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Joseph Goebbels

Joseph Goebbels

Dr. Paul Joseph Goebbels (October 29, 1897 – May 1, 1945) was Adolf Hitler's Propaganda Minister (see Propagandaministerium) in Nazi Germany. Following Hitler's death he served as Chancellor for one day, approved the murder of his six children and committed suicide. Goebbels was known for his zealous and energetic oratory, virulent antisemitism and perfection of the so-called Big Lie technique of mass propaganda.

Early life

Goebbels was born to accountant Friedrich Goebbels and his wife Marian (née Oldenhausen) in Rheydt (now Mönchengladbach), a Catholic area in the Rhineland. A botched operation during his childhood resulted in a club foot which caused him to be rejected when he volunteered for military service at the beginning of World War I (he wore a metal brace on his leg for most of his life). After earning a Ph.D. for Literature and Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg in 1921 he worked as a journalist and tried for several years to become a published author (his work included a novel called Michael). Joining the Nazi Party in 1924 (although he later claimed to have joined in 1922), Goebbels initially opposed Hitler's leadership, aligning with the left faction around the Strasser brothers. Later though he committed himself to the Nazi leadership and his diary shows many instances of great admiration for Hitler. In December 1931, after a stormy courtship, he married divorcee Magda Quandt whose son Harald (from her previous marriage to an industrialist) accompanied them beneath the raised arms of an SS honour guard (Harald, who served as a non-commissioned officer in the Luftwaffe, was the only one of Magda's seven children to survive World War II). By most accounts Magda had been strongly attracted to Hitler, who was the principal witness at the ceremony.

Propaganda minister

World War II Goebbels played a large role in helping the Nazis achieve and retain power by creating propaganda to present the Nazi ideology to the German people in a favourable light. He was a committed anti-Semite, being involved with Kristallnacht in 1938 and later connected with the Nazi Endlösung (Final Solution) to the Judenfrage ("Jewish Question"), especially the deportation of Jews from Berlin. Goebbels began to clamp down on all forms of artistic expression, banishing Jewish writers, journalists and artists from Germany's cultural life. He took control of the news media, making sure that it presented Germany's domestic and foreign policy aims as in terms of Nazi ideology. He played probably the most important role in creating an atmosphere in Germany that made it possible for the Nazis to commit terrible atrocities against Jews, homosexuals and other minorities. The Goebbels technique, also known as argumentum ad nauseam, is the name given to a policy of repeating a lie until it is taken to be the truth (see Big Lie). For example, when Goebbels took ownership of the Der Angriff (The Assault) newspaper, he attacked Berlin Police President Bernhard Weiss, calling him "Isidor" Weiss. To German ears, Isidor is a name with strong Jewish connotations. Eventually the public believed Isidor was Weiss' real given name and he became a figure of ridicule. Goebbels also pioneered the use of broadcasting in mass propaganda, promoting the distribution of inexpensive radio receivers to the German public which ensured that millions of people heard the output of the Reich's propaganda ministry while being unable to receive news and other broadcasts from outside Germany. Meanwhile his ministry busily broadcast Nazi propaganda around the world by shortwave radio. Newsreels, movies and books were impossible to publish without prior approval and censorship by Goebbels' ministry. He is credited by most historians with developing many techniques of modern propaganda. Although Goebbels was disappointed when Germany went to war with Britain in 1939, he remained steadfastly loyal to Hitler throughout the war and derived immense power and prestige from his position. Goebbels' ministry of propaganda controlled essentially every aspect of culture in Germany. He is often remembered for his Sportpalast speech, given on February 18, 1943 (sometimes called the Total War speech) in which he tried to motivate the German people to continue their struggle after the tides of World War II had turned against Germany. By this time many influential Germans privately believed Germany was on its way to irrevocable defeat. There was strong animosity between Goebbels and the popular Hermann Göring, whose political influence waned following his disastrous management of the Luftwaffe early during the war and Goebbels became the third most powerful leader in Germany (after Martin Bormann, who most Germans were not aware of). As Germany's military situation collapsed, the increasing shrillness of the government's propaganda brought discreet ridicule from the German people who nicknamed Goebbels The Malicious Dwarf and The Wotan Mickey Mouse.

Ruin, murder and suicide

Chancellor for a day

During the final stages of the war in the spring of 1945 Hitler split the offices of Reichskanzler (Chancellor of the Reich) and Reichspräsident (President of the Reich), both of which he had held as Führer since the death of Hindenburg in August 1934. He appointed Goebbels Chancellor of Germany in his will, with Grand-Admiral Karl Dönitz, the commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine, as President without the Führer title (the post-Hitler Flensburg government had hopes of being recognized by the Allied powers but was ultimately arrested towards the end of May 1945 when the Allies decided to formally replace it with their own military administration). Shortly after Hitler committed suicide at about 3.30 in the afternoon (Berlin time) on April 30, 1945 an emotional and agitated Goebbels sought out Hitler's secretary Traudl Junge and dictated these lines as an addition to Hitler's political testament: :Der Führer hat mir den Befehl gegeben, im Falle des Zusammenbruchs der Verteidigung der Reichshauptstadt Berlin zu verlassen und als führendes Mitglied an einer von ihm ernannten Regierung teilzunehmen. Zum erstenmal in meinem Leben muß ich mich kategorisch weigern, einem Befehl des Führers Folge zu leisten. Meine Frau und meine Kinder schließen sich dieser Weigerung an. Im anderen Falle würde ich mir selbst (...) für mein ganzes ferneres Leben als ein ehrloser Abtrünnling und gemeiner Schuft vorkommen, der mit der Achtung vor sich selbst auch die Achtung seines Volkes verlöre, die die Voraussetzung eines weiteren Dienstes meiner Person an der Zukunftsgestaltung der Deutschen Nation und des Deutschen Reiches bilden müßte. :The Führer has given orders for me, in case of a breakdown of defense of the Capital of the Reich, to leave Berlin and to participate as a leading member in a government appointed by him. For the first time in my life, I must categorically refuse to obey a command of the Führer. My wife and my children agree with this refusal. In any other case, I would feel myself (...) a dishonorable renegade and vile scoundrel for my entire further life, who would lose the esteem of himself along with the esteem of his people, both of which would have to form the requirement for further duty of my person in designing the future of the German Nation and the German Reich.

