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Joshua Barney

Joshua Barney

Joshua Barney (6 July 1759 - 1 December 1818) was a commodore in the United States Navy who served in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Barney was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He served with distinction in Hornet and Wasp during the Revolutionary War. He was offered one of the initial captaincies in the newly formed U.S. Navy, but turned it down because of a perceived slight. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, Barney reentered the Navy as a captain, and commanded a fleet of gunboats defending Chesapeake Bay. At the Battle of Bladensburg, Barney and his sailors, acting as artillerymen, made a heroic defense of the National Capitol. A replica of one of his gunboats today sits in a waterside park in Bladensburg. With Gen. John Stricker of the Maryland Militia, Barney was responsible for the creation of the flag that flew over Fort McHenry, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write "The Star Spangled Banner." The flag itself was sewn by Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill of Baltimore. Commodore Barney died at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Three ships, USS Barney, were named for him, as well as Commodore Barney. Barney, Joshua Barney, Joshua Barney, Joshua Barney, Joshua

6 July

July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining.

Events


- 1253 - Mindaugas is crowned king of Lithuania.
- 1483 - Richard III is crowned king of England.
- 1484 - Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of Congo River.
- 1495 - Charles VIII fights in the Battle of Fornovo against the Holy League, ending his attempted conquest of Italy.
- 1560 - The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England.
- 1573 - Córdoba, Argentina is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera.
- 1609 - Bohemia is granted freedom of religion.
- 1630 - Thirty-Years War: 4,000 Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus land in Pomerania, Germany.
- 1777 - American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of Ticonderoga, bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne forces American retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York.
- 1785 - The dollar is unanimously chosen as the monetary unit for the United States.
- 1799 - Ranjit Singh's 25,000 men start march towards Lahore.
- 1801 - Battle of Algeciras: The French navy defeats the British Royal Navy.
- 1854 - In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.
- 1885 - Louis Pasteur successfully tests his vaccine against rabies. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.
- 1887 - David Kalakaua, monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, is forced at gunpoint, at the hands of Americans, to sign the Bayonet Constitution giving Americans more power in Hawaii while stripping Hawaiian citizens of their rights.
- 1892 - Dadabhai Naoroji elected as first Indian Member of Parliament in Britain.
- 1893 - The small town of Pomeroy, Iowa is nearly destroyed by a tornado that kills 71 people and injures 200.
- 1905 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.
- 1908 - Robert Peary sets sail for the Arctic on the expedition on which he later reaches the North Pole.
- 1917 - World War I: Arabian troops led by Lawrence of Arabia and Auda ibu Tayi capture Aqaba from the Turks during the Arab Revolt.
- 1919 - The British dirigible R-34 lands in New York, completing the first crossing of the Atlantic by an airship.
- 1923 - Treaty of Union signed by Russia, Transcaucasia, Ukraine and Belarus, establishing the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- 1928 - The ten world's largest hailstones fall in Potter, Nebraska.
- 1933 - The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played in Chicago's Comiskey Park. The American League defeats the National League, 4 to 2.
- 1939 - Holocaust: The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed.
- 1944 - The Hartford Circus Fire, one of America's worst fire disasters, kills approximately 168 people and injures over 700 in Hartford, Connecticut.
- 1957 - Althea Gibson wins the Wimbledon championships, becoming the first black athlete to do so.
- 1957 - John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles meet for the first time.
- 1964 - A Hard Day's Night, the first Beatles film, premieres.
- 1964 - Malawi declares its independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1966 - Malawi becomes a republic.
- 1967 - Biafran War: Nigerian forces invade Biafra, beginning the war.
- 1974 - The radio program A Prairie Home Companion makes its first live broadcast.
- 1975 - The Comoros declare independence from France.
- 1977 - Pink Floyd's Roger Waters spits on a fan during the In The Flesh tour in Montreal.
- 1988 - The Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 167 oil workers.
- 1988 - Carlos Salinas wins controversial Mexican presidential election.
- 1989 - At 01:23:45 AM, the time and date by British reckoning was 01:23:45 6/7/89. This was also true 12 hours later excepting 24-hour time.
- 2003 - The Corsicans rejected a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very thin majority: 50.98 percent against, and 49.02 percent for.
- 2004 - The New York Post erroneously reports that Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry has selected Dick Gephardt as his running mate.
- 2005 - International Olympic Committee announces that London wins bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.
- 2005 - Time Magazine reporter Matt Cooper agrees to testify to a grand jury that Karl Rove revealed to him Valerie Plame's secret CIA identity.
- 2005 - Bob Geldof and Bono meet with the G8 in Gleneagles to discuss increasing aid to Africa. Afterwards, both make appearances at the Edinburgh 50,000 concert, a last concert in the Live 8 series.

Births


- 1686 - Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (d. 1758)
- 1766 - Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born poet, ornithologist, naturalist, and painter (d. 1813)
- 1785 - William Jackson Hooker, English botanist (d. 1865)
- 1796 - Tsar Nicholas I of Russia (d. 1855)
- 1817 - Albert von Kölliker, Swiss anatomist (d. 1905)
- 1818 - Adolf Anderssen, German chess player (d. 1879)
- 1838 - Vatroslav Jagic, Croatian scholar (d. 1923)
- 1859 - Verner von Heidenstam, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
- 1884 - Harold Vanderbilt, American businessman (b. 1884)
- 1898 - Hanns Eisler, German composer (d. 1962)
- 1903 - Hugo Theorell, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1982)
- 1907 - Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter (d. 1954)
- 1918 - Sebastian Cabot, English actor (d. 1977)
- 1919 - Ernst Haefliger, Swiss tenor
- 1921 - Nancy Reagan, actress and First Lady of the United States
- 1923 - Wojciech Jaruzelski, President of Poland
- 1925 - Merv Griffin, American game show developer and television show host
- 1925 - Bill Haley, American singer (Bill Haley and the Comets) (d. 1981)
- 1927 - Hein Donner, Dutch chess player
- 1927 - Janet Leigh, American actress (d. 2004)
- 1927 - Pat Paulsen, American comedian and Presidential candidate (d. 1997)
- 1931 - Della Reese, American singer and actress
- 1935 - Tenzin Gyatso, fourteenth Dalai Lama, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1936 - Dave Allen, Irish comedian (d. 2005)
- 1937 - Vladimir Ashkenazy, Russian pianist and conductor
- 1937 - Ned Beatty, American actor
- 1946 - George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States
- 1946 - Sylvester Stallone, American actor
- 1951 - Geoffrey Rush, Australian actor
- 1953 - Nanci Griffith, American singer and songwriter
- 1958 - Jennifer Saunders, British actress and comedian
- 1959 - Richard Dacoury, French basketball player
- 1967 - Heather Nova, West Indian-born guitarist and singer
- 1969 - Fernando Redondo, Argentine footballer
- 1970 - Inspectah Deck, American rapper
- 1975 - 50 Cent, American rapper
- 1978 - Tia Mowry and Tamera Mowry, Twin German actresses
- 1983 - Gregory Smith, Canadian actor

Deaths


- 1189 - King Henry II of England (b. 1133)
- 1218 - Eudes III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1166)
- 1249 - King Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1198)
- 1415 - Jan Hus, Bohemian reformer (burned at the stake) (b. 1369)
- 1476 - Regiomantus, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1436)
- 1480 - Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer (b. 1416)
- 1533 - Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474)
- 1535 - Sir Thomas More, English writer and philosopher (executed) (b. 1478)
- 1553 - King Edward VI of England (b. 1537)
- 1583 - Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1585 - Thomas Aufield, English Catholic martyr (b. 1552)
- 1684 - Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (b. 1614)
- 1758 - George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe, British general (killed in battle)
- 1711 - James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, Scottish politician (b. 1662)
- 1762 - Tsar Peter III of Russia (murdered) (b. 1728)
- 1768 - Conrad Beissel, German-born religious leader
- 1835 - John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1755)
- 1854 - Georg Ohm, German physicist
- 1893 - Guy de Maupassant, French author (b. 1850)
- 1902 - St. Maria Goretti, French saint (b. 1890)
- 1916 - Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840)
- 1932 - Kenneth Grahame, English children's author (b. 1859)
- 1960 - Aneurin Bevan, British politician (b. 1897)
- 1961 - Woodall Rodgers, mayor of Dallas, Texas (b. 1890)
- 1962 - William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- 1962 - Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (b. 1872)
- 1966 - Sad Sam Jones, baseball player (b. 1892)
- 1971 - Louis Armstrong, American musician (b. 1901)
- 1973 - Otto Klemperer, German conductor (b. 1885)
- 1982 - Bob Johnson, baseball player (b. 1905)
- 1986 - Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician (b. 1908)
- 1989 - János Kádár, Hungarian politician (b. 1912)
- 1998 - Roy Rogers, American cowboy actor and singer (b. 1911)
- 1999 - Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (b. 1901)
- 2002 - Dhirubhai Ambani, Indian businessman (b. 1932)
- 2002 - John Frankenheimer, American film director (b. 1930)
- 2003 - Buddy Ebsen, American actor (b. 1908)
- 2004 - Thomas Klestil, President of Austria (b. 1932)
- 2005 - L. Patrick Gray III, American director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (b. 1916)
- 2005 - Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)

Holidays and observances


- Comoros - Independence Day (1975)
- Czech Republic - Jan Hus Day (1415)
- Feast day of St Maria Goretti
- Lithuania - Day of Statehood
- Malawi - Independence Day (1964)
- Malawi - Republic Day (1966)
- Roman festivals Ludi Apollinares, games in honour of Apollo (since 208 BC) begin today

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/6 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 5 - July 7 - June 6 - August 6 -- listing of all days ko:7월 6일 ms:6 Julai ja:7月6日 simple:July 6 th:6 กรกฎาคม

1759

1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 11 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first American life insurance company is incorporated.
- January 13 - The Távora family is executed following the accusation of attempted regicide on Joseph I of Portugal
- January 15 - The British Museum opens
- April 13 - a French army defeats Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick at Brunswick
- June 27 - British Troops under Jeffrey Amherst take Fort Ticonderoga
- July 25 - Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): In Canada, British forces capture Fort Niagara from French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
- August 1 - Battle of Minden - Anglo-Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French army of the Duc de Broglie, but due to the disobedience of the English cavalry commander Lord George Sackville, the French are able to withdraw unmolested.
- August 10 - Ferdinand VI of Spain dies and is succeeded by his half-brother Charles III. Charles resigns the thrones of Naples and Sicily to his third son, Ferdinand IV.
- August 12 - Battle of Kunersdorf - Frederick the Great is rebuffed in bloody assaults on the combined Austro-Russian army of Peter Soltikov and Gideon von Loudon. This is one of Frederick's greatest defeats.
- August 18 - Battle of Lagos - The British fleet of Edward Boscawen defeats a French force under Commodore de la Clue off the Portuguese coast.
- September 10 - Naval Battle of Pondicherry - An inconclusive naval battle is fought off the coast of India between the French Admiral d'Aché and the British under George Pocock. The French forces are badly damaged and returned home, never to return.
- September 13 - Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): Quebec falls to British forces following General Wolfe's victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham just outside the city. Both the French Commander (the Marquis de Montcalm) and the British General James Wolfe are fatally wounded.
- November 20 - Battle of Quiberon Bay - The English fleet of Sir Edward Hawke defeats a French fleet under Hubert de Conflans near the coast of Brittany. This is the decisive naval engagement of the Seven Years' War - after this, the French are no longer able to field a significant fleet.
- November 21 - Battle of Maxen - the Austrian army of Marshal von Daun cuts off and foces the surrender of a Prussian force under Friedrich von Finck.
- December 6 - The Germantown Union School (now called "Germantown Academy"), America's oldest nonsectarian day school, is founded.
- George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis
- Adam Smith publishes Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures
- Publication of Voltaire's Candide
- The town of Egedesminde (modern Aasiaat) is founded in Greenland.

Ongoing events


- French and Indian War (1754-1763)
- Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Births


- January 25 - Robert Burns, Scottish poet (d. 1796)
- February 15 - Friedrich August Wolf, German philologist and archaeologist (d. 1824)
- May 20 - William Thornton, American architect (d. 1828)
- May 28 - William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1806)
- June 21 - Alexander J. Dallas, American statesman and financier (d. 1817)
- September 19 - William Kirby, English entomologist (d. 1850)
- October 25 - Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg, empress of Paul I of Russia (d. November 5, 1828)
- October 26 - Georges Danton, French Revolutionary leader (d. 1794)
- November 10 - Friedrich Schiller, German writer (d. 1805)

Deaths


- March 11 - John Forbes, British general (b. 1710)
- April 14 - George Friderich Handel, German composer (b. 1685)
- May 12 - Lambert-Sigisbert Adam, French sculptor (b. 1700)
- July 27 - Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician (b. 1698)
- August 6 - Eugene Aram, English philologist (b. 1704)
- August 8 - Carl Heinrich Graun, German composer
- August 10 - King Ferdinand VI of Spain (b. 1713)
- August 24 - Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet (b. 1715)
- September 10 - Ferdinand Konščak, Croatian explorer (b. 1703)
- September 13 - James Wolfe, British general (b. 1727)
- September 14 - Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, French general (b. 1712)
- October 10 - Granville Elliott, British military officer (b. 1713)
- October 13 - John Henley, English minister (b. 1692)
- November 29 - Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1687) Category:1759 ko:1759년

1 December

December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 30 days remaining.

Events


- 1135 - Henry I of England dies at St. Denis le Fermont in Normandy of food poisoning from a surfeit of lampreys.
- 1640 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king.
- 1822 - Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil.
- 1824 - U.S. presidential election, 1824: Since no candidate received a majority of the total electoral college votes in the election, the United States House of Representatives is given the task of deciding the winner (as stipulated by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution).
- 1835 - Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first book of fairy tales
- 1884 - American Old West - Near Frisco (now Reserve), New Mexico, deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys who want to kill him for arresting Charles McCarthy.
- 1885 - Although the exact date is unknown, the US Patent Office acknowledges December 1st of this year as the first day Dr Pepper was served.
- 1913 - The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line.
- 1918 - Iceland becomes a self-governing kingdom, in a personal union with Denmark.
- 1918 - Transylvania unites with Romania, following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina.
- 1918 - The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed.
- 1919 - Lady Astor becomes first the female member of Parliament to take her seat (she had been elected to that position on November 28).
- 1925 - World War I aftermath: - The final Locarno Treaty is signed in London, establishing post-war territorial settlements.
- 1934 - In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergei Kirov is shot dead at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad by Leonid Nikolayev.
- 1941 - World War II: Mayor of New York City, Fiorello LaGuardia, and the director of the Office of Civilian Defense, sign an order creating the Civil Air Patrol.
- 1944 - Edward Stettinius Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration.
- 1952 - The New York Daily News reports the first successful sexual reassignment operation.
- 1955 - American Civil Rights Movement: In Montgomery, Alabama, seamstress Rosa Parks refuses to give her bus seat to a white man and is arrested for violating the city's racial segregation laws, an incident which leads to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
- 1958 - The Central African Republic becomes independent from France.
- 1958 - A fire at Our Lady of the Angels School in Chicago, Illinois kills 92 children and three nuns.
- 1959 - Cold War: The Antarctic Treaty is signed, setting aside Antarctica as a scientific reserve and banning military activity on the continent.
- 1961 - The independent Republic of West Papua is proclaimed in modern-day Western New Guinea.
- 1963 - Nagaland becomes the 16th state of India
- 1964 - Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb North Vietnam.
- 1965 - The Border Security Force is formed in India.
- 1969 - Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States since World War II is held.
- 1971 - Cambodian Civil War: Khmer Rouge rebels intensify assaults on Cambodian government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong Thmar and nearby Ba Ray.
- 1973 - Papua New Guinea gains self government from Australia.
- 1974 - TWA Flight 514 crashes northwest of Washington Dulles International Airport, killing all 92 people on-board.
- 1975 - Long-running soap opera The Edge of Night switches networks to ABC after 19 years on CBS.
- 1978 - Pakistan's General Zia-ul-Haq announced the enforcement of shariat laws.
- 1981 - A Yugoslavian Inex Adria Aviopromet DC-9 crashes in Corsica killing 178.
- 1984 - For the first time, a human being is given the heart of a baboon; the procedure was unsuccessful
- 1987 - NASA announces the names of four companies who are awarded contracts to help build Space Station Freedom.
- 1987 - Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen resigns as Premier of Queensland after 19 Years.
- 1988 - Benazir Bhutto nominated Prime Minister of Pakistan by then President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, emergency lifted.
- 1989 - Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the communist party the leading role in the state.
- 1990 - Channel Tunnel sections started from the United Kingdom and France meet 40 metres beneath the seabed.
- 1991 - Cold War: Ukrainian voters overwhelmingly approve a referendum for independence from the Soviet Union.
- 1997 - School Massacre Heath Middle School shootings in Paducah, KY left three dead and five seriously wounded.
- 1998 - Exxon announces a US$73.7 billion deal to buy Mobil, thus creating Exxon-Mobil, the largest company on the planet.
- 2000 - Vicente Fox is sworn-in as President of Mexico, ending the 75 year control of the PRI.
- 2001 - Trans World Airlines flies its last flight, after being bought by American Airlines.
- 2003 - Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal graduates its First Product as Chartered Accountants .

Births


- 1081 - King Louis VI of France (d. 1137)
- 1083 - Anna Comnena, Byzantine historian (d. 1153)
- 1521 - Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
- 1525 - Tadeáš Hájek, Czech physician and astronomer (d. 1600)
- 1580 - Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, French astronomer (d. 1637)
- 1690 - Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1764)
- 1716 - Etienne-Maurice Falconet, French sculptor (d. 1791)
- 1743 - Martin Heinrich Klaproth, German chemist (d. 1817)
- 1766 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Russian writer (d. 1826)
- 1792 - Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (d. 1856)
- 1800 - Mihály Vörösmarty, Hungarian poet (d. 1855)
- 1844 - Alexandra of Denmark, Queen of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (d. 1925)
- 1873 - Valery Bryusov, Russian poet (d. 1924)
- 1876 - George Creel, American investigative reporter (d. 1953)
- 1882 - Ed Reulbach, American baseball player (d. 1961)
- 1886 - Rex Stout, American author (d. 1975)
- 1895 - Henry Williamson, British author (d. 1977)
- 1901 - Ilona Feher, Hungarian-born Israeli violinist (d. 1988)
- 1910 - Alicia Markova, British ballerina (d. 2004)
- 1911 - Walter Alston, American baseball manager (d. 1984)
- 1911 - Calvin Griffith, American baseball executive (d. 1999)
- 1912 - Minoru Yamasaki, American architect (d. 1986)
- 1913 - Mary Martin, American actress and singer (d. 1990)
- 1922 - Paul Picerni, American actor
- 1923 - Stansfield Turner, American admiral and Central Intelligence Agency director
- 1925 - Martin Rodbell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- 1930 - Joachim Hoffmann, German historian (d. 2002)
- 1932 - Matt Monro, British singer (d. 1985)
- 1935 - Woody Allen, American film director, actor, and comedian
- 1935 - Lou Rawls, American singer
- 1938 - Sandy Nelson, American drummer
- 1939 - Lee Trevino, American golfer
- 1940 - Richard Pryor, American actor and comedian (d. 2005)
- 1942 - John Crowley, American author
- 1944 - John Densmore, American drummer (The Doors)
- 1945 - Bette Midler, American actress
- 1946 - Gilbert O'Sullivan, Irish singer
- 1947 - Paul Werner Rudi Dentler German Movie Producer, and Filmtheater Pioneer
- 1948 - George Foster, American baseball player
- 1948 - Sarfraz Nawaz, Pakistani cricketer
- 1949 - Sebastián Piñera, Chilean businessman and presidential candidate
- 1950 - Keith Thibodeaux, American actor and drummer
- 1951 - Jaco Pastorius, American bassist (d. 1987)
- 1959 - Wally Lewis, Australian international rugby league player
- 1960 - Carol Alt, American supermodel
- 1961 - Jeremy Northam, British actor
- 1963 - Arjuna Ranatunga, Sri Lankan test cricketer
- 1967 - Reggie Sanders, American baseball player
- 1970 - Jouko Ahola, Finnish bodybuilder and actor
- 1970 - Kirk Rueter, American baseball player
- 1971 - Stephanie Finochio, American stuntwoman and professional wrestler
- 1971 - Emily Mortimer, British actress
- 1974 - Costinha (Francisco José da Costa), Portuguese international footballer
- 1976 - Matthew Shepard, American murder victim (d. 1998)
- 1977 - Brad Delson, American guitarist (Linkin Park)
- 1980 - Mohammad Kaif, Indian test cricketer
- 1989 - Stephen Groff, American basketball and saxophone player

Deaths


- 1135 - Henry I of England
- 1241 - Isabella of England, wife of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1214)
- 1377 - King Magnus II of Sweden (b. 1316)
- 1433 - Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan (b. 1377)
- 1455 - Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian artist and metal smith (b. 1378)
- 1521 - Pope Leo X (b. 1475)
- 1530 - Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480)
- 1580 - Giovanni Morone, Italian cardinal (b. 1509)
- 1581 - Edmund Campion, English Jesuit (martyred) (b. 1540)
- 1581 - Ralph Sherwin, English Catholic saint (b. 1550)
- 1602 - Kobayakawa Hideaki, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1582)
- 1633 - Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (b. 1566)
- 1660 - Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (b. 1592)
- 1707 - Jeremiah Clarke, British composer (b. 1674)
- 1709 - Abraham a Sancta Clara, Austrian preacher (b. 1644)
- 1723 - Susanna Centlivre, British dramatist and actress
- 1729 - Giacomo F. Maraldi, Italian-born French astronomer (b. 1665)
- 1750 - Johan Gabriel Doppelmayr, German mathematician, astronomer, and cartographer (b. 1671)
- 1755 - Maurice Greene, British composer (b. 1696)
- 1767 - Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (b. 1710)
- 1825 - Tsar Alexander I of Russia (b. 1777)
- 1830 - Pope Pius VIII (b. 1761)
- 1928 - José Eustasio Rivera, Colombian writer (b. 1888)
- 1934 - Sergei Kirov, Russian revolutionary (b. 1886)
- 1943 - Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince and historian (b. 1862)
- 1947 - Aleister Crowley, British occultist (b. 1875)
- 1950 - E. J. Moeran, British composer (b. 1894)
- 1964 - J. B. S. Haldane, British geneticist (b. 1892)
- 1973 - David Ben-Gurion, Polish-born first Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1886)
- 1975 - Nellie Fox, American baseball player (b. 1927)
- 1975 - Anna E. Roosevelt, American radio personality (b. 1906)
- 1985 - Alvin Ailey, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1931)
- 1987 - James Baldwin, American writer (b. 1924)
- 1991 - George Joseph Stigler, American economist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- 1997 - Stéphane Grappelli, French jazz violinist (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Clark Kerr, first Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley (b. 1911)
- 2004 - Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Jack Colvin, American actor (b. 1932)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Saint Eligius; Saint Edmund Campion (in England and Wales)
- December 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Angola - Pioneers' Day
- Central African Republic - Proclamation of the Republic (1958)
- Ancient Latvia - Barbes Diena observed
- Portugal - Restoration of Independence Day: on December 1, 1640, Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king.
- Hungary - Bereavement Day (the national bereavement day)
- Romania - Union Day (the national holiday)
- World AIDS Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/1 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/12/1 Today in History] ---- November 30 - December 2 - November 1 - January 1 — listing of all days ko:12월 1일 ms:1 Disember ja:12月1日 simple:December 1 th:1 ธันวาคม

1818

1818 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events


- January 3 21:52 UTC - Venus occulted Jupiter. It was the last occultation of a planet by an other planet before November 22nd, 2065. Unfortunately no observation reports from this event visible in the Pacific area are known.
- February 12 - Chile gains its independence from Spain
- March 11 - Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is published
- March 22 - Easter Sunday falls on its earliest possible date. The next time Easter will fall this early: 2285.
- April 4 - The U.S. Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 stars) with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
- September 7 - Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
- October 20 - A convention between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the northern boundary as the forty-ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle
- November 11 Establishment of Anglo-Chinese College
- December 3 - Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.
- December 24 - "Silent Night" composed by Franz Xaver Gruber and vicar Joseph Mohn when the church organs fail
- December 25 - The first performance of "Silent Night" (Church of St. Nikolaus in Oberndorf, Austria).
- Karl XIV Johan becomes King of Sweden.
- Anglo-Chinese College founded by Robert Morrison in Malacca.
- Lord Hastings, governor-general of India, gives approval to Sir Stamford Raffles to establish trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore)

Births


- April 8 - King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
- April 29 - Emperor Alexander II of Russia (d. 1881)
- May 5 - Karl Marx, German political philosopher (d. 1883)
- June 17 - Charles Gounod, French composer (d. 1893)
- July 30 - Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848)
- September 27 - Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (d. 1884)
- October 8 - John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (d. 1905)
- October 18 - Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (d. 1883)
- November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) - Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883)
- November 29 - George Brown, Canadian polititian (d. 1880)
- December 13 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)
- December 24 - James Prescott Joule, British physicist (d. 1889)
- Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist author and statesman (d. 1895)
- Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (d. 1878)

Deaths


- February 5 - Charles XIII/Charles II, King of Sweden and Norway (b.1748)
- February 15 - Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian general (b. 1746)
- March 4 - Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (b. 1743)
- May 10 - Paul Revere, American patriot and silversmith (b. 1735)
- October 28 - Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
- October 28 - Henry Jacques Guillaume Clarke, duc de Feltre, French marshal and politician (b. 1765)
- November 17 - Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1744) Category:1818 ko:1818년 ms:1818

United States Navy

The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. The U.S. Navy consists of 281 ships and over 4,000 aircraft. It has over half a million men and women on active or ready reserve duty. The United States Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which the Continental Congress established during the American Revolutionary War. The United States Constitution, ratified in 1789, empowered Congress "to provide and maintain a navy." Acting on this authority, Congress ordered the construction and manning of six frigates; one of the original six, USS Constitution, familiarly known as "Old Ironsides," survives to this day. The War Department administered naval affairs from that year until Congress established the Department of the Navy on April 30, 1798. The Navy became part of the Department of Defense upon its establishment in 1947.

History of the Navy

Main article: History of the United States Navy History of the United States Navy The Continental Navy was established in Philadelphia by the Continental Congress on October 13, 1775, which authorized the procurement, fitting out, manning, and dispatch of two armed vessels to search for munitions ships supplying the British Army in America. The legislation also established a Naval Committee to supervise the work. The Continental Navy operated some 50 ships over the course of the American Revolutionary War, but no more than about 20 at one time. After the war, Congress sold the surviving ships and released the seamen and officers. Congress ordered the construction and manning of six frigates on March 27, 1794, and three years later welcomed into service the first three: USS United States, Constellation and Constitution. The frigates became famous in the War of 1812, where they unexpectedly defeated British Royal Navy forces several times. During the American Civil War, the Navy was an innovator in the use of ironclad warships, but after the war slipped into obsolescence. A modernization program beginning in the 1880s brought the U.S. into the first rank of the world's navies by the beginning of the 20th century. 20th century (middle) and USS Annapolis (SSN 760) (front)]] The Navy saw little action during World War I, but grew into a formidable force in the years before World War II. Japan unsuccessfully attempted to allay this strategic threat with a late-1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. During the next three years, the U.S. Navy grew into the most powerful in the world. It is widely accepted that currently the United States Navy remains the most powerful in the world.

Organization

The Navy is administered by the Department of the Navy, led by the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV). The senior naval officer, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), is the four-star admiral immediately under the Secretary of the Navy. The Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Navy so the Navy is ready for operation under the command of the Unified Combatant Commanders. (Also see United States Armed Forces Organization.) President | SECDEF | ------------------- | | SECNAV | | | CNO Unified Combatant Commanders | | -------------------- | | | | Shore establishment Operating Forces (including fleets)

Fleets

The two main fleets are the Pacific Fleet and the Atlantic Fleet. Under these two organizations fall the numbered fleets.
- 1st Fleet - no longer active
- 2nd Fleet – Atlantic Ocean — Flagship Iwo Jima, Norfolk, Virginia
- 3rd Fleet – Eastern and Northern Pacific Ocean — Flagship Coronado, San Diego, California (In peacetime the Third Fleet has no ARG and the carriers in the area are either on their way to the Seventh Fleet or conducting training cruises, after an overhaul for example.)
- 4th Fleet – Disbanded.
- 5th Fleet – Middle East — Headquartered at Manama, Bahrain
- 6th Fleet – Mediterranean Sea — Flagship Mount Whitney, Gaeta, Italy
- 7th Fleet – Western Pacific and Indian Ocean — Flagship Blue Ridge, Yokosuka, Japan

Shore commands

In addition to afloat fleets, the Navy maintains several "Naval Forces Commands" which operate naval shore facilities and serve as liaison units to local ground forces of the Air Force and Army. Such commands are answerable to a Fleet Commander as the shore component of the afloat command. During times of war, all Naval Forces Commands augment to become task forces of a primary fleet. Some of the larger Naval Forces Commands include:
- Commander Naval Forces Korea (CNFK)
- Commander Naval Forces Marianas (CNFM)
- Command Naval Forces Japan (CNFJ)

Staff corps

In addition to the regular line commands of the navy, several staff corps are also maintained which augment the line community and whose personnel are assigned to both line and staff commands. The current staff corps of the United States Navy are as follows:
- Navy Supply Corps
- Navy Medical Corps
- Navy Medical Service Corps
- Navy Nurse Corps
- Navy Chaplains Corps
- Navy Civil Engineer Corps (Seabees)
- Navy Judge Advocate General (JAG)

Weapons

Ships

Main article: U.S. Navy ships See also List of ships of the United States Navy for a more complete listing of ships past and present. The names of commissioned ships of the U.S. Navy start with USS, meaning 'United States Ship'. Non-commissioned, civilian-manned vessels of the U.S. Navy have names that begin with USNS, standing for 'United States Naval Ship'. A letter-based hull classification symbol is used to designate a vessel's type. The names of ships are selected by the Secretary of the Navy. The names are usually those of U.S. states, cities, towns, important people, famous battles, fish, and ideals. The U.S. Navy pioneered the use of nuclear reactors aboard naval vessels; today, they power most U.S. aircraft carriers and submarines. See United States Naval reactor. As of January 2004, a relatively small number of ship classes accounted for the bulk of the U.S. naval fleet. These include:

Aircraft carriers

United States Naval reactor on November 3, 2003. Approximately fifty aircraft can be counted on deck.]] Aircraft carriers are the major strategic arm of the Navy. They put U.S. air power within reach of most land-based military power. The US Navy's carriers are much larger and more powerful than those of the rest of the world. See also: List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy and List of escort aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. Modern aircraft carriers since CV-67 are typically named for living or dead politicians; previous aircraft carriers were named for battles and famous fighting ships of the Navy.
- Kitty Hawk class (1 ship)
- Enterprise — Norfolk, Virginia
- John F. Kennedy — Mayport Naval Station, Florida
- Nimitz class (9 ships, 1 under construction)
  - USS Nimitz (CVN-68)
  - USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)
  - USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70)
  - USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)
  - USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)
  - USS George Washington (CVN-73)
  - USS John C. Stennis (CVN-74)
  - USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)
  - USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)
  - USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)

Amphibious assault ships

The largest of all amphibious warfare ships amphibious assault ships resemble small aircraft carriers; capable of V/STOL, STOVL, VTOL tiltrotor and rotary wing aircraft operations; contains a welldeck to support use of Landing Craft Air Cushion and other watercraft. Amphibious assault ships are typically named after World War II aircraft carriers, a name source kept over from the earliest ones, which were converted WWII carriers.
- Wasp class (7 ships)
- Tarawa class (4 ships active, 1 decommissioned)

Amphibious transport docks

Amphibious transports are warships that embark, transport, and land elements of a landing force for a variety of expeditionary warfare missions. Amphibious transport docks are named for cities, except for USS New York (LPD-21), which is named for the state of New York and USS Somerset (LPD-25), which is named for Somerset County, Pennsylvania.
- San Antonio class (3 launched, 2 under construction, 3 planned, 2 projected)
- Austin class (10 ships active, 1 Decommissioned, 1 converted to AGF)

Submarines

:Main article: Submarines in the United States Navy There are two major types of submarines, ballistic and attack. Ballistic subs have a single, strategic mission: carrying nuclear SLBMs. Attack submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and subs, launching cruise missiles, and gathering intelligence. Sea attack submarines are typically named for cities; land attack submarines (Virginia and Ohio-class boats) are typically named for states. Earlier attack submarines were named for fish, while earlier ballistic missile submarines were named for "famous Americans" (although many of these were actually foreigners).
- Ohio class (18 in commission) — ballistic missile submarines, 4 to be converted into guided missile submarines
- Virginia class (1 in commission, 3 under construction, 2 on order) — attack submarines
- Seawolf class (3 in commission) — attack submarines
- Los Angeles Class (51 in commission) — attack submarines

Cruisers

Guided missile cruisers can conduct air warfare, surface warfare and undersea warfare. All modern cruisers are named for battles. Previous cruisers were either named for cities (until CG-12), the redesignated frigates were named for naval heroes (CG-15 to CG-35) or states (CG-36 to CG-42).
- Ticonderoga class (23 in commission) — first ships to carry the Aegis combat system

Destroyers

See also the List of destroyers of the United States Navy. All destroyers have been named for naval heroes since USS Bainbridge (DD-1).
- Arleigh Burke class (44 in commission as of June 2005) — first ship class with comprehensive design for stealth technology.

Frigates

Modern frigates mainly perform anti-submarine warfare and escort other ships. The U.S. Navy is gradually retiring its frigates; some of their jobs will be performed by the nascent littoral combat ship. [http://peoships.crane.navy.mil/lcs/] Named, like the destroyers, for naval heroes.
- Oliver Hazard Perry class (30 ships in commission)

Battleships

All U.S. battleships have been retired, although two Tomahawk-capable ships remain in "Inactive" Reserve. They are maintained in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 1996. Current plans in the United States Navy call for keeping the battleships on the NVR until the naval surface fire support gun and missile development programs achieve operational capability, which is expected to occur sometime between 2003 and 2008. All battleships except USS Kearsarge (BB-5) were named for states.
- Iowa class

Early vessels


- USS Constitution — "Old Ironsides," oldest commissioned warship afloat
- USS Monitor — first US ironclad warship, also first rotating turret
- USS Merrimack — a wooden warship rebuilt by the Confederates as the ironclad CSS Virginia
- USS Alligator — the first submarine of the Civil War, but sunk while being towed during a storm.
- CSS Hunley — First submarine to sink a ship in a combat engagement, though it sunk in the aftermath as well. Built by the Confederates near the end of the Civil War. Sank USS Housatonic with a spar-mounted torpedo.

Naval aircraft

torpedo, 2003]]
- A-4 Skyhawk
- AV-8B Harrier II
- C-2 Greyhound
- E-2C Hawkeye
- E-6B Mercury
- EA-6B Prowler
- ES-3 Shadow
- FH-1 Phantom
- F-14 Tomcat
- F-15 Eagle
- F-16 Fighting Falcon
- F/A-18 Hornet
- F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
- EA-18G Growler
- F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
- H-3 Sea King
- CH-46 Sea Knight
- CH-53 Sea Stallion
- SH-2 Seasprite
- SH-60 Sea Hawk
- P-3C Orion see also Multimission Maritime Aircraft
- S-3B Viking
- V-22 Osprey
- T-6A Texan II
- T-45 Goshawk
- Aerial Common Sensor (no designation yet)

Harbor defense

The United States Navy has, in the last few years, greatly expanded its harbor defense forces in response to the War on Terrorism. The main components of Naval Harbor Defense include:
- Inshore Boat Units (IBUs)
- Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Units (MIUWUs)
- Special Boat Units (SBUs)

Special warfare

The Navy Seals are the U.S. Navy's primary special warfare units whose purpose is to engage in "special activities other than war". The Navy also maintains an EOD Corps (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) as well as a small corps of Surface Warfare personel known by the designator "Special Operations Underway".

Missiles, guns, equipment


- Trident missile
- Poseidon missile
- Tomahawk missile
- Polaris missile
- Naval Space Surveillance System
- CIWS

Submarine warfare and nuclear deterrence

The submarine has a long history in the USN. It began in the late 19th century, with the building of the SS-1, USS Holland. The boat was in service for 10 years and was a developmental and trials vessel for many systems on other early submarines. The submarine really came of age in World War I. The USN did not have a large part in this war, with its action mainly being confined to escorting convoys later in the war and sending a division of battleships to reinforce the British Grand Fleet. However, there were those in the USN submarine service who saw what the Germans had done with their U-boats and took careful note. Doctrine in the inter-war years emphasised the submarine as a scout for the battle fleet, and also extreme caution in command. Both these axioms were proven wrong after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The submarine skippers of the fleet boats of World War II waged a very effective campaign against Japanese merchant vessels, doing to Japan what Germany failed to do to the United Kingdom. They were aggressive and effective, and operated far from the fleet. In addition to their commerce raiding role, submarines also proved valuable in air-sea rescue. There was many an American aircraft carrier pilot who owed his life to the valour of USN submarine crews, including future U.S. President George H. W. Bush.

Navy revolutions

After WWII, things continued along much the same path until the early 1950s. Then a revolution, that was to forever change the nature of the submarine arm occurred. That revolution was USS Nautilus. The Nautilus was the first nuclear-powered submarine. Up until that point, submarines had really been, at their most basic level, torpedo boats that happened to be able to go underwater. They had been tied to the surface by the need to charge their batteries using diesel engines relatively often. The nuclear power plant of the Nautilus meant that the boat could stay underwater for literally months at a time, the only limit in the end being the amount of food that the boat could carry. Another revolution in submarine warfare came with USS George Washington. Nuclear powered, like Nautilus, George Washington added strategic ballistic missiles to the mix. Earlier submarines had carried strategic missiles, but the boats had been diesel powered, and the missiles required the boat to surface in order to fire. The missiles were also cruise missiles, which were vulnerable to the defences of the day in a way that ballistic missiles were not. George Washington's missiles could be fired whilst the boat was submerged, meaning that it was far less likely to be detected before firing. The nuclear power of the boat also meant that, like Nautilus, George Washington's patrol length was only limited by the amount of food the boat could carry. Ballistic missile submarines, carrying Polaris missiles, eventually superseded all other strategic nuclear systems in the USN. Deterrent patrols continue to this day, although now with the Ohio class boats and Trident missiles. Trident missile]] Given the lack of large scale conventional naval warfare since 1945, with the USN's role being primarily that of power projection, the submarine service did not fire weapons in anger for very many years. The development of a new generation of cruise missiles changed that. The BGM-109 Tomahawk missile was developed to give naval vessels a long range land attack capability. Other than direct shore bombardment, and strikes by aircraft flying off carriers, the ability of naval vessels to influence warfare on land was limited. Now, instead of being limited to firing shells less than 20 miles inland from guns, any naval vessel fitted with the Tomahawk could hit targets up to 1,000 miles inland. The mainstay of the Tomahawk equipped vessels in the early days of the missile's deployment were the Iowa class battleships, and the submarine fleet. The Tomahawk was first used in combat on 17 January 1991, on the opening night of Operation Desert Storm. On that day, for the first time since the surrender of Japan in 1945, an American submarine fired in combat, when Tomahawks were launched by US boats in the eastern Mediterranean. Since then, the Tomahawk has become a staple of American campaigns. It has seen use in no less than three separate wars. It has also been exported to the United Kingdom, which has also fitted it to submarines. The Tomahawk has seen a change in the design of attack submarines. At first it was fired through torpedo tubes, but more recent US boats have been fitted with vertical launch systems to enable them to carry more of the weapons. In the early 21st century, the USN submarine fleet is made up entirely of nuclear powered vessels. It is the most powerful of its type in the world. However, there are those who worry that there are not enough boats in the fleet. As with other branches of the US military the budget cuts of the late 1980s and the early 1990s, as the Cold War ended, followed up by the War on Terrorism, have left little or no slack in the system. This point is illustrated by the fact that in 2003, for the first time since 1945, a US submarine made two back-to-back war patrols.

Major naval bases


- Complete list of US Naval facilities
- Norfolk, Virginia — The largest Naval base in the world, situated in southeastern Virginia. This is the main port on the Eastern Seaboard.
- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii — A deep water naval base and headquarters of the Pacific Fleet
- San Diego, California — A large complex of Navy bases, and the primary port for ships on the West Coast of the United States
- Naval Base Kitsap, Washington — Home base for Ohio Class nuclear missile submarines in the Pacific Ocean
- Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia — Home base for Ohio Class nuclear missile submarines in the Atlantic Ocean
- Naval Station Mayport, Florida
- Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada
- Guantanamo Bay — A small section on the south coast of Cuba is leased by the United States and used as a naval base.
- U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan. Largest overseas Naval facility.

Personnel

Commissioned officer

Commissioned officers in the Navy have paygrades from O-1 to O-10. Officers with superior performance may be promoted. Officers between O-1 and O-4 are called junior officers, O-5 and O-6 are called senior officers, and O-7 to O-10 are called flag officers. See U.S. Navy officer rank insignia for a complete list of paygrades and corresponding ranks. Commissioned officers belong to one of the following communities:
- Unrestricted line: Surface Warfare, Aviation Warfare, Submarine Warfare, Special Warfare, Nuclear
- Restricted line: Engineering Duty, Aerospace Engineering Duty, Aerospace Maintenance Duty, Cryptologic, Naval Intelligence, Public Affairs, Meteorology and Oce