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| Joseph Dudley |
Joseph Dudley, by an unknown artist]]
Joseph Dudley (September 23, 1647 - April 2, 1720), colonial governor of Massachusetts from 1702 to 1715, the son of Thomas Dudley, was born and died in Roxbury, Massachusetts.
He graduated at Harvard College in 1665, became a member of the general court, and in 1682 was sent by Massachusetts to London to prevent the threatened revocation of her charter by Charles II. There, with an eye to his personal advancement, he secretly advised the king to annul the charter; this was done, and Dudley, by royal appointment, became president of the provisional council.
With the advent of the new governor, Sir Edmund Andros, Dudley became a judge of the superior court and censor of the press. Upon the deposition of Andros, Dudley was imprisoned and sent with him to England, but was soon set free. In 1691-1692, he was chief-justice of New York, presiding over the court that condemned Leisler and Milborne.
Returning to England in 1693, he was lieutenant-governor of the Isle of Wight and a member of parliament, and in 1702, after a long intrigue, secured from Queen Anne a commission as governor of Massachusetts, serving until 1715. His administration was marked, particularly in the earlier years, by ceaseless conflict with the general court, from which he demanded a regular fixed salary instead of an annual grant.
He was active in raising volunteers for the so-called Queen Anne's War, and in 1707 sent a fruitless expedition against Port Royal. He was accused by the Boston merchants, who petitioned for his removal, of being in league with smugglers and illicit traders, and in 1708 a bitter attack on his administration was published in London, entitled The Deplorable State of New England by reason of a Covetous and Treacherous Governor and Pusillanimous Counsellors.
His character may be best summed up in the words of one of his successors, Thomas Hutchinson, that he had as many virtues as can consist with so great a thirst for honour and power. His son Paul Dudley was attorney-general of Massachusetts.
See also
Dudley-Winthrop Family
----
Dudley, Joseph
Dudley, Joseph
Dudley, Joseph
September 23September 23 is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years). There are 99 days remaining. Also an important date in pagan history celebrating autumn.
Events
- 1122 - Concordat of Worms
- 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Wars of the Roses, is fought at Blore Heath in Staffordshire.
- 1529 - The Siege of Vienna begins as Suleiman II begins his attack on the city.
- 1642 - First commencement exercises occur at Harvard College.
- 1779 - American Revolution; USS Bonhomme Richard, commanded by John Paul Jones, wins a fight against the British ships of war Serapis and Countess of Scarborough off the coast of England.
- 1780 - American Revolution; British Major John Andre arrested as a spy by American soldiers exposing Benedict Arnold's treason.
- 1803 - Battle of Assaye
- 1806 - Lewis and Clark return, after exploring the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
- 1845 - The Knickerbockers Baseball Club, the first baseball team to play under the modern rules, is founded in New York.
- 1846 - Discovery of Neptune by French astronomer Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier and British astronomer John Couch Adams; verified by German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle
- 1868 - Grito de Lares (Lares Revolt) occurs in Puerto Rico against Spanish rule.
- 1875 - William Bonney ("Billy the Kid") is arrested for the first time.
- 1884 - Herman Hollerith patents his mechanical tabulating machine.
- 1905 - Norway and Sweden sign the "Karlstad treaty", officially ending the Union between the two countries peacfully.
- 1912 - First Mack Sennett "Keystone Comedy" is released.
- 1922 - Gdynia Seaport Construction Act passed by the Polish parliament.
- 1932 - The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd is renamed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- 1941 - The first gas experiments are conducted at Auschwitz.
- 1952 - Richard Nixon makes his "Checkers speech".
- 1962 - The Jetsons aired for the first time.
- 1962 - Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City opens with the first building completed, Philharmonic Hall, now Avery Fisher Hall home of the New York Philharmonic.
- 1969 - The Chicago 8 trial opens in Chicago, Illinois
- 1973 - Juan Perón returns to power in Argentina.
- 1980 - Bob Marley's last concert
- 1981 - Jack Henry Abbott, best-selling author, is arrested for murder.
- 1983 - Saint Kitts and Nevis joins the United Nations.
- 1983 - Gerrie Coetzee of South Africa becomes the first African boxing world heavyweight champion.
- 1993 - Sonic the Hedgehog CD is released for the Sega Mega-CD in Japan.
- 1999 - NASA announces that it lost contact with the Mars Climate Orbiter.
- 2002 - Mozilla Firefox (Phoenix) web browser is born: version 0.1.
- 2004 - At least 1,070 in Haiti reported killed by floods due to Hurricane Jeanne.
- 2005 - FBI killing of Filiberto Ojeda on Plan Bonito Hormigueros, Puerto Rico.
