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Josquin Des Prez
Josquin Des Prez (diminutive of "Joseph"; latinized Josquinus Pratensis) (c. 1450 to 1455 – August 27, 1521) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. He was the most famous European composer between Guillaume Dufay and Palestrina, and is usually considered to be the central figure of the Netherlands style.
Life
Little is known for certain of his early life. Much is inferential and speculative, though numerous clues have emerged from his works and the writings of contemporary composers, theorists, and writers of the next several generations. Josquin was born in the area controlled by the Dukes of Burgundy, and was possibly born either in Hainaut (modern-day Belgium), or immediately across the border in modern-day France, since several times in his life he was classified legally as a Frenchman (for instance, when he made his will). Josquin was long mistaken for a man with a similar name, Josquin de Kessalia, born around the year1440, who sang in Milan from 1459 to 1474, dying in 1498. More recent scholarship has shown that Josquin des Prez was born around 1450 or a few years later, and did not go to Italy until the early 1480s. According to the article "Josquin des Prez", by Lora Matthews and Paul Merkley, in The Journal Of Musicology, Summer 1998, "des Prez" was a nickname, and Josquin’s family name was "Lebloitte".
According to 17th century records, he became a choir boy in the collegiate church of Saint-Quentin at an early age, probably around 1460, and may have studied counterpoint under Ockeghem, whom he greatly admired throughout his life (on Ockeghem's death in 1497 he wrote the impressive motet La Déploration sur la mort Ockeghem, based on the poem by Guillaume Crétin). All records from Saint-Quentin were destroyed in 1669; however the cathedral there was a center of music-making for the entire area, and in addition was an important center of royal patronage. Both Jean Mouton and Loyset Compère were buried there, and it is certainly possible that Josquin acquired his later connections with the French royal chapel through early experiences at Saint-Quentin.
In 1477, the first definite record of his employment shows that he was a singer at the chapel of René, Duke of Anjou, in Aix-en-Provence; he may have transferred to Paris in 1481 along with the rest of the chapel, though there is no specific evidence of this. From 1486 to 1494 (except the year 1487-1488, which he may have spent in Florence), Josquin was a member of the papal choir under Pope Innocent VIII. In the later 1490s he was in France, probably in the service of Louis XII for most of the time, and he likely stayed there until 1503, when Duke Ercole I of Ferrara hired him for the chapel there; so Josquin returned to Italy.
In Ferrara Josquin wrote the exquisite Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae, which is written on a cantus firmus derived from the musical letters in the Duke's name. While there he also wrote a setting of the Miserere, Psalm 50, for five voices, widely acknowledged to be one of his masterpieces.
Josquin only stayed in Ferrara for a year, departing in 1504, possibly fleeing an outbreak of the plague (the Duke, his family, and two thirds of the citizens fled as well). His position at Ferrara was filled by Jacob Obrecht in 1505, who died of the plague that year, and by Antoine Brumel in 1506, who stayed until the disbanding of the chapel in 1510. Josquin went directly from Ferrara to his home region of Condé, southeast of Lille on the present-day border between Belgium and France, becoming provost of the cathedral there. During this time he had immense fame, and although he was well known to the Netherlands court and his works were often performed there, no direct connection to them has been discovered by researchers. He remained at Condé until his death in 1521.
Works and influence
Josquin dominated the musical world of his time, not only on account of his learning, skill, and originality, but because of his singular ability to bring together the many streams of contemporary musical practice. He possessed a vivid conception of the meaning and dramatic possibilities of the sacred texts, as well as polyphonic dexterity and supreme melodic skill. During his lifetime he acquired immense popularity and fame, and was much in demand. Duke Ercole I sent an (undated) letter to his secretary with the interesting comment "It may be true that Josquin is a better composer, ...but Isaac is better able to get along with his colleagues." His fame lasted long after his death; Zarlino, writing in the 1580s, was still using examples from Josquin in his treatises on composition; and his fame was only eclipsed after the beginning of the Baroque era, with the decline of the polyphonic style.
Josquin's fame was overshadowed by Palestrina and his school until the 20th century, but his reputation has grown steadily for the last hundred years, and Josquin's music is often sung and recorded today. A possible reason for his current popularity is that his music contains, to many listeners, a direct emotional appeal often seen to be lacking in the austere, impersonal, but technically perfect music of Palestrina. The 19th-century trend in musicology was to consider early music as moving from primitive forms to ever increasing perfection, and thus venerated Palestrina as the peak of development of polyphony; contemporary musicology tends to consider changes in style not as changes towards or away from perfection but as trends of adaptation and influence; as such Josquin is seen as someone who simultaneously brought together most of the contemporary trends, innovated significantly, and was also able to express intense emotion with economy of means.
Thirty-two masses are attributed to Josquin, seventeen of which were printed by Petrucci (1466-1539) in Fossombrone and Venice in 1505. The masses printed by Petrucci are deemed genuine, but at least some of the others, some preserved in manuscript in the archives of the papal choir in Rome and in the libraries of Munich, Vienna, Basle, Berlin, the Ratisbon cathedral, and Cambrai, are probably spurious. Among the finest of Josquin's masses are the Missa Ave Maris Stella and the Missa Pange Lingua. Motets by Josquin were published by Petrucci, Pierre Attaignant (1533), Tylman Susato (1544), and by Le Roy and Ballard (1555). Numerous fragments and shorter works are reproduced in the historical works of Forkel, Burney, Hawkins, Busby, and in Choron's collection.
In addition to the sacred works, Josquin wrote numerous chansons, some of which became very popular, and were circulated throughout Europe; many of them are sung regularly by a cappella vocal groups today.
Audio
Works list
Masses
# Missa ad fugam;
# Missa Ave maris stella (Rome, 1486-1495);
# Missa de beata virgine;
# Missa N'auray je jamais (= Missa di dadi);
# Missa D'ung aultre amer (Mailand, 1483/85);
# Missa Faisant regretz;
# Missa Fortuna desperata;
# Missa Gaudeamus;
# Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae (Ferrara, 1503/04);
# Missa La sol fa re mi;
# Missa L'ami baudichon;
# Missa L'homme armé sexti toni;
# Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales;
# Missa Malheur me bat;
# Missa Mater patris;
# Missa Pange lingua (Condé, around 1514);
# Missa sine nomine;
# Missa Une Mousse de biscaya;
# Missa da pacem (uncertain attribution)
Mass fragments
# Credo ciascun me crie (= De rouges nez);
# Credo de tous biens playne;
# Credo vilayge (I);
# Credo vilayge (II);
# Gloria de beata virgine;
# Sanctus de passione;
# Sanctus D'ung aultre amer.
Motets
# Absolon, fili mi (4vv);
# Absolve, quaesumus, Domine/Requiem aeternam (6vv) (attribution has been challenged);
# Alma redemptoris mater;
# Alma redemptoris mater / Ave Regina;
# Ave Maria, gratia plena ... benedicta tu (4vv);
# Ave Maria, gratia plena ... Virgo serena (Mailand 1484/85);
# Ave munda spes, Maria (not in first complete works edition);
# Ave nobilissima creatura;
# Ave verum corpus natum;
# Benedicta es, caelorum regina;
# De profundis clamavi (4vv) (probably middle-period composition);
# De profundis clamavi (5vv) (late composition);
# Domine exaudi orationem meam;
# Domine, ne in fuore tuo (4vv);
# Domine, non secundum peccata nostra (2-4vv; for Rome);
# Ecce, tu pulchra es, amica mea;
# Factum est autem;
# Gaude virgo, mater Christi;
# Homo quidam fecit cenam magnam;
# Honor, decus, imperium;
# Huc me sydereo descendere jussit Olympo (5vv);
# Illibata Dei virgo nutrix;
# In exitu Israel de Aegypto;
# In illo tempore assumpsit Jesus doudecim disciplus;
# Iniquos odio habui (4vv, only tenor part survives);
# In principio erat Verbum;
# Inviolata, integra et casta es, Maria;
# Jubilate Deo omnis terra;
# Liber generationis Jesu Christi;
# Magnificat quarti toni (attributed to Josquin on stylistic grounds);
# Magnificat terii toni (attributed to Josquin on stylistic grounds);
# Memor esto verbi tui;
# Miserere mei Deus (Ferrara, 1504/05);
# Misericordias Domini in aeternum cantabo (Frankreich, 1480/83);
# Missus est Gabriel angelus ad Mariam Virginem;
# Mittit ad virginem;
# Monstra te esse matrem;
# O admirabile commercium (part of a 5-motet cycle);
# O bone et dulcissime Jesu;
# O Domine Jesu Christe (part of a Passion setting in 5 sections);
# O virgo prudentissima;
# O virgo virginum;
# Pater noster, qui es in caelis (Condé, 1505-1521);
# Planxit autem David;
# Praeter rerum seriem;
# Qui edunt me adhuc;
# Qui habitat in adiutorio altissimi;
# Qui velatus facie fuisti (part of a Passion setting in 6 sections);
# Salve regina (4vv);
# Salve regina (5vv, 1502);
# Stabat Mater;
# Tu lumen, tu splendor;
# Tu solus qui facus mirabilia;
# Usquequo Domine oblivisceris me (attrib on stylistic grounds; only part survives);
# Ut Phoebi radiis;
# Veni, sancte spiritus (also attrib to Forestier);
# Victimae paschali laudes;
# Virgo prudentissima;
# Virgo salutiferi (Ferrara, 1504/05);
# Vultum tuum deprecabuntur (7-part Passion cycle).
Chansons
# A la mort / Monstra te esse matrem;
# A l'heure que je vous;
# A l'ombre d'ung buissonet, au matinet (3vv);
# Adieu mes amours;
# Adieu mes amours (6vv or 7vv);
# Baisé moy, ma doulce amye (4vv);
# Belle, pour l'amour de vous;
# Bergerette savoyenne;
# Ce povre mendiant / Pauper sum ego;
# Cela sans plus;
# Comment peult haver joye;
# Cueur langoreulx;
# De tous biens plaine (3vv);
# De tous biens plaine (4vv);
# Douleur me bat;
# Du mien amant;
# Dulces exuviae;
# En l'ombre d'ung buissonet tout, au long (3vv);
# En l'ombre d'ung buissonet tout, au long (4vv);
# Entré je suis en grant pensée (3vv);
# Entré je suis en grant pensée (4vv);
# Fama malum;
# Faulte d'argent;
# Fors seulement (only one of six voice parts survives);
# Fortuna d'un gran tempo;
# Helas madame;
# Ile fantazies de Joskin;
# In te Domine speravi per trovar pietà;
# Incessament livré suis à martire;
# Je me complains;
# Je n'ose plus;
# Je ris et si ay larme;
# Je sey bien dire;
# La belle se siet;
# La Bernardina;
# La plus de plus;
# Le villain [jaloux];
# Ma bouche rit et mon cueur pleure;
# Mon mary m'a diffamée;
# N'esse pas ung grant desplaisir;
# Nymphes des bois (written for the death of Johannes Ockeghem);
# Nymphes, nappés / Circumdederunt me;
# Parfons regretz;
# Petite camusette;
# Plaine de dueil;
# Plus n'estes ma maistresse;
# Plus nulz regretz;
# Plusieurs regretz;
# Pour souhaitter;
# Quant je vous voye;
# Que vous madame / In pace in idipsum;
# Qui belles amours a
# Recordans de my signora;
# Regretz sans fin;
# Scaramella va alla guerra;
# Se congié prens;
# Si j'ay perdu mon amy (3vv);
# Si j'ay perdu mon amy (4vv);
# Tant vous aimme Bergeronette;
# Tenz moy en voz bras;
# Una mousse de Biscaye;
# Vive le roy (written for Louis XII);
# Vous l'arez, s'il vous plaist;
# Vous ne l'arez pas;
# textless (4vv).
References and further reading
- Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0393095304
- Article "Josquin Desprez," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1561591742
- Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 089917034X
- Ross W. Duffin (editor), A Josquin Anthology. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0193532182
External Links
- [http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/composers/josquin.html Josquin biography and discography]
Des Prez, Josquin
Des Prez, Josquin
Des Prez, Josquin
Des Prez, Josquin
ja:ジョスカン・デ・プレ
1455
Events
- February 9 - Wars of the Roses: Richard, Duke of York dismissed as Protector
- February 23 - Johannes Gutenberg prints the first Bible on a printing press
- May 22 - Wars of the Roses: First Battle of St Albans - Richard, Duke of York and his ally, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick defeat the Lancastrians under Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, who is killed. York captures King Henry VI of England and has himself appointed Constable of England.
- May 25 - Victorious Yorkish lords ritually renew the monarchy of Henry VI in St Paul's Cathedral
Year in topics
- 1455 in art
Births
- February 2 - King John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (died 1513)
- March 3 - King John II of Portugal (died 1495)
- March 15 - Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (died 1532)
- Johann Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1499)
- Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (died 1529)
Deaths
- March 24 - Pope Nicholas V (born 1397)
- May 22 - Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (killed in battle)
- May 22 - Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, English commander (killed in battle) (born 1406)
- September 3 - Alonso Tostado, Spanish Catholic bishop
- October 22 - Johannes Brassart, Flemish composer
- December 1 - Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal smith (born 1378)
- Fra Angelico, Italian painter (born 1395)
- Zbigniew Olesnicki, Polish cardinal and statesman (born 1389)
- Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford
Category:1455
ko:1455년
August 27August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining.
Events
- 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan commander of the Greek army in the Battle of Plataea. Along the with the Greek victory on the same day in the Battle of Mycale, the Persian invasion of Greece ended.
- 55 BC - Julius Caesar lands in Britain for the first time.
- AD 410 - Visigoth sack of Rome ends after three days.
- 1232 - The Formulary of Adjudications is promulgated by Regent Hojo Yasutoki. (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 1232)
- 1776 - Battle of Long Island, in present day Brooklyn, New York, British forces under General William Howe defeat Americans under General George Washington
- 1813 - Napoleon defeats the Austrians, Russians and Prussians at the Battle of Dresden
- 1828 - The Russians defeat the Turks at Akhaltzikke.
- 1859 - Petroleum discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania. World's first successful oil well.
- 1861 - Union forces attack Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
- 1883 - The after effects caused by the Krakatau explosion in Indonesia kills 36,000 people.
- 1896 - Anglo-Zanzibar War: the shortest war in world history (9:02 to 9:40) between the United Kingdom and Zanzibar.
- 1900 - British defeat Boer commandos at Bergendal
- 1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war, signed by sixty nations
- 1937 - The automobile division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works is spun off into the Toyota Motor Corporation.
- 1939 - First jet aircraft flight
- 1952 - Reparation negotiations between West Germany and Israel end in Luxembourg; West Germany to pay 3 billion Deutschmarks.
- 1962 - Mariner 2 launched
- 1969 - The first installment of the Otoko wa Tsurai yo (It's Tough Being a Man) movies is released in Japan. Director and screenplay writer Yoji Yamada went on to make 48 installments of the series, which is recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest running movie series.
- 1979 - An IRA bomb kills Lord Mountbatten and 3 others on holiday in Sligo, Republic of Ireland. Another near Warrenpoint, Northern Ireland kills 18 British soldiers.
- 1985 - The Nigerian government is peacefully overthrown by Army Chief of Staff Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida.
- 1990 - The British Broadcasting Corporation launches BBC Radio Five Live at 9am GMT with a mixture of sports, news, and children's programming. The station broadcasts for eighteen hours per day.
- 1991 - The European Community recognizes the independence of the Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
- 1991 - Moldova declares independence from the USSR.
- 1993 - The Florida DOT decides to cease producing its distinctive colored U.S. Highway shields so that it can make use of Federal funds for those signs.
- 1993 - The Rainbow Bridge, connecting Tokyo's Shibaura and the island of Odaiba, is completed.
- 2000 - Ostankino Tower in Moscow catches fire, three people are killed.
- 2003 - Mars makes closest approach to Earth in nearly 60,000 years, passing approximately 34,646,416 miles (55,758,006 kilometers) from Earth.
Births
- 1407 - Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shogun (d. 1425)
- 1471 - George, Duke of Saxony (d. 1539)
- 1637 - Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, Governor of the Province of Maryland (d. 1715)
- 1665 - John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (d. 1751)
- 1677 - Otto Ferdinand Graf von Abensperg und Traun, Austrian field marshal (d. 1748)
- 1724 - John Joachim Zubly, Swiss-born Continental Congressman (d. 1781)
- 1730 - Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher (d. 1788)
- 1770 - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher (d. 1831)
- 1809 - Hannibal Hamlin, Vice President of the United States of America (d. 1891)
- 1858 - Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (d. 1932)
- 1865 - James Henry Breasted, American Egyptologist (d. 1935)
- 1865 - Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1951)
- 1870 - Amado Nervo, Mexican poet (d. 1919)
- 1871 - Theodore Dreiser, American author (d. 1945)
- 1874 - Carl Bosch, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
- 1875 - Katharine McCormick, American women's rights activist (d. 1967)
- 1886 - Rebecca Clarke, English composer and violist (d. 1979)
- 1886 - Eric Coates, English composer (d. 1957)
- 1890 - Man Ray, photographer and artist (d. 1976)
- 1899 - C.S. Forester, British author (d. 1966)
- 1899 - Byron Foulger, American character actor (d. 1970)
- 1904 - Norah Lofts, British author (d. 1983)
- 1906 - Ed Gein, American serial killer (d. 1984)
- 1908 - Don Bradman, Australian cricketer (d. 2001)
- 1908 - Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States (d. 1973)
- 1908 - Kurt Wegner, German artist
- 1909 - Lester Young, American musician (d. 1959)
- 1910 - Mother Teresa, Albanian missionary and humanitarian, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1997)
- 1911 - Kay Walsh, British actress (d. 2005)
- 1915 - Norman F. Ramsey, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1916 - Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994)
- 1921 - Leo Penn, American film director-actor (d. 1998)
- 1926 - Kristen Nygaard, Norwegian mathematician, computer scientist, and politician (d. 2002)
- 1928 - Mangosuthu Buthelezi, South African politician
- 1929 - Ira Levin, American author
- 1932 - Antonia Fraser, British author
- 1935 - Frank Yablans, American film producer
- 1937 - Tommy Sands, American actor and singer
- 1940 - Sonny Sharrock, American jazz guitarist (d. 1994)
- 1942 - B. J. Thomas, American singer
- 1943 - Tuesday Weld, American actress
- 1945 - G.W. Bailey, American actor
- 1947 - Barbara Bach, American actress
- 1947 - Harry Reems, American actor
- 1950 - Charles Fleischer, American actor
- 1951 - Buddy Bell, baseball player-manager
- 1952 - Paul "Pee-Wee Herman" Reubens, American actor
- 1953 - Peter Stormare, Swedish-born actor
- 1954 - Derek Warwick, British race car driver
- 1955 - Diana Scarwid, American actress
- 1957 - Bernhard Langer, German golfer
- 1959 - Gerhard Berger, Austrian race car driver
- 1963 - Downtown Julie Brown, Welsh television personality
- 1966 - Juhan Parts, Prime Minister of Estonia
- 1970 - Peter Ebdon, English snooker player
- 1970 - Tony Kanal, American-British musician (No Doubt)
- 1970 - Jim Thome, baseball player
- 1973 - Dietmar Hamann, German footballer
- 1974 - Jose Vidro, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player
- 1975 - Jonny Moseley, American skier
- 1976 - Sarah Chalke, Canadian actress
- 1976 - Carlos Moya, Spanish tennis player
- 1976 - Mark Webber, Australian race car driver
- 1977 - Deco, Brazilian footballer
- 1979 - Tian Liang, Chinese diver
- 1988 - Alexa Vega, American actress
Deaths
- 1312 - Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1262)
- 1394 - Chokei, Emperor of Japan (b. 1343)
- 1450 - Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (b. 1395)
- 1521 - Josquin Des Prez, Flemish composer
- 1545 - Piotr Gamrat, Polish Catholic archbishop (b. 1487)
- 1572 - Claude Goudimel, French composer
- 1577 - Titian, Italian artist
- 1590 - Pope Sixtus V (b. 1521)
- 1635 - Félix Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1562)
- 1664 - Francisco Zurbarán, Spanish painter (b. 1598)
- 1748 - James Thomson, Scottish poet (b. 1700)
- 1773 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, Prussian general (b. 1721)
- 1875 - William Chapman Ralston, American banker (b. 1826)
- 1909 - Emil Christian Hansen, Danish fermentation physiologist (b. 1842)
- 1929 - Herman Potočnik Noordung, Slovenian rocket scientist (b. 1892)
- 1931 - Frank Harris, Irish author and editor (b. 1856)
- 1931 - Francis Marion Smith, American borax magnate (b. 1846)
- 1948 - Charles Evans Hughes, U.S. Supreme Court justice (b. 1862)
- 1958 - Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- 1963 - Garrett Morgan, American inventor (b. 1877)
- 1963 - W.E.B. DuBois, American civil rights activist and scholar (b. 1868)
- 1964 - Gracie Allen, American actress and comedienne
- 1965 - Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (b. 1887)
- 1967 - Brian Epstein, English manager of The Beatles (b. 1934)
- 1968 - Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (b. 1906)
- 1969 - Ivy Compton-Burnett, English novelist (b. 1884)
- 1969 - Erika Mann, German writer and daughter of Thomas Mann (b. 1905)
- 1971 - Bennett Cerf, American publisher and television personality (b. 1898)
- 1975 - Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1892)
- 1976 - Mukesh, Indian playback singer (b. 1923)
- 1979 - Earl Mountbatten, British admiral and statesman (assassinated) (b. 1900)
- 1980 - Douglas Kenney, American humorist (b. 1947)
- 1988 - William Sargant, British psychiatrist (b. 1907)
- 1990 - Stevie Ray Vaughan, American guitarist (b. 1954)
- 1997 - Brandon Tartikoff, American television producer (b. 1949)
- 2002 - Richard Ricci, American handyman wrongly suspected of being a kidnapper in the Elizabeth Smart case (b. 1953)
- 2003 - Pierre Poujade, French politician (b. 1920)
- 2004 - Willie Crawford, baseball player (b. 1946)
Holidays and observances
- Roman festivals - Volturnalia held in honor of Volturnus
- RC Saints - Saint Monica of Hippo
- Moldova - Independence Day (from the USSR, 1991): the national holiday
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27 BBC: On This Day]
----
August 26 - August 28 - July 27 - September 27 -- listing of all days
ko:8월 27일
ms:27 Ogos
ja:8月27日
simple:August 27
th:27 สิงหาคม
1521
Events
- January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.
- January 28 - Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25.
- March 6 - Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam.
- March 16 - Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines.
- April 7 - Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.
- April 16 - 18 - Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the German Diet of Worms.
- April 26 - Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for a year - he is rumored to be murdered but really is in hiding.
- April 27 - Magellan killed in the Philippines.
- May - Outbreak of war between Emperor Charles and the King of France.
- May 20 - Battle of Pampeluna.
- May 25 - The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.
- June 30 - Battle of Esquiroz - French forces under Henri d'Albret, exiled King of Navarre, are defeated by the Spanish and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.
- August 8 - Hernan Cortes and allied local Indians defeat Aztec forces of Cuautemoc, the last Aztec Emperor, in the Battle of Tenochtitlan.
- August 13 - Emperor Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Hernan Cortes.
- August 29 - Capture of Belgrade by the Turkish army of Suleiman I after a brave resistance.
- November 23 - Spanish-German-Papal forces under Prosper Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.
- Berengairo da Garbi notices appendix.
Births
- March 21 - Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)
- May 8 - Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (died 1597)
- August 4 - Pope Urban VII (died 1590)
- December 1 - Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
- December 13 - Pope Sixtus V (died 1590)
- Anne Askew, English protestant martyr (died 1546)
- John Aylmer, English divine (died 1594)
- Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (died 1565)
- Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (died 1586)
- Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (died 1603)
- Thomas Wyatt the younger, English rebel (died 1554)
Deaths
- April 20 - Zhengde Emperor of China (born 1491)
- April 27 - Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer
- May 10 - Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (born 1457)
- May 17 - Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed)
- June 15 - Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (born 1442)
- August 27 - Josquin Des Prez, Flemish composer
- December 1 - Pope Leo X (born 1475)
- December 13 - King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)
- Piero di Cosimo, Italian artist (born 1462)
- Leonardo Loredano, Doge of Venice (born 1436)
- Edward Poyning, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (born 1459)
- Juan Ponce de León, Spanish conquistador (born 1460)
- Stephen Hawes, English poet (born 1502)
Category:1521
ko:1521년
simple:1521
Renaissance music
Renaissance music is classical music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1400 to 1600. Defining the beginning of the era is difficult, since there were no abrupt shifts in musical thinking during the 15th century, and since the process by which music acquired "Renaissance" characteristics was a gradual one, but 1400 is used here.
Overview
Style and trends
The increasing reliance on the interval of the third as a consonance is one of the most pronounced features of early Renaissance European art music (in the Middle Ages, thirds had been considered dissonances: see interval). Polyphony, in use since the 12th century, became increasingly elaborate with highly independent voices throughout the 14th century: the beginning of the 15th century showed simplification, with the voices often striving for smoothness. This was possible because of a greatly increased vocal range in music—in the Middle Ages, the narrow range made necessary frequent crossing of parts, which also made it necessary to write highly contrasting parts.
Renaissance music was modal as opposed to tonal. Modality began to break down towards the end of the period, with root motions of fifths, one of the defining characteristics of tonality, becoming common, especially near cadences.
Genres
Principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs.
Common sacred genres were the mass, the motet, the madrigale spirituale, and the laude.
During the period, secular music had an increasingly wide distribution, with a wide variety of forms, but one must be cautious about assuming an explosion in variety: since printing made music more widely available, much more has survived from this era than from the preceding Medieval era, and probably a rich store of popular music of the late Middle Ages is irretrievably lost. Secular music included songs for one or many voices, forms such as the frottola, chanson and madrigal.
Secular vocal genres included the madrigal, the frottola, the caccia, the chanson in several forms (rondeau, virelai, bergerette, ballade, musique mesurée), the canzonetta, the villancico, the villanella, the villotta, and the lute song.
Purely instrumental music included consort music for recorder or viol and other instruments, and dances for various ensembles.
Common genres were the toccata, the prelude, the ricercar, the canzona, and intabulation (intavolatura, intabulierung). Instrumental ensembles for dances might play a basse danse (or bassedanza), a pavane, a galliard, an allemande, or a courante.
Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.
Theory and notation
According to Margaret Bent (1998), "Renaissance notation is under-prescriptive by our standards; when translated into modern form it acquires a prescriptive weight that overspecifies and distorts its original openness."
intermedio
Renaissance compositions were notated only in individual parts; scores were extremely rare, and barlines were not used. Note values were generally larger than are in use today; the primary unit of beat was the semibreve, or whole note. As had been the case since the Ars Nova (see Medieval music), there could be either two or three of these for each breve (a double-whole note), which may be looked on as equivalent to the modern "measure," though it was itself a note-value and a measure is not. The situation can be considered this way: it is the same as the rule by which in modern music a quarter-note may equal either two eighth-notes or three, which would be written as a "triplet." By the same reckoning, there could so two or three of the next-smaller note, the "minim," (equivalent to the modern "half note") to each semi-breve. These different permutations were called "perfect/imperfect tempus" at the level of the breve-semibreve relationship, "perfect/imperfect prolation" at the level of the semibreve-minim, and existed in all possible combinations with each other. Three-to-one was called "perfect," and two-to-one "imperfect." Rules existed also whereby single notes could be halved or doubled in value ("imperfected" or "altered," respectively{
Guillaume Dufay]
Guillaume Dufay (Du Fay, Du Fayt) (?August 5, 1397 – November 27, 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance. As the central figure in the Burgundian School, he was the most famous and influential composer in Europe in the mid-15th century, and can be considered as the founding member of the Netherlands school which dominated European music for the next 150 years.
Life
From the evidence of his will, he was probably born in Beersel, in the vicinity of Brussels. He was the illegitimate child of an unknown priest and a woman named Marie Du Fayt. Marie moved with her son to Cambrai early in his life, staying with a relative who was a canon of the cathedral there. Soon Dufay was noticed by the cathedral authorities, who evidently gave him a thorough training in music; he was listed as a choirboy from 1409 to 1412. In June 1414, at the age of only 16, he had already been given a benefice as chaplain at St. Géry, immediately adjacent to Cambrai. Later that year he probably went to the Council of Konstanz, staying possibly until 1418, at which time he returned to Cambrai.
From November 1418 to 1420 he was a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral. In 1420 he left Cambrai again, this time going to Rimini, and possibly Pesaro, where he worked for the Malatesta family. Although no records survive of his employment there, several compositions of his can be dated to this period; they contain references which make a residence in Italy reasonably certain. It was there that he met the composers Hugo and Arnold de Lantins, who were among the musicians of the Malatesta household. In 1424 Dufay again returned to Cambrai, this time because of the illness and subsequent death of the relative with whom his mother was staying. By 1426, however, he had gone back to Italy, this time to Bologna, where he entered the service of Cardinal Louis Aleman, the papal legate. While in Bologna he became a deacon, and by 1428 he was a priest.
Cardinal Aleman was driven from Bologna by the rival Canedoli family in 1428, and Dufay also left at this time, going to Rome. He became a member of the Papal Choir, serving first Pope Martin V, and then after the death of Pope Martin in 1431, Pope Eugenius IV. In 1434 he was appointed maistre de chappelle in Savoy, where he served Duke Amédée VIII; evidently he left Rome because of a crisis in the finances of the papal choir, and to escape the turbulence and uncertainty during the struggle between the papacy and the Council of Basel. Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence — Pope Eugenius having been driven from Rome in 1434 by the establishment of an insurrectionary republic there, sympathetic to the Council of Basel and the Conciliar movement. In 1436 Dufay composed the festive motet Nuper rosarum flores, one of his most famous compositions, which was sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence, where Eugenius lived in exile.
During this period Dufay also began his long association with the d'Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance, and with which he probably had become acquainted during the days of his association with the Malatesta family; Rimini and Ferrara are not only geographically close, but the two families were related by marriage, and Dufay composed at least one ballade for Niccolò III, Marquis of Ferrara. In 1437 Dufay visited the town. When Niccolò died in 1441, the next Marquis maintained the contact with Dufay, and not only continued financial support for the composer but copied and distributed some of his music.
The struggle between the papacy and the Council of Basel continued through the 1430s, and evidently Dufay realized that his own position might be threatened by the spreading conflict, especially since Pope Eugenius was deposed in 1439 by the Council and replaced by Duke Amédée of Savoy himself, as Pope (Antipope) Felix V. At this time Dufay returned to his homeland, arriving in Cambrai by December of that year. In order to be a canon at Cambrai, he needed a law degree, which he obtained in 1437; he may have studied at Turin University in 1436. One of the first documents mentioning him in Cambrai is dated December 27, 1440, when he received a delivery of 36 lots of wine for the feast of St. John the Evangelist; how long it took to drink them is not known.
Dufay was to remain in Cambrai through the 1440s, and during this time he was also in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. While in Cambrai he collaborated with Nicolas Grenon on a complete revision of the liturgical musical collection of the cathedral, which included writing an extensive collection of polyphonic music for services. In addition to his musical work, he was active in the general administration of the cathedral. In 1444 his mother Marie died, and was buried in the cathedral; and in 1445 Dufay moved into the house of the previous canon, which was to remain his primary residence for the rest of his life.
After the abdication of the last antipope (Felix V) in 1449, his own former employer Duke Amédée VIII of Savoy, the struggle between different factions within the Church began to heal, and Dufay once again left Cambrai for points south. He went to Turin in 1450, shortly before the death of Duke Amédée, but returned to Cambrai later that year; and in 1452 he went back to Savoy yet again. This time he did not return to Cambrai for six years, and during that time he attempted to find either a benefice or an employment which would allow him to stay in Italy. Numerous compositions, including one of the four Lamentationes that he composed on the fall of Constantinople in 1453, his famous mass based on Se la face ay pale, as well as a letter to Lorenzo de'Medici, survive from this period: but as he was unable to find a satisfactory position for his retirement, he returned north in 1458. While in Savoy he served more-or-less officially as choirmaster for Louis of Savoy, but he was more likely in a ceremonial role, since the records of the chapel never mention him.
When he returned to Cambrai for his final years, he was appointed canon of the cathedral. He was now the most renowned composer in Europe. Once again he established close ties to the court of Burgundy, and continued to compose music for them; in addition he received many visitors, including Busnois, Ockeghem, Tinctoris, and Loyset Compère, all of whom were decisive in the development of the polyphonic style of the next generation. During this period he probably wrote his mass based on L'homme armé, as well as the chanson on the same song; the latter composition may have been inspired by Philip the Good's call for a new crusade against the Turks, who had recently captured Constantinople. He also wrote a Requiem mass around 1460, which is lost.
After an illness of several weeks, Dufay died on November 27, 1474. He had requested that his motet Ave regina celorum be sung for him as he died, with pleas for mercy interpolated between verses of the antiphon, but time was insufficient for this to be arranged. Dufay was buried in the chapel of St. Etienne in the cathedral of Cambrai; his portrait was carved onto his tombstone. After the destruction of the cathedral the tombstone was lost, but it was found in 1859 (it was being used to cover a well), and is now in a museum in Lille.
Music and influence
Dufay was by far the most influential composer of the 15th century, and his music was copied, distributed and sung everywhere that polyphony had taken root. Almost all composers of the succeeding generations absorbed some elements of his style. The wide distribution of his music is all the more impressive considering that he died several decades before the availability of music printing.
Dufay wrote in most of the common forms of the day, including masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, simple chant settings in fauxbourdon, and antiphons within the area of sacred music, and rondeaux, ballades, virelais and a few other chanson types within the realm of secular music. None of his surviving music is specifically instrumental, although instruments were certainly used for some of his secular music, especially for the lower parts; all of his sacred music is vocal. Instruments may have been used to reinforce the voices in actual performance for almost any portion of his output. In all, 11 isorhythmic motets, 8 non-isorhythmic motets, 7 complete masses and many independent movements of masses, 15 settings of the Proper of the mass, 3 Magnificats, 15 antiphons, 24 hymns, and 87 three- or four-voiced French secular songs survive with reliable attribution; in addition, a large amount of the anonymous repertory of the middle 15th century may be his work: assigning works to Dufay based on alleged stylistic similarities has been a favorite pastime of musicologists for at least a hundred years, judging from the copious literature on the subject.
Masses
At the beginning of Dufay's career, the cyclic mass — the setting of all the parts of the Mass Ordinary by a single composer, unified by a common musical means, such as a cantus firmus — was in its infancy. By the end of his career, it the cyclic mass become the predominant and most substantial form of sacred music composition in Europe.
Dufay's first complete cyclic masses, the Missa sine nomine and the Missa S Jacobi, were written before 1440, and contain possibly the earliest use of fauxbourdon. In addition, most of Dufay's early mass composition used the "head motif" technique, i.e. the beginnings of sections shared a common, and easily identifiable, musical idea. However, by the 1450s, Dufay's masses were much influenced by the English style (for example, the music of John Dunstable); his masses of this period mostly use cantus firmus technique, and also isorhythm, as in his motets. The archaic head motif technique he left behind. Still later in the period Dufay began to use a more seamless contrapuntal technique with occasional imitation, a style which foreshadowed the work of Obrecht and Ockeghem. One late mass, the Missa 'Ave regina' , based on a Marian antiphon setting of that name he wrote in 1463, uses all of the techniques Dufay used during his career, and may have been written as a deliberate summation.
Dufay's late masses are all tenor masses, i.e. the cantus firmus is in the tenor. While this style originated in England with composers such as Leonel Power and Dunstable, Dufay brought it to the continent.
Motets
Most of Dufay's motets were relatively early works, and he seems not to have written any during the last thirty years of his life. His motets were apparently not intended for liturgical use, but instead were written for specific occasions, sometimes considerably ceremonial ones. This gives biographers extremely valuable data, since many can be dated exactly.
In style they are isorhythmic, using a structural method which had been in use already for more than a hundred years; and in addition they are compositions of considerable complexity, with the isorhythm often occurring in all voices. Sometimes the sections of the motets themselves are carefully contrived to have a symbolic value, such as in the motet "Nuper rosarum flores", written for the dedication of the Brunelleschi's dome to the cathedral in Florence on 25 March 1436, in which the proportions of the sections exactly match the supposed proportions of Solomon's Temple. Dufay himself probably took part in this performance, and an eyewitness account attests to the presence of numerous string and wind players at the performance, who filled the chamber with their sounds during the impressive ceremony; likely they also accompanied the motet. Dufay evidently thought enough of his own motet to quote its coda at the end of the last isorhythmic motet he ever wrote, Fulgens iubar, in 1447.
Dufay also composed a four laments on the fall of Constantinople (1453). Only one of these survives, (O tres piteulx/Omnes amici eius), written sometime between 1454 and 1457. While technically not classed as a motet, it has a similar texture and uses a cantus firmus.
Chant settings and fauxbourdon
Many of Dufay's compositions were simple settings of chant, obviously designed for liturgical use, likely as substitutes for the unadorned chant, and can be seen as chant harmonizations. Often the harmonization used a technique of parallel writing known as fauxbourdon, as in the following example, a setting of the Marian antiphon Ave maris stella:
Marian antiphon
Dufay may have been the first composer to use the term fauxbourdon to describe this style, which was prominent in 15th century liturgical music, especially that of the Burgundian school.
Secular music
Most of Dufay's secular songs follow the formes fixes (rondeau, ballade, and virelai), which dominated secular European music of the 14th and 15th centuries. He also wrote a handful of Italian ballata, almost certainly while he was in Italy. As is the case with his motets, many of the songs were written for specific occasions, and many are datable, thus supplying useful biographical information.
Most of his songs are for three voices, using a texture dominated by the highest voice; the other two voices, unsupplied with text, were likely played by instruments. Occasionally Dufay used four voices, but in a number of these songs the fourth voice was supplied by a later, usually anonymous, composer. Typically he used the rondeau form when writing love songs. His latest secular songs show influence from Busnois and Ockeghem, and the rhythmic and melodic differentiation between the voices is less; as in the work of other composers of the mid-15th century, he was beginning to tend towards the smooth polyphony which was to become the predominant style fifty years later.
A typical ballade is Resvellies vous et faites chiere lye, which was probably written in 1423 for the marriage of Carlo Malatesta and Vittoria Colonna. The musical form is aabC for each stanza, with C being the refrain. The musical setting emphasizes passages in the text which specifically refer to the couple being married.
Influence
Dufay was not an innovator, with the exception of a few late works, and wrote within a stable tradition. He was one of the last composers to make use of medieval techniques such as isorhythm , but one of the first to use the harmonies, phrasing and expressive melodies characteristic of the early Renaissance . His compositions within the larger genres, masses, motets and chansons, are mostly similar to each other; his renown is largely due to what was perceived as his perfect control of the forms in which he worked, as well as his gift for memorable and singable melody. During the 15th century he was universally regarded as the greatest composer of the time, and that belief has largely persisted to the present day.
Trivia
The Dutch towns of Amsterdam and Eindhoven have named streets for Dufay.
Sound samples
Sound Hear a performance of Dufay's celebrated ballade Se la face ay pale performed by Asteria [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/10_Se_La_Face_Ay_Pale.ogg here].
Notes
# Munrow D, Notes on recording of 'Se la Face ay Pale', Early Music Consort (1974)
# Pryer A, 'Dufay' in New Oxford Companion to Music ed Arnold (1983)
References
- David Fallows, "Dufay", revised edition. London, J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.: 1987. ISBN 0460024930
- Charles Hamm, "Guillaume Dufay", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1561591742
- Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0393095304
- Alejandro Planchart: "Guillaume Du Fay", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 17, 2005), [http://www.grovemusic.com (subscription access)]
- Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 089917034X
Dufay, Guillaume
Dufay, Guillaume
Dufay, Guillaume
Dufay, Guillaume
Dufay, Guillaume
Dufay, Guillaume
ja:ギヨーム・デュファイ
Dutch School (music)In music, the Dutch School refers, somewhat imprecisely, to the style of polyphonic vocal music composition in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The composers of this time and place, and the music they produced, are also known as the Netherlands School. Other frequently used terms for the composers are Franco-Flemish or Netherlandish. See Renaissance music for a more detailed description of the musical style, and links to individual composers from this time.
The composers of this period, however, were by no means all Dutch in the modern geographical sense: Many of them originated in (modern) northern France, Belgium and western parts of Germany. This part of Europe was collectively known as the Netherlands, Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands or Seventeen Provinces. During periods of political stability, it was a center of cultural activity for more than two hundred years, although the exact centers shifted location during this time, and by the end of the sixteenth century the focal point of the musical world shifted from this region to Italy.
While many of the composers were born in the region loosely known as the Netherlands, they were famous for working elsewhere. Netherlanders moved to Italy, to Spain, to towns in Germany and France and other parts of Europe, carrying their styles with them. The diffusion of their technique, especially after the revolutionary development of printing, produced the first true international style since the unification of Gregorian chant in the 9th century.
Following are five groups, or generations, that are sometimes distinguished in the Netherlands school. It should be noted that development of the musical style was continuous, and these generations only provide useful reference points.
- The First generation (1420-1450), dominated by Dufay and Binchois; this group of composers is most often known as the Burgundian School
- The Second generation (1450-1485), with Ockeghem as its main exponent
- The Third generation (1480-1520): Obrecht, Isaac and Josquin
- The Fourth generation (1520-1560): Willaert and Clemens non Papa
- The Fifth generation (1560-1600): Lassus. By this time, many of the composers of polyphonic music were native to Italy and other countries: the Netherlandish style had naturalized on foreign soil, and become a true European style.
Category:Music history
Category:Renaissance music
Hainaut
Hainaut (-French, Dutch: Henegouwen, German: Hennegau, Walloon: Hinnot) is the westernmost province of Wallonia, in Belgium. It borders on (clockwise from the North) the Belgian provinces of West Flanders, East Flanders, Flemish Brabant, Walloon Brabant and Namur, and France. Its capital is Mons. It has a surface area of 3800 km² and is divided into seven administrative districts (French: arrondissements) which contain 69 municipalities. A somewhat old-fashioned English version is Hainault.
See the medieval history of the County of Hainaut.
Districts
Ath District
- Ath
- Beloeil
- Bernissart
- Brugelette
- Chièvres
- Ellezelles
- Flobecq
- Frasnes-lez-Anvaing
Charleroi District
- Aiseau-Presles
- Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont
- Charleroi
- Châtelet
- Courcelles
- Farciennes
- Fleurus
- Fontaine-l'Evêque
- Gerpinnes
- Les Bons Villers
- Manage
- Montigny-le-Tilleul
- Pont-à-Celles
- Seneffe
Mons District
- Boussu
- Colfontaine
- Dour
- Frameries
- Hensies
- Honnelles
- Jurbise
- Lens
- Mons
- Quaregnon
- Quévy
- Quiévrain
- Saint-Ghislain
Mouscron District
- Comines-Warneton
- Mouscron
Soignies District
- Braine-le-Comte
- Ecaussinnes
- Enghien
- La Louvière
- Le Roeulx
- Lessines
- Silly
- Soignies
Thuin District
- Anderlues
- Beaumont
- Binche
- Chimay
- Erquelinnes
- Estinnes
- Froidchapelle
- Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes
- Lobbes
- Merbes-le-Château
- Momignies
- Morlanwelz
- Sivry-Rance
- Thuin
Tournai District
- Antoing
- Brunehaut
- Celles
- Estaimpuis
- Leuze-en-Hainaut
- Mont-de-l'Enclus
- Pecq
- Péruwelz
- Rumes
- Tournai
External links
- [http://www.hainaut.be/ Official web site of the Hainaut province] (available in French)
- [http://hainaut.wallonie.be/ Official gateway to the Hainaut] (available in French and Dutch [http://hainaut.wallonie.be/spip/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=32])
- [http://www.ccic.be/ The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Hainaut] (available in French and English)
- [http://www.eichainaut.be/ Euro Info Centre Hainaut] (available in French)
Category:Provinces of Belgium
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Category:NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe
1440For alternative meanings, see number 1440.
Events
- October 22 - Gilles de Rais confesses and is sentenced to death
- Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I, Moctezuma Ilhuicamina.
- End of term for Regent of Sweden Karl Knutsson Bonde.
- Murad II lays seige to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city.
Births
- January 22 - Ivan III of Russia (d. 1505)
- February 22 - King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (died 1457)
- Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (died 1531)
- Kabir, Indian mystic (died 1518)
- Jorge Manrique, Spanish poet (died 1479)
Deaths
- March 9 - St Frances of Rome, Italian nun (born 1384)
- March 20 - Sigismond Korybut, Grand Prince of Lithuania
- September 30 - Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn, English soldier and politician
- October 26 - Gilles de Rais, French soldier (born 1404)
- November 13 - Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland
- Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg (born 1371)
- Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
- Johann Schiltberger, German traveller and writer (born 1381)
- Giovanni Vitelleschi, Italian bishop and soldier
- Henry Wardlaw, Scottish church leader
Category:1440
ko:1440년
1459
Events
- September 23 - Battle of Blore Heath. Yorkists under the Earl of Salisbury defeat a Lancastrian force.
- October 12 - Due to the advance of a royal force on his fortress of Ludlow, The Duke of York flees to Ireland, while his ally Warwick goes to Calais.
- City of Jodhpur, in western India, founded by Rao Jodha of Marwar.
Births
- March 2 - Pope Adrian VI (died 1523)
- March 6 - Jacob Fugger, German banker (d. 1525)
- March 22 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1519)
- October 6 - Martin Behaim, German explorer and cartographer (died 1507)
- Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne (died 1495)
- Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (died 1537)
- Edward Poyning, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (died 1521)
Deaths
- March 3 - Ausiàs March, Catalan poet (b. 1397)
- October 30 - Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (born 1380)
- December 4 - Adolf VIII, Duke of Southern Jutland (b. 1401)
- James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (born 1400)
- Eric of Pomerania, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (born 1382)
- John Fastolf, English soldier
Category:1459
ko:1459년
1474
Events
- December 12 - Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile and her sister Juana who was supported by her husband, Alfonso V of Portugal. Isabella won the civil war after a lengthy struggle when her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, the newly crowned king of Aragon, comes to her aid.
Births
- March 1 - Angela Merici, Italian religious leader and saint (died 1540)
- May 18 - Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (died 1539)
- September 8 - Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (died 1533)
- October 13 - Mariotto Albertinelli, Italian painter (died 1515)
- Edward Guilford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (died 1534)
- Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, Mexican Catholic saint (died 1548)
- Giacomo Pacchiarotti, Italian painter
- Sir John Seymour, English courtier (approximate date; died 1536)
- Cuthbert Tunstall, English church leader (died 1559)
- Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England (approximate date; died 1499)
Deaths
- November 27 - Guillaume Dufay, Flemish composer
- December 12 - King Henry IV of Castile
- Gomes Eannes de Azurara, Portuguese chronicler
- William Canynge, English merchant
- James III of Cyprus (born 1473)
- Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter
- Walter Frye, English composer
- Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (born 1391)
- Jehan de Waurin, French chronicler
Category:1474
ko:1474년
1480s
----
Events and Trends
- England - House of Tudor defeats House of York, end of the War of the Roses - Henry VII of England starts 70 years of stable Tudor rule.
Category:1480s
ko:1480년대
17th century
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar.
Gregorian calendar, Iran (completed 1638) is considered to be one of the world's greatest architectural achievements.]]
1638.]]
Events
- 1602: Dutch East India Company founded. Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.
- 1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
- 1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu seizes control of Japan and establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate which rules the country until 1868.
- 1603-23: After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands Persia by capturing territory from the Ottomans and the Portuguese.
- 1605: Gunpowder Plot foiled in England.
- 1607: The London Company establishes the Jamestown Settlement in North America precipitating the British colonization of the Americas.
- 1608: Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain in New France (present-day Canada).
- 1613: The Time of Troubles in Russia ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov which rules until 1917.
- 1615: The Mughal Empire grants extensive trading rights to the British East India Company.
- 1618-48: The Thirty Years' War devastates Central Europe.
- 1624-42: As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu centralizes power in France.
- 1625: New Amsterdam founded by the Dutch West India Company in North America.
- 1637: The Dutch tulip mania bubble bursts.
- 1637: The Pequot War, the first of the American Indian Wars
- 1638: Completion of the Shah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran, instigated by Shah Abbas I of Safavid Persia.
- 1639-51: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and England.
- 1640: Portugal regains its independence from Spain bringing an end to the Iberian Union.
- 1640: Torture is outlawed in England.
- 1641: The Tokugawa Shogunate institutes Sakoku- foreigners are expelled and no one is allowed to enter or leave Japan.
- 1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming Dynasty. The subsequent Qing Dynasty rules until 1912.
- 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.
- 1648-53: Fronde civil war in France.
- 1648-67: The Deluge wars leave Poland in ruins.
- 1648-69: The Ottoman Empire captures Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia.
- 1652: Cape Town founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.
- 1652: Anglo-Dutch Wars begin.
- 1653: The Taj Mahal in India is completed.
- 1655-61: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power.
- 1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration.
- 1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins.
- 1662: Koxinga captures Taiwan from the Dutch and founds the Kingdom of Tungning which rules until 1683.
- 1664: British troops capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York.
- 1665: Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire.
- 1667-99: The Great Turkish war halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.
- 1670: The Hudson's Bay Company is founded in Canada.
- 1674: | | |
