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Jovan Cvijić

Jovan Cvijić

Jovan Cvijić (Cyrillic Јован Цвијић) (1865 - 1927) was the greatest Serbian geographer, president of the Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences, and rector of Belgrade University. Jovan Cvijić was born on October 11th (September 29th, Julian calendar) 1865 in Loznica (Лозница). His father was Todor Cvijić, merchant by ocupation. His mother was Marija, maiden name Avramović, from Korenita, a village in the Jadar area, which is close to Tronoša Monastery and Tršić, village where Vuk Stefanović Karadžić was born. He finished primary school in Loznica, and lower gimnasium in Loznica and Šabac. Cvijić finished higher gimnasium in Belgrade, in First Belgrade Gimnasium. When he finished gimnasium in 1884, Cvijić wanted to study medicine aboard, but his municipality couldn't pay his scholarship. His professor from Šabac gimnasium, Vladimir Karić, suggested he attend geography lectures at Great School in Belgrade. Cvijić did that, and entered the Nature-mathematics section of Great School. He finished his studies in the year of 1888. For one school-year he was a lecturer in Second Belgrade Gimnasium. After that, in 1889, he started studies of physical geography and geology at Vienna University with state scholarship. Cvijić finished his studies in Vienna in 1892, and in 1893 he defended his doctor disertation on subject "Das Karstphänomen" on the same university. March, 1893 he became regular professor of Phylosophy Faculty of Great School in Belgrade. First he held physical geography and etnography lectures, and later only geography lectures. He started his scientific work while a student at Great School, when he wrote "Appendix to our geographical terminology," and continued as high-school professor, and student in Vienna, when he examined geography of eastern Serbia, Istra and Adriatic and on this topic he wrote several works and his dissertation. His whole life he dedicated to examination of Serbia and Balkans, and he almost every year he traveled across the Balkans. Apart from pure geography, Cvijić is known for his work in geology (geomorphology, tectonics, paleogeology, neotectonics). His monography about Karst generated very positive reviews in European scientific circles, and his speech about the structure and classification of mountains on The Balkan Peninsula based on geology-tectonic knowledge made him famous as the first Southern-Slavic geotectonist. He always included geology in his geography works. His two books named "Geomorphology" are valuable even today, and represent outstanding base for modern research. He also explored Balkans' psychology types. In 1905, when Belgrade University was founded, he was among first eight regular professors, who elected the rest of the staff. He founded Geography College of Philosophy Faculty in 1893 and was the Head of it from the start until 1927. Together with other geographers and natural scientists he founded the Serbian Geography Society 1910 in Belgrade. He was the president of this society until his death. He was twice rector of Belgrade University in 1906/07 and in 1919/20. Cvijić was known world-wide among scientists, and received many acknowledgements. He became Associate of the Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences on February 5th 1896, and full member on February 4th, 1899. By the act he became a president of The Serbian Royal Academy, on April 12th 1921. He held this position for the rest of his life. Beside this, he was an associate of The USSR Science Academy, Yugoslav Acedemy of Sciences and Arts, Science association Parnasos (Athens), honorable doctor on Sorbona and Czech University (Prague). He was honorable member of many geographical, etnographical, natural science, and other associations across the world (Petrograd, Budapest, Bucharest and others). He received English, French and American medals for scientific achievements. For more than 30 years of intense scientific works, he published many significant works. One of most important is "Balkan peninsula". The most important works(on geology) include:
- Geography researches in area of Kucaj in Eastern Serbia, 1893;
- Das Karstphänomen, 1893, Wien;
- Karst, 1895;
- Structure and classification of the Balkan Peninsula mountains, 1902;
- Die Tektonik der Balkanhalbinsel mit besonderer Berückichtigung der neueren Fortschritte in der Kenntnis der Geologie von Bulgarien, Serbien und Mazedonien, 1904, Wien;
- Fondaments of geography and geology of Macedonia and old Serbia I-III, 1906-1911;
- Grundlinien der Geographie und Geologie von Mazedonien und Alt-Serbien. Nebst Beobachtungen in Thrazien, Thessalien, Epirus und Nordalbanien, 1908, Gotha;
- Lake plastics of Sumadija, 1909;
- Geomorphology I-II, 1924, 1926. Over 30 years he traveled through Balkans, which resulted in number of works, and founding "anthropogeographic school". Typical of his work is analysis of the influence of climate and geography on human building patterns (morphology). Cvijić was among first to emphasize that humans are ecosensibile creatures. When it comes to forming of anthropology types Cvijić underlines social structure (occupation), endogamy and exogamy and migration as primary factors. Particularly strong is influence of geography environment on etnopsychological characteristics of population – basic concepts of this state, Cvijić gave in his work anthropogeographical problem of Balkan peninsula, which is further elaborated in the work Balkan peninsula and Southern-Slavic countries (Cvijic, J.: Balkan peninsula and Southern-Slavic countries, II, Belgrade 1931). This work was first published in French language, and in 1922 expanded and printed in Serbian. – Etnopsychological typisation that Cvijić gave in this works, was ideologically severely criticized after World War II in Yugoslavia. He died on January 16th 1927, in Belgrade, at age of 62. On November 21st and 22nd 2002, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts organised a [http://www.sanu.ac.yu/ciril/skupovi/cvijic.htm scientific meeting "Social-political work of Jovan Cvijić"] There is [http://www.mgb.org.yu/srp/pmuz/cvijic/cvijic.htm Jovan Cvijic Memorial museum] in his family house in Belgrade (5, Jelena Cetkovic street). This house was built in 1905 and since 1963 is under protecton of state. In this house is legacy of Jovan Cvijić with 1463 items. There is a geographic institute "Jovan Cvijic" in Belgrade, number of schools and streets in Serbia are named after him. He even entered Djordje Balašević's (famous singer in Serbia) song (Some new kids: "And in Jovan Cvijic's street some new kids grow now..."). Without a doubt, Jovan Cvijić is the biggest and most significant Serbian geographer. His students continued his work, and six of them later became members of Serbian Academy, for example: Pavle Vujevic, Borivoje Z. Milojevic or Milisav Lutovac. His life was particularly well-researched by geographer Milorad Vasovic who wrote a 454 pages book "Jovan Cvijic - scientist, public worker, statesman", 1994.