Births
- 480 BC - Euripides, Greek playwright (d. 406 BC)
- 63 BC - Augustus Caesar, Roman Emperor (d. AD 14)
- AD 1158 - Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1186)
- 1161 - Emperor Takakura of Japan (d. 1181)
- 1215 - Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire (d. 1294)
- 1598 - Eleonore Gonzaga, wife of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1655)
- 1647 - Joseph Dudley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1720)
- 1650 - Jeremy Collier, English bishop (d. 1726)
- 1713 - King Ferdinand VI of Spain (d. 1759)
- 1740 - Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan (d. 1813)
- 1771 - Emperor Kokaku of Japan (d. 1840)
- 1819 - Hippolyte Fizeau, French physicist (d. 1896)
- 1838 - Victoria Woodhull, American suffragist (d. 1927)
- 1852 - William Stewart Halsted, American surgeon (d. 1922)
- 1863 - Mary Eliza Church Terrell, American writer and social reformer (d. 1954)
- 1865 - Emmuska Orczy, British novelist (d. 1947)
- 1880 - John Boyd Orr, Scottish physician and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1971)
- 1889 - Walter Lippmann, American journalist (d. 1974)
- 1890 - Friedrich Paulus, German general (d. 1957)
- 1895 - Johnny Mokan, baseball player (d. 1985)
- 1897 - Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984)
- 1899 - Louise Nevelson, Ukrainian-born artist (d. 1988)
- 1901 - Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- 1911 - Frank Moss, U.S. Senator from Utah (d. 2003)
- 1915 - Clifford Shull, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
- 1916 - Aldo Moro, Italian politician (d. 1978)
- 1920 - Mickey Rooney, American actor
- 1924 - Pedro Chamorro, Nicaraguan newspaper editor (d. 1978)
- 1926 - John Coltrane, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1967)
- 1930 - Ray Charles, American musician and singer (d. 2004)
- 1931 - Gerald Stairs Merrithew, Canadian educator and statesman (d. 2004)
- 1936 - Valentín Paniagua, Peruvian politician, interim president in 2000–01
- 1938 - Tom Lester, American actor
- 1938 - Romy Schneider, Austrian actress (d. 1982)
- 1939 - Roy Buchanan, American guitarist (d. 1988)
- 1939 - Janusz Gajos, Polish actor
- 1942 - Sila María Calderón, Governor of Puerto Rico
- 1943 - Julio Iglesias, Spanish singer
- 1943 - Marty Schottenheimer, American football coach
- 1945 - Paul Petersen, American actor
- 1946 - Franz Fischler, Austrian politician
- 1947 - Mary Kay Place, American actress
- 1949 - Bruce Springsteen, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Charlie Barnett, American actor (d. 1996)
- 1958 - Marvin Lewis, American football coach
- 1959 - Jason Alexander, American actor
- 1959 - Elizabeth Peña, American actress
- 1961 - Willie McCool, American astronaut (d. 2003)
- 1964 - Koshi Inaba, Japanese singer (B'z)
- 1969 - Michelle Thomas, American actress (d. 1998)
- 1970 - Ani DiFranco, American musician
- 1974 - Matt Hardy, American professional wrestler
- 1974 - Harumi Inoue, Japanese actress and model
- 1975 - Jaime Bergman, American model and actress
- 1975 - Chris Hawkins, British radio personality and disk jockey
- 1984 - Anneliese van der Pol, Dutch actress
- 1994 - Burhan Jawed, Son of Jawed Abdeli in the cricket hall of fame
Deaths
- 79 - Pope Linus
- 1241 - Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian, poet, and politician (b. 1178)
- 1390 - John I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1346)
- 1535 - Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513)
- 1571 - John Jewel, English bishop (b. 1522)
- 1573 - Azai Hisamasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1524)
- 1605 - Pontus de Tyard, French poet
- 1675 - Valentin Conrart, founder of the Académie Française (b. 1603)
- 1728 - Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655)
- 1738 - Herman Boerhaave, Dutch humanist and physician (b. 1668)
- 1764 - Robert Dodsley, English writer (b. 1703)
- 1773 - Johann Ernst Gunnerus, Norwegian bishop and botanist (b. 1718)
- 1789 - John Rogers, American Continental Congressman (b. 1723)
- 1835 - Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
- 1850 - José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan hero (b. 1764)
- 1870 - Prosper Mérimée, French author (b. 1803)
- 1873 - Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (b. 1823)
- 1889 - Wilkie Collins, British author (b. 1824)
- 1900 - William Marsh Rice, American philanthropist and university founder (b. 1816)
- 1917 - Werner Voss German World War I pilot (b. 1897)
- 1929 - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
- 1939 - Sigmund Freud, Austrian psychiatrist (b. 1856)
- 1943 - Elinor Glyn, English author (b. 1864)
- 1950 - Sam Barry, American basketball player and coach (b. 1892)
- 1968 - Padre Pio, saint (b. 1887)
- 1971 - Billy Gilbert, American actor (b. 1894)
- 1973 - Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- 1974 - Cliff Arquette, American comedian and actor (b. 1905)
- 1978 - Lyman Bostock, American baseball player (murdered) (b. 1950)
- 1981 - Chief Dan George, Canadian actor (b. 1899)
- 1987 - Bob Fosse, American dancer, choreographer, and actor (b. 1927)
- 1988 - Tibor Sekelj, Croatian explorer (b. 1912)
- 1992 - James Van Fleet, U.S. Army general (b. 1892)
- 1994 - Robert Bloch, American author (b. 1917)
- 1998 - Mary Frann, American actress (b. 1943)
- 2000 - Aurelio Rodríguez, Mexican Major League Baseball player (b. 1947)
- 2000 - Carl Rowan, American journalist (b. 1925)
- 2002 - Vernon Corea, Sri Lankan broadcaster (b. 1927)
- 2004 - André Hazes, Dutch singer (b. 1951)
- 2004 - Robert Goldman, WWII Veteran, Golfer, and Zayda (b. 1944)
- 2005 - Filiberto Ojeda, Puerto Rican revolutionary (b. 1933)
Holidays and observances
- Astrology: Usually the first day of sun sign Libra
- In ancient Latvia, the second day of Mikeli
- RC Saints - Feast day of Saint Adomnan of Iona, Saint Constantius, Saint Thecla.
Also see September 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Traditional New Year's Day in Constantinople and Eastern Orthodox churches — because of the birthday of August, not because of the equinox.
- Japanese Autumnal equinox Day (秋分の日/Shūbun no hi)
- Saudi Arabia - National Day (unification 1932)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/23 BBC: On This Day]
----
September 22 · September 24 · August 23 · October 23 · more historical anniversaries
ko:9월 23일
ms:23 September
ja:9月23日
simple:September 23
th:23 กันยายน
1647
Events
- March 14 - Thirty Years War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
- April 3 - In England, letter from the Agitators of the New Model Army, protesting delay of pay, is read in the House of Commons
- August 8 - The battle of Dungans Hill, Irish forces are defeated by British Parliamentary forces.
- August - Peter Stuyvesant appointed Director of New Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company.
- Johann von Werth tried to take his troops over the Austrian border, but they refused.
- Castle of Aberystwyth razed to the ground by Parliamentarian troops
- August: Army marches to London
- December 28, Charles promises church reform. This agreement led to the Second English Civil War.
Ongoing events
- English Civil War (1642-1649)
Births
- January 7 - Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1677)
- March 12 - Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie, French general (d. 1727)
- April 1 - John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (d. 1680)
- June 20 - John George III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1691)
- July 2 - Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English privy councillor (d. 1730)
- August 12 - Johann Heinrich Acker, German writer (d. 1719)
- August 22 - Denis Papin, French inventor
- September 23 - Joseph Dudley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1720)
- November 18 - Pierre Bayle, French philosopher (d. 1706)
- Henry Aldrich, English theologian and philosopher (d. 1710)
See also :Category:1647 births.
Deaths
- January 29 - Francis Meres, English writer (b. 1565)
- March 14 - Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (b. 1584)
- May 21 - Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch poet and historian (b. 1581)
- June 12 - Thomas Farnaby, English grammarian
- July 7 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (b. 1586)
- July 16 - Masaniello, Italian rebel (b. 1622)
- August 24 - Nicholas Stone, English sculptor and architect (b. 1586)
- October 8 - Christian Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (b. 1562)
- October 25 - Evangelista Torricelli, Italian mathematician and physicist (b. 1608)
- Bonaventura Cavalieri, Italian mathematician (b. 1598)
See also :Category:1647 deaths.
Category:1647
ko:1647년
April 2
2 April is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining.
Events
- 69 - Galba, governor of Spain, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Roman emperors begun with Caesar and Augustus.
- 1453 - Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople (İstanbul), which would fall on May 29
- 1513 - Juan Ponce de Leon sets foot on Florida becoming the first known European to do so.
- 1755 - Commodore William James captures pirate fortress of Severndroog on west coast of India.
- 1792 - The Coinage Act is passed establishing the United States Mint.
- 1800 - Manhattan Well Mystery: In New York City, the trial of Levi Weeks ends with an acquittal. Weeks was defended by Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.
- 1801 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Copenhagen - The British destroy the Danish fleet.
- 1863 - Richmond Bread Riots: Food shortages incite hundreds of angry women to riot in Richmond, Virginia and demand the Confederate government to release emergency supplies.
- 1865 - American Civil War: Siege of Petersburg broken - Union troops capture the trenches around Petersburg, Virginia, forcing Confederate General Robert E. Lee to retreat.
- 1865 - American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis and most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.
- 1902 - "Electric Theatre", the first movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles, California.
- 1917 - World War I: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
- 1917 - The first woman ever elected to the U.S. Congress, Jeannette Rankin, takes her seat as a representative from Montana.
- 1930 - Haile Selassie is proclaimed emperor of Ethiopia.
- 1941 - The radio program Life of Riley aired for the first time.
- 1956 - General Motors board member Alfred P. Sloan steps down after 19 years as chairman with Albert Bradley as his successor.
- 1956 - As the World Turns and The Edge of Night first aired on the CBS network in the United States, as the first half-hour serial dramas.
- 1964 - The Saab board started Project Gudmund to develop a new and larger car, later released as Saab 99.
- 1971 - The final broadcast of Dark Shadows aired on ABC-TV.
- 1972 - Actor Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled a communist in the early 1950s during the Red Scare.
- 1972 - Vietnam War: Easter Offensive begins - North Vietnamese soldiers of the 304th Division take the northern half of Quang Tri Province.
- 1973 - Launch of LexisNexis computerized legal research service.