Murder

After several hours of anxiously waiting for news that German troops might be able to rescue the bunker's occupants, Goebbels and his wife resolved to carry out a previously arranged plan of murder and mutual suicide. Magda Goebbels had all six of their children put to sleep with morphine, then poisoned them with cyanide (to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Red Army), an act condemned by virtually every witness in the bunker who was subsequently asked about it by investigators and historians. Joseph Goebbels did not take a direct part in the murders but acquiesced throughout, even refusing the offers of others to take the children out of Berlin before it was too late. Contrary to what he hastily added to Hitler's last political will, by all accounts the children were in good spirits and entirely unaware of their parents' plans to kill them. They were: Red Army, Magda Goebbels' son by her first marriage. He was the only one in the group to survive World War II.]]
- Helga Susanne (born, September 1, 1932 † aged 12)
- Hildegard (Hilde) Traudel (born April 13, 1934 † aged 11)
- Helmut Christian (born October 2, 1935 † aged 9)
- Hedwig (Hedda) Johanna (born February 19, 1937 † aged 8)
- Holdine (Holde) Kathrin (born May 1, 1938 † the day before what would have been her 7th birthday)
- Heidrun (Heide) Elisabeth (born October 20, 1940 † aged 4) A popular story that each had been given a name starting with an H for Hitler is generally discounted by serious historians. Magda and her ex-husband Dr. Quandt also gave their son a name beginning with H and Quandt's son by a previous marriage was named Helmut.

Suicide

While early reports suggested Joseph and Magda Goebbels were shot by SS bodyguards in the ruins of the Chancellory garden at their own request on May 1, 1945, they likely took cyanide first. Another account claims Goebbels shot Magda then himself afterwards (as shown in the 2004 film, Der Untergang, where Goebbels was portrayed by actor Ulrich Matthes). Their bodies were partially burned, left unburied and quickly found by Soviet troops. The children's pajama-clad bodies were found still in the three sets of two-tiered bunk beds they were murdered in. A photograph of Goebbels' incinerated face was widely published. The bodies of the Goebbels family, along with those of Hitler and Eva Braun were secretly buried and reburied together by the Soviets, ultimately in the courtyard of KGB headquarters in Magdeburg, Germany. In April 1970 all the remains were reburned and scattered in the Elbe river.

Goebbels in popular culture

The Man in the High Castle, an alternative history novel by science fiction writer Philip K. Dick set in the 1960s, describes Goebbels as challenging to become Reichschancellor after Hitler and his immediate successor, Martin Bormann, are dead. Goebbels is represented by the character Giuseppe Givola in the parody play 'The Resistable Rise of Arturo Ui' by Bertolt Brecht. The play is a parody of the rise of Hitler written in exile at that time (1941) with various scenes added afterwards. The play has been translated into English by Ralph Manheim and published by methuen modern plays.