Jovan Cvijic's works on Internet


- [http://www.rastko.org.yu/antropologija/cvijic/govori-clanci/jcvijic-iseljavanje_c.html About immigration of Bosnian Muhamedians]
- [http://www.rastko.org.yu/antropologija/cvijic/govori-clanci/jcvijic-aneksija_c.html Anexy of Bosnia and Hercegovina and Serbian issue]
- [http://www.srpsko-nasledje.co.yu/sr-c/1998/10/article-3.html Jovan Cvijic about nacional work]

External links


- [http://www.loznica.com/licnosti/cvijic.html Biography on Loznica site]
- [http://www.sanu.ac.yu/ciril/recnik/Biografije/CvijicJovan.htm Biography on Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts site]
- [http://www.mgb.org.yu/srp/pmuz/cvijic/cvijic.htm Jovan Cvijic museum] Cvijic, Jovan Cvijic, Jovan Cvijic, Jovan

1865

1865 is a common year starting on Sunday.

Events


- January 31 - American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.
- February - The only month in any year that might not have a Full moon.
- February 17 - American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces.
- February 22 - Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.
- March 3 - The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Freedmen's Bureau.
- March 13 - American Civil War: The Confederate States of America reluctantly agrees to the use of African American troops.
- March 18 - American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.
- March 19 - American Civil War: The Battle of Bentonville begins. By the end of the battle on the 21st the Confederate forces had retreated from Greenville, North Carolina.
- March 25 - The "Claywater Meteorite" explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin. Fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg were recovered.
- March 25 - American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Steadman from the Union.
- April 1 - American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks - In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
- April 2 - American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis and most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia which is taken the next day.
- April 6 - German Chemicals producer, Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik(BASF) founded in Mannheim.
- April 9 - American Civil War: General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the American Civil War.
- April 14 - US President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
- April 21 - German Chemicals producer BASF moves its headquarters and factories from Mannheim to the Hemshof District of Ludwigshafen.
- April 26
  - Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth and cavalryman Boston Corbett shoots the assassin dead.
  - American Civil War: Confederate General Joseph Johnston surrenders his army to General William Tecumseh Sherman at Durham Station, North Carolina.
- April 27 - The steamboat Sultana, carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,700, most of whom were Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.
- May 1 - Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed - War of the Triple Alliance has already begun.
- May 4 - American Civil War: Confederate General Richard Taylor, commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General E.R.S. Canby at Citronelle, Alabama.
- May 5 - In North Bend, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati), the first train robbery in the United States takes place.
- May 10 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops near Irwinville, Georgia.
- May 13 - American Civil War: Battle of Palmito Ranch - In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war ends with a Confederate victory.
- May 23 - Parade down Pennsylvania Ave in Washington, DC to celebrate the ending of the American Civil War.
- May 25 - Mobile magazine explosion: 300 are killed in Mobile, Alabama when an ordnance depot explodes.
- June 2 - American Civil War ends - Confederate forces west of the Mississippi under General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, becoming the last to do so.
- June 11 - Brazilian navy squadron defeats Paraguayan navy at Riachualo.
- June 19 - American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation. This event is celebrated each year as Juneteenth.
- June 23 - American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant rebel army.
- July 2 - Salvation Army founded in Whitechapel, London
- July 4 - Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
- July 5
  - William Booth founds the Christian Mission (later renamed to the Salvation Army).
  - US Secret Service founded.
  - First speed limit introduced in Britain - 2 mph in town and 4 mph in the country
- July 14 - The summit of the Matterhorn in the Alps is reached for the first time; four of the party of seven die in a fall during the descent.
- July 21 - In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots Dave Tutt dead in what is regarded as the first true western showdown.
- July 27 - Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.
- October 11 - Paul Bogle led hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.
- November 10 - Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the only American Civil War soldier to be executed for war crimes.
- November 26 -Battle of Papudo; Spanish ship Covadonga captured by Chileans and Peruvians.
- December 10 - Léopold II becomes King of Belgium.
- December 11 - U.S. Congress created the Appropriations Committee and the Committee on Banking and Commerce. Reducing the tasks of the Committee on Ways and Means.
- December 18 - Thirteenth Constitutional amendment declared ratified by three-fourths of the States of the United States. It forever abolished slavery.
- December 24 - Several US Civil War Confederate veterans form the Ku Klux Klan.

Undated


- Gregor Mendel formulates his theories of Mendelian inheritance- they are mainly ignored for years.
- A forest fire near Silverton, Oregon destroys about one million acres (4,000 km²) of timber.
- Last volume of Annals of Joseon Dynasty published.
- National Temperance Society and Publishing House founded by James Black

Births


- January 5 - Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (d. 1920)
- January 28 - Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland (d. 1952)
- February 12 - Kazimierz Tetmajer, Polish writer (d. 1940)
- February 19 - Sven Hedin, Swedish scientist and explorer (d. 1952)
- February 21 - John Haden Badley, author and educator (d. 1967)
- March 15 - Edith Maude Eaton, English-born writer (d. 1914)
- March 19 - William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist (d. 1937)
- April 1 - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1929)
- April 9 - Erich Ludendorff, German general (d. 1937)
- May 2 - Clyde Fitch, American dramatist (d. 1909)
- May 25 - John Mott, American YMCA leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
- May 25 - Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
- May 26 - Robert W. Chambers, American artist (d. 1933)
- June 2 - George Lohmann, English cricketer (d. 1901)
- June 3 - King George V of the United Kingdom (d. 1936)
- June 9 - Albéric Magnard, French composer (d. 1914)
- June 13 - William Butler Yeats, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1939)
- July 23 - Max Heindel, Danish-born Christian occultist, astrologer, and mystic (d. 1919)
- July 29 - Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (d. 1936)
- August 2 - Irving Babbitt, American literary critic (d. 1933)
- August 24 - King Ferdinand of Romania (d. 1927)
- August 27 - James Henry Breasted, American Egyptologist (d. 1935)
- August 27 - Charles G. Dawes, Vice President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1951)
- September 11 - Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (d. 1929)
- October 1 - Paul Dukas, French composer (d. 1935)
- October 12 - Arthur Harden, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
- October 17 - James Rudolph Garfield, U.S. politician (d. 1950)
- October 26 - Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (d. 1912)
- October 27 - Tinsley Lindley, English footballer (d. 1940)
- November 2 - Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States (d. 1923)
- December 8 - Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (d. 1957)
- December 30 - Rudyard Kipling, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)

Deaths


- April 1 - John Milton, Governor of Florida (b. 1807)
- April 2 - A.P. Hill, American Confederate general (b. 1825)
- April 15 - Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (b. 1809)
- April 26 - John Wilkes Booth, American actor and assassin of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1838)
- August 12 - William Jackson Hooker, English botanist (b. 1785)
- September 2 - William Rowan Hamilton, Irish mathematician (b. 1805)
- October 16 - Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (b. 1781)
- October 18 - Lord Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1784)
- November 12 - Elizabeth Gaskell, British novelist and biographer (b. 1810)
- November 28 - William Machin Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (b. 1789)
- December 10 - Léopold I of Belgium (b. 1790
- James Barry, British military surgeon Category:1865 ko:1865년 ms:1865 simple:1865 th:พ.ศ. 2408

Belgrade University

University of Belgrade is the highest educational institution in Belgrade and Serbia and Montenegro. The University has 30 faculties, 8 scientific research institutes and its university library. Though its roots go back to 1808 when the Great School was founded in Belgrade, it officially became university on February 27 1905. At the time it had three faculties: of engineering, law and philosophy. The University was located in Captain Misa's building where its Rectorate is still located. The University has around 60,000 students which can choose from around 150 basic educational programs, around 1,700 postgraduates and a number of specialisants. Since its founding, the University has educated almost 260,000 bachelors, around 14,000 masters and 8,500 doctors. __FORCETOC__

Faculties


- Faculty of Architecture
- Faculty of Biology
- Faculty of Defectology
- Faculty of Economics
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering
- Faculty of Civil Defence
- Faculty of Sports
- Faculty of Orthodox Theology
- Faculty of Organizational Sciences
- Faculty of Political Sciences
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Philosophy
- Faculty of Philology
- Faculty of Physics
- Faculty of Geography
- Faculty of Civil Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Faculty of Mathematics
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Medicine
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Faculty of Law
- Faculty of Mining and Geology
- Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering
- Faculty of Stomatology
- Faculty of Forestry
- Faculty of Engineering in Bor
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
- Faculty of Teacher-Training
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

See also


- List of universities in Serbia and Montenegro

External link


- [http://www.bg.ac.yu Official site]
- [http://www.beograd.org.yu/english/zivot/obrnauka/univerz/ University page at Beograd.org.yu]
- [http://www.infostud.com/ INFOSTUD Information Center] Category:Colleges and universities Category:Serbian culture

October 11th

October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years). There are 81 days remaining.

Events


- 1582 - Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
- 1614 - Adriaen Block and 12 Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the New Netherland colony.
- 1776 - American Revolution: Battle of Valcour Island - On Lake Champlain 15 American gunboats are defeated but give Patriot forces enough time to prepare defenses of New York City.
- 1809 - Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.
- 1811 - Inventor John Stevens' boat, the Juliana, begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry (service between New York, New York, and Hoboken, New Jersey).
- 1850 - The University of Sydney is established in Sydney, Australia, with a staff of three professors and 24 students as the nation's oldest university.
- 1862 - American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the north.
- 1865 - Paul Bogle led hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.
- 1890 - In Washington, DC, the Daughters of the American Revolution is founded.
- 1899 - Boer War begins: In South Africa, a war between the United Kingdom and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State erupts.
- 1906 - San Francisco public school board sparks United States diplomatic crisis with Japan by ordering Japanese students to be taught in racially segregated schools.
- 1910 - Ex-president Theodore Roosevelt goes on his first airplane ride, in St Louis, with Arch Hoxsey as his pilot. Roosevelt almost falls out of the airplane while waving to the crowd below and Hoxsey pulls him back. This however made Roosevelt the first U.S. president to fly in an airplane.
- 1929 - JC Penney opens store #1252 in Milford, Delaware, making it a nationwide company with stores in all 48 U.S. states.
- 1930 - Collingwood Football Club in Melbourne, Australia, won the premiership (football competition) for the fourth consecutive year.
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Cape Esperance - On the northwest coast of Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships intercept and defeat a Japanese fleet on their way to reinforce troops on the island.
- 1950 - The U.S. Federal Communications Commission issues the first license to broadcast television in color, to CBS (RCA will successfully dispute and block the license from taking effect, however).
- 1954 - First Indochina War: The Viet Minh take control of North Vietnam.
- 1958 - Pioneer program: NASA launches the lunar probe Pioneer 1 (the probe falls back to Earth and burns up).
- 1962 - Second Vatican Council: Pope John XXIII convenes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.
- 1967 - Afghan Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal resigns for health reasons
- 1968 - Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first successful manned Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn F. Eisele and Walter Cunningham aboard.
- 1975 - Saturday Night Live debuts with George Carlin as the guest host.
- 1984 - Aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.
- 1986 - Cold War: U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, in an effort to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe.
- 1987 - March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights attracts between 500,000 and 600,000 people to protest the Bowers v. Hardwick decision and the U.S. government's handling of the AIDS epidemic; first public display of the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt.
- 1998 - A Congo Air Lines Boeing 727 is shot down by rebels in Kindu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing 40
- 1999 - The Lord of the Rings movies begin principal photography.
- 2001 - The Polaroid Corporation files for federal bankruptcy protection.
- 2002 - A bomb attack in a shopping mall in Vantaa, Finland. See Myyrmanni bombing.

Births


- 1616 - Andreas Gryphius, German writer (d. 1664)
- 1661 - Melchior de Polignac, French diplomat (d. 1742)
- 1671 - King Frederick IV of Denmark (d. 1730)
- 1675 - Samuel Clarke, English philosopher (d. 1729)
- 1738 - Arthur Phillip, British admiral, Governor of New South Wales (d. 1814)
- 1758 - Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers, German astronomer (d. 1840)
- 1788 - Simon Sechter, Austrian music teacher (d. 1867)
- 1815 - Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte, Italian-born adventurer and politician (d.1881)
- 1821 - George Williams, English founder of the YMCA (d. 1905)
- 1844 - Henry Heinz, American food manufacturer (d. 1916)
- 1863 - Louis Cyr, Canadian strongman (d. 1912)
- 1872 - Harlan F. Stone, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1946)
- 1881 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist
- 1884 - Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
- 1884 - Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States (d. 1962)
- 1885 - François Mauriac, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- 1895 - Jakov Gotovac, Croatian composer (d. 1982)
- 1918 - Jerome Robbins, American choreographer (d. 1998)
- 1919 - Art Blakey, American jazz drummer (d. 1990)
- 1919 - Jean Vander Pyl, American voice actress (d. 1999)
- 1924 - Mal Whitfield, American athlete
- 1925 - Elmore Leonard, American novelist
- 1926 - Neville Wran, Premier of New South Wales
- 1928 - Alfonso de Portago, Spanish race car driver (d. 1957)
- 1930 - Sam Johnson, American politician
- 1932 - Dottie West, American singer (d. 1991)
- 1937 - Bobby Charlton, English former professional footballer
- 1939 - Maria Bueno, Brazilian tennis player
- 1942 - Amitabh Bachchan, Indian actor, singer, and producer
- 1943 - John Nettles, English actor
- 1946 - Sawao Kato, Japanese gymnast
- 1949 - Daryl Hall, American musician
- 1951 - Jean-Jacques Goldman, French singer and songwriter
- 1953 - David Morse, American actor
- 1956 - Nicanor Duarte Frutos, President of Paraguay
- 1957 - Dawn French, Welsh comedienne
- 1961 - Steve Young, American football player
- 1962 - Nicola Bryant, British actress
- 1962 - Joan Cusack, American actress and comedienne
- 1966 - Luke Perry, American actor
- 1969 - Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands
- 1970 - U-God, American rapper
- 1972 - Claudia Black, Australian actress
- 1973 - Dmitri Young, baseball player
- 1974 - Jason Arnott, Canadian hockey player
- 1977 - Claudia Palacios, Colombian television journalist
- 1977 - Ty Wigginton, baseball player
- 1985 - Michelle Trachtenberg, American actress
- 1989 - Michelle Wie, American golfer

Deaths


- 1188 - Robert I of Dreux, son of Louis VI of France
- 1303 - Pope Boniface VIII
- 1347 - Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1282)
- 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss Protestant leader (b. 1484)
- 1611 - John Cowell, English jurist (b. 1554)
- 1705 - Guillaume Amontons, French physicist and instrument maker (b. 1663)
- 1708 - Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, German mathematician (b. 1651)
- 1721 - Edward Colston, English merchant and philanthropist (b. 1636)
- 1725 - Hans Herr, Swiss-born Mennonite bishop (b. 1639)
- 1779 - Casimir Pulaski, Polish fighter for American independence (b. 1745)
- 1809 - Meriwether Lewis, American explorer (suicide) (b. 1774)
- 1811 - Johann Conrad Ammann, Swiss physician and naturalist (b. 1724)
- 1852 - Ferdinand Eisenstein, German mathematician (b. 1823)
- 1889 - James Prescott Joule, English physicist (b. 1818)
- 1896 - Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer (b. 1824)
- 1896 - Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1829)
- 1935 - Steele Rudd, Australian author (b. 1868)
- 1940 - Lluís Companys, President of Generalitat of Catalonia (shot) (b. 1882)
- 1961 - Chico Marx, American comedian (b. 1887)
- 1963 - Jean Cocteau, French writer (b. 1889)
- 1963 - Édith Piaf, French singer and actress (b. 1915)
- 1965 - Dorothea Lange, American photographer (b. 1895)
- 1976 - Alfredo Bracchi, Italian author (b. 1897)
- 1977 - MacKinlay Kantor, American author (b. 1904)
- 1989 - M. King Hubbert, American geophysicist (b. 1904)
- 1991 - Steven Jesse Bernstein, poet (suicide)
- 1991 - Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
- 1993 - Jess Thomas, American tenor (b. 1927)
- 1996 - Lars Ahlfors, Finnish mathematician (b. 1907)
- 2000 - Donald Dewar, First Minister of the Scottish Parliament (b. 1937)
- 2004 - Keith Miller, Australian sportsman (b. 1919)
- 2005 - Edward Szczepanik, Polish economist and Prime Minister in exile (b. 1915)

Holidays


- Roman Empire - Meditrinalia is held in honor of Meditrina
- RC Saints - memorial of the blessed Pope John XXIII
- United States - National Coming Out Day (not a federal holiday)
- United States - in Indiana:General Pulaski Memorial Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/11 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 10 - October 12 - September 11 - November 11 – more historical anniversaries ko:10월 11일 ms:11 Oktober ja:10月11日 simple:October 11 th:11 ตุลาคม

September 29th

September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years). There are 93 days remaining.

Events


- 61 BC - Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph, for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
- 48 BC - Ptolemy XIII of Egypt had Pompey murdered and his head cut off on his 58th birthday. Pompey's head and ring were kept for Julius Caesar.
- AD 855 - Pope Benedict III becomes pope.
- 1364 - Battle of Auray: English forces defeat French at Brittany; end of the Breton War of Succession
- 1567 - At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
- 1789 - The U.S. War Department first establishes regular army with a strength of several hundred men.
- 1789 - The first U.S. Congress adjourns.
- 1829 - London's reorganized police force, the Metropolitan Police, becomes the first official police department in the world.
- 1864 - American Civil War: The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought.
- 1902 - Impresario David Belasco's first Broadway theater opens.
- 1907 - The cornerstone is laid at Washington National Cathedral in the U.S. capital.
- 1918 - The Hindenburg Line is broken by Allied forces during World War I.
- 1938 - Britain, France, Nazi Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.
- 1939 - Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
- 1941 - The Babi Yar massacre begins.
- 1943 - U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Italian Marshal Pietro Badoglio sign an armistice aboard the British ship Nelson off the shore of Malta.
- 1954 - The convention establishing CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.
- 1961 - The New York Times publishes music critic Robert Shelton's review of a performance from little known singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, which will lead to Dylan's discovery by Columbia Records representative John Hammond
- 1962 - Alouette 1, the first Canadian satellite is launched.
- 1963 - The second period of the Second Vatican Council opens.
- 1964 - Argentine cartoonist Quino publishes his first Mafalda comic strip.
- 1965 - The NSA memorial lists ten agents lost on this date.
- 1972 - Sino-Japanese relations: Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.
- 1983 - Ornette Coleman Day in Fort Worth, Texas by mayoral proclamation.
- 1988 - NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster.
- 1992 - Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello resigns.
- 1996 - Super Mario 64, a revolutionary platformer game for the Nintendo 64, is released in the United States.
- 2001 - The Syracuse Herald-Journal, a U.S. newspaper dating back to 1839, ceases publication.
- 2003 - Hurricane Juan makes landfall at Nova Scotia.
- 2004 - The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.
- 2004 - The Burt Rutan Ansari X Prize entry SpaceShipOne performed a successful spaceflight, thereby halfway to winning the prize.
- 2004 - Baseball: The Montreal Expos play their last game at Olympic Stadium.
- 2005 - US Senate confirms The Honorable John Roberts to be the next Chief Justice of the United States.

Births


- 106 BC - Pompey, Roman statesman and general (d. 48 BC)
- AD 1321 - John of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (d. 1387)
- 1328 - Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (d. 1385)
- 1388 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. 1421)
- 1511 - Michael Servetus, Spanish humanist (d. 1553)
- 1547 - Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author (d. 1616)
- 1548 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1626)
- 1561 - Adriaan van Roomen, Flemish mathematician (d. 1615)
- 1636 - Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1715)
- 1639 - Lord William Russell, English politician (d. 1683)
- 1640 - Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor (d. 1720)
- 1678 - Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles, French soldier (d. 1766)
- 1691 - Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (d. 1781)
- 1703 - François Boucher, French painter (d. 1770)
- 1725 - Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British general and statesman (d. 1774)
- 1758 - Horatio Nelson, British admiral (d. 1805)
- 1786 - Guadalupe Victoria, first President of Mexico (d. 1843)
- 1810 - Elizabeth Gaskell, British novelist (d. 1865)
- 1843 - Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (d. 1882)
- 1864 - Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer and philosopher (d. 1936)
- 1895 - J.B. Rhine, American parapsychologist (d. 1980).
- 1901 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
- 1901 - Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (d. 1981)
- 1904 - Greer Garson, British actress (d. 1996)
- 1907 - Gene Autry, American actor, singer, and businessman (d. 1998)
- 1908 - Eddie Tolan, American athlete (d. 1967)
- 1912 - Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian film director
- 1913 - Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)
- 1913 - Stanley Kramer, American film director (d. 2001)
- 1920 - Peter D. Mitchell, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1931 - James Watson Cronin, American nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1931 - Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress
- 1934 - Lance Gibbs, West Indian cricketer
- 1935 - Jerry Lee Lewis, American musician
- 1936 - Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy
- 1938 - Wim Kok, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- 1939 - Larry Linville, American actor (d. 2000)
- 1942 - Madeline Kahn, American actress (d. 1999)
- 1942 - Bill Nelson, U.S. Senator from Florida
- 1942 - Ian McShane, British actor
- 1942 - Jean-Luc Ponty, French jazz violinist
- 1943 - Lech Wałęsa, President of Poland, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1948 - Bryant Gumbel, American television personality
- 1951 - Michelle Bachelet, Chilean politician
- 1951 - Andrés Caicedo, Colombian writer (d. 1977)
- 1951 - Maureen Caird, Australian hurdler
- 1952 - Max Sandlin, American politician
- 1956 - Sebastian Coe, British athlete
- 1957 - Andrew Dice Clay, American comedian and actor
- 1960 - Jennifer Rush, American singer
- 1961 - Rebecca DeMornay, American actress
- 1963 - Dave Andreychuk, Canadian hockey player
- 1964 - Les Claypool, American bassist (Primus)
- 1966 - Jill Whelan, American actress
- 1970 - Emily Lloyd, British actress
- 1976 - Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian footballer
- 1978 - Kurt Nilsen, Norwegian singer
- 1981 - Siarhei Rutenka, Belarusian handball player
- 1982 - Ariana Jollee, American actress and director

Deaths


- 48 BC - Pompey, the Great, Roman general (assassinated) (b. 106 BC)
- AD 1364 - Charles, Duke of Brittany
- 1560 - King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
- 1637 - Lorenzo Ruiz, Filipino saint
- 1703 - Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier (b. 1610)
- 1800 - Michael Denis, Austrian poet (b. 1729)
- 1804 - Michael Hillegas, first Treasurer of the United States (b. 1728)
- 1833 - King Ferdinand VII of Spain (b. 1784)
- 1887 - Bernhard von Langenbeck, German surgeon (b. 1810)
- 1902 - William Topaz McGonagall, British poet (b. 1825)
- 1902 - Émile Zola, French writer (b. 1840)
- 1908 - Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian writer (b. 1839)
- 1925 - Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1851)
- 1927 - Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)
- 1930 - Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Russian painter (b. 1844)
- 1937 - Ray Ewry, American athlete (b. 1873)
- 1967 - Carson McCullers, American author (b. 1917)
- 1970 - Edward Everett Horton, American actor (b. 1886)
- 1973 - W. H. Auden, English poet (b. 1907)
- 1975 - Casey Stengel, baseball player and manager
- 1982 - Monty Stratton, baseball player (b. 1912)
- 1988 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912)
- 1997 - Roy Lichtenstein, American artist (b. 1923)
- 1994 - Cheb Hasni, Algerian singer (b. 1968)
- 1998 - Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles, California (b. 1917)
- 2001 - Nguyen Van Thieu, President of South Vietnam (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances


- RC Saints - Michaelmas - Christian feast of the Archangels St. Michael, St. Gabriel, and St. Raphael Also see September 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- England, Ireland - One of the four Quarter days in the Irish calendar
- Argentinia, Inventor's Day - László József Bíró's birthday.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/29 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 28 · September 30 · August 29 · October 29    · Historical anniversaries ko:9월 29일 ms:29 September ja:9月29日 simple:September 29 th:29 กันยายน

Loznica

Loznica (Лозница) is a city located in Serbia and Montenegro at 44.53° North, 19.22° East. Its name stems from word "vine" (kind of plant) in Serbian language. In 2003 the city has total population of 20800. Category:Cities in Serbia and Montenegro ---- Ložnica is a river in Slovenia, a left tributary of Savinja near Celje.

Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic

Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Вук Стефановић Караџић) (November 7, 1787 - February 7, 1864) was a Serb linguist and major reformer of the Serbian language. Serbian language Karadžić was born in the village of Tršić, near Loznica in Serbia. His first name "Vuk" means "wolf", which he was given because all his brothers and sisters died of Tuberculosis, leaving him the sole survivor. Apart from learning to read and write in the Tronoša monastery he educated himself. He took part in the First and Second Serbian uprisings against the Ottoman occupation and left detailed accounts of them. Karadžić reformed the Serb literary language and standardized the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles. (In everyday usage, but less accurately, his alphabet is often termed a phonetic alphabet.) This made it one of the most usable in the world. Karadžić's reforms of the Serbian literary language modernized it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic, instead bringing it close to common folk speech, specifically, to the dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić, the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for the later Serbo-Croatian language. Although Karadžić's orthography was adopted for Serbian, his phonology was not completely, as it was based on the Ijekavian dialect, now thought of as characteristically Croatian. (In Karadžić's day, literary Croatian was based on the much more divergent Kajkavian dialect.) Modern Serbian, is Ekavian in character. The phonemic principles established by Karadžić also inspired the standard Croatian writing system, and remain in force in Croatia today. He collected several volumes of folk prose and poetry and created all the works listed below. For his work he received little financial aid, at times living in poverty. He died in Vienna.

Major works


- Primer of the Serbian language (1814)
- Dictionary of the Serbian language (1st ed. 1818, 2nd ed. 1852)
- New Testament (translation into Serbian) (1st partial ed.1824, 1st complete ed. 1847, 2nd ed. 1857)
- Serbian folk tales (1821, 1853, 1870 and more)
- Serbian folk poems, vol. 1 (1841)
- Serbian epic poetry (1845 and more)
- Deutsch-Serbisches Wörterbuch (German-Serbian Dictionary) 1872
- (more)

Quotation

Write as you speak and read as it is written. [The essence of modern Serbian spelling] In Serbian: Пиши као што говориш и читај како је написано (Piši kao što govoriš i čitaj kako je napisano) Although the above quotation is usually attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, it is in fact an orthographic principle devised by the German grammarian and philologist Johann Christoph Adelung. Karadžić merely used that principle to push through his language reform (as stated in the book "The Grammar of the Serbian Language" by Professor Ljubomir Popović). The attribution of the quote to Karadžić is a common misconception in Serbia. Due to that fact, the entrance exam to the Faculty of Philology of the University of Belgrade (Serbia) occasionally contains a question on the authorship of the quote (as a sort of trick question).

External links


- [http://www.vukova-zaduzbina.org.yu Vuk's Foundation] (in Serbian)
-
- Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovic Category:South Slavic languages

Belgrade

Belgrade ), is the capital of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–Present). It has been the capital of Serbia since 1404, and of Yugoslavia from 1918 until 2003. The city lies on the outfall of the Sava river to the Danube river in north central Serbia, at 44.83° N 20.50° E. The population of the Belgrade region is 1,711,800 (2002 census).

History

For a quick overview of its history see Timeline of Belgrade Being located where the Vinča culture existed and dominated the Balkans about 8,000 years ago, Belgrade is one of the oldest cities in Europe and maybe the world. Settled in the 3rd century BC by the Celts before becoming the Roman settlement of Singidunum, the site passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Singidunum experienced occupation by successive invaders of the region — Huns, Sarmatians, Ostrogoths and Avars — before the arrival of the Slavs around 630 AD. In 878 the city was renamed Beligrad ("white fortress" or "white town") under the rule of the Bulgarian kingdom. Belgrade could also mean "East Town," because the Slavic word "beli" means "east" too. For approximately 400 years, it remained a Bulgarian frontier town, often known as the region of "Belgrade and Branichevo." During that period, however, the city was also a subject to Byzantine rivalry and rule, before it finally emerged as a stronghold of the medieval Serbian kingdom. The first Serbian king to rule Belgrade was Dragutin (1276–1282), who received it as a present from the Hungarian king. Hungarian Belgrade was subsequently occupied by the Kingdom of Hungary, whose forces under Jan Hunyadi defended it in the siege of Nándorfehérvár of 1456. In 1521, the fort was captured by the Ottoman Turks, and Belgrade remained under Ottoman rule for nearly three centuries. Thrice occupied by Austria (1688–1690, 1717–1739, 1789–1791), the city was briefly held (1806–1813) by Serbian forces during the first national uprising against Ottoman rule, and in 1817 became the capital of an autonomous principality of Serbia (except in the period from 1818–1839, when Kragujevac was the country's capital city). With the departure of its Turkish garrison (1867) and Serbia's full independence (1878) and elevation to a kingdom (1882), Belgrade became a key city of the Balkans. But despite the opening of a railway to Niš, Serbia's second largest city, conditions in Serbia as a whole remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, and in 1900 the capital had only 69,000 inhabitants. After occupation by Austro-Hungarian and German troops in 1915-1918 during World War I, Belgrade experienced faster growth and significant modernisation as the capital of the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the 1920s and 1930s, growing in population to 239,000 by 1931 with the incorporation of the northern suburb of Zemun, formerly on the Austro-Hungarian bank of the river. On April 6, 1941, Belgrade was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe (killing thousands of people) and Yugoslavia was invaded by German, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian forces. The city remained under German occupation until October 20, 1944, when it was liberated by Yugoslav Partisan forces and the Red Army. In the post-war period Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia, developing as a major industrial centre. Sarajevo was considered as a candidate for the capital for a short period of time. Sarajevo In March 1972, Belgrade was at the centre of the last major outbreak of smallpox in Europe. The epidemic, which was contained with enforced quarantine and mass vaccination, was over by late May. See: 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia. On March 9, 1991 massive demonstrations were held against Slobodan Milošević in the city. Two people were killed and tanks were deployed in the streets in order to restore order. One of them, Branivoje Milinović (1973–1991), was a 17 year-old Serb high school student. According to his parents, he was actually just going into the centre to buy some cassettes when he was killed. Milinović is considered by many to be the first victim of the Yugoslav breakup. Yugoslav After elections in 2000, Belgrade was the site of major demonstrations which caused the ousting of president Milošević. NATO air strikes caused substantial damage to the city during the Kosovo War in 1999. Among the sites bombed were the Ministries of defense, interior, and finance, the presidential residency, a few television and radio broadcasting stations ("Pink", "Kosava", "Radio S", "ELMAG") including RTS (Radio Television of Serbia) killing 17 technicians, the hospital "Dragisa Misovic," the Socialist Party of Serbia headquarters, the Hotel "Jugoslavija," and the Chinese embassy. Belgrade has come under some form of attack some 54 times since AD 1, or every 37 years on average. Zoran Đinđić was the first elected mayor of Belgrade. The current mayor is Nenad Bogdanović.

Geography

Belgrade is situated in South-Eastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. It lies at the point where the river Sava merges into the Danube, on the slope between two alluvial planes. The river waters surround it from three sides, and that is why since ancient times it has been the guardian of river passages. Because of its position it was properly called "the gate" of the Balkans, and "the door" to Central Europe. The city's main traffic artery stretches from Kalemegdan, along Knez Mihailova Street, and through Terazije to Slavija. At Knez Mihailova street, the coordinates of Belgrade are marked:
- 44°49'14" of northern latitude
- 20°27'44" of eastern longitude
- altitude 116,75 m. Belgrade is at the intersection of roads that lead between Eastern and Western Europe. which leads from the Morava-Vardar valley and the Nišava-Marica valley, to the shores of the Aegean Sea, Asia Minor and to the Middle East. The city lies on the Danube river, the sailing route, which connects the Western and Central European countries with the countries of South-Eastern and Eastern Europe. After the construction of the artificial lake and the Đerdap power station, Belgrade became a river and sea port. Ships from the Black Sea sail to its docks, and with the opening of the Rhine-Main-Danube canal, Belgrade came to the center of the most important sailing route in Europe: The North Sea - Atlantic - Black Sea route.

Climate

Belgrade has a moderate continental climate, with four seasons. Autumn is longer than spring, with longer sunny and warm periods - the so-called Indian summer. Winter is not so severe, with an average of 21 days of sub-zero temperature. January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of 0.4°C. Spring is short and rainy. Summer arrives abruptly. The average annual air temperature, for the period from 1961 to 1990 was 11.9°C. The hottest months are July (21.7°C) and August (21.3°C). The lowest temperature in Belgrade was recorded on January 10, 1893 (-26.2°C), and the highest on August 12, 1921 and on September 9, 1946 (41.8°C). The average annual number of days with temperatures higher than 30°C - the so-called tropical days - is 31 and that of summer days with temperature higher than 25°C is 95. The characteristic of Belgrade climate is also Košava - the southeast-east wind, which brings clear and dry weather. It mostly blows in autumn and winter, in 2-3 days intervals. The average speed of Košava is 25-43 km/h but certain strokes can reach up to 130 kmh. Košava is the strongest air cleaner of Belgrade. The average annual rainfall on Belgrade and its surroundings is 685 mm. The rainiest months are May and June. The average annual insolation is 2.096 hours. The highest insolation of about 10 hours a day is in July and August, while December and January are the cloudiest, with insolation of 2 to 2.3 hours per day. The average number of snowy days is 27, snow cover lasts from 30 to 44 days, and its average thickness is 14 to 25 cm.

Tourism

Since 2001, in line with Yugoslavia's revival of diplomatic relations with Western Europe and the USA, the republic of Serbia (although landlocked) is seeing a return of foreign holiday makers absent since the internal wars from 1992. Belgrade is again becoming a choice for weekend breaks and more and more foreign tourists are to be found walking the streets of Belgrade having included the city as a part of their wider European adventure. Though Belgrade could have been deemed to be safe even during the hostilities of the 90s, two obstacles prevented more visitors to the city; firstly, bad political coverage and a history of being a capital of a communist country created uncomplimentry connotations. But just as the latter never stopped visitors flooding into Budapest and Prague, Belgrade also houses many young modern people who suffer in the name of self-hatred and prefer outsiders to see Belgrade as a great East London-style council estate based on the slums of New York with the poverty of Calcutta, dismissing buildings of being communist in style and very ugly. No city has escaped this 20th century effect, particularly those considered to be beautiful. In fact, those who have escaped the influences of the trendy defiant students tend to see Belgrade with the eyes that one develops for Paris and London. With Belgrade's sites and activities for visitors, the city far surpasses its neighbouring capitals of Budapest and Prague. Few Belgraders know exactly how many museums and galleries the city houses, and fewer still bother to visit them. The city has suffered carnage on at least one occasion in the life of every resident on average since Slavic arrival. Even this has done nothing to disturb the beauties of such areas as Belgrade's fine old city, chiefly Skadarlija, the national muzeum and adjacent national theatre, Zemun, Nikola Pašić Square, Terazije, Students' Square, Kalemegdan Fortress, and Knez Mihajlova. The Federal Parliament and the Old Palace buildings are masterpieces and the city boasts a number of objects not only attributed to the local Serbian/Slavic ancestors, but many outside influences, such as Venetians, Magyars, Ottomans and Austrians. On top of this, there are many parks, monuments, cafes, restaurants and hotels, shops with some lovely nature walks for all year round; both sides of the river Sava, not to mention a fantastic view of the city from the Avala monument, situated at a hilltop overlooking the city, a fine spot for young romantics and those picnicking.

Municipalities

An urban municipality is a part of the territory of the City of Belgrade, in which certain operations of local self-government laid down by the City Charter are run. Pursuant to the Constitution, legislation, present Charter and bylaws of the urban municipality, the citizens participate in conducting operations of the urban municipality through the councilors elected to the City municipal assembly, civil initiative, local citizens’ meeting and referendum. The bodies of the urban municipality are:
- Municipal Assembly
- District Council Chairman
- Municipal Council The number of councilors in the Municipal Assembly ranges from 19 to 75 councilors. The District Council Chairman presides over the Municipal Assembly, and he/she is a chairperson of the Municipal Council. The Municipal Assembly elects the District Council Chairman among the municipal councilors. The Municipal Council is composed of the District Council Chairman, Deputy District Council Chairman and at the most 7 members. The Municipal Council members are elected by the Municipal Assembly among both councilors and citizens further to the proposal by the District Council Chairman. The urban municipalities are conditionally