- 1975 - Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from the Quang Ngai Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese troops.
- 1980 - U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act in an effort to help the U.S. economy rebound.
- 1982 - Falklands War: 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentina. The disputed islands are later retaken by the United Kingdom.
- 1982 - John Chancellor helms the news desk at the NBC Nightly News for the final time, after eleven-and-a-half years.
- 1989 - Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba to meet with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations.
- 1992 - In New York, Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of murder and racketeering and is later sentenced to life in prison.
- 1992 - Pierre Bérégovoy becomes Prime Minister of France
- 2002 - Israeli forces surrounded the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem which has around 200 Palestinians inside. A siege ensues.
- 2004 - Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks attempt a thwarted bombing of the Spanish high-speed train AVE near Madrid.
Births
- 1510 - Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shogun (d. 1550)
- 1545 - Elizabeth of Valois, queen of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568)
- 1565 - Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
- 1618 - Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1663)
- 1653 - Prince George of Denmark, prince consort of Anne of England (d. 1708)
- 1719 - Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (d. 1803)
- 1725 - Casanova, Italian adventurer and writer (d. 1798)
- 1788 - Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet (d. 1862)
- 1798 - August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet (d. 1874)
- 1805 - Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (d. 1875)
- 1827 - William Holman Hunt, English painter (d. 1910)
- 1838 - Léon Gambetta, French statesman (d. 1882)
- 1840 - Émile Zola, French novelist and critic (d. 1902)
- 1862 - Nicholas Murray Butler, American president of Columbia University, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1947)
- 1867 - Eugen Sandow, German bodybuilder and circus performer (d. 1925)
- 1869 - Hughie Jennings, baseball player (d. 1928)
- 1875 - Walter Chrysler, American automobile pioneer (d. 1940)
- 1891 - Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976)
- 1900 - Roberto Arlt, Argentine writer (d. 1942)
- 1908 - Buddy Ebsen, American actor and dancer (d. 2003)
- 1914 - Sir Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
- 1917 - Lou Monte, American singer (d. 1989)
- 1920 - Jack Webb, American actor, director, and producer (d. 1982)
- 1923 - G. Spencer-Brown, English mathematician
- 1925 - George MacDonald Fraser, English author
- 1926 - Sir Jack Brabham, Australian race car driver
- 1927 - Carmen Basilio, American boxer
- 1927 - Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer
- 1927 - Kenneth Tynan, English critic and writer (d. 1980)
- 1928 - Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, American cardinal (d. 1996)
- 1928 - Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (d. 1991)
- 1934 - Paul Joseph Cohen, American mathematician
- 1934 - Brian Glover, British actor and wrestler (d. 1997)
- 1939 - Marvin Gaye, American singer (d. 1984)
- 1940 - Penelope Keith, English actress
- 1941 - Dr. Demento, American radio personality
- 1942 - Hiroyuki Sakai, Japanese chef
- 1945 - Linda Hunt, American actress
- 1945 - Don Sutton, baseball player
- 1947 - Emmylou Harris, American singer
- 1947 - Camille Paglia, American feminist writer
- 1948 - Steve Chambers, American stamp collector
- 1949 - Pamela Reed, American actress
- 1951 - Moriteru Ueshiba, Japanese martial artist
- 1953 - David Robinson, American musician
- 1953 - Debralee Scott, American actress (d. 2005)
- 1954 - Ron Palillo, American actor
- 1955 - Dana Carvey, American actor and comedian
- 1959 - Juha Kankkunen, Finnish race car driver
- 1960 - Linford Christie, British athlete
- 1961 - Christopher Meloni, American actor
- 1961 - Keren Woodward, British singer (Bananarama)
- 1962 - Pierre Carles, French documentarist
- 1962 - Mark Shulman, American children's author
- 1966 - Bill Romanowski, American football player
- 1967 - Greg Camp, American guitarist and songwriter (Smash Mouth)
- 1967 - Helen Chamberlain, British television presenter
- 1971 - Todd Woodbridge, Australian tennis player
- 1974 - Kamala Govender, South African HR expert and business guru
- 1981 - Michael Clarke, Australian cricketer
Deaths
- 1272 - Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1209)
- 1335 - Duke Henry of Carinthia
- 1412 - Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, Spanish traveler and writer
- 1502 - Prince Arthur Tudor, son of Henry VII of England (b. 1486)
- 1507 - Francis of Paola, Italian founder of the Order of the Minims (b. 1416)
- 1657 - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1608)
- 1720 - Joseph Dudley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1647)
- 1742 - James Douglas, Scottish physician and anatomist (b. 1675)
- 1747 - Johann Jacob Dillenius, German botanist (b. 1684)
- 1754 - Thomas Carte, English historian (b. 1686)
- 1787 - Thomas Gage, British general (b. 1719)
- 1801 - Thomas Dadford Junior, British canal engineer
- 1803 - Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet, Scottish politican and judge (b. 1721)
- 1817 - Johann Heinrich Jung, German author (b. 1740)
- 1827 - Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician and naturalist (b. 1776)
- 1865 - General A. P. Hill, American Confederate general (b. 1825)
- 1872 - Samuel Morse, American inventor (b. 1791)
- 1902 - Esther Morris, suffragist and first U.S. woman judge (b. 1814)
- 1914 - Paul von Heyse, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)
- 1922 - Hermann Rorschach, Swiss psychologist (b. 1884)
- 1928 - Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- 1930 - Empress Zauditu of Ethiopia (b. 1876)
- 1966 - C.S. Forester, British author (b. 1899)
- 1972 - Gil Hodges, American baseball player (b. 1924)
- 1974 - Georges Pompidou, President of France (b. 1911)
- 1987 - Buddy Rich, American drummer (b. 1917)
- 1994 - Betty Furness, American actress (b. 1916)
- 1995 - Harvey Penick, American golfer (b. 1904)
- 2000 - Tommaso Buscetta, Italian gangster (b. 1928)
- 2001 - Charles Daudelin, Canadian artist (b. 1920)
- 2003 - Edwin Starr, American singer (b. 1942)
- 2005 - Pope John Paul II (b. 1920)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/2 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/2 Today in History: April 2]
----
April 1 - April 3 - March 2 - May 2 -- listing of all days
ko:4월 2일
ms:2 April
ja:4月2日
simple:April 2
th:2 เมษายน
1720
Events
- January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings
- February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace.
- February 29 - Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden resigns.
- The Tuscarora fled North Carolina as a result of European colonisation
- Edmond Halley appointed Astronomer Royal
- The Academia Real da Historia is founded in Lisbon, Portugal
- Jonathan Swift begins Gulliver's Travels
Ongoing events
- Great Northern War (1700-1721)
Births
- January 4 - Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer (d. 1774)
- January 13 - Richard Hurd, English bishop and writer (d. 1808)
- January 27 - Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (d. 1777)
- January 30 - Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (d. 1778)
- February 8 - Emperor Sakuramachi of Japan (d. 1750)
- March 9 - Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, English politician (d. 1790)
- March 13 - Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist and writer (d. 1793)
- March 22 - Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (d. 1799)
- April 23 - Vilna Gaon, Lithuanian rabbi (d. 1797)
- May 11 - Karl Friedrich Hieronymus Freiherr von Münchhausen, German officer and adventurer (d. 1797)
- May 15 - Maximilian Hell, Slovakian astronomer (d. 1792)
- July 18 - Gilbert White, English naturalist and cleric (d. 1793)
- August 8 - Carl Fredrik Pechlin, Swedish politician (d. 1796)
- August 12 - Konrad Ekhof, German actor (d. 1778)
- August 18 - Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, English murderer (d. 1760)
- August 30 - Samuel Whitbread, English brewer and politician (d. 1796)
- October 3 - Johann Peter Uz, German poet (d. 1796)
- October 4 - Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian artist (d. 1778)
- October 8 - Jonathan Mayhew, American minister and patriot (d. 1766)
- October 19 - John Woolman, American Quaker preacher and abolitionist (d. 1772)
- November 1 - Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (d. 1791)
- November 16 - Carlo Antonio Campioni, French-born composer (d. 1788)
- December 14 - Justus Möser, German statesman (d. 1794)
- December 26 - Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1803)
- December 31 - Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the British throne (d. 1788)
Deaths
- January 31 - Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford, English privy councillor
- February 27 - Samuel Parris, English-born Puritan minister (b. 1653)
- April 2 - Joseph Dudley, colonial Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1647)
- April 21 - Antoine Hamilton, French writer (b. 1646)
- June 27 - Guillaume Amfrye de Chaulieu, French poet (b. 1639)
- August 3 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (b. 1641)
- August 9 - Simon Ockley, English orientalist (b. 1678)
- August 17 - Anne Lefèvre, French scholar (b. 1654)
- September 3 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Galway, French soldier and diplomat (b. 1648)
- October 10 - Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor (b. 1640)
Category:1720
ko:1720년
ms:1720
1702
Events
- March 8 - William III died; Princess Anne Stuart becomes Queen Anne of England, Scotland and Ireland.
- March 11 - The first regular English language newspaper, The Daily Courant. is published for the first time.
- May 4/14 - The War of the Spanish Succession widens, as war is declared on France by the Grand Alliance.
- June - Queen Anne's Captain-General John Churchill forces the surrender of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine
- September - Churchill forces the surrender of Venlo on the River Meuse
- October - Sir George Rooke fails to take Cádiz, but captures a Spanish treasure fleet and destroys French and Spanish warships. Churchill forces the surrender of Liège
- December 14 - John Churchill is created Duke of Marlborough
- December 15 - Forty-Seven Ronin, formerly in the service of Asano Naganori, assault the household of Kira Yoshinaka, and kill him in vengeance for their lord. Their display of the ideals of bushido becomes a national legend.
- October 27 - English troops plunder St Augustine in Florida
Births
- January 14 - Emperor Nakamikado of Japan (d. 1737)
- March 27 - Johann Ernst Eberlin, German composer (d. 1762)
- May 2 - Friedrich Christoph Oetinger, German theologian (d. 1782)
- June 26 - Philip Doddridge, English religious leader (d. 1751)
- July 31 - Jean Denis Attiret, French Jesuit missionary and painter (d. 1768)
Deaths
- March 8 - William III of Orange/King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland (b. 1650)
- April 23 - Margaret Fell, English Quaker leader (b. 1614)
- April 27 - Jean Bart, French admiral (b. 1651)
- May 27 - Dominique Bouhours, French critic (b. 1628)
- September 28 - Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English statesman (b. 1640)
- November 4 - John Benbow, English admiral (b. 1653)
Category:1702
ko:1702년
ms:1702
1715
Events
- July 24 - Spanish treasure fleet of ten ships under admiral Ubilla leave Havana, Cuba for Spain. Three days later nine of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida
- September 1 - King Louis XIV of France dies after a reign of 72 years, leaving the throne of his exhausted and indebted country to his great-grandson Louis XV. Regent for the new, five years old monarch is Philippe d'Orléans, nephew of Louis XIV.
- September - First of the major Jacobite Rebellions in Scotland against the rule of King George I. John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar raised the standard of James Francis Edward Stuart and marched on Edinburgh. James, the son of the deposed King James VII, briefly arrived from France, but left as it became clear that there was no support for him in England; he took Mar with him, but left most of his supporters behind. (December).
- Colony of Carolina goes to war with the Amerindian tribe of Yamasee
- December 24 - Swedish troops occupy Norway.
Ongoing events
- Great Northern War (1700-1721)
Births
- January 10 - Christian August Crusius, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1775)
- January 12 - Jacques Duphly, French composer (d. 1789)
- January 29 - Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (d. 1777)
- February 26 - Claude Adrien Helvétius, French philosopher (b. 1771)
- March 7 - Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet (d. 1759)
- March 7 - Ephraim Williams, American philanthropist (d. 1755)
- April 3 - John Hanson, American delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1783)
- April 3 - William Watson, English physician and scientist (d. 1787)
- April 28 - Franz Sparry, composer (d. 1767)
- May 4 - Richard Graves, English writer (d. 1804)
- May 22 - François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1794)
- June 25 - Joseph-François Foulon, French politician (d. 1789)
- July 4 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet (d. 1769)
- August 6 - Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (d. 1747)
- September 15 - Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, French artillery specialist (d. 1789)
- September 22 - Jean-Étienne Guettard, French physician and scientist (d. 1786)
- September 30 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (d. 1780)
- October 4 - Victor Riqueti, Marquis de Mirabeau, French economist (d. 1789)
- October 8 - Michel Benoist, French Jesuit missionary and scientist (d. 1774)
- October 23 - Emperor Peter II of Russia (d. 1730)
- November 5 - John Brown, English writer (d. 1766)
- November 8 - Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Bevern, queen of Frederick II of Prussia (d. 1797)
- November 23 - Pierre Charles Le Monnier, French astronomer (d. 1799)
- December 27 - Philippe de Noailles, duc de Mouchy, French soldier (d. 1794)
- Robert-François Damiens, attempted assassin of Louis XV of France
Deaths
- February 17 - Antoine Galland, French archaeologist (b. 1646)
- February 21 - Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, Governor of the Province of Maryland (b. 1637)
- March 17 - Gilbert Burnet, Scottish Bishop of Salisbury (b. 1643)
- May 19 - Charles Montagu, English Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1661)
- July 5 - Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)
- July 30 - Nahum Tate, Irish poet (b. 1652)
- September 1 - François Girardon, French sculptor (b. 1628)
- September 1 - King Louis XIV of France (b. 1638)
- October 13 - Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (b. 1638)
- October 14 - Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1636)
- October 15 - Humphry Ditton, English mathematician (b. 1675)
- December 15 - George Hickes, English minister and scholar (b. 1642)
- December 28 - William Carstares, Scottish clergyman (b. 1649)
Category:1715
ko:1715년
simple:1715
Roxbury, MassachusettsRoxburyaka Gloxbury is a neighborhood within Boston, Massachusetts. It was one of the first towns founded in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and became a city in 1848. The City of Roxbury was annexed to Boston in 1868. The original town of Roxbury included the current neighborhoods of Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury, and much of Back Bay.
Back Bay
The early settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established a series of seven villages in 1630. Roxbury was located about three miles south of Boston, which at the time was a peninsula, and was connected to the mainland by a narrow neck of land, "Roxbury Neck". This led to Roxbury becoming an important town as all land traffic to Boston had to pass through it. The town was home to a number of early leaders of the colony, including colonial governors Thomas Dudley, William Shirley, and Increase Sumner. The Shirley-Eustis House, located in Roxbury remains as one of only four remaining Royal Colonial Governor's mansions in the United States.
The settlers of Roxbury originally comprised the congregation of the First Church Roxbury, est. 1630. The congregation had no time to raise a meeting house the first winter and so met with the neighboring congregation in Dorchester, Mass. The first meeting house was built in 1632, and the building pictured here is the fifth meeting house, the oldest such wood-frame building in Boston. The Roxbury congregation, still in existence as a member congregation of the Unitarian Universalist Association, lays claim to several things of note in American history:
- Establishment of the first church school in the British colonies.
- The founding (along with 5 other local congregations, i.e. Boston, Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown and Dorchester) of Harvard College (now known as Harvard University.)
- The first book published in the British Colonies (1640). Editors of the Bay Psalm Book most cited are John Eliot and Thomas Weld, ministerial colleagues at First Church Roxbury, and Richard Mather, minister in Dorchester (and perhaps 27 other ministers not often mentioned.)
- The first Bible published in the British Colonies (1663). It was a translation into the Algonquin language by the congregation's minister and teaching elder, John Eliot (known as "The Apostle to the Indians".)
- First Church Roxbury was the starting point for William Dawes' "Midnight Ride", April 18, 1775 (He went off in a different direction than Paul Revere to warn Lexington and Concord of the British raids.)
As Roxbury developed in the 19th century, the northern part became an industrial town with a large immigrant community, while the majority of the town remained agricultural and saw the development of some of the first streetcar suburbs in the United States. This led to the incorporation of the old Roxbury village as one of Massachusetts's first cities, and the rest of the town was established as the town of West Roxbury.
As the 20th century proceeded, Roxbury became home to the majority of Boston's African-American population, and a large portion of the city's Jewish residents. In the 1980s local residents organized a ballot referendum in Boston to restore Roxbury's status as an independent city which would be called Mandela, and while the majority of voters in Roxbury approved the measure, it failed to pass in the rest of Boston in the 1986 vote.
1986
It was originally called "Rocksbury" because of its hilly geography and the many large outcroppings of Roxbury puddingstone, a rock formation composed of small stones that were surrounded by lava from ancient volcanoes.
Other notable Roxbury residents include: Bobby Brown, Cid Corman, Louis Farrakhan, Charles Dana Gibson, Edward Everett Hale, Roy Haynes, Malcolm X, Samuel Pierpont Langley, John L. Sullivan, Joseph Warren, and mayor Maurice Tobin.
External links
- [http://www.discoverroxbury.org/history.htm History of Roxbury]
- [http://www.roxbury.com/ Roxbury.com] -- community news and links
- [http://www.discoverroxbury.org Discover Roxbury] -- tours and information
- [http://www.shirleyeustishouse.org/ Shirley-Eustis House] -- Massachusetts' Royal Governor's Mansion website
Category:Boston neighborhoods
Harvard College overlooking one of the buildings of Harvard College]]
Harvard College is the main undergraduate section of Harvard University and the oldest part of the University, having been founded in 1636. The College is part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, which also contains the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Harvard Extension School. Of the seven presidents who have been Harvard graduates, five (John and John Quincy Adams, Teddy and Franklin Roosevelt, and John Kennedy) have come from the College.
In accordance with the American norm, the college remains the emotional heart of the university, and people often confuse the two; therefore, see Harvard University for more information relevant to life, academics, etc. at Harvard College.
History
The name Harvard College dates to 1638. In that year, the two-year-old school, which had yet to graduate its first students, was named in honor of the recently deceased John Harvard, a minister from nearby Charlestown, who in his will had bequeathed to it his library and a sum of money. In the understanding of its members at the time, the name "Harvard College" probably referred to the first (as they foresaw it) of a number of colleges which would someday make up a university along the lines of Oxford or Cambridge. The American usage of the word college had not yet developed: to the founders of Harvard, a college was an association of teachers and scholars for education, room, and board. Only a university could examine for and grant degrees; nonetheless, unhampered by this technicality, Harvard graduated its first students in 1642.
But no further colleges were founded beside it; and as Harvard began to grant higher degrees in the late eighteenth century, people started to call it "Harvard University." "Harvard College" survived, nonetheless; in accordance with the newly-emerging American usage of the words, it was the undergraduate division of the university—which was not a collection of similar colleges, but a collection of unique schools, each teaching a different subject.
Harvard's principal governing board (which happens to be the oldest continuous corporation in the western hemisphere) still goes by its original name of "The President and Fellows of Harvard College" even though it has charge of the entire university and the "fellows" today are simply external trustees such as those who govern most American educational bodies—not residential educators like the fellows of an Oxbridge college. In current Harvard parlance, this governing board is frequently referred to simply as The Harvard Corporation.
House system
Nearly all students at Harvard College live on campus. First-year students live in dormitories in or near Harvard Yard (see List of Harvard dormitories). Upperclass students live mainly in a system of twelve residential "Houses", which serve as administrative units of the College as well as dormitories. Each house is presided over by a "Master"—a senior faculty member who is responsible for guiding the social life and community of the House—and a "Senior Tutor", who acts as dean of the students in the House in its administrative role.
The House system was instituted by Harvard president Abbott Lawrence Lowell in the 1930s, although the number of Houses, their demographics, and the methods by which students are assigned to particular Houses have all changed drastically since the founding of the system. Funds for the Houses were donated by Edward Harkness, a Yale graduate, who had previously failed to persuade Yale of its merits (but which later adopted a very similar "college" system). Lowell modeled it on the system of constituent colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, and the Houses borrow terminology from Oxford and Cambridge such as Junior Common Room (the set of undergraduates affiliated with a House) and Senior Common Room (the Master, Senior Tutor, and other faculty members, advisors, and graduate students associated with the House). Non-faculty members of the Senior Common Room of a House are given the title "Tutor".
Nine of the Houses are situated south of Harvard Yard, near the busy commercial district of Harvard Square, along or close to the northern banks of the Charles River, and so are known colloquially as the River Houses. These are:
- Adams House [http://hcs.harvard.edu/~adams/], named for several alumni of that name, including U. S. President John Adams;
- Dunster House, named for Harvard's first President, Henry Dunster;
- Eliot House, named for Harvard President Charles William Eliot;
- Kirkland House, named for Harvard President John Thornton Kirkland;
- Leverett House, named for Harvard President John Leverett;
- Lowell House, said to be named for the Harvard-affiliated Lowell family in general (but the most obvious reference is to Abbott Lawrence Lowell);
- Mather House, named for Harvard President Increase Mather;
- Quincy House, named for Harvard President (and sometime mayor of Boston) Josiah Quincy III;
- Winthrop House, more officially called John Winthrop House, named for two famous men of that name: Massachusetts Bay Colony founder John Winthrop and his great-great-great-grandson John Winthrop, 2nd Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy
The remainder of the residential Houses are located around Harvard's Quadrangle (or "the Quad", formerly the "Radcliffe Quadrangle"), in a more suburban residential neighborhood half a mile (800 m) northwest of Harvard Yard. These housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. They are:
- Cabot House, previously called South House, renamed in 1983 for Harvard donors Thomas Dudley Cabot and Virginia Cabot;
- Currier House, named for Radcliffe alumna Audrey Bruce Currier;
- Pforzheimer House, often called PfoHo for short, previously called North House, renamed in 1995 for Harvard donors Carl and Carol Pforzheimer
There is a thirteenth House, Dudley House [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~dudley/], which is nonresidential but fulfills, for some graduate students and off-campus undergraduates (including members of the [http://hcs.harvard.edu/~dudcoop/ Dudley Co-op]) the same administrative and social functions as the residential Houses do for undergraduates who live on campus. It is named after Thomas Dudley, who signed the charter of Harvard College when he was Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Tentative plans have been proposed for expanding the House system using land owned by Harvard in Allston, Massachusetts, across the Charles River from the River Houses. Suggestions include moving the Quadrangle Houses to Allston and building up to eight new Houses there. It has not yet been decided whether any of these proposals will be adopted.
Harvard's residential houses are paired with Yale's residential colleges in sister relationships; see the Harvard-Yale sister colleges article for more information.
Concentrations
Majors at Harvard College are known as concentrations. As of 2003, Harvard College offered 41 different concentrations:
Harvard College does not provide for unrelated secondary majors or double majors. Joint concentrations with a primary and secondary departmental focus are allowed by many departments provided the student can demonstrate how he/she intends to combine the subjects meaningfully.
Other special concentrations include the Mind/Brain/Behavior Interfaculty Initiative, a certification program in Neurosciences run jointly by the departments of Anthropology, Biochemical Sciences, Biology, Computer Science, History of Science, Linguistics, Philosophy, and Psychology. In 2005, Harvard College and the New England Conservatory will begin offering a joint 5-year program for a combined Harvard Bachelor's degree and NEC Master of Arts.
Organizations
Harvard has hundreds of student organizations. Every spring there is an "Arts First week", founded by John Lithgow during which arts and culture organizations show off performances, cook meals, or present other work; in 2005 over 40% of students participated in at least one Arts First event. Notable organizations include the daily newspaper The Harvard Crimson, the humor magazine the Harvard Lampoon. the a'cappella group the Krokodiloes, and the umbrella service group Phillips Brooks House.
Category:Harvard University
1682
Events
- March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England
- May 6 - Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.
- July 19 - Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.
- First black slaves arrive in Germany
- Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmond Halley himself
- In Russia, half-brothers Ivan V and Peter I named tsar - Peter's half-sister Sofia becomes regent
Births
- February 25 - Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (d. 1771)
- April 16 - John Hadley, inventor (d. 1744)
- June 27 - King Charles XII of Sweden (d. 1718)
- July 10 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (d. 1716)
- August 16 - Louis, Duke of Burgundy, heir to the throne of France (d. 1712)
- October 29 - Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (d. 1761)
Deaths
- February 25 - Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (b. 1644)
- March 14 - Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael, Dutch painter
- April 1 - Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (b. 1625)
- April 3 - Bartolomé Estéban Murillo, Spanish painter (b. 1618)
- May 7 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia (b. 1661)
- July 12 - Jean Picard, French astonomer (b. 1620)
- September 8 - Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (b. 1606)
- October 19 - Sir Thomas Browne English author, physician, and philosopher (b. 1605)
- November 19 - Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (b. 1619)
- November 23 - Claude Lorrain French painter
- Yohannes I, Emperor of Ethiopia
Category:1682
ko:1682년
Edmund AndrosSir Edmund Andros (December 6, 1637 - February 24, 1714), was an early colonial governor in North America, and head of the short-lived Dominion of New England. Andros was not a popular governor, and at one point was placed under arrest and forced to return to England.
Andros was born in London on December 6, | | |
