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Judith Of Babenberg

Judith of Babenberg

Judith of Babenberg (c. late 1110s/1120–post-1168), also sometimes called Julitta or Ita in Latin sources, was a daughter of Leopold III of Austria and Agnes of Germany. The chronicler Otto of Freising was one of her older brothers; Conrad III of Germany her half-brother. She married c. 1133 William V, Marquess of Montferrat, by whom she bore at least eight children, including:
- William Longsword, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem
- Conrad I, King of Jerusalem
- Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat and founder of the Kingdom of Thessalonica
- Renier, who married into the Byzantine imperial family. She was still living in 1168, but seems to have died before her husband went to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 1180s. Category:Babenberg Category:Non-ruling Austrian royalty

1110

Events

- December 4 - First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon.
- Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor invades Italy
- The Russian Primary Chronicle ends
- Beginning of the construction of Fontevraud Abbey in France
- Beirut and Sidon are captured by the Crusaders
- Mawdud of Mosul captures all land belonging to the Crusader County of Edessa east of the Euphrates
- Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus renews his war with the Seljuk Turks

Births

- Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Gyalwa Karmapa (died 1193)

Deaths

- Hugh VI of Lusignan Category:1110 ko:1110년

1168

Events

- December 22 - Afraid that Old Cairo would be captured by the Crusaders, its Caliph orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days.
- Prince Richard of England becomes duke of Aquitaine.He later becomes King Richard I of England.
- Emperor Takakura ascends to the throne of Japan
- King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern Europe.

Births

Deaths

- April 5 - Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (born 1104)
- Thierry, Count of Flanders (born 1099)

Heads of states

- England - Henry II Curt Mantle, King of England (reigned 1154 - 1189).
- France - Louis VII, King of France (reigned 1137 - 1180). Category:1168 ko:1168년

Latin

Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages, those being most notably Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian, are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such as English. The Latin alphabet, derived from the Greek, remains the most widely-used alphabet in the world. It is said that 80 percent of scholarly English words are derived from Latin (in a large number of cases by way of French). Moreover, in the Western world, Latin was a lingua franca, the learned language for scientific and political affairs, for more than a thousand years, being eventually replaced by French in the 18th century and English in the late 19th. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the formal language of the Roman Catholic Church to this day, and thus the official national language of the Vatican. The Church used Latin as its primary liturgical language until the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s. Latin is also still used (drawing heavily on Greek roots) to furnish the names used in the scientific classification of living things. The modern study of Latin, along with Greek, is known as Classics.

Main features

Latin is a synthetic inflectional language: affixes (which usually encode more than one grammatical category) are attached to fixed stems to express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, which is called declension; and person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect in verbs, which is called conjugation. There are five declensions (declinationes) of nouns and four conjugations of verbs. There are six noun cases: #nominative (used as the subject of the verb or the predicate nominative), #genitive (used to indicate relation or possession, often represented by the English of or the addition of s to a noun), #dative (used of the indirect object of the verb, often represented by the English to or for), #accusative (used of the direct object of the verb, or object of the preposition in some cases), #ablative (separation, source, cause, or instrument, often represented by the English by, with, from), #vocative (used of the person or thing being addressed). In addition, some nouns have a locative case used to express location (otherwise expressed by the ablative with a preposition such as in), but this survival from Proto-Indo-European is found only in the names of lakes, cities, towns, small islands, and a few other words related to locations, such as "house", "ground", and "countryside". Latin itself, being a very old language, is far closer to Proto-Indo-European than are most modern Western European languages; it has, in fact, about the same relationship with PIE as modern Italian or French has to Latin. There are six general tenses in Latin (technically they are tense/aspect/mood complexes). The indicative mood can be used with all of them. The subjunctive mood, however, has only present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. These tenses in the subjunctive mood do not completely correlate in meaning to the tenses in the indicative. The following examples are of the first conjugation verb "laudare" ("to praise") in the indicative mood and the active voice:
Primary sequence tenses
# present (laudo, "I praise") # imperfect (laudabam, "I was praising") # future (laudabo, "I shall praise," "I will praise")
Secondary sequence tenses
# perfect (laudavi, "I praised", "I have praised") # pluperfect (laudaveram, "I had praised") # future perfect (laudavero, "I shall have praised," "I will have praised") The future perfect tense can also imply a normal future idea (like in "When I will have run...") and so may also sometimes be included in the primary sequence.
Latin and Romance
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Latin evolved into the various Romance languages. These were for many centuries only spoken languages, Latin still being used for writing. For example, Latin was the official language of Portugal until 1296 when it was replaced by Portuguese. The Romance languages evolved from Vulgar Latin, the spoken language of common usage, which in turn evolved from an older speech which also produced the formal classical standard. Latin and Romance differ (for example) in that Romance had distinctive stress, whereas Latin had distinctive length of vowels. In Italian and Sardo logudorese, there is distinctive length of consonants and stress, in Spanish only distinctive stress, and in French even stress is no longer distinctive. Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that all Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost their case endings in most words except for some pronouns. Romanian retains a direct case (nominative/accusative), an indirect case (dative/genitive), and vocative. In Italy, Latin is still compulsory in secondary schools as Liceo Classico and Liceo Scientifico which are usually attended by people who aim to the highest level of education. In Liceo Classico Ancient Greek is a compulsory subject.
Latin and English
See Latin influence in English for a more complete exposition. English grammar is independent of Latin grammar, though prescriptive grammarians in English have been heavily influenced by Latin. Attempts to make English grammar follow Latin rules — such as the prohibition against the split infinitive — have not worked successfully in regular usage. However, as many as half the words in English were derived from Latin, including many words of Greek origin first adopted by the Romans, not to mention the thousands of French, hundreds of Spanish, Portuguese and Italian words of Latin origin that have also enriched English. During the 16th and on through the 18th century English writers created huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots. These words were dubbed "inkhorn" or "inkpot" words (as if they had spilled from a pot of ink). Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some remain. Imbibe, extrapolate, dormant and inebriation are all inkhorn terms carved from Latin words. In fact, the word etymology is derived from the Greek word etymologia, meaning "true sense of the word." Latin was once taught in many of the schools in Britain with academic leanings - perhaps 25% of the total [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/teachem2/thennow/]. However, the requirement for it was gradually abandoned in the professions such as the law and medicine, and then, from around the late 1960s, for admission to university. After the introduction of the Modern Language GCSE in the 1980s, it was gradually replaced by other languages, although it is now being taught by more schools along with other classical languages.
Latin education
The linguistic element of Latin courses offered in high schools or secondary schools, and in universities, is primarily geared toward an ability to translate Latin texts into modern languages, rather than using it in oral communication. As such, the skill of reading is heavily emphasized, whereas speaking and listening skills are barely touched upon. However, there is a growing movement, sometimes known as the Living Latin movement, whose supporters believe that Latin can, or should, be taught in the same way that modern "living" languages are taught, that is, as a means of both spoken and written communication. One of the most interesting aspects of such an approach is that it assists speculative insight into how many of the ancient authors spoke and incorporated sounds of the language stylistically; without understanding how the language is meant to be heard it is very difficult to identify patterns in Latin poetry. Institutions offering Living Latin instruction include the Vatican and the University of Kentucky. In Britain the Classical Association encourages this approach, and there has been something of a vogue for books describing the adventures of a mouse called Minimus. In the United States there is a thriving competitive organization for high school Latin students, the National Junior Classical League (the second-largest youth organization in the world after the Boy Scouts), backed up by the Senior Classical League for college students. Many would-be international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin, and the moderately successful Interlingua considers itself to be the modernized and simplified version of the language (le latino moderne international e simplificate). Latin translations of modern literature such as Paddington Bear, Winnie the Pooh, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Le Petit Prince, Max und Moritz, and The Cat in the Hat have also helped boost interest in the language.
See also

About the Latin language

- Latin grammar
- Latin spelling and pronunciation
- Latin declension
- Latin conjugation
- Latin alphabet
- List of Latin words with English derivatives
- Latin verbs with English derivatives
- Latin nouns with English derivatives
- ablative absolute
- Word order in Latin
About the Latin literary heritage

- Latin literature
- Romance languages
- Loeb Classical Library
- List of Latin phrases
- List of Latin proverbs
- Brocard
- List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
- List of Latin place names in Europe
- Carmen Possum
Other related topics

- Roman Empire
- Internationalism
References

- Bennett, Charles E. Latin Grammar (Allyn and Bacon, Chicago, 1908)
- N. Vincent: "Latin", in The Romance Languages, M. Harris and N. Vincent, eds., (Oxford Univ. Press. 1990), ISBN 0195208293
- Waquet, Françoise, Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (Verso, 2003) ISBN 1859844022; translated from the French by John Howe.
- Wheelock, Frederic. Latin: An Introduction (Collins, 6th ed., 2005) ISBN 0060784237
External links

- [http://www.jambell.com/latin.html Latin Phrases for after dinner conversation (Thanks to Elaine Poole)]
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lat Ethnologue report for Latin]
- [http://forumromanum.org/literature/index.html Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum] is a comprehensive webography of Latin texts and their translations.
- [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform?lang=Latin an interactive Latin dictionary].
- [http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe words by William whitaker] is a dictionary program online capable of looking up various word forms.
- [http://retiarius.org/ Retiarius.Org] includes a Latin text search engine.
- [http://www.nd.edu/~archives/latgramm.htm Latin-English dictionary and Latin grammar from U of Notre Dame]
- [http://latin-language.co.uk/ Latin language] History of Latin language, Latin texts with English translation and a collection of dictionaries.
- [http://augustinus.eresmas.net/scl/ Societas Circulorum Latinorum] gathers together Latin Circles all over the world.
- [http://www.learnlatin.tk LearnLatin.tk] - Free online course in Latin
- [http://www.latintests.net/ LatinTests.net] - Lets Latin learners test their grammar and vocabulary with self-checking quizzes.
- [http://thelatinlibrary.com/ The Latin Library] contains many Latin etexts
- [http://www.textkit.com/ Textkit] has Latin textbooks and etexts.
- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Latin-english/ Latin–English Dictionary]: from Webster's Rosetta Edition.
- [http://www.language-reference.com/ Language reference] Cross-foreign-language lexicon powered by its own search engine. All cross combinations between Latin and French, German, Italian, Spanish.
- [http://comp.uark.edu/~mreynold/rhetor.html Rhetor by Gabriel Harvey] was originally published in 1577 and never again reprinted.
- [http://freewebs.com/omniamundamundis omniamundamundis] Latin hypertexts from fourteen ancient Roman authors.
- [http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pron.htm Pronunciation of Biological Latin, Including Taxonomic Names of Plants and Animals]
- [http://www.yleradio1.fi/nuntii Nuntii Latini (News in Latin)], written and spoken (RealAudio) news in latin. Weekly review of world news in Classical Latin, the only international broadcast of its kind in the world, produced by YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Company.
- [http://www.tranexp.com:2000/InterTran?url=http%3A%2F%2F&type=text&text=Replace%20Me&from=eng&to=ltt InterTran Latin], Translate from Latin to ENGLISH or vice versa.
- [http://www.latinvulgate.com Latin Vulgate] The Latin and English of the Old & New Testaments in parallel, along with the Complete Sayings of Jesus in parallel Latin and English. Category:Classical languages Category:Ancient languages Category:Fusional languages Category:Languages of Italy Category:Languages of Vatican City als:Latein zh-min-nan:Latin-gí ko:라틴어 ja:ラテン語 simple:Latin language th:ภาษาละติน

Leopold III of Austria (Babenberg)

Leopold III (1073 – November 15, 1136), Margrave of Austria 1095-1136, also known as Saint Leopold (his feast day being November 15), patron saint of Austria in general and of Vienna, Lower Austria and jointly with Saint Florian of Upper Austria in particular. Leopold was the son of Margrave Leopold II and Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg; his sons were Leopold IV and Henry II Jasomirgott. His second wife was Agnes, the sister of Emperor Henry V, since he had supported the latter against his father Henry IV. This connection to the Salians raised the importance of the House of Babenberg, to which important royal rights on the territory of its margraviate were granted. Leopold called himself "Princeps Terrae", which rose from a consciousness of independent territorial rule. He was considered as a candidate for the election of the King of Germany in 1125, but declined this opportunity. He is mainly remembered for the development of the country, which is associated with him founding monasteries. His most important foundation is Klosterneuburg (1108). According to legend, the Lady Mary appeared to him and led him to a position where he found the veil of his wife Agnes, lost years before. At that place, the monastery of Klosterneuburg was founded. He subsequently expanded this city to become his residence. Other foundations were Heiligenkreuz, Kleinmariazell and Seitenstetten. All of those induced the church to canonize him in 1485. In fact, the monasteries served the purpose of developing a territory still largely covered by forest at that time. Leopold also fostered the development of cities, namely besides Klosterneuburg and Vienna also Krems, which was endowed with a mint, which, however, never attained great importance. The first literary texts from the area of Austria date back to Leopold's time, which are the writings of Henry of Melk and Ava of Göttweig. He is buried in the Klosterneuburg monastery, which owes him its existence. In 1663, under the rule of his namesake Emperor Leopold I, he was declared patron saint of Austria instead of Saint Koloman. There is no school on November 15 in Vienna, Lower Austria and Upper Austria. Category:Rulers of Austria Category:Saints Category:Babenberg Leopold III of Austria (Babenberg) Leopold III of Austria (Babenberg)

Agnes of Germany

Agnes of Germany (1072 – September 24, 1143), was the daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Bertha, daughter of Otto, Count of Maurienne and Adelaide. She married firstly, in 1080, Frederick I, Duke of Swabia. They had several sons and daughters, amongst whom were Frederick II of Swabia (1090 - 1147) (the father of Frederick Barbarossa) and Conrad III of Germany (1093 - 1152). Following Frederick's death in 1105, Agnes married secondly, Leopold III (born 1073; died 15 Nov. 1136), Margrave of Austria from 1095 to 1136. Leopold was the son of Margrave Leopold II and Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg. According to legend, a veil lost by Agnes and found by Leopold years later while hunting instigated him to found the monastery of Klosterneuburg. Agnes and Leopold III were the parents of Agnes of Babenberg (d. January 25, 1157), who married, in 1125, Ladislaus the Exile of Poland, High Duke of Poland from 1138 to 1146. Agnes is said to have been "one of the most famous beauties of her time." A leader of the Crusade of 1101, she may have been captured and placed in the harem of Sultan Kilidj Arslan. Another daughter, Judith or Julitta, married Marquess William V of Montferrat c. 1133, and became the mother of an important Crusading dynasty. Category:1072 births Category:1143 deaths Category:Babenberg Category:Hohenstaufen Dynasty Category:Salian Dynasty

Otto of Freising

Otto of Freising (c. 1114 - 1158) was a German bishop and chronicler. bishop He was the fifth son of Leopold III, margrave of Austria, by his wife Agnes, daughter of the emperor Henry IV. By her first husband, Frederick I of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, Agnes was the mother of the German king Conrad III, and grandmother of the emperor Frederick I. Also, Otto's sister Judith or Ita was married to the Marquess William V of Montferrat. He was thus related to the most powerful families in Germany and Northern Italy. The notices of his life are scanty and the dates somewhat uncertain. He studied in Paris, where he took an especial interest in philosophy, is said to have been one of the first to introduce the philosophy of Aristotle into Germany, and he served as provost of a new foundation in Austria. Having entered the Cistercian order, Otto became abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Morimond in Burgundy about 1136, and soon afterwards was elected bishop of Freising. This diocese, and indeed the whole of Bavaria, was then disturbed by the feud between the Welfs and the Hohenstaufen, and the church was in a deplorable condition; but a great improvement was brought about by the new bishop in both ecclesiastical and secular matters. In 1147 he took part in the disastrous crusade of Conrad III. The section of the crusading army led by the bishop was decimated, but Otto reached Jerusalem, and returned to Bavaria in 1148 or 1149. He enjoyed the favour of Conrad's successor, Frederick I; was probably instrumental in settling the dispute over the duchy of Bavaria in 1156; was present at the famous diet at Besançon in 1157, and, still retaining the dress of a Cistercian monk, died at Morimond on the 22nd of September 1158. In 1857 a statue of the bishop was erected at Freising. Otto is most remembered for two important historical works. The first of these is his Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus (Chronicle or history of the two cities), a historical and philosophical work in eight books, follows to some extent the lines laid down by Augustine and Orosius. Written during the time of the civil war in Germany (1143-1145), it contrasts Jerusalem and Babel, the heavenly and the earthly kingdoms, but also contains much valuable information about the history of his own time. The chronicle, which was held in very high regard by contemporaries, goes down to 1146, and from this date until 1209 has been continued by Otto, abbot of St Blasius (d. 1223). In the Chronica, Otto reports a meeting he had with Bishop Hugh of Jabala, who told him of a Nestorian Christian king in the east named Prester John. It was hoped this monarch would bring relief to the crusader states: this is the first documented mention of Prester John. Better known is Otto's Gesta Friderici imperatoris (Deeds of Emperor Frederick), written at the request of Frederick I, and prefaced by a letter from the emperor to the author. The Gesta is in four books, the first two of which were written by Otto, and the remaining two, or part of them, by his pupil Ragewin, or Rahewin; it has been argued that the third book and the early part of the fourth were also the work of Otto. Beginning with the quarrel between Pope Gregory VII and the emperor Henry IV, the first book takes the history down to the death of Conrad III in 1152. It is not confined to German affairs, as the author digresses to tell of the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux, of his zeal against the heretics, and of the condemnation of Pierre Abélard; and discourses on philosophy and theology. The second book opens with the election of Frederick I in 1152, and deals with the history of the first five years of his reign, especially in Italy, in some detail. From this point (1156) the work is continued by Ragewin. Otto's Latin is excellent, and in spite of a slight partiality for the Hohenstaufen, and some minor inaccuracies, the Gesta has been rightly described as a "model of historical composition."

References

- Category:Cistercians Category:Medieval historians Category:Crusade literature Category:Babenberg Category:Hohenstaufen Dynasty Category:1114 births Category:1158 deaths

1133

Events

- Geoffrey of Monmouth produces the Historia Regum Britanniae
- Durham Cathedral is completed
- Construction of Exeter Cathedral begun
- June 4 - Lothair III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Innocent II

Births

- March 5 - King Henry II of England (died 1189)
- Honen Shonin, Japanese founder of Pure Land Buddhism (died 1212)
- King Sigurd II of Norway (died 1155)

Deaths

- February 19 - Irene Ducaena, wife of Alexius I Comnenus (b. 1066)
- December 18 - Hildebert, French writer Category:1133 ko:1133년

Montferrat

Montferrat (in Italian, Monferrato) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. It comprises the modern provinces of Asti and Alessandria. Within the territory of Montferrat are located the most important centres of Italian wine and spumante production. Originally a county, it was elevated to marquessate under count Aleramo in 961, following the transition of power in Northern Italy from Berengar of Ivrea to Otto I of Germany. Its marquesses and their family members were related to the Kings of France and the Holy Roman Emperors. Members of the family participated frequently in the Crusades, and intermarried with the royal family of Jerusalem and the Byzantine Imperial families of Comnenus and Palaeologus. The descendants of Aleramo in the male line ruled Montferrat until it passed to the Imperial Byzantine Palaeologus family in 1305. It was briefly controlled by Spain (1533-1536) before it passed to the Gonzaga Dukes of Mantua (1536-1708). With the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628-1631) a piece of the marquisate passed to the Duchy of Savoy, the remainder passing to Savoy in 1708, as Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor gained possession of the Gonzaga territory.

Marquesses

Aleramo dynasty

- William I (d. before 933)
- Aleramo (933-967)
- William II , co-ruler?. Son of Aleramo
- Otto I (967-991), son of Aleramo
- William III (991-bef.1042), son of Otho I
- Otho II (bef.1042-c.1084), son of William III
- William IV (c.1084-c.1100), son of Otho II
- Renier I (c.1100-c.1136), son of William IV
- William (c.1100-c.1127), co-ruler. Son of William IV
- William V (c.1136-1191), son of Renier I
- Conrad (1191-1192), son of William V. King of Jerusalem
- Boniface I (1192-1207), son of William V. King of Thessalonica from 1205
- William VI (1207-1225), son of Boniface I
- Boniface II (1225-1253/55), son of William VI. Titular king of Thessalonica (1239/49-1255)
- William VII (55-1292), son of Boniface II. Titular king of Thessalonica
- John (1292-1305), co-ruler from 1290, son of William VII. Titular king of Thessalonica

Palaeologi dynasty

- Theodore I (1306-1338), nephew of John
- John II (1338-1372), son of Theodore I
- Otho III (1372-1378), son of John II
- John III (1378-1381), son of John II
- Theodore II (1381-1418), son of John II
- John Jacob (1418-1445), son of Theodore II
- John IV (1445-1464), son of John Jacob
- William VIII (1464-1483), son of John Jacob
- Boniface III (1483-1494), son of John Jacob
- William IX (1494-1518), son of Boniface III
- Boniface IV (1518-1530), son of William IX
- John George (1530-1533), son of Boniface III

Gonzaga dynasty

- Federico I (1533-1540), Duke of Mantua. Married to Margaret, daughter of William VII
- Francesco I (1540-1550), Duke of Mantua. Son of Federico.
- William X (1550-1587), Duke of Mantua. Son of Federico.
- Vincenzo I (1587-1612), Duke of Mantua. Son of William VIII
- Francesco II (1612), Duke of Mantua. Son of Vincenzo I
- Ferdinando (1612-26), Duke of Mantua. Son of Vincenzo I
- Vincenzo II (1626-27), Duke of Mantua. Son of Vincenzo I
- War of Mantuan Succession (1627-1631)
- Carlo I (1627-1637), Duke of Mantua and Nevers. Son of Ludovico, Duke of Nevers, son of Federico I
- Carlo II (1637-1665), Duke of Mantua. Of Nevers until 1659. Grandson of Carlo I and Francesco II
- Ferdinando Carlo (1665-1708), Duke of Mantua. Son of Carlo II

Sources & Further Reading

- [http://www.marchesimonferrato.com Circolo Culturale I Marchesi del Monferrato] (external link to website devoted to dynastic history)
- [http://centri.univr.it/RM/biblioteca/scaffale/volumi.htm#Walter%20Haberstumpf Haberstumpf, Walter. Dinastie europee nel Mediterraneo orