In Dallas, Texas, US President John F. Kennedy is assassinated and Texas Governor John B. Connally is seriously wounded. Later the same day, US Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as the 36th President of the United States.
- 1967 - UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of the principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab-Israeli peace settlement.
- 1968 - The Beatles release the double-album The Beatles, commonly known as The White Album.
- 1972 - Vietnam War: The United States loses its first B-52 Stratofortress of the war.
- 1974 - The United Nations General Assembly grants the Palestine Liberation Organization observer status.
- 1975 - Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of Francisco Franco.
- 1977 - British Airways inaugurates a regular London to New York City supersonic Concorde service.
- 1986 - Boxing: Mike Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, becoming the youngest world heavyweight champion at the age of 20 years and 4 months.
- 1988 - In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed.
- 1989 - In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President Rene Moawad, killing him.
- 1990 - Margaret Thatcher resigns as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 2002 - In Nigeria, more than 100 people are killed at an attack aimed at the contestants of the Miss World contest.
- 2003 - In Tbilisi, Georgia, opponents of President Eduard Shevardnadze seize the parliament building and demand the president's resignation.
- 2003 - The Heritage Classic, the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the National Hockey League, is played in Edmonton, Alberta
- 2003 - England defeat Australia to win England's first rugby union world cup.
- 2004 - The Orange Revolution begins in Ukraine, resulting from the presidential elections.
- 2005 - The Xbox 360 releases in North America. First of the "new next-gen" consoles.
- 2005 - Ted Koppel retires after hosting Nightline for over 26 years.
- 2005 - Angela Merkel became the first female Chancellor of Germany
Births
- 1428 - Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, English politician (d. 1471)
- 1515 - Marie of Guise, Queen of James V of Scotland and regent of Scotland (d. 1560)
- 1564 - Henry Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham, English conspirator (d. 1610)
- 1602 - Elisabeth of France, Queen of Philip IV of Spain (d. 1644)
- 1635 - Francis Willughby, English biologist (d. 1672)
- 1643 - Robert Cavelier de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687)
- 1710 - Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (d. 1784)
- 1721 - Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres, Swiss-born cartographer and Canadian statesman (d. 1824)
- 1722 - Hryhori Skovoroda, Ukrainian poet, philosopher and composer (d. 1794)
- 1767 - Andreas Hofer, Tyrolian patriot (d. 1810)
- 1808 - Thomas Cook, British travel entrepreneur (d. 1892)
- 1819 - George Eliot, British novelist (d. 1880)
- 1849 - Christian Rohlfs, German artist (d. 1938)
- 1852 - Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924)
- 1856 - Heber J. Grant, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1945)
- 1868 - John Nance Garner, U.S. Vice President (d. 1967)
- 1869 - André Gide, French writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)
- 1877 - Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (d. 1919)
- 1890 - Charles de Gaulle, President of France (d. 1970)
- 1893 - Harley J. Earl, automobile designer (d. 1969)
- 1897 - Paul Oswald Ahnert, German astronomer (d. 1989)
- 1899 - Hoagy Carmichael, American composer (d. 1981)
- 1899 - Wiley Post, American pilot (d. 1935)
- 1901 - Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999)
- 1904 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- 1913 - Benjamin Britten, British composer (d. 1976)
- 1917 - Andrew Fielding Huxley, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1918 - Claiborne Pell, U.S. Senator
- 1921 - Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian and actor (d. 2004)
- 1923 - Arthur Hiller, Canadian film director
- 1923 - Gunther Schuller, American composer and conductor
- 1924 - Geraldine Page, American actress (d. 1987)
- 1932 - Robert Vaughn, American actor
- 1940 - Terry Gilliam, American/British comedian and director
- 1941 - Tom Conti, British actor
- 1943 - Billie Jean King, American tennis player
- 1950 - Lyman Bostock, baseball player (d. 1978)
- 1950 - Steve Van Zandt, American musician
- 1950 - Tina Weymouth, American musician (Talking Heads and Tom Tom Club)
- 1958 - Jamie Lee Curtis, American actress
- 1961 - Mariel Hemingway, American actress