The diaries of Joseph Goebbels

In 1992 Dr. Elke Fröhlich uncovered the diaries of Joseph Goebbels in Archives in Russia. A 29 volume edition edited by Elke Fröhlich is available: Elke Fröhlich (ed.): Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Im Auftrag des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte (http://www.ifz-muenchen.de) und mit Unterstützung des Staatlichen Archivdienstes Rußlands. Teil I: Aufzeichnungen 1923-1941, 9 Bände in 14 Teilbänden, München 1998-2006; Teil II: Dikatate 1941-1945, 15 Bände, München 1993-1996 [K. G. Saur Verlag, a Part of The Thomson Corporation] (http://www.saur.de/index.cfm) Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I Aufzeichnungen 1923-1941: ISBN 3-598-23730-8
- Band 1/I, Oktober 1923 – November 1925, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 2004
- Band 1/II, Dezember 1925 – Mai 1928, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 2005
- Band 1/III, Juni 1928 – November 1929, bearbeitet von Anne Munding, München 2004
- Band 2/I, Dezember 1929 - Mai 1931, bearbeitet von Anne Munding, München 2006
- Band 2/II, Juni 1931 – September 1932, bearbeitet von Angela Hermann, München 2004
- Band 2/III, Oktober 1932 - März 1934, bearbeitet von Angela Hermann, München 2006
- Band 3/I, April 1934 – Februar 1936, bearbeitet von Angela Hermann, Hartmut Mehringer, Anne Munding und Jana Richter, München 2005
- Band 3/II, März 1936 – Februar 1937, bearbeitet von Jana Richter, München 2001
- Band 4, März – November 1937, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 2000
- Band 5, Dezember 1937 – Juli 1938, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 2000
- Band 6, August 1938 – Juni 1939, bearbeitet von Jana Richter, München 1998
- Band 7, Juli 1939 – März 1940, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 1998
- Band 8, April – November 1940, bearbeitet von Jana Richter, München 1997
- Band 9, Dezember 1940 – Juli 1941, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 1997 Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil II Diktate 1941–1945: ISBN 3-598-21920-2
- Band 1, Juli – September 1941, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 1996
- Band 2, Oktober – Dezember 1941, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 1996
- Band 3, Januar – März 1942, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 1995
- Band 4, April – Juni 1942, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 1995
- Band 5, Juli – September 1942, bearbeitet von Angela Stüber, München 1995
- Band 6, Oktober – Dezember 1942, bearbeitet von Hartmut Mehringer, München 1996
- Band 7, Januar – März 1943, bearbeitet von Elke Fröhlich, München 1993
- Band 8, April – Juni 1943, bearbeitet von Hartmut Mehringer, München 1993
- Band 9, Juli – September 1943, bearbeitet von Manfred Kittel, München 1993
- Band 10, Oktober – Dezember 1943, bearbeitet von Volker Dahm, München 1994
- Band 11, Januar – März 1944, bearbeitet von Dieter Marc Schneider, München 1994
- Band 12, April – Juni 1944, bearbeitet von Hartmut Mehringer, München 1995
- Band 13, Juli – September 1944, bearbeitet von Jana Richter, München 1995
- Band 14, Oktober – Dezember 1944, bearbeitet von Jana Richter und Hermann Graml, München 1996
- Band 15, Januar – April 1945, bearbeitet von Maximilian Gschaid, München 1995

See also


- Herschel Grynszpan, a political assassin mentioned in an entry on 5 April 1942 in Goebbels' diaries.

External links

Goebbels, Joseph Goebbels, Joseph Goebbels, Joseph Goebbels, Joseph Goebbels, Joseph Goebbels, Joseph Goebbels, Joseph ja:ヨーゼフ・ゲッベルス

October 29

October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 63 days remaining.

Events


- 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople. This unifies the two branches of the House of Theodosius
- 969 - Byzantine troops occupy Antioch Syria
- 1061 - Emperor disposes of Bishop Cadalus & Pope Honorius II
- 1268 - Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Catholic church.
- 1422 - Charles VII of France becomes king in succession to his father Charles VI of France
- 1467 - Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege
- 1618 - English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.
- 1658 - Action of 29 October 1658 (Naval battle)
- 1675 - Leibniz makes the first use of the long s, ∫, for integral.
- 1787 - Mozart's opera Don Giovanni receives its first performance in Prague.
- 1792 - Mt. Hood (Oregon) is named after the British naval officer Alexander Arthur Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton who spotted the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River.
- 1863 - Sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agree to form the International Red Cross.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie - Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant ward-off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.
- 1881 - The Judge (US magazine) first published.
- 1886 - The ticker-tape parade is invented in New York City when office workers spontaneously throw ticker tape into the streets as the Statue of Liberty is dedicated.
- 1901 - In Amherst, Massachusetts nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.
- 1901 - Capital punishment: Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of US President William McKinley, is executed by electrocution.
- 1921 - The Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Reclamation Project, is completed.
- 1923 - Turkey becomes a republic following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1929 - The New York Stock Exchange crashes, ending the Great Bull Market of the 1920s and beginning the Great Depression.
- 1942 - Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.
- 1944 - Breda in the Netherlands is liberated by 1st Polish Armoured Division
- 1945 - Getulio Vargas, president of Brazil, resigns.
- 1948 - Safsaf massacre
- 1955 - The Soviet battleship Novorossiisk strikes a World War II mine in the harbor at Sevastopol.
- 1956 - Suez Crisis begins: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.
- 1956 - Tangier Protocol signed: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.
- 1957 - Israel's prime minister David Ben Gurion and five of his ministers are injured as a hand grenade is tossed into Israel's parliament, the Knesset.
- 1960 - In Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay (who later takes the name Muhammad Ali) wins his first professional fight.
- 1964 - A collection of irreplaceable gems, including the 565 carat (113 g) Star of India, is stolen from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
- 1969 - The first computer-to-computer link is established on ARPANET.
- 1971 - Vietnam War: Vietnamization - The total number of American troops still in Vietnam drops to a record low of 196,700 (the lowest level since January 1966).
- 1980 - Demonstration flight of a secretly modified C-130 for an Iran hostage crisis rescue attempt ends in crash landing at Eglin Air Force Base's Duke Field, Florida leading to cancellation of Operation Credible Sport.
- 1985 - Major General Samuel K. Doe is announced the winner of the first multiparty election in Liberia.
- 1988 - In Japan, the Sega Megadrive is released for the first time.
- 1989 - After years of delays, the 63rd Street Tunnel opens for service, the first expansion of the New York City subway system since 1967.
- 1991 - The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
- 1992 - The Food and Drug Administration approves Depo Provera for use as a contraceptive in the United States.
- 1994 - Francisco Martin Duran fires over two dozen shots at the White House (Duran was later convicted of trying to kill US President Bill Clinton).
- 1998 - Apartheid: In South Africa, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission presents its report, which condemns both sides for committing atrocities.
- 1998 - Space Shuttle Discovery blasts-off with 77-year old John Glenn on board, making him the oldest person to go into space. He became the first American to orbit Earth on February 20, 1962.
- 1998 - While en route from Adana to Ankara, a Turkish Airlines flight with a crew of 6 and 33 passengers is hijacked by a Kurdish militant who orders the pilot to fly to Switzerland. The plane instead lands in Ankara after the pilot tricked the hijacker into thinking that he was landing in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia to refuel.
- 1998 - In Freehold Borough, New Jersey, Melissa Drexler pleads guilty to aggravated manslaughter for killing her baby moments after delivering him in the bathroom at her senior prom, and is sentenced to 15 years imprisonment.
- 1998 - Hurricane Mitch made landfall in Honduras.
- 2004 - The Arabic news network Al Jazeera broadcasts an excerpt from a video of Osama bin Laden in which the terrorist leader first admits direct responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks and references the 2004 U.S. presidential election.
- 2004 - In Rome, European heads of state sign the Treaty and Final Act establishing the first European Constitution.
- 2005 - 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings kill more than 60.
- 2005 - Ghana International Airlines launched with inaugural flight from Accra to London.

