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Judges

Judges

Judges may refer to
- the Book of Judges in the Bible
- more than one judge.

Book of Judges

Book of Judges (Hebrew: ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. It appears in the Hebrew Bible (Judaism's Tanakh) and in the Christian Old Testament. Its title refers to its contents; it contains the history of judges who helped rule and guide the ancient Israelites.

Meaning of the title

The book derives its name from the fact that it deals with the "Judges," a term which, according to its use in the book, designates those who dealt out justice to the oppressed people; it is used in the sense of a "deliverer". The word, however, means more than this: it means the leaders who took charge of the affairs of the tribes in case of war, and who assumed leadership of their respective tribes in the succeeding times of peace. In accordance with the needs of the time, their functions were primarily martial and judicial.

Introduction/Prologue (1:1-3:6)

The introduction connects it with the previous narrative in Joshua as a "link in the chain of books" with Judges 1:1-2:8 being a summarised repetition of parts of Joshua. Judges starts off with the entrance of the Israelites into Canaan, however there are many Canaanite tribes still in the land who still resist them, so although they have entered the land they do not have full control of it. In Judges 1:1-2, the Israelites ask God who should fight against the Canaanites, and Judah is chosen (Simeon also participates because it was a smaller tribe whose territory was within Judah's area). Therefore Judges 1:3-21 is an account of the military campaigns of the southern tribes of Judah and Simeon. They defeat the Canaanites and Perizzites and capture their leader Adoni-Bezek (Judges 1:4-7). Then the Judeans invade Jerusalem and put it to the sword (Judges 1:8), advance on Canaanites living in the hill country, the Negev and the western foothills (Judges 1:9), then continue advancing against the Canaanites that lived in Hebron, defeating Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai (Judges 1:10). After this they advanced on the Canaanites living in Debir (Judges 1:11). As this was a royal Canaanite city, it was seen as being an important city to capture, and evidently Caleb becomes impatient to capture it as he offers the hand of his daughter Achsah in marriage to whoever defeats the city (Judges 1:12-13). Achsah is later given upper and lower springs, presumably in the Negev (Judges 1:14-15). The descendants of Moses' father-in-law (either Hobab or Raguel/Reuel - this is unclear) move to the Desert of Judah (Judges 1:16), which fulfills the promise Moses made in Numbers 10:29-31. The Simeonites and the Judeans attack and totally destroy the Canaanite town of Zepath, which they rename Hormah, the Hebrew word for "destruction" (Judges 1:17). Zepath/Hormah was a town in the Simeonite's territory. The Judeans then take the cities of Gaza, Ashkelon and Ekron, however though the Judeans take the hill country they fail to take the plains because the people "had iron chariots" (Judges 1:18-19). Hebron is captured and given to Caleb, who drives away the three sons of Anak (Judges 1:20). This fulfills the promise made to him by Moses in Numbers 14:24 (also recounted in Deuteronomy 1:35-36). In Joshua 1:21 the Benjamites attempt to drive out the Jebusites but they are unsuccessful. Judges 1:22-36 is an account of the military campaigns of the house of Joseph. Spies are sent out to survey Luz (later renamed Bethel) and are shown how to enter it by a citizen of the city after they promise to spare the man and his whole family. They put the city to the sword, and the citizen they spared travels to the land of the Hittites and establishes a city he names Luz (Judges 1:22-26). Other tribes are unsuccessful; Manasseh is unable to drive out the Caananites of Beth Shan, Taanach, Dor, Ibleam or Megiddo and their surrounding settlements (Judges 1:27); Ephraim is unable to drive out the Canaanites living in Gezer (Judges 1:29); Zebulun is unable to drive out the Canaanites living in Kitron or Nahalol (Judges 1:30); Asher is unable to drive out the Canaanites living in Acco, Siddon, Ahlab, Aczib, Helbah, Aphek or Rehob (Judges 1:31); Naphtahli is unable to drive out the Canaanites living in Beth Shemesh or Beth Anath (Judges 1:33); finally the Danites were confined to the hill country as the Amorites kept them from entering the plain and kept them from capturing Mount Heres, Aijalon and Shaalbim. In each of these cases, the book of Judges says that the tribes later subjugated the Canaanites into forced labour. The story portrays the great tribulations of the time of the Judges. According to the Bible, God inflicted these tribulations because the Israelites partially spared the Canaanites in spite of His command to the contrary (see Judges 2:1-5, especially verse 3). This was to have consequences later on. For a time there was a period of relative stability while Joshua and the elders who served under him lived (Judges 2:6-7), however once Joshua died at the age of a hundred and ten a new generation of Israelites grew up and worshipped the Baals and the Ashteroths. As they had done this, God was provoked to anger, causing the Israelites to be plundered by raiders and made it so that they were never able to defeat their enemies when they went out to fight. The people were in "great distress". (Judges 2:8-15, NIV) Judges 2:6-10 is covered in more detail in Joshua 24. Judges 2:16-19 shows that God has compassion on the Israelites and raises up judges to save them from their enemies, however the people do not listen to the judges and refuse to obey God's commands. God raises up judges for them several times but each time the judge dies they go back to their old ways. Finally, in Judges 2:20-23, it is revealed that it was part of God's plan for the Israelites to be unable to drive out the remnant Canaanite tribes - he has left them there as a test to see whether the people would "keep the way of the LORD and walk in it as their forefathers did." (Judges 2:22, NIV) The nations left to test "all those Israelites who had not experienced any of the wars in Canaan [were] the five rulers of the Philistines, all the Canaanites, the Sidonians, and the Hivites living in the Lebanon mountains from Mount Baal Hermon to Lebo Hamath." (Judges 3:3-4, NIV) Finally, in Judges 3:5-7 we find the Israelites marrying into foreign tribes (forbidden in Deuteronomy 7:3) and serving their gods.

First Period (3:7-ch. 5)

I. Servitude under Chushan-Rishathaim of Mesopotamia. This section describes Israel's delivery, through divinely appointed judges, from the subjugation to the Canaanites and the neighboring peoples which it had brought upon itself. The accounts of the activities of the several judges vary considerably in length; only the five so-called "Great Judges" are treated in detail. #Othniel delivers Israel, rest
II. Servitude under Eglon of Moab: Ammon, Amalek #Ehud's deliverance, rest #Shamgar
III. Servitude under Jabin of Hazor in Canaan #Deborah and #Barak - a total of 206 years

Second Period (6-10:5)

IV. Servitude under Midian, Amalek, and the children of the east #Gideon #Abimelech, Gideon's son, reigns as king over Israel #Tola #Jair - a total of 95 years

Third Period (10:6-ch. 12)

V. Servitude under Ammonites with the Philistines #Jephthah #Ibzan #Elon #Abdon - a total of 49 years

Fourth Period (13-16)

VI. Servitude under Philistines #Samson - a total of 60 years (grand total of 410 years) Samson's exploits probably synchronize with the period immediately preceding the national repentance and reformation under Samuel (1 Samuel 7:2-6). After Samson came Eli, who was both high priest and judge. He directed the civil and religious affairs of the people for forty years, at the close of which the Philistines again invaded the land and oppressed it for twenty years. Samuel was raised up to deliver the people from this oppression, and he judged Israel for some twelve years, when the direction of affairs fell into the hands of Saul, who was anointed king. If Eli and Samuel are included, there were then fifteen judges. But the chronology of this whole period is uncertain.

Appendix (17-21)

The historic section of the book is followed by an appendix (17-21), which has no formal connection with that which goes before. It records (a) the conquest (17, 18) of Laish by a portion of the Tribe of Dan; and (b) the almost total extinction of the Tribe of Benjamin by the other tribes, in consequence of their assisting the men of Gibeah (19-21). This section properly belongs to the period only a few years after the death of Joshua.

Authorship

The author of this book is traditionally believed to be Samuel. It was probably composed during Saul's reign, or at the very beginning of David's. The words in 18:30,31, imply that it was written after the taking of the ark of the covenant by the Philistines, and after it was set up at Nob (1 Samuel 21). In David's reign the ark was at Gibeon (1 Chronicles 16:39). Modern biblical scholars consider the Book of Judges to be a part of the Deuteronomistic History, which was probably compiled in the late seventh century BC using several earlier sources, and re-edited in the sixth century BC. See the Documentary Hypothesis for more information.

The account of Gideon

The account of Gideon, vi.-viii., consisting of two separate narratives brought into harmony by the passages vii. 25 and viii. 10. According to the main text, including vi. 2-6, 11-24, 33 et seq., vii. 1, and vii. 9-25 (except verse 12), as well as the passages vi. 35; vii. 2-8, 14, 16-22, preserved only in revised form, Gideon delivered the whole of Israel from the inroads of the Midianites, whose camp on Mount Gilboa he surprised. The Ephraimites then captured and killed the fugitives together with their kings Oreb and Zeeb at the fords of the Jordan (comp. especially vii. 24). According to another account, which forms a connected series of additions to the main text (i.e., to vi. 2-viii. 3), and which includes vi. 7-10, 25-32, 36-40 as well as the Deuteronomically revised passage viii. 4-27, Gideon with 300 men captured the Midianite kings Zebah and Zalmunna beyond the Jordan, whither he had pursued them. A remnant of the earliest Hebrew history has been preserved in the story of Abimelech, which is appended to the story of Gideon. Jotham's daring and original parable of the trees in search of a king Chapter 9:8-15, included in this story, was probably added at a later time by an editor who took it from a source earlier than that of the main story. This parable, some propose, may not have originated in the time of Abimelech. It may have been a product of the Northern Kingdom, where the people had unfortunate experiences with elected kings. Others feel that it is an earlier fragment reflecting the preference of the early Israelite federation for the rule of Yahweh alone, a sentiment the victorious Gideon expressed when he rejected the kingship over Israel that he was offered. See I Samuel 8.

The Book of Ruth

The Book of Ruth may originally have formed part of this book, but about A.D. 450 it may have been separated from it and placed separately in the Hebrew Bible.

External links

- Original text:
- [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0701.htm שֹּׁפְטִים - Shoftim - Judges] (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
- Jewish translations:
- [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0701.htm Judges at Mechon-Mamre] (Jewish Publication Society translation)
- [http://www.chabad.org/library/archive/LibraryArchive2.asp?AID=15750 Shoftim - Judges (Judaica Press)] translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- [http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/07_judges.htm Judges at The Great Books] (New Revised Standard Version)
- [http://www.biblegateway.com/cgi-bin/bible?language=english&version=NIV&passage=judges Judges at Bible Gateway] (Various versions)
- [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible%2C_English%2C_King_James%2C_Judges Judges at Wikisource] (Authorised King James Version)
- Article:
- [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=689&letter=J&search=Judges Book of Judges article] (Jewish Encyclopedia)
- [http://www.kingscalendar.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=viewnews&id=164 The King's Calendar: The Secret of Qumran] (Chronology for Israel's Period of the Judges 1412 BCE to 1039 BCE)
-
- Judges ko:판관기 zh-min-nan:Sū-su-kì ja:士師記

Judge

A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. The powers, functions, method of appointment, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. More generally, a "judge" may be a qualified person who evaluates and passes judgment on something. For example, a judge at a county fair might award prizes to the best cattle or best jam, while dog-show judges at a dog show determines which of several dogs best meets the breed standards.

Judges in the legal system

breed standard Judges are considered to be the leaders of one of the three branches of government, the judiciary. In liberal democracies with rule of law, judges are required to be impartial and not influenced by outside factors. In some civil law jurisdictions with inquisitorial systems, judges go to special schools to be trained after graduating with a law degree from a university; after such training they often become investigating magistrate. In common law countries, judges usually operate according to the adversarial system of justice under the applicable rules of civil procedure, and usually are not trained separately from lawyers. In the law of the United States, judges are generally appointed or elected from among practicing attorneys. In the common law system, when there is a jury trial in the trial courts, the jury generally decides questions of fact (guilt or innocence, whether a party was negligent, what the amount of damages should be, etc.) while the judge decides questions of law (under common-law systems, one of the judge's most important power is jury instructions). In the United States, bench trials and summary judgments are situations in which the judge decides issues of both law and fact. Historically, in Europe in the Middle Ages, juries often stated the law by consensus or majority and the judge applied it to the facts as he saw them. This practice generally no longer exists. In Finland, there are two kinds of judges in district courts: a legally-trained judge functions as the president of the court, while judges elected for a four-year term from the population, without any special legal training, serve as lay members of the court. Judges in special courts and apellate courts are always legally trained. Lay judges do not function like a common-law jury. In the usual case, three lay judges in district courts hear criminal cases in cooperation with a legally trained judge, each judge – legally trained or not – having an individual vote. Civil cases, however, are heard exclusively by legally trained judges.

Symbols of office

Being a judge is usually a prestigious position in society. A variety of traditions have become associated with the occupation. In many parts of the world, judges wear long robes (usually in black or red) and sit on an elevated platform during trials (known as the bench). In some countries, especially Britain, judges also wear wigs. The long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for ceremonial occasions, although it was part of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to a barrister's wig is worn in court. American judges usually always wear simple black robes and use gavels to keep order in the courtroom. However, in some Western states, like California, judges did not always wear robes and instead wore everyday clothing. Today, the Maryland Court of Appeals is the only state supreme court that deviates from the standard uniform; its seven judges wear red robes. In the People's Republic of China, judges wore regular street clothes until 1984, when they began to wear military-style uniforms, which were intended to demonstrate authority. These uniforms were replaced in 2000 by black robes similar to those worn in the rest of the world.

Titles

In the United States, a judge is addressed as "Your Honor" when presiding over the court. The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the judges of the supreme courts of several U.S. states and other countries are called "justices." The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than the justice of the peace, a judge who holds police court in some jurisdictions and who typically tries small claims and misdemeanors. However, the state of New York inverts the usual order, with the Supreme Court of the State of New York being the trial court, and the Court of Appeals being the highest court; thus, New York trial judges are called "justices," while the judges on the Court of Appeals are "judges." New York judges who deal with trusts and estates are known as "surrogates." In England and Wales, judges of the higher courts are addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship." Circuit Judges are addressed as "Your Honour" and all lower judges, magistrates, and chairs of tribunals are addressed as "Sir" or "Madam." Magistrates were at one time addressed as "Your Worship," mainly by solicitors, but this practice is nearly obsolete. Masters of the High Court are addressed as "Master." When a judge of the High Court who is not present is being refered to they are described as "Mr./Mrs. Justice N" (written N J). In the House of Lords, judges are called Law Lords and sit as peers. In France, the presiding judge of a court is addressed to as "Mr./Mrs. President" (Monsieur le président/Madame le président). Judges of courts of specialized jurisdiction (such as bankruptcy courts or juvenile courts) were sometimes known officially as "referees," but the use of this title is in decline. Judges sitting in courts of equity in common law systems are called "Chancellors."

Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus

The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (ASO) is an American orchestra based in Atlanta, Georgia. The orchestra was founded in 1945, and played its first concert as the Atlanta Youth Symphony. Henry Sopkin was brought in as music director (he remained with the orchestra for twenty years). The organization changed to its current name in 1947. It soon managed to attract well known soloists to play with it such as Isaac Stern and Glenn Gould. In 1967, with the departure of Sopkin, Robert Shaw (founder of the Robert Shaw Chorale) was brought in as conductor, and a year later the orchestra turned full- time. In 1970, Shaw founded a choir specially for the orchestra, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus. In 2003 the ASOC visited Berlin, where it gave three performances of Benjamin Britten's War Requiem with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under ASO Principal Guest Conductor Donald Runnicles. In 1978, the ASO became the first American orchestra to make a commercial digital recording, when it played Igor Stravinsky's Firebird suite and excerpts from Alexander Borodin's opera, Prince Igor for the Telarc label. In 2004 the orchestra initiated an agreement with the Deutsche Grammophon label to record several works by composer Osvaldo Golijov, while continuing its ongoing relationship with Telarc which has resulted in numerous Grammy awards. In 1988, Yoel Levi became Music Director and principal conductor. Under him, the orchestra played at the opening and closing ceremonies of the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Levi became Music Director Emeritus in 2000, and was succeeded as Music Director by Robert Spano. The ASO's main venue is Atlanta Symphony Hall in the Woodruff Arts Center. It plays an extensive outdoor summer Pops concert series at Chastain Park, and at other parks in the area. In February 2005 the orchestra unveiled plans for the new Atlanta Symphony Center concert hall designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, to be built subject to raising construction funds of approximately $300 million. The orchestra toured Europe under Yoel Levi in 1991; and with its chorus, under Robert Shaw, in 1988. The Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra is a prestigious youth ensemble that attracts the premiere students ages 13-18 in Georgia.

External link

- [http://www.atlantasymphony.org/ ASO official site]
- [http://www.atlantasymphonycenter.org/ Atlanta Symphony Center official site] [http://www.telarc.com/] Category:American orchestras Category:Atlanta, Georgia Category:Georgia (U.S. state) culture

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