- 1961 - Randal L. Schwartz, American computer programmer
- 1962 - Victor Pelevin, Russian writer
- 1967 - Boris Becker, German tennis player
- 1967 - Bart Veldkamp, Dutch-born speed skater
- 1974 - David Pelletier, Canadian figure skater
- 1976 - Ville Valo Finnish singer (HIM)
- 1982 - Aiyegbeni Yakubu, Nigerian footballer
- 1984 - Scarlett Johansson, American actress
Deaths
- 1318 - Mikhail Yaroslavich, Russian prince (b. 1271)
- 1594 - Martin Frobisher, English explorer
- 1617 - Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1590)
- 1694 - John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1630)
- 1697 - Liberal Bruant, French architect
- 1710 - Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer (b. 1637)
- 1718 - Blackbeard (Edward Teach), British pirate
- 1758 - Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe, British politician (b. 1680)
- 1774 - Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British general and statesman (b. 1725)
- 1783 - John Hanson, American Continental Congressman (b. 1715)
- 1794 - John Alsop, American Continental Congressman (b. 1724)
- 1875 - Henry Wilson, United States Vice President (b. 1812)
- 1900 - Arthur S. Sullivan, British composer (b. 1842)
- 1916 - Jack London, American writer (b. 1876)
- 1917 - Teoberto Maler, German-born explorer (b. 1842)
- 1943 - Lorenz Hart, American lyricist (b. 1895)
- 1955 - Shemp Howard, American actor and comedian (heart attack) (b. 1895)
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (b. 1917)
- 1963 - C. S. Lewis, Irish author (b. 1898)
- 1963 - Aldous Huxley, British author (b. 1894)
- 1980 - Mae West, American actress and writer (b. 1893)
- 1981 - Hans Adolf Krebs, German physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
- 1986 - Scatman Crothers, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1986 - William Bradford Huie, American writer (b. 1910)
- 1988 - Luis Barragán, Mexican architect (b. 1908)
- 1989 - Rene Moawad, President of Lebanon (b. 1925)
- 1993 - Anthony Burgess, British author (b. 1917)
- 1996 - Mark Lenard, American actor (b. 1924)
- 1997 - Michael Hutchence, Australian singer and songwriter (b. 1960)
- 2005 - Bruce Hobbs, American jockey (b. 1920)
Holidays and observances
- R.C. Saints - Feast of Saint Cecilia
- Also see November 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Lebanon - Independence Day (from France, 1943)
- United States - If a Thursday, Thanksgiving is celebrated; Family Day begins in 2005
- Astrology: usually the first day of sun sign Sagittarius
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22 BBC: On This Day]
----
November 21 - November 23 - October 22 - December 22 -- listing of all days
ko:11월 22일
ms:22 November
ja:11月22日
simple:November 22
th:22 พฤศจิกายน
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Fourth Republic. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on September 4, 1870 following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. It survived until the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940.
One of its most surprising aspects is that the first long-term stable republic in France, and the first to win the majority of the French to 'republicanism', was never intended to be a long-term republic at all.
Napoleon III had become the second Emperor of France in 1852, following in the footsteps of his uncle Napoleon I. However, the French Second Empire lasted only eighteen years because of the emergence of another world power, one that was to profoundly transform the balance of power in Europe: the German Empire.
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, who sought to bring his state to ascendancy in Germany, realized that if a unified German state was to be created, some unifying force was needed to bring this about - a nationalist war with France seemed the perfect force to bring the other German states into line with Prussia. A resulting German defeat of France would firmly establish the new Germany on the world stage within secure borders. Through clever manipulation of the Ems Dispatch, Bismarck and French public opinion goaded France into declaring war on Prussia, beginning the Franco-Prussian War. After Napoleon's capture by the Prussians at Sedan, General Louis Jules Trochu and the politician Léon Gambetta overthrew the Second Empire and established the "Government of National Defence" which later became the conservative Third Republic. Its creation was overshadowed by the settlement of peace terms with Prussia and the subsequent revolution in Paris known as the Paris Commune, which maintained a radical regime for two months until its bloody suppression in May 1871.
In the aftermath of the collapse of the regime of Napoleon III, the clear majority of French people and the overwhelming majority of the French National Assembly wished to return to a constitutional monarchy. There were two competing claimants to the throne, each supported by political groups. The Legitimists supported the heirs to Charles X, recognising as king his grandson, Henri, Comte de Chambord, alias Henry V. The Orleanists supported the heirs to Louis Philippe, recognising as king his son, Louis-Philippe, Comte de Paris. However the two groups came to a compromise, whereby the childless Comte de Chambord would be recognised as king, with the Comte de Paris recognised as his heir. Consequently in 1871, the throne was offered to the Comte de Chambord. In 1830 Charles X had abdicated in favour of Chambord, then a child, and Louis-Philippe had been recognised as king instead. In 1871 Chambord had no wish to be a constitutional monarch but a semi-absolutist one like his grandfather Charles X, or like the contemporary rulers of Prussia/Germany. Moreover, he refused to reign over a state that used the Tricolore that was associated with the Revolution of 1789 and the July Monarchy of the man who seized the throne from him in 1830, the citizen-king, Louis Philippe, King of the French. This became the ultimate reason the restoration never occurred. However, much as France wanted a restored monarchy, it was unwilling to surrender its popular tricolour. Instead a "temporary" republic was established, pending the death of the elderly childless Chambord and the succession of his more liberal heir, the Comte de Paris.
In February 1875, a series of parliamentary Acts established the organic or constitutional laws of the new republic. At its apex was a President of the Republic. A two-chamber parliament was created, along with a ministry under a prime minister (named "President of the Council") who was nominally answerable to both the President of the Republic and parliament. Throughout the 1870s, the issue of monarchy versus republic dominated public debate.
On May 16, 1877, with public opinion swinging heavily in favour of a republic, the President of the Republic, Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, himself a monarchist, made one last desperate attempt to salvage the monarchical cause by dismissing the republic-minded prime minister Jules Simon and appointing the monarchist leader the Duc de Broglie to office. He then dissolved parliament and called a general election (October 1877). If his hope had been to halt the move towards republicanism, it backfired spectacularly, with the President being accused of having staged a constitutional coup d'etat, known as le seize Mai after the date on which it happened.
Republicans returned triumphant, finally killing off the prospect of a restored French monarchy. MacMahon himself resigned on January 28, 1879, leaving a seriously weakened presidency, so weakened indeed that not until Charles de Gaulle eighty years later did another President of France unilaterally dissolve parliament. To mark the final end of French monarchism as a serious political force, in 1885 the French Crown Jewels were broken up and sold. Only a few crowns, their precious gems replaced by coloured glass, were kept. In 1889 France flirted briefly with the possibility of a dictatorship or a constitutional tyranny during the Boulanger crisis, but the republican leaders were able to avert the threat.
Though France was clearly republican, it was not in love with its Third Republic. Governments collapsed with regularity, rarely lasting more than a couple of months, as radicals, socialists, liberals, conservatives, republicans and monarchists all fought for control. However others argue that the collapse of governments were a minor side effect of the Republic lacking strong political parties, resulting in coalitions of many parties that routinely lost and gained a few allies. Consequently the change of governments could be seen as little more than a series of ministerial reshuffles, with many individuals carrying forward from one government to the next, often in the same posts.
In 1905 the government introduced a controversial series of anti-clerical laws, ostensibly separating church and state, but in fact banning religious involvement in education and dissolving many Catholic institutions and religious orders.
The Third Republic survived the First World War, having found allies to support it against Germany. Some historians argue that this was the greatest success of the regime.
Throughout its seventy-year history, the Third Republic stumbled from crisis to crisis, from collapsing governments to the appointment of a mentally ill president. It struggled through the German invasion of World War I and the inter-war years. When the Nazi invasion occurred in 1940, the Republic was so disliked by enemies on the right - who sought a powerful bulwark against Communism - and on the far left - where Communists initially followed their movement's international line of refusing to defend "bourgeois" regimes - that few had the stomach to fight for its survival, even if they disapproved of German occupation of northern France and the collaborationist Vichy regime established in the south.
When France was finally liberated, few called for the restoration of the Third Republic, and a Constituent Assembly was established in 1946 to draft a constitution for a successor, established as the Fourth Republic that December.
Adolphe Thiers, the first president of the Third Republic, called republicanism in the 1870s "the form of government that divides France least." France might have agreed about being a republic, but it never fully agreed with the Third Republic. France's longest lasting régime since before the 1789 revolution, the Third Republic was consigned to the history books, as unloved at the end as it had been when first created seventy years earlier. But its longevity showed that it was capable of weathering many a storm.
France, Republic 3
Category:History of France
Republic 3
ja:フランス第三共和政
Radical Party (France)
The Radical Party (Parti Radical or Républicains Radicaux et Radicaux-Socialistes, Radical Republicans and Radical Socialists), was a major French political party of the early to mid 20th century, originally considered radical due to its anti-clericalism. It continued to exist as a minor liberal party under the umbrella of the Union for a Popular Movement, while the more leftist wing of the party split off in the 1970s to form the Parti Radical de Gauche, which exists as a small ally of the French Socialist Party.
Radicalism was already a well-established movement in France before the Radical Party itself was established in 1901 in wake of the Dreyfus Affair. The radical-led government led by René Waldeck-Rousseau had been responsible for major reforms since 1899 and the creation of Radical Party was an attempt to regroup all the radical republicans into a unified political force to support him against the political influences of the Catholic Church. It was successful, and Waldeck-Rousseau's successors, Émile Combes and Maurice Rouvier, maintained a radical agenda, culminating in the 1905 laws which formed the backbone of laïcité, France's separation of church and state.
For the latter part of the Third Republic, the Radicals, generally representing anti-clerical peasant and petit bourgeois voters, were usually the largest party in parliament, but with their anti-clerical agenda accomplished, the party lacked any real guiding force. Its leader before World War I, Joseph Caillaux, was generally more noted for his advocacy of better relations with Germany than for his reformist agenda.
The name became rather famously a misnomer, as by the 1920s the Radicals, now led by Edouard Herriot were generally a moderate center-left party. In 1924 and again in 1932, the Radicals formed electoral alliances with the Socialists, but then gradually drifted right over the life of the parliament, moving from Radical governments supported by the non-participating Socialists (1924-1926, 1932-1934) to coalitions with more conservative parties (1926-1928, 1934-1936).
This pattern seemed to be broken in 1936, when the Popular Front electoral alliance with the Socialists and the Communists led to the accession of Socialist leader Léon Blum as Prime Minister in a coalition government in which the Radical leaders Camille Chautemps and Edouard Daladier (representing respectively the left and right of the Radical Party) took important roles. Over the tempestuous life of the coalition, however, the Radicals began to become concerned at the perceived radicalism of their coalition partners, and following the failure of Blum's second government in April 1938, Daladier formed a new government in coalition with conservative parties. Over the life of his government (which lasted until March 1940), Daladier moved increasingly to the right, notably repealing the 40 hour work week which had been the Popular Front's most visible accomplishment.
After the defeat of France in 1940, the Radicals, like many of the other political parties, were discredited by their support for granting emergency powers to Marshal Pétain, despite the ambivalence of such senior radical leaders as Herriot, the President of the Chamber of Deputies. After the war, the Party was reconstituted, and formed one of the important parties of the Fourth Republic, but never recovered their dominant pre-war position.
In the early years of the Fourth Republic the party returned to the moderate left under the leadership of Pierre Mendès-France, a strong opponent of French colonialism whose premiership from 1954 to 1955 saw France's withdrawal from Indochina and working out an agreement for French withdrawal from Tunisia. Mendès-France hoped to make the Radicals the party of the mainstream left in France, taking advantage of the difficulties of the Socialists. The more conservative elements in the party, led by Edgar Faure, resisted these policies, leading to the fall of Mendès-France's government in 1955. Another split, this time over France's policy in Algeria, where Mendès-France opposed the hard-line policies of Socialist prime minister Guy Mollet, led to his resignation as party leader, and the party's move in a distinctly conservative direction.
The Radicals supported Charles de Gaulle's ascension to power in 1958, leading Mendès-France to quit the party.
In the early 1970s, the party, under the leadership of Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, again made tentative moves to the left, but stopped short of an alliance with Socialist François Mitterrand and his Communist allies, leading to a final split in 1972, when the remaining left-wing Radicals left the party, becoming eventually the Parti Radical de Gauche.
The remainder of the party continued in a conservative direction, joining President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's UDF, an umbrella organization for the non-Gaullist right, in 1978.
The Radicals left the UDF to join President Chirac's UMP in 2002.
See also
- Liberalism
- Contributions to liberal theory
- Liberalism worldwide
- List of liberal parties
- Liberal democracy
- Liberalism and radicalism in France
- Radicalism
External link
- [http://www.partiradical.net/ Radical Party] official site
Category:Liberal parties
Category:Political parties in France
1912
1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday.
Events
January-March
- January 1 - Establishment of Republic of China.
- January 5 - Prague Party Conference
- January 6 - New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state.
- January 17 - British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four begin the second expedition to reach the South Pole.
- January 23 - The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague.
- February 8 - Mexican Revolution - Military rebellion against the rule of Francisco Madero begins in Mexico City. Battles last for 10 days
- February 12 - Republic of China adopts the Gregorian calendar
- February 14 - Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state.
- February 14 - In Groton, Connecticut, the first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.
- February 18 - Francisco Madero is forced to resign - battle ends. All members of Madero's government are arrested.
- February 19 - Prizes are included in Cracker Jack candy boxes for the first time
- February 22 - Francisco Madero and Pino Suarez are shot, allegedly when they "tried to escape"
- March 1 - Albert Berry makes the first parachute jump from a moving airplane.
- March 1 - Georg Ritter von Trapp, head of the famous Austrian singing family memorialized in the musical The Sound of Music marries Agathe
- March 5 - Italian forces are the first to use airships for a military purpose by using them for reconnaissance west of Tripoli behind Turkish lines.
- March 7 - Roald Amundsen announces discovery of the South Pole
- March 7 - French aviator Henri Seimet makes the first non-stop flight from Paris to London in three hours
- March 12 - The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts) are founded.
- March 16 - Lawrence Oates, ill member of Scott's South Pole expedition leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time"
- March 27 - Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, D.C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries.
- March 30 - France establishes a protectorate over Morocco.
April-September
- April 15 - Sinking of the RMS Titanic.
- April 17 - Solar eclipse in Europe.
- April 19 - United States Senate inquiry into the Titanic sinking begins.
- May 2 - British Board of Trade inquiry into the sinking of Titanic begins.
- May 3 - The first victims of the RMS Titanic are buried in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
- May 5 - The 1912 Summer Olympics open in Stockholm, Sweden.
- May 13 - In the United Kingdom, the Royal Flying Corps (forerunner of the Royal Air Force) is established.
- June 4 - Fire in Constantinople - 1120 buildings destroyed
- June 5 - US Marines land on Cuba
- June 6-June 8 - Eruption of Novarupta in Alaska, second largest volcanic eruption in historic time.
- June 8 - Carl Laemmle incorporated Universal Pictures.
- July 12 - Greek island of Icana declares independence (Greece annexes it in November)
- July 19 - A meteorite with an estimated mass of 190 kg exploded over the town of Holbrook in Navajo County, Arizona causing approximately 16,000 pieces of debris to rain down on the town.
- July 30 - the Meiji Emperor of Japan, dies. He is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, the Taisho Emperor. In Japanese History, the event marks the end of the Meiji period and the beginning of the Taisho Era.
- August 12 - Sultan Abd al-Hafiz of Morocco abdicates.
- August 25 - Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party is founded.
- September 25 - Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism founded in New York,_New York.
October-November
- October 8 - First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against Turkey.
- October 14 - While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former president Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper William Schrank. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivers his scheduled speech.
- October 16 - Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the first bombing with an airplane in history at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne against Turkey.
- November 5 - U.S. presidential election, 1912: Democratic challenger Woodrow Wilson wins a landslide victory over Republican incumbent William Howard Taft. Taft's base was undercut by Progressive Party candidate (and former Republican) Theodore Roosevelt, who finished second, ahead of Taft.
- November 7 - The Deutsche Opernhaus (now Deutsche Oper Berlin) opened in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg with a production of Beethoven's Fidelio.
- November 11 - Chios declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- November 24 - Mine explosion in Hokkaido, Japan - 245 dead
- November 27 - Spain declares a protectorate over the north shore of Morocco.
- November 28 - Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
December
- December 3 - First Balkan War ends temporarily - Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League) sign an armistice with Turkey, ending the two-month long war.
Unknown dates
- Sea Scouting begins under the aegis of the Boy Scouts of America.
- Kazimierz Funk identifies vitamins.
- The first blues song, "The Memphis Blues," is published.
- Alfred Wegener proposes the theory of continental drift.
- Mount Katmai in Alaska explodes.
- Piltdown Man presented in Britain.
- British treasure hunters try to drain Lake Guatavita to find gold – they find nothing.
- African National Congress
Births
January-February
- January 1 - Kim Philby, British spy (d. 1988)
- January 3 - Armand Lohikoski, Finnish director (d. 2005)
- January 6 - Jacques Ellul, French philosopher (d. 1994)
- January 7 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (d. 1988)
- January 8 - José Ferrer, Puerto Rican actor (d. 1992)
- January 19 - Leonid Kantorovich, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- January 21 - Konrad Emil Bloch, German-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2000)
- January 28 - Jackson Pollock, American painter (d. 1956)
- January 30 - Barbara W. Tuchman, American historian (d. 1989)
- February 4 - Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993)
- February 6 - Eva Braun, Adolf Hitler's mistress (d. 1945)
- February 11 - Roy Fuller, English poet and novelist (d. 1991)
- February 19 - Stan Kenton, American musician (d. 1979)
- February 20 - Pierre Boulle, French author (d. 1994)
- February 27 - Lawrence Durrell, British writer (d. 1990)
March-April
- March 5 - David Astor, British newspaper publisher (d. 2001)
- March 8 - Preston Smith, Governor of Texas (d. 2003)
- March 12 - Irving Layton, Canadian poet
- March 14 - Les Brown, American band leader (d. 2001)
- March 15 - Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (d. 1982)
- March 16 - Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993)
- March 17 - Bayard Rustin, American civil rights activist (d. 1987)
- March 18 - Lucien Laurin, Canadian horse trainer (d. 2000)
- March 22 - Karl Malden, American actor
- March 23 - Betty Astell, British actress (d. 2005)
- March 23 - Wernher von Braun, German-born physicist and engineer (d. 1977)
- March 27 - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
- April 8 - Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (d. 1969)
- April 12 - Walt Gorney, American actor (d. 2004)
- April 15 - Kim Il Sung, President of North Korea (d. 1994)
- April 19 - Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- April 22 - Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (d. 1953)
- April 26 - A. E. van Vogt, Canadian-born writer (d. 2000)
- April 28 - Odette Sansom, French World War II heroine (d. 1995)
May-July
- May 3 - Virgil Fox, American organist (d. 1980)
- May 9 - Pedro Armendáriz, Mexican actor (d. 1963)
- May 9 - Per Imerslund, "The aryan idol" (d. 1943)
- May 11 - Foster Brooks, American actor and comedian (d. 2001)
- May 12 - Archibald Cox, Watergate special prosecutor (d. 2001)
- May 14 - Ben Hogan, American golfer (d. 1997)
- May 16 - Studs Terkel, American writer and broadcaster
- May 18 - Perry Como, American singer (d. 2001)
- May 18 - Walter Sisulu, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 2003)
- May 21 - Monty Stratton, baseball player (d. 1982)
- May 22 - Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- May 23 - Jean Françaix, French composer (d. 1997)
- May 23 - John Payne, American actor (d. 1989)
- May 25 - Princess Dukhye of Korea (d. 1989)
- May 27 - Sam Snead, American golfer (d. 2002)
- May 28 - Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)
- May 30 - Julius Axelrod, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- May 31 - Alfred Deller, English countertenor (d. 1979)
- June 6 - Maria Montez, Dominican actress (d. 1951)
- June 23 - Alan Turing, British mathematician (d. 1954)
- June 25 - William T. Cahill, American politician (d. 1996)
- June 26 - Jay Silverheels, American actor (d. 1980)
- June 27 - Chen Kenmin, Japanese chef (d. 1990)
- June 30 - Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (d. 2003)
- July 1 - David R. Brower, American environmentalist (d. 2000)
- July 14 - Woody Guthrie, American folk musician (d. 1969)
- July 17 - Art Linkletter, American television host
- July 31 - Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 31 - Irv Kupcinet, American newspaper columnist (d. 2003)
August-November
- August 9 - Anne Brown, American soprano
- August 10 - Jorge Amado de Faria, Brazilian author (d. 2001)
- August 11 - Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2004)
- August 11 - Norman Levinson, American mathematician (d. 1975)
- August 13 - Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1991)
- August 15 - Julia Child, American chef (d. 2004)
- August 16 - Ted Drake, English footballer (d. 1995)
- August 16 - Wendy Hiller, English actress (d. 2003)
- August 23 - Gene Kelly, American actor (d. 1996)
- August 25 - Erich Honecker, East German leader (d. 1994)
- August 30 - Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
- August 30 - Nancy Wake, New Zealand World War II heroine
- September 5 - John Cage, American composer (d. 1992)
- September 11 - David Packard, American electrical engineer (d. 1996)
- September 19 - Kurt Sanderling, German conductor
- September 21 - Chuck Jones, American animator (d. 2002)
- September 22 - Martha Scott, American actress (d. 2003)
- September 24 - Don Porter, American actor (d. 1997)
- September 29 - Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian film director
- October 5 - Karl Hass, Nazi war criminal (d. 2004)
- October 5 - Kristina Söderbaum, German actress (d. 2001)
- October 17 - Pope John Paul I (d. 1978)
- October 21 - Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)
- October 22 - Johan Hendrik Weidner, Belgian World War II resistance fighter (d. 1994)
- October 25 - Minnie Pearl, American commedienne (d. 1996)
- October 27 - Conlon Nancarrow, American composer (d. 1997)
- November 4 - Vadim Salmanov, Russian composer (d. 1978)
- November 10 - Birdie Tebbetts, baseball player and manager (d. 1999)
- November 11 - Larry LaPrise American songwriter (d. 1996)
- November 14 - Barbara Hutton, American socialite (d. 1979)
- November 14 - T. Y. Lin, Chinese-born civil engineer (d. 2003)
- November 19 - George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 21 - Eleanor Powell, American actress and dancer (d. 1982)
- November 26 - Eugene Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (d. 1994)
December
- December 11 - Carlo Ponti, Italian film producer
- December 12 - Henry Armstrong, American boxer (d. 1988)
- December 25 - Natalino Otto, Italian singer (d. 1969)
- December 27 - Conroy Maddox, British painter (d. 2005)
Deaths
- January 28 - Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (b. 1819)
- February 16 - Nikolai of Japan, Eastern Orthodox monk and saint (b. 1836)
- February 25 - Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1852)
- March 1 - George Grossmith, English actor and comic writer (b. 1847)
- March 29 - Robert Falcon Scott, British Antarctic explorer (froze to death) (b. 1868)
- March 30 - Karl May, German author (b. 1842)
- April 15 - Victims of the sinking of the RMS Titanic:
- Edward J. Smith, ship's captain (b. 1850)
- John Jacob Astor IV, American businessman (b. 1864)
- Archibald Butt, American presidential aide (b. 1865)
- Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (b. 1865)
- William Thomas Stead, English journalist (b. 1849)
- Isidor Straus, German-American owner of Macy's (b. 1845)
- Thomas Andrews, Jr., Titanic shipbuilder (b.1873)
- May 14 - August Strindberg, Swedish playwright and painter (b. 1849)
- May 14 - Frederick VIII, King of Denmark (b. 1843)
- May 25 - Austin Lane Crothers, American politician (b. 1860)
- May 30 - Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer (b. 1867)
- June 12 - Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1822)
- July 1 - Harriet Quimby, American pilot (b. 1875)
- July 2 - | | |