Births


- 1017 - Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
- 1656 (O.S.) - Edmond Halley, English astronomer

1897

1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

common year starting on Friday
- January 1 - Brooklyn, New York merges with New York City.
- January 4 - A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the Oba of Benin. This leads to a Punitive Expedition against Benin.
- February 2 - Harrisburg, the Pennsylvania state capitol, is destroyed by fire.
- February 18- Benin is put to the torch by the Punitive Expedition.
- March 4 - William McKinley succeeds Grover Cleveland as President of the United States.
- March 13 - San Diego State University founded.
- April 5 - "Ordinance of April 5," equalizing German and Czech in Bohemia, signed in Austria-Hungary (see Kasimir Felix Graf Badeni).
- April 27 - Grant's Tomb is dedicated.
- May 19 - Oscar Wilde is released from prison.
- June 2 - Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he was dead, is quoted by the New York Journal as saying, "The report of my death was an exaggeration."
- July 17 - Klondike Gold Rush begins when first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle.
- July 25 - Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he will write his first successful stories.
- July 31 - First ascent of Mount Saint Elias, second highest peak in the United States and Canada.
- August 29 - First Zionist Congress convenes in Basel, Switzerland.
- September 1 - The Boston subway opens, becoming the first underground metro in North America.
- September 10 - In the Lattimer Massacre, a sheriff's posse killes more than nineteen unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania.
- September 11 - After months of searching, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
- December 9 - First issue of the feminist newspaper La Fronde is published by Marguerite Durand.
- December 28 - The play Cyrano de Bergerac, by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris.
- December 30 - Natal annexes Zululand.
- Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee.
- France allows women to study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
- First use of the word computer meaning an electronic calculation device.
- Coseley Urban District Council formed
- Dos Equis first brewed in anticipation of new century

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961)
- January 23 - Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Austrian architect and anti-Nazi activist (d. 2000)
- February 4 - Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
- February 7 - Quincy Porter, American composer (d. 1966)
- February 10 - John F. Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
- February 10 - Dame Judith Anderson, Australian actress (d. 1992)
- February 27 - Marian Anderson, American contralto (d. 1993)
- March 1 - Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith (d.1957)
- March 2 - Violet Baudelaire, heiress to the Baudelaire inheritance (d.1980)
- March 4 - Lefty O'Doul, baseball player and restaurateur (d. 1969)
- March 15 - Jackson Scholz, American sprinter (d. 1986)
- March 24 - Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (d. 1957)
- March 28 - Sepp Herberger, German football coach (d. 1977)

April-June


- April 1 - Nita Naldi, American film actress (d. 1961)
- April 7 - Walter Winchell, American broadcast journalist (d. 1972)
- April 9 - John B. Gambling, American radio talk-show host (d. 1974)
- April 19 - Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman
- April 23 - Lester B. Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1972)
- April 25 - Mary, Princess Royal of England (d. 1965)
- April 26 - Douglas Sirk, German-born director (d. 1987)
- April 26 - Eddie Eagan, American boxer and bobsledder (d. 1967)
- May 14 - Sidney Bechet, American musician (d. 1959)
- May 17 - Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
- May 18 - Frank Capra, American producer, director, and writer (d. 1991)
- May 19 - Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
- May 21 - Nikola Avramov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1945)
- May 27 - John Cockcroft, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
- May 29 - Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (d. 1957)
- June 7 - George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970)
- June 10 - Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia (d. 1918)
- June 13 - Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (d. 1973)
- June 16 - Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- June 19 - Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
- June 19 - Moe Howard, American comedian and actor, Three Stooges member (d.1975)

July-September


- July 20 - Tadeus Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996)
- July 24 - Amelia Earhart, American aviator
- July 29 - Sir Neil Ritchie, British general (d. 1983)
- August 2 - Max Weber, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1974)
- August 28 - Charles Boyer, French actor (d. 1978)
- September 8 - Jimmie Rodgers, American singer (d. 1933)
- September 12 - Irene Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956)
- September 17 - Earl Webb, baseball player (d. 1965)
- September 23 - Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984)
- September 25 - William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- September 26 - Pope Paul VI (d. 1978)
- September 26 - Arthur Rhys Davids, English pilot (d.1917)

October-December


- October 3 - Louis Aragon, French author (d. 1982)
- October 15 - Johannes Sikkar, Estonian statesman (d. 1960)
- October 20 - Yi, Eun, Korean Crown Prince (d. 1970)
- October 29 - Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagnadist (d. 1945)
- November 9 - Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- November 15 - Sacheverell Sitwell, English author (d. 1988)
- November 18 - Patrick Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- November 23 - Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali author (d. 1999)
- December 18 - Fletcher Henderson, American musician (d. 1952)
- December 30 - Alfredo Bracchi, Italian author (d. 1976)

Deaths


- February 4 - Major Charles Bendire, U.S. Army captain and ornithologist (b. 1836)
- February 19 - Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (b. 1815
- March 19 - Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-born traveler (b. 1810)
- April 3 - Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833)
- September 9 - Richard Holt Hutton, English writer and theologian (b. 1826)
- September 21 - Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (b. 1819)
- October 29 - Henry George, American economist (b. 1839)
- November 19 - William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian (b. 1810)
- November 20 - Ernest Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1835)
- December 17 - Alphonse Daudet, French writer (b. 1840)
- Jang Seung-eop, Korean painter (b. 1843) Category:1897 ko:1897년 ms:1897 simple:1897 th:พ.ศ. 2440

May 1

May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). There are 244 days remaining.

Events


- 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- 1328 - Wars of Scottish Independence end: Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton – England recognises Scotland as an independent nation.
- 1699 - Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founds the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley.
- 1707 - The Act of Union joins England, and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1753 - Publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus, and the formal start date of plant taxonomy adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
- 1776 - Adam Weishaupt founds the Illuminati in Ingolstadt, Germany.
- 1786 - Opening night of the opera The Marriage of Figaro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Vienna.
- 1790 - The United States completes its first census.
- 1834 - The British colonies abolish slavery.
- 1840 - The Penny Black postage stamp is put on sale in the United Kingdom.
- 1848 - Phi Gamma Delta (Fiji), collegiate social fraternity, founded at Jefferson College (now Washington and Jefferson College) in Canonsburg, PA
- 1851 - The Great Exhibition opens in London.
- 1860 - A chondrite-type meteorite falls to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio, near the town of New Concord.
- 1863 - American Civil War: The Battle of Chancellorsville begins – Union forces under Major General Joseph Hooker begin fighting -- and are eventually defeated by -- Confederate troops commanded by General Robert E. Lee.
- 1869 - The Folies Bergères open in Paris.
- 1873 - The 1873 Vienna World's Fair opens in Vienna.
- 1883 - Buffalo Bill Cody put on his first Wild West Show.
- 1884 - Proclamation of the demand for eight-hour workday in the United States
- 1886 - The start of the general strike which eventually wins the eight-hour workday in the United States. These events are today commemorated as May Day or Labour Day in most industrialized countries.
- 1893 - The World's Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago, Illinois.
- 1894 - Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, arrives in Washington D.C..
- 1897 - The Hindu monastic order Shri Ramakrishna Math and Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda.
- 1898 - Spanish-American War: The Battle of Manila Bay - The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first battle of the war.
- 1898 - Sikasso falls to the French colonial army.
- 1900 - The Scofield mine disaster kills 200 in Scofield, Utah in the now fifth-worst mining accident in United States history.
- 1901 - The Pan-American Exposition opens in Buffalo, New York.
- 1930 - The planet Pluto is officially named.
- 1931 - The Empire State Building is dedicated in New York City.
- 1940 - The 1940 Summer Olympics are cancelled due to war.
- 1941 - Orson Welles's Citizen Kane premieres in New York City
- 1941 - World War II: German forces launch a major attack on Tobruk.
- 1941 - Cheerios is introduced as CheeriOats by the General Mills cereal company.
- 1948 - The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is established, with Kim Il Sung as president.
- 1950 - Guam is organized as a United States commonwealth.
- 1956 - The polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk is made available to the public.
- 1960 - In India, Bombay Province is split into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat on linguistic grounds.
- 1960 - Cold War: U-2 Crisis – Francis Gary Powers, in a U-2 spyplane, is shot down over the Soviet Union, sparking off a crisis.
- 1967 - Elvis Presley marries Priscilla Beaulieu.
- 1971 - Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation) is formed to take over U.S. passenger rail service.
- 1972 - Vietnam War: Easter Offensive – North Vietnamese troops capture Quang Tri City, effectively giving them control Quang Tri Province.
- 1978 - Japan's Naomi Uemura, travelling by dog sled, becomes the first person to reach the North Pole alone.
- 1980 - Foundation of the Communist Labour Party of Turkey.
- 1982 - The 1982 World's Fair opens in Knoxville, Tennessee.
- 1983 - Edwin El Chapo Rosario wins boxing's vacant WBC world Lightweight title by beating Jose Luis Ramirez in San Juan, by points in 12 rounds, becoming Puerto Rico's 14th world boxing champion. A young Julio Cesar Chavez also wins as part of the undercard.
- 1994 - Formula One driver Ayrton Senna is killed during the San Marino Grand Prix.
- 1997 - HM Prison Pentridge, Melbourne, Australia is officially closed.
- 1999 - Three spectators are killed at an IRL race at Lowe's Motor Speedway when a collision propells a tire into the stands.
- 2003 - War in Iraq: U.S. President George W. Bush announces the end of major combat operations in Iraq.
- 2004 - Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the European Union.

Births


- 1218 - John I, Count of Hainaut (d. 1257)
- 1218 - Rudolph I of Germany, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1291)
- 1285 - Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1326)
- 1582 - Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer (d. 1643)
- 1594 - John Haynes, Massachusetts colonial magistrate
- 1672 - Joseph Addison, English politician and writer (d. 1719)
- 1804 - Aleksey Khomyakov, Russian poet (d. 1860)
- 1830 - Mother Jones, American labor activist (d. 1930)
- 1831 - Emily Stowe, Canadian physician and suffragist (b.1903)
- 1852 - Calamity Jane, American Wild West performer (d. 1903)
- 1852 - Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934)
- 1881 - Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French palaeontologist and philosopher (d. 1955)
- 1887 - Alan Gordon Cunningham, British army officer (d. 1983)
- 1896 - Mark Clark, American general (d. 1984)
- 1901 - Heinz Eric Roemheld, American film composer (d. 1985)
- 1901 - Antal Szerb, Hungarian author, literature historian
- 1905 - Henry Koster, German film director (d. 1988)
- 1908 - Giovanni Guareschi, Italian journalist (d. 1968)
- 1909 - Kate Smith, American singer (d. 1986)
- 1913 - Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)
- 1913 - Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
- 1915 - Archie Williams, American athlete (d. 1993)
- 1916 - Glenn Ford, Canadian actor
- 1917 - John Beradino, American actor and baseball player (d. 1996)
- 1918 - Jack Paar, American television host (d. 2004)
- 1919 - Dan O'Herlihy, Irish film actor (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Joseph Heller, American novelist (d. 1999)
- 1924 - Art Fleming, American game show host (d. 1995)
- 1925 - Chuck Bednarik, American football player
- 1925 - Scott Carpenter, American astronaut
- 1929 - Ralf Dahrendorf, German-born sociologist and politician
- 1930 - Richard Riordan, Mayor of Los Angeles, California
- 1934 - Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)
- 1935 - Ann Robinson, American actress
- 1939 - Judy Collins, American folk singer
- 1939 - Max Robinson, American broadcast journalist (d. 1988)
- 1940 - Elsa Peretti, Italian jewelry designer
- 1941 - Eric Burdon, British singer (The Animals)
- 1944 - Rita Coolidge, American singer
- 1944 - Suresh Kalmadi, Indian politician
- 1946 - Joanna Lumley, British actress
- 1946 - John Woo, Hong Kong director, producer, writer, and actor
- 1950 - Dann Florek, American actor
- 1954 - Ray Parker Jr., American singer and songwriter
- 1960 - Steve Cauthen, American jockey
- 1962 - Maia Morgenstern, Romanian actress
- 1964 - Yvonne van Gennip, Dutch speed skater
- 1967 - Tim McGraw, American musician
- 1968 - Oliver Bierhoff, German footballer
- 1968 - D'arcy, American musician (Smashing Pumpkins)
- 1973 - Curtis Martin, American football player
- 1973 - Oliver Neuville, German footballer
- 1975 - Alexei Smertin, Russian footballer
- 1981 - Aleksander Hleb, Belarusian footballer
- 1990 - Caitlin Stasey, Australian Actress

Deaths


- 408 - Arcadius, Roman emperor
- 1308 - Albert I of Habsburg (murdered) (b. 1255)
- 1572 - Pope Pius V (b. 1504)
- 1731 - Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (b. 1677)
- 1738 - Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle, English statesman
- 1772 - Gottfried Achenwall, German statistician (b. 1719)
- 1813 - Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal (killed in combat) (b. 1768)
- 1873 - David Livingstone, Scottish missionary (b. 1813)
- 1899 - Ludwig Büchner, German philosopher and physician (b. 1824)
- 1904 - Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (b. 1841)
- 1945 - Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda (suicide) (b. 1897)
- 1965 - Spike Jones, American band leader, musician, and comedian (b. 1911)
- 1970 - Yi, Eun, Crown Prince Korea (b. 1897)
- 1978 - Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (b. 1903)
- 1982 - William Primrose, Scottish violist (b. 1903)
- 1989 - Douglass Watson, American actor (b. 1921)
- 1993 - Pierre Bérégovoy, French minister (suicide) (b. 1925)
- 1993 - Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. 1924)
- 1994 - Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (b. 1960)
- 1998 - Eldridge Cleaver, American activist (b. 1935)
- 2000 - Steve Reeves, American actor (b. 1926)
- 2003 - Miss Elizabeth, American wrestler (b. 1960)

Holidays and observances


- May Day, Labour Day, Loyalty Day, Workers' Day, Day of the International Solidarity of Workers - see event section above.
- Switzerland - official feast of Spring.
- Czech Republic - "National Love Day" – couples tend to flock to the memorial of a poet in Prague and kiss.
- Lei Day - Hawaiian holiday for the Lei.
- Beltane, Lá Bealtaine, the first day of Summer in modern Ireland was celebrated by the Celts, and is now also celebrated by Neopagans and Wiccans.
- Roman Empire - all-female festival in honour of Bona Dea
- Roman Empire - fourth and last day of the Floralia in honour of Flora
- United States - Law Day
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
  - Saint Joseph the Worker (also known as Saint Joseph's Day)
  - Philip the Apostle
  - James the Less
  - Jeremiah
  - Andeol
  - Brieuc
  - Sigismund of Burgundy
  - Theodulf
  - Augustin Schoeffer
- Festival of Matsu in Taiwan and various locales along the southern coast of China (2005)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/1 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050501.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- April 30 - May 2 - April 1 - June 1 – listing of all days ko:5월 1일 ja:5月1日 simple:May 1 th:1 พฤษภาคม

1945

1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 5 - The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland.
- January 7 - British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference at Zonhoven describing his contribution to the Battle of the Bulge.
- January 12 - World War II: The Soviet Union begin a very large offensive in Eastern Europe against the Nazis.
- January 13 - A Soviet patrol arrests Raoul Wallenberg in Hungary.
- January 16 - Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so-called Führerbunker
- January 17 - World War II: Soviets occupy Warsaw
- January 17 - Holocaust: Nazis begin to evacuate from Auschwitz concentration camp
- January 20 - Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated to an unprecedented fourth term as President of the United States.
- January 20 - Hungary drops out of the Second World War, agreeing to an armistice with the Allies.
- January 24 - First successful launch of the German A4b-Rocket
- January 27 - The Red Army arrives at Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland and find the Nazi concentration camp where 1.3 million people were murdered.
- January 28 - World War II: Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened Burma Road.
- January 30 - The Wilhelm Gustloff with about 10,000 Nazi troops and refugees from Gotenhafen in the Gdansk Bay sunk with three torpedoes from the Soviet submarine S-13. More 9,300 drowned in the Baltic Sea.
- January 31 - Eddie Slovik is executed by firing squad for desertion, the first American soldier since the American Civil War and last to date to be executed for this offence.

February


- February 2 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill leave to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference.
- February 3 - World War II: Russia agrees to enter the Pacific Theatre conflict against Japan.
- February 4 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begin the Yalta Conference (ends February 11)
- February 6 - Reggae musician Bob Marley (Robert Nesta) is born at Nine Miles, St. Ann, Jamaica.
- February 6 - French writer Robert Brasillach executed for collaboration with the Germans
- February 7 - World War II: General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila
- February 9 - Walter Ulbricht becomes the leader of German communists in Moscow
- February 10 - World War II: The SS General von Steuben sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13.
- February 13 - World War II: Soviet Union forces capture Budapest, Hungary from the Nazis.
- February 13 - World War II: The British Air Force bombs Dresden, Germany.
- February 14 - Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru join the United Nations.
- February 16 - World War II: American forces land on Corregidor island in the Philippines.
- February 16 - American forces recapture the Bataan Peninsula
- February 19 - World War II: Battle of Iwo Jima - about 30,000 United States Marines landed on Iwo Jima starting the battle.
- February 21 - Last launch of an A4-rocket at Peenemünde
- February 23 - World War II: Following the American victory at the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Surabachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo will later win a Pulitzer Prize.
- February 23 - World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by American forces.
- February 23 - World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznań, city is liberated by Red Army and Polish forces.
- February 24 - Egyptian Premier Ahmed Maher Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.

March


- March 1 - Jesse Holman Jones starts his term of office as U.S. Secretary of Commerce, serving under President Franklin D. Roosevelt
- March 2 - Launch of the Natter from Stetten am kalten Markt. The Natter was the first manned rocket and developed as anti-aircraft weapon. The launch failed and the pilot died.
- March 3 - World War II: Previously neutral Finland declares war on the Axis powers.
- March 3 - A possible experimental atomic test blast occurs at the Nazis' Ohrdruf military testing area [http://www.recorder.ca/cp/World/050314/w031435A.html].
- March 6 - Communist-led government formed in Romania
- March 7 - World War II: American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross.
- March 8 - Josip Broz Tito forms a government in Yugoslavia
- March 9-March 10 - World War II: American B-29 bombers attack Japan with incendiary bombs. Tokyo is fire-bombed killing 100,000 citizens.
- March 16 - World War II: The Battle of Iwo Jima ends but small pockets of Japanese resistance persist.
- March 17 - World War II: Japanese city of Kobe is fire-bombed by 331 B-29 bombers, killing over 8,000.
- March 18 - World War II: 1,250 American bombers attack Berlin.
- March 19 - World War II: Adolf Hitler orders that all industries, military installations, shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.
- March 19 - Off the coast of Japan, bombers hit the aircraft carrier USS Franklin, killing 800 of her crew and crippling the ship.
- March 21 - World War II: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma
- March 22 - The Arab League was formed with the adoption of a charter in Cairo, Egypt.
- March 30 - World War II: Soviet Union forces invade Austria and take Vienna. Alger Hiss congratulated in Moscow for his part in bringing about the Western betrayal at the Yalta Conference.
- From February 14, 1936, to March 1, 1945, AG Weser launched a total of 162 U-boats.

