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Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad (December 3, 1857 – August 3, 1924) was a naturalized British novelist of Polish origin. Some of his works have been labelled romantic, although Conrad's romanticism is tempered with irony and a fine sense of man's capacity for self-deception. Many critics have placed him as a forerunner of modernism.
Conrad was born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski (Nalecz Coat of Arms) in Berdyczów (Berdychiv), then Poland under Russian rule, now Ukraine. His father, an aristocrat, writer, and translator, was arrested by the Russian authorities in Warsaw for his activities in support of the 1863 insurrection, and was exiled to Siberia. His mother died of tuberculosis in 1865, as did his father four years later in Kraków, leaving Conrad orphaned at the age of eleven.
He was placed in the care of his uncle, a more cautious figure than either of his parents, who nevertheless allowed Conrad to travel to Marseille and begin his career as a seaman at the age of 17. Conrad lived an adventurous life, becoming involved in gunrunning and political conspiracy, which he later fictionalized in his novel The Arrow of Gold. In 1878, after a failed attempt at suicide, Conrad took service on his first British ship. He learned English before the age of 21, and gained both his Master Mariner's certificate and British citizenship in 1886. He first arrived in England at the port of Lowestoft, Suffolk, and lived later in London and near Canterbury, Kent.
In 1894, at the age of 36, he left the sea to become an English author. His first novel, Almayer's Folly, set on the east coast of Borneo, was published in 1895. The lingua franca of educated Europeans at that time was French, Conrad's second language, and it is remarkable that Conrad could write so fluently and effectively in his third language. Many of his early novels are set on board ships. His novel Nostromo is a panoramic study of revolution in South America, while The Secret Agent and Under Western Eyes are among the first modern novels to treat the subjects of terrorism and espionage.
His literary work bridges the gap between the realist literary tradition of writers such as Charles Dickens and the emergent modernist schools of writing. Interestingly, he despised Dostoevsky, and Russian writers as a rule, possibly due to his political inclinations, making an exception only for Ivan Turgenev. Conrad is now best known for the novella Heart of Darkness, which has been seen as a scathing indictment of colonialism. Chinua Achebe, however, has [http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/pursuits/achebehod.html argued] that Conrad's language and imagery is inescapably racist. Some would claim that these can both be true.
In 1923 he was offered but declined a Knighthood.
Joseph Conrad died of a heart attack, and was interred in Canterbury Cemetery, Canterbury, England.
England
Novels and Novellas
England]
- Almayer's Folly (1895)
- An Outcast of the Islands (1896)
- The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' (1897)
- Heart of Darkness (1899)
- Lord Jim (1900)
- The Inheritors (1901), with Ford Madox Ford
- Typhoon (begun in 1899 and published in Pall Mall Magazine, 1902)
- Romance (1903), with Ford Madox Ford
- Nostromo (1904)
- The Secret Agent (1907)
- Under Western Eyes (1911)
- A Personal Record (1912)
- Chance (1913)
- Victory (1915)
- The Shadow Line (1917)
- The Arrow of Gold (1919)
- The Rescue (1920)
- The Nature of a Crime (1923), with Ford Madox Ford
- The Rover (1923)
Short stories
- "The Idiots" (Conrad's first short story; written during his honeymoon, published in Savo 1896 and collected in Tales of Unrest, 1898).
- "The Black Mate" (written, according to Conrad, in 1886; published 1908; posthumously collected in Tales of Hearsay, 1925).
- "The Lagoon" (composed 1896; published in Cornhill Magazine 1897; collected in Tales of Unrest, 1898).
- "An Outpost of Progress" (written 1896 and named in 1906 by Conrad himself, long after the publication of Lord Jim and Heart of Darkness, as his 'best story'; published in Cosmopolis 1897 and collected in Tales of Unrest 1898; often compared to Heart of Darkness, with which it has numerous thematic affinities).
- "The Return" (written circa early 1897; never published in magazine form; collected in Tales of Unrest, 1898; Conrad, presaging the sentiments of most readers, once remarked, "I hate it").
- "Karain: A Memory" (written February–April 1897; published Nov. 1897 in Blackwood's and collected in Tales of Unrest, 1898).
- "Falk" (novella/story, written in early 1901; collected only in Typhoon and Other Stories, 1903).
- "Amy Foster" (composed in 1901; published the Illustrated London News, Dec. 1901 and collected in Typhoon and Other Stories, 1903).
- "To-morrow" (written early 1902; serialized in Pall Mall Magazine, 1902 and collected in Typhoon and Other Stories, 1903).
- "Gaspar Ruiz" (written after "Nostromo" in 1904–05; published in Strand Magazine in 1906 and collected in A Set of Six, 1908 UK/1915 US. This story was the only piece of Conrad's fiction ever adapted by the author for cinema, as Gaspar the Strong Man, 1920).
- "An Anarchist" (written in late 1905; serialized in Harper's in 1906; collected in A Set of Six, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
- "The Informer" (written before January 1906; published in December 1906 in Harper's and collected in A Set of Six, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
- "The Brute" (written in early 1906; published in The Daily Chronicle in December 1906; collected in A Set of Six, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
- "The Duel" (aka "The Point of Honor": serialized in the UK in Pall Mall Magazine in early 1908 and in the US periodical Forum later that year; collected in A Set of Six in 1908 and published by Garden City Publishing in 1924.)
- "Il Conde" (i.e., 'Conte' [count]: appeared in Cassell's [UK] 1908 and Hampton's [US] in 1909; collected in A Set of Six, 1908 UK/1915 US.)
- "The Secret Sharer" (written December 1909; published in Harper's and collected in Twixt Land and Sea 1912)
- "Prince Roman" (written 1910, published in 1911 in the Oxford and Cambridge Review; based upon the story of Prince Roman Sanguszko of Poland 1800–1881)
- "A Smile of Fortune" (a long story, almost a novella, written in mid-1910; published in London Magazine in Feb. 1911; collected in Twixt Land and Sea 1912)
- "Freya of the Seven Isles" (another near-novella, written late 1910–early 1911; published in Metropolitan Magazine and London Magazine in early 1912 and July 1912, respectively; collected in Twixt Land and Sea 1912)
- "The Warrior's Soul" (written late 1915–early 1916; published in Land and Water, in March 1917; collected in Tales of Hearsay, 1925)
- "The Tale" (Conrad's only story about WWI; written 1916 and first published 1917 in Strand Magazine)
External links
- The [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/c/conrad/joseph/ Complete works] are available from [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/ eBooks@Adelaide]
-
- Penn State's Electronic Classics Series has 26 Works of Joseph Conrad available for free [http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/josephconrad.htm Joseph Conrad at Penn State's Electronic Classics]
- [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jconrad.htm Joseph Conrad at kirjasto.sci.fi]
- [http://www.amlit.com/heartdark/chap0.html Heart of Darkness text at American Literature]
- [http://caxton.stockton.edu/hod/achebe Chinua Achebe: The Lecture Heard Around The World]
- [http://assets.cambridge.org/052156/1957/sample/0521561957ws.pdf Collected Letters, vol. 6 (1917-1919)] - PDF
- [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=20386 Find-A-Grave profile for Joseph Conrad]
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ja:ジョゼフ・コンラッド
nb:Joseph Conrad
th:โจเซฟ คอนราด
December 3
December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 28 days remaining.
Events
- 1805 - Lewis and Clark Expedition mark their explorations from the Missouri River overland to the Columbia River on a pine tree.
- 1818 - Illinois becomes the 21st U.S. state.
- 1828 - In the U.S. Presidential election, challenger Andrew Jackson beats incumbent John Quincy Adams and is elected President of the United States.
- 1854 - Eureka Stockade: In what is claimed by many to be the birth of Australian democracy, more than 20 goldminers at Ballarat, Australia are killed by state troopers in an uprising over mining licences.
- 1901 - US President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives asking Congress curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".
- 1904 - The Jovian moon Himalia is discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at California's Lick Observatory.
- 1912 - Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League) sign an armistice with Turkey, ending the two-month long First Balkan War.
- 1917 - After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic.
- 1925 - George Gershwin's Piano Concerto in F is premiered at Carnegie Hall.
- 1929 - Great Depression: US President Herbert Hoover announces to the U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash are behind the nation and the American people have regained faith in the economy.
- 1936 - New York City radio station WQXR is officially founded.
- 1937 - The Dandy, the world's longest-running comic, is first published.
- 1944 - The Greek Civil War breaks out in a newly-liberated Greece, between communists and royalists.
- 1947 - Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire opens on Broadway.
- 1953 - The Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, between the United States and the Republic of China, is signed in Washington, DC.
- 1964 - Berkeley Free Speech Movement: Police arrest over 800 students at the University of California, Berkeley, following their takeover and sit-in at the administration building in protest at the UC Regents' decision to forbid Vietnam War protests on UC property.
- 1967 - At Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, a transplant team headed by Christiaan Barnard carries out the first heart transplant on a human (53-year-old Louis Washkansky).
- 1967 - The luxury train 20th Century Limited completes its last run from New York City to Chicago (the train was inaugurated on June 15, 1902).
- 1970 - October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de Libération du Québec terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police negotiate his release and in return the Canadian government grants five terrorists from the FLQ's Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to Cuba.
- 1971 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: After Pakistan launches airstrikes on Indian airfields, India retaliates by invading East Pakistan.
- 1973 - Pioneer program: Pioneer 10 sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter.
- 1976 - Patrick Hillery becomes the sixth President of Ireland. The Sex Pistols begin their controversial UK tour, where they are banned from performing at many venues.
- 1976 - Bob and Rita Marley, as well as Wailer's manager Don Taylor, are wounded when seven gumen open fire on Marley's home in Kingston.
- 1979 - In Cincinnati, Ohio, eleven fans are killed during a stampede for seats before a Who concert at Riverfront Coliseum.
- 1982 - A soil sample is taken from Times Beach, Missouri that will be found to contain 300 times the safe level of dioxin.
- 1984 - Bhopal Disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, kills more than 3,800 people outright and injures 150,000-600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
- 1989 - Cold War: In a meeting off the coast of Malta, US President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the cold war between their nations may be coming to an end (some commentators from both nations exaggerated the wording and independently declared the Cold War over).
- 1990 - At Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Northwest Airlines Flight 1482 collides with Northwest Airlines Flight 299 on the runway, killing 8 passengers and 4 crew members aboard flight 1482.
- 1990 - Government of Pakistan formed National Highway Authority.
- 1992 - UN Security Council Resolution 794 is unanimously passed, approving a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States to form UNITAF, tasked with establishing peace and ensuring that humanitarian aid is distributed in Somalia.
- 1992 - The Greek oil tanker Aegean Sea, carrying 80,000 tonnes of crude oil, runs aground in a storm while approaching La Coruña, Spain, and spills much of its cargo.
- 1997 - In Ottawa, Canada, representatives from 121 countries sign a treaty prohibiting manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel landmines. The United States, People's Republic of China, and Russia do not sign the treaty, however.
- 1999 - NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Polar Lander moments before the spacecraft enters the Martian atmosphere.
- 2005 - International Day of Action On Climate Change, to mark the first meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Includes rallies in Australia.
- 2005 - XCOR Aerospace makes first manned rocket aircraft delivery of US Mail in Mojave, California.
Births
- 1368 - King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
- 1560 - Jan Gruter, Dutch critic (d. 1627)
- 1596 - Nicolo Amati, Italian violin maker (d. 1684)
- 1684 - Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (d. 1754)
- 1755 - Gilbert Stuart, American painter (d. 1828)
- 1776 - Johann Spurzheim, German neuroscientist (d. 1832)
- 1800 - France Prešeren, Slovenian poet (d. 1849)
- 1826 - George McClellan, U.S. Civil War general (d. 1885)
- 1838 - Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (d. 1916)
- 1838 - Octavia Hill, British housing and open-space activist (d. 1912)
- 1842 - Ellen Swallow Richards, American scientist (d. 1911)
- 1857 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-born British writer (d. 1924)
- 1883 - Anton Webern, Austrian composer (d. 1945)
- 1884 - Rajendra Prasad, first President of India (d. 1963)
- 1886 - Manne Siegbahn, Swedish physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Anna Freud, Austrian-born British psychoanalyst (d. 1982)
- 1899 - Ikeda Hayato, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1965)
- 1900 - Ulrich Inderbinen, Swiss mountain guide (d. 2004)
- 1900 - Richard Kuhn, Austrian biochemist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
- 1911 - Nino Rota, Italian composer (d. 1979)
- 1921 - Phyllis Curtin, American soprano
- 1922 - Sven Nykvist, Swedish cinematographer
- 1925 - Ferlin Husky, American singer
- 1925 - Kim Dae-jung, President of South Korea and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1927 - Andy Williams, American singer
- 1930 - Jean-Luc Godard, French film director
- 1931 - Franz Josef Degenhardt, German author and singer
- 1932 - Corry Brokken, Dutch singer
- 1933 - Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1934 - Viktor Gorbatko, Soviet cosmonaut
- 1937 - Bobby Allison, American race car driver
- 1942 - Alice Schwarzer, German journalist
- 1946 - Joop Zoetemelk, Dutch cyclist, World Cycling Champion and Olympic gold medalist
- 1948 - Ozzy Osbourne, British singer
- 1949 - John Akii-Bua, Ugandan athlete and Olympic gold medalist (d. 1997)
- 1949 - Mickey Thomas, American singer (Jefferson Starship)
- 1951 - Rick Mears, American race car driver
- 1955 - Steven Culp, American actor
- 1960 - Daryl Hannah, American actor
- 1960 - Julianne Moore, American actor
- 1965 - Steve Harris, American actor
- 1965 - Katarina Witt, German figure skater, World Figure Skating Champion and Olympic gold medalist
- 1968 - Brendan Fraser, American actor
- 1970 - Christian Karembeu, French international footballer and World Cup winner
- 1973 - Holly Marie Combs, American actress
- 1979 - Rainbow Sun Francks, Canadian actor
- 2005 - Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway, Norwegian prince
Deaths
- 1048 - Al-Biruni, mathematician
- 1154 - Pope Anastasius IV
- 1265 - Odofredus, Italian jurist
- 1533 - Vasili III, Grand Prince of Moscow (b. 1479)
- 1610 - Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general (b. 1548)
- 1765 - Lord John Philip Sackville, British cricketer (b. 1713)
- 1789 - Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (b. 1714)
- 1815 - John Carroll, first Roman Catholic archbishop in the U.S. (b. 1735)
- 1882 - Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1811)
- 1888 - Carl Zeiss, German lens maker (b. 1816)
- 1892 - Afanasy Fet, Russian poet (b. 1820)
- 1894 - Robert Louis Stevenson, British writer (b. 1850)
- 1902 - Robert Lawson, New Zealand architect (b. 1833)
- 1912 - Prudente José de Morais Barros, President of Brazil (b. 1841)
- 1919 - Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French impressionist painter (b. 1841)
- 1941 - Christian Sinding, Norwegian composer (b. 1856)
- 1949 - Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian-born American actress (b. 1876)
- 1972 - Bill Johnson, American musician (b. 1872)
- 1973 - Emile Christian, American musician (b. 1895)
- 1979 - Dhyan Chand, Indian hockey player and Olympic gold medalist (b. 1905)
- 1980 - Oswald Mosley, British politician (b. 1896)
- 1980 - Shirin Bai, sister of Pakistan's founder M.A.Jinnah died in Karachi
- 1996 - Georges Duby, French historian specializing in the Middle Ages (b. 1919)
- 1999 - Madeline Kahn, American actress and comedian (b. 1942)
- 1999 - Scatman John, American singer (lung cancer) (b. 1942)
- 2000 - Gwendolyn Brooks, American poet (b. 1917)
- 2002 - Glenn Quinn, Irish actor (b. 1970)
- 2003 - David Hemmings, British actor (b. 1941)
- 2004 - Shiing-Shen Chern, Chinese mathematician (b. 1911)
Holidays and observances
- R.C. Saints - memorial of Saint Francis Xavier; also Saint Birinus
- USA - admission day for Illinois (21st state, 1818)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051203.html The New York Times: On this Day]
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December 2 - December 4 - November 3 - January 3 — listing of all days
ko:12월 3일
ms:3 Disember
ja:12月3日
simple:December 3
th:3 ธันวาคม
1857
1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).
Events
- January 9 - Earthquake at Fort Tejon, California with an estimated magnitude of 7.9
- February 16 - The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed Gallaudet University) is established in Washington, DC becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf.
- March 3 - France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.
- March 4 - End of term for President of the United States Franklin Pierce. He is succeeded by James Buchanan.
- March 5 – In London, ex-solicitor James Towsend Saward is sentenced for transportation for forging number of cheques over the years
- March 6 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, driving the country further towards the American Civil War.
- March 23 - Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway, New York City)
- May 10 - Indian rebellion of 1857: In India, the Mutiny of XI Native Cavalry of the Bengal Army in Meerut, revolt against the British Army
- May 11 - Indian rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.
- June 6 - Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.
- July 15 - Second Cawnpore massacre during the Indian rebellion of 1857
- August - Calcutta University established.
- September 11 - Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah
- November 30 - End of term for President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort. He is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga.
- December 31 - Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa, Ontario as the capital of Canada
- Divorce without parliamentary approval becomes legal in Britain
- Speculation in US railway shares causes financial crisis in Europe
- Russian serfs emancipated
- The Mormons abandon Las Vegas
- Founding of Hollywood
- Restoration of the Mexican republic (see Mexico/History)
- Discovery of La Tene culture artifacts in Switzerland by Hansli Kopp.
- Philip Henry Gosse writes Omphalos text elaborating a Creationist school of thought
- University of Bombay established
- The Mughal Empire is finally destroyed by the British Empire.
- The city walls of Vienna are demolished, allowing the construction of the Ringstraße.
- Sweden lifts its ban on Danish language and Danish books in the formerly Danish provinces of Blekinge, Halland and Scania - 214 respectively 199 years after the annexion.
- William Daniel, American politician proposes Local Option for prohibition
- The formation of Sheffield F.C. the first and oldest Football (Soccer) club in the world.
Births
- January 4 - Émile Courtet, French caricaturist and animator (d. 1938)
- February 12 - Bobby Peel, English cricketer (d. 1943).
- February 22 - Lord Robert Baden-Powell, English founder of the Scouting movement (d. 1941)
- February 22 - Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (d. 1894)
- March 7 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1940)
- March 8 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (d. 1919)
- March 30 - Leon Charles Thevenin, French telegraph engineer (d. 1926)
- April 5 - Alexander of Battenberg, first Prince of Bulgaria (d. 1893)
- May 7 - William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1930)
- May 13 - Ronald Ross, English physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1932)
- May 15 - Williamina Fleming, Scottish astronomer (d. 1911)
- May 19 - John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (d. 1938)
- May 31 - Pope Pius XI (d. 1939)
- June 2 - Edward Elgar, English composer (d. 1934)
- June 2 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
- July 23 - Carl Meinhof, German linguist (d. 1944)
- July 24 - Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
- July 30 - Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian economist (d. 1929)
- September 5 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian scientist and inventor (d. 1935)
- September 13 - Michał Drzymała, Polish peasant and revolutionary (d. 1937)
- September 13 - Milton S. Hershey, American chocolate manufacturer (d. 1945)
- September 15 - William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States (d. 1930)
- November 17 - George Marchant, English-born, inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist (d. 1941)
- November 26 - Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist (d. 1913)
- November 27 - Charles Scott Sherrington, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952)
- November 28 - King Alfonso XII of Spain (d. 1885)
- November 30 - Bobby Abel, English cricketer (d. 1936)
- December 3 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-British novelist (d. 1924)
- Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter (d. 1931)
- Unknown date - Lucy Bacon, Californian Impressionist Painter
Deaths
- February 10 - David Thompson, British-Canadian explorer (b. 1770)
- February 15 - Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (b. 1804)
- May 2 - Alfred de Musset, French poet (b. 1810)
- May 11 - Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal and private detective (b. 1775)
- May 23 - Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician (b. 1789)
- July 15 - Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (b. 1791)
- July 19 - Stefano Franscini, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1796)
- August 3 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)
- September 3 - John McLoughlin, Canadian trapper (b. 1784)
- November 18 - William Tylee Ranney, German artist (b. 1813)
- November 26 - Joseph von Eichendorff, German poet (b. 1788)
- December 3 - Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (b. 1777)
- December 15 - Sir George Cayley, English aviation pioneer (b. 1773)
Category:1857
ko:1857년
ms:1857
simple:1857
th:พ.ศ. 2400
August 3August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining.
Events
- 8 - Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- 435 - Deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of the Christological "heresy" (at the time) known as Nestorianism, was exiled by Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.
- 1492 - Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.
- 1492 - The Jews of Spain are expelled by the Catholic Monarchs.
- 1635 - The third of the Tokugawa shoguns, Iemitsu, establishes the system of alternate attendance by which the feudal daimyō are required to spend one year at Edo Castle in Tokyo and one year back home at their feudal manor, while their families remained in Tokyo as virtual political hostages. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 21, 1635).
- 1645 - The Second Battle of Nördlingen is fought between the forces of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1678 - Robert LaSalle builds the Griffon, the first known ship built in America.
- 1783 - Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing 35,000 people.
- 1860 - The Second Maori War begins in New Zealand.
- 1900 - Firestone Tire & Rubber Company founded.
- 1914 - First World War: Germany declares war against France.
- 1916 - First World War: The Battle of Romani is fought between forces of the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
- 1923 - Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated as the 30th President of the United States.
- 1940 - Second World War: Italy invades British Somaliland.
- 1946 - National Basketball Association is founded in the United States.
- 1948 - Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being a communist and a spy for the Soviet Union.
- 1958 - The nuclear submarine USS Nautilus travels beneath the Arctic ice cap.
- 1960 - Niger gains independence from France.
- 1972 - U.S. Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
- 1973 - R&B singer Stevie Wonder releases the classic album Innervisions.
- 1975 - A privately chartered Boeing 707 impacts the mountainside near Agadir, Morocco killing 188.
- 1977 - United States Senate Hearing on MKULTRA.
- 1981 - In the United States, Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization walks off the job. All 13,000 members will eventually be fired by President Ronald Reagan.
- Senegalese opposition parties, under the leadership of Mamadou Dia, launches the Antiimperialist Action Front-Suxxali Reew Mi.
- 1990 - The highest temperature recorded in the UK until 10 August, 2003 - 37.1°C (98.8°F) at Cheltenham in Gloucestershire
- 1997 - Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria; 40-76 villagers killed.
- 2005 - President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya of Mauritania is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of King Fahd in Saudi Arabia.
Births
- 1509 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (d. 1546)
- 1604 - John Eliot, English missionary (d. 1690)
- 1692 - John Henley, English clergyman (d. 1759)
- 1770 - King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia (d. 1840)
- 1801 - Joseph Paxton, English gardener and architect (d. 1865)
- 1808 - Hamilton Fish, American politician (d. 1893)
- 1811 - Elisha Graves Otis, American inventor (d. 1861)
- 1817 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (d. 1895)
- 1832 - Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (d. 1914)
- 1856 - Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)
- 1860 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)
- 1867 - Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1947)
- 1872 - King Haakon VII of Norway (d. 1957)
- 1887 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (d. 1915)
- 1894 - Harry Heilmann, baseball player (d. 1951)
- 1900 - Ernie Pyle, American war correspondent (d. 1945)
- 1900 - John T. Scopes, American defendant (d. 1970)
- 1901 - Stefan Wyszynski, Polish Catholic prelate (d. 1981)
- 1904 - Clifford D. Simak, American author (d. 1988)
- 1905 - Dolores del Rio, Mexican-born actress (d. 1983)
- 1905 - Cardinal Franz König, Austrian Catholic archbishop (d. 2004)
- 1916 - José Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (d. 1978)
- 1918 - Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999)
- 1920 - P.D. James, English novelist
- 1923 - Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
- 1924 - Leon Uris, American novelist (d. 2003)
- 1926 - Tony Bennett, American singer
- 1926 - Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (d. 2004)
- 1935 - Georgi Shonin, cosmonaut (d. 1997)
- 1936 - Edward Petherbridge, English actor
- 1937 - Steven Berkoff, British actor
- 1937 - Diane Wakoski, American poet
- 1938 - Terry Wogan, Irish radio and television presenter
- 1940 - Lance Alworth, American football player
- 1940 - Martin Sheen, American actor
- 1941 - Beverly Lee, American singer (Shirelles)
- 1941 - Martha Stewart, American publisher and media personality
- 1946 - Jack Straw, British politician
- 1948 - Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France
- 1950 - John Landis, American film director
- 1951 - Marcel Dionne, Canadian hockey player
- 1951 - Jay North, American actor
- 1952 - Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentine footballer and coach
- 1959 - Martin Atkins, English drummer
- 1959 - Koichi Tanaka, Japanese scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- 1963 - James Hetfield, American singer and guitarist (Metallica)
- 1977 - Tom Brady, American football player
- 1979 - Evangeline Lilly, Canadian actress and fashion model
Deaths
- 1181 - Pope Alexander III
- 1460 - King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)
- 1546 - Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (b. 1484)
- 1546 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (b. 1509)
- 1604 - Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander
- 1621 - Guillaume du Vair, French writer (b. 1556)
- 1667 - Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect (b. 1599)
- 1712 - Joshua Barnes, English scholar (b. 1654)
- 1720 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (b. 1641)
- 1721 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (b. 1648)
- 1761 - Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (b. 1691)
- 1773 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (b. 1700)
- 1780 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (b. 1715)
- 1792 - Richard Arkwright, English industrialist and inventor (b. 1732)
- 1797 - Jeffrey Amherst, British military commander (b. 1717)
- 1805 - Christopher Anstey, English writer (b. 1724)
- 1857 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)
- 1867 - Philipp August Böckh, German scholar and antiquarian (b. 1785)
- 1877 - William Butler Ogden, first Mayor of Chicago (b.1805)
- 1879 - Joseph Severn, English painter (b. 1793)
- 1916 - Sir Roger Casement, Irish rebel (hanged) (b. 1864)
- 1924 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-born writer (b. 1857)
- 1929 - Emil Berliner, German-born telephone and recording pioneer (b. 1851)
- 1929 - Thorstein Veblen, American economist (b. 1857)
- 1942 - Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1872)
- 1954 - Colette, French writer (b. 1873)
- 1964 - Flannery O'Connor, American writer (b. 1925)
- 1966 - Lenny Bruce, American comedian (b. 1925)
- 1973 - Richard Marshall, U.S. Army general (b. 1895)
- 1977 - Alfred Lunt, American actor (b. 1892)
- 1977 - Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus (b. 1913)
- 1979 - Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
- 1983 - Carolyn Jones, American actress (b. 1929)
- 1995 - Ida Lupino, English actress and director (b. 1914)
- 1995 - Edward Whittemore, American writer (b. 1933)
- 1998 - Alfred Schnittke, Russian composer (b. 1934)
- 2001 - Christopher Hewett, British actor (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Carmen Silvera, British actress (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Roger Voudouris, American singer and songwriter (b. 1954)
- 2004 - Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (b. 1908)
- 2005 - Françoise d'Eaubonne, French feminist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Steven Vincent, American journalist (b. 1955)
Holidays and observances
- Equatorial Guinea - Armed Forces Day
- Niger - Independence Day
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/3 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050803.html The New York Times: On This Day]
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August 2 - August 4 - July 3 - September 3 -- listing of all days
ko:8월 3일
ms:3 Ogos
ja:8月3日
simple:August 3
th:3 สิงหาคม
1924
1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).
Events
January
- January 7 - Great fire in London harbour
- January 8 - Heavy blizzards in England
- January 10 - British submarine L-34 sinks in the English Channel - 43 dead.
- January 12 - Gopinath Saha shoots a man he erroneously thinks is a Police commissioner of Calcutta, Charles Augustus Tegart - he is arrested soon after
- January 21 - Vladimir Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin begins to purge his rivals to clear way for his leadership.
- January 22 - Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister.
- January 23 - Soviet Union officially declares that Lenin died January 21.
- January 25 - The 1924 Winter Olympics open in Chamonix, France (in the French Alps), inaugurating the Winter Olympic Games.
- January 26 - Petrograd (St. Petersburg) is renamed Leningrad.
- January 27 - Lenin is buried in a mausoleum in the Red Square.
February
- February 1 - The United Kingdom recognizes Soviet Union.
- February 1 - Australian Loans Council meets for the first time
- February 4 - Mohandas Gandhi is released prematurely on medical grounds.
- February 5 - GMT: Hourly time signals from Royal Greenwich Observatory are broadcasted for the first time.
- February 8 - Death penalty: The first state execution using gas in the United States takes place in Nevada.
- February 14 - IBM corporation founded.
- February 16-February 26 - Dock strike in US harbors.
- February 22 - Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House.
March
- March 1 - Diana Vreeland, fashion editor and columnist, marries Thomas Reed Vreeland at St. Thomas's church in New York.
- March 3 - The 1400-year-old Islamic caliphate is abolished when Caliph Abdul Mejid II of the Ottoman Empire is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of President Kemal Atatürk.
- March 9 - Italy annexes Fiume
- March 25 - Greece proclaims it is a republic.
- March 29 - Government of Raymond Poincaré starts in France.
April
- April 1 - Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the Beer Hall Putsch. However he was only in jail for nine months.
- April 1 - First revenue flight for Belgium's SABENA Airlines.
- April 6 - Fascists win elections in Italy with 2/3 majority.
- April 13 - Referendum in Greece favors the formation of Hellenic Republic.
- April 26 - Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his "death ray" in London but fails to convince British War Office
- April 27 - Group of Alawites kill some Christian nuns in Syria – French troops march against them.
May
- May 3 - The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, founded.
- May 4 - The 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremonies held in Paris, France.
- May 10 - J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head the Bureau of Investigation.
- May 21 - University of Chicago students Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr. murder 14-year-old Bobby Franks in a thrill killing.
June
- June 1 - Harry Grindell Matthews returns from Paris to London - he tries to use a Pathe film to demonstrate that his death ray works
- June 2 - U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.
- June 5 - Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean (to his father in Sweden).
- June 8 - George Mallory and Andrew Irvine are last seen "going strong for the top" of Mount Everest by teammate Noel Odell at 12:50 PM. The two mountaineers were never seen alive again.
- June 10 - Fascists kidnap and kill Italian socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.
- June 12 - the Roundout Heist - Six men of Egan's Rats gang rob a mail train in Roundout, Illinois. Robbery is later found to have been an inside job
- June 16 - Whampoa Military Academy is founded.
- June 23 - American airman Russell L. Maughan flew from New York to San Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss pursuit plane.
August-October
- August 18 - France begins to withdraw its troops from Germany.
- September 9 - Hanapepe Massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii
- September 9 - 8-hour work day in Belgium
- October 2 - The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
- October 19 - Abdul Azis declares himself protector of holy places in Mecca.
- October 22 - Toastmasters is founded.
- October 24 - British Foreign Office publishes Zinoviev Letter.
- October 25 - British authorities in India arrest Subhas Chandra Bose and jail him for the next two and half years
November
- November 4 - Fermin Romo of Wyoming elected as the first woman governor in the United States.
- November 4 - Calvin Coolidge defeats John W. Davis in the U.S. presidential election
- November 19 - In Los Angeles, California, famous silent film director Thomas Ince ("The Father of the Western") dies, reportedly of a heart attack, in his bed (rumors soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon William Randolph Hearst).
- November 27 - In the New York City the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held.
December
- December 12 - Failed communist takeover attempt in Estonia
- December 24 - Air crash in Croydon air field - 8 dead.
- December 24 - Albania becomes a republic.
- December 30 - Edwin Hubble announces the existence of other galaxies.
Unknown date
- Andre Breton founds surrealism, defining it as "pure psychic automatism"
- Voting in federal elections becomes compulsory in Australia
- US bootleggers begin to use Thompson SMGs
- Fritz Haarmann sentenced to death for 27 murders
Births
January-February
- January 2 - Sabine Baring-Gould, English composer and novelist (b. 1834)
- January 3 - Hank Stram, American football coach and broadcaster
- January 6 - Earl Scruggs, American musician
- January 11 - Roger Guillemin, French neuroendocrinologist, recpient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- January 11 - Sam B. Hall, American politician (d. 1994)
- January 11 - Slim Harpo, American musician (d. 1970)
- January 12 - Olivier Gendebien, Belgian race car driver (d. 1998)
- January 16 - Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
- January 19 - Jean-Francois Revel, French author
- January 21 - Telly Savalas, American actor (d. 1994)
- January 26 - Annette Strauss, American philanthropist and mayor of Dallas, Texas (d. 1998)
- January 27 - Sabu, Indian actor (d. 1963)
- January 29 - Luigi Nono, Italian composer (d. 1990)
- January 30 - Lloyd Alexander, American writer
- February 2 - Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian-born producer and musician
- February 17 - Margaret Truman, American novelist
- February 19 - Lee Marvin, American actor (d. 1987)
- February 20 - Gloria Vanderbilt, American cosmetics entrepreneur
- February 21 - Robert Mugabe, first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
- February 23 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South-African physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- February 29 - Al Rosen, baseball player
March-May
- March 1 - Deke Slayton, astronaut (d. 1993)
- March 7 - Kobo Abe, Japanese novelist (d. 1993)
- March 15 - Walter Gotell, German actor (d. 1997)
- March 27 - Sarah Vaughan, American jaz singer (d. 1990)
- March 28 - Freddie Bartholomew, British actor (d. 1992)
- March 30 - Alan Davidson, British author (d. 2003)
- April 1 - Brendan Byrne, Governor of New Jersey
- April 3 - Marlon Brando, American actor (d. 2004)
- April 3 - Doris Day, American actress
- April 4 - Gil Hodges, American baseball player (d. 1972)
- April 7 - Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer
- April 15 - Sir Neville Marriner, English conductor and violinist
- April 24 - Clement Freud, British writer, radio personality, and politician
- April 25 - Albert King, American musician (d. 1992)
- May 11 - Antony Hewish, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- May 12 - Tony Hancock, English comedian (d. 1968)
- May 18 - Priscilla Pointer, American actress
- May 19 - Sandy Wilson, British composer
- May 22 - Charles Aznavour, French singer, actor, and songwriter
June-August
- June 1 - Dr. William Sloane Coffin, American clergyman
- June 3 - Torsten Wiesel, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 12 - George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st United States President
- June 18 - George Mikan, basketball player (d. 2005)
- June 20 - Chet Atkins, American country guitar player (d. 2001)
- June 20 - Audie Murphy, American World War II hero and actor (d. 1971)
- June 27 - Bob Appleyard, English cricketer
- June 29 - Flo Sandon's, Italian singer
- June 29 - Ezra Laderman, American composer
- July 4 - Eva Marie Saint, American actress
- July 5 - Janos Starker, Hungarian cellist
- July 13 - Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor
- July 14 - James W. Black, Scottish pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 19 - Stanley K. Hathaway, American politician
- August 1 - Georges Charpak, Ukrainian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 2 - John Carroll O'Connor, American actor (d. 2001)
- August 3 - Leon Uris, American writer (d. 2003)
- August 12 - Derek Shackleton, English cricketer
- August 12 - Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (d. 1988)
- August 15 - Robert Bolt, English writer (d. 1995)
- August 23 - Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 28 - Peggy Ryan, American actress (d. 2004)
- August 29 - Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005)
- August 31 - Buddy Hackett, American comedian and actor (d. 2003)
September-October
- September 2 - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya
- September 4 - Joan Aiken, English writer (d. 2004)
- September 8 - Mimi Parent, Canadian painter (d. 2005)
- September 9 - Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (d. 2003)
- September 11 - Tom Landry, American football player and coach (d. 2000)
- September 19 - Don Harron, Canadian entertainer
- September 22 - Charles Keeping, English illustrator (d. 1988)
- September 22 - Rosamunde Pilcher, English novelist
- October 1 - Jimmy Carter, President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- October 1 - William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 2005)
- October 10 - Ed Wood, American filmmaker (d. 1978)
- October 11 - Mal Whitfield, American athlete
- October 12 - Doris Grau, American actress (d. 1995)
- October 15 - Mark Lenard, American actor (d. 1996)
- October 21 - Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (d. 2003)
November-December
- November 13 - Motoo Kimura, Japanese population geneticist (d. 1994)
- November 19 - William Russell, British actor
- November 20 - Benoit Mandelbrot, Polish-born mathematician
- November 24 - Mel Patton, American athlete
- November 25 - Takaaki Yoshimoto, Japanese poet, critic, and philosopher.
- December 2 - Alexander M. Haig, Jr., American politician
- December 25 - Rod Serling, American television screenwriter (d. 1975)
- December 25 - Atal Behari Vajpayee, tenth Prime Minister of India
- December 25 - Moktar Ould Daddah, first President of Mauritania (d. 2003)
- December 28 - Milton Obote, | | |