April


- April 1 - World War II: United States troops land on Okinawa in the last campaign of the war. The Battle of Okinawa starts.
- April 4 - World War II: American troops liberate Ohrdruf death camp in Germany.
- April 7 - World War II: The Japanese battleship Yamato is sunk 200 miles north of Okinawa while in-route to a suicide mission.
- April 9 - Abwehr conspirators Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Oster, and Hans Dohanyi are hanged at Flossenberg concentration camp along with pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer.
- April 10 - The Allied Forces liberated their first Nazi concentration camp, Buchenwald.
- April 12 - United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945) dies in office; Vice President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) takes the Oath of Office.
- April 15 - Bergen-Belsen concentration camp liberated.
- April 16 - World War II: The Goya sunk by the Soviet submarine L-3.
- April 25 - Founding negotiations of United Nations in San Francisco
- April 25 - World War II: Elbe Day, United States and Russian troops link up at the Elbe River, cutting Germany in two
- April 27 - U.S. Ordinance troops find the coffins of Frederick Wilhelm I, Frederick the Great, Paul Von Hindenburg,and his wife
- April 28 - Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, are hanged upside down by Italian partisans as they attempt to flee the country.
- April 29 - Start of Operation Manna.
- April 30 - Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit suicide as Red Army approaches Führerbunker in Berlin. Karl Dönitz succeeds Hitler as President of Germany. Joseph Goebbels succeeds Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.

May


- May 1 - Joseph Goebbels and his wife commit suicide after killing their 6 children. Karl Dönitz appoints Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk as the new Chancellor of Germany.
- May 1 - World War II: Troops of Yugoslav 4th Army together with Slovene 9th Corpus NOV enter Trieste.
- May 2 - World War II: The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. Soviet soldiers hoist the red flag over the Reichstag building.
- May 2 - World War II: Troops of New Zealand Army 2nd Division enter Trieste a day after the Yugoslavs. German Army in Trieste surrenders to the New Zealand Army.
- May 2 - The last postage stamp utilized by Manzhouguo is issued.
- May 3 - World War II: Sinkings of the floating-jails Cap Arcona, Thielbek and Deutschland by the RAF in the Lübeck Bay.
- May 3 - Rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and 120 members of his team surrender to US forces. They later help start the US space program.
- May 4 - World War II: Liberation of the concentration camp Neuengamme near Hamburg by the British army.
- May 4 - World War II: Reddition of the North Germany army by Marshal Bernard Montgomery.
- May 4 - World War II: Holland liberated by Canadians troops. [http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm]
- May 5 - World War II: Prague uprising against the Nazis.
- May 5 - Ezra Pound, poet and author, is arrested by American soldiers in Italy for treason.
- May 5 - World War II: US armored unit liberates prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp - including Simon Wiesenthal
- May 5 - World War II: Canadian soldiers liberate the city of Amsterdam from Nazi occupation.
- May 5 - World War II: Admiral Karl Dönitz orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.
- May 5 - World War II: A Japanese balloon bomb killed five children and a woman, Elsie Mitchell near Lakeview, Oregon, when it exploded as they dragged it from the woods. They were the only people killed by enemy attack on the United States mainland during World War II.
- May 6 - World War II: Axis Sally delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops (first was on December 11, 1941).
- May 7 - World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day.
- May 8 - World War II: V-E Day (Victory in Europe, as Nazi Germany surrenders) commemorates the end of World War II in Europe.
- May 8 - World War II: British 8th Army together with Slovene partisan troops and motorized detachment of Yugoslav 4th Army arrives to Carinthia and Klagenfurt.
- May 8-May 29 - In Algeria, French troops and released Italian POWs defeat rebellion of Algerians
- May 9 - World War II: Hermann Göring is captured by the United States Army; Norway arrests Vidkun Quisling; Soviet Union marks V-E Day.
- May 9 - World War II: Red Army enters Prague (capitulation of German occupation troops)
- May 9 - World War II: General Alexander Löhr Commander of German Army Group E near Topolšica, Slovenia, signs capitulation of German occupation troops.
- May 9 - World War II: Alderney, annex of the concentration camp Neuengamme liberated.
- May 12 - World War II: Yugoslav Army capitulates to the New Zealand Army, in Trieste and hands over the city.
- May 15 - World War II: the last WWII battle in Europe is fought at Poljana near Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
- May 23 - President of Germany Karl Dönitz and Chancellor of Germany Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British forces at Flensburg. They would respectively be the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949.
- May 23 - Heinrich Himmler, the head of the Nazi Gestapo, commits suicide in British custody.
- May 25 - In Atlantic, ships can finally keep their lights lit. Leo Szilard begs Harry S. Truman not to use the bomb. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- May 28 - William Joyce, known as "Lord Haw-Haw" is captured. He is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime broadcasts on German radio. He is hanged in January of 1946.
- May 29 - Group of German communists, Ulbricht in the lead, arrive in Berlin
- May 30 - Iranian government demands that Soviet and British troops leave the country

June


- June 1 - British take over Lebanon and Syria
- June 5 - Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.
- June 6 - King Haakon VII of Norway returns to Norway
- June 11 - William Lyon Mackenzie King is reelected as Canadian prime minister. Franck Committee recommends against a surprise nuclear bombing of Japan. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- June 12 - Yugoslav Army leaves Trieste, leaving the New Zealand Army in control.
- June 21 - World War II: The Battle of Okinawa ends.
- June 24 - World War II: Victory parade in Red Square
- June 25 - Seán T. O'Kelly is elected the second President of Ireland.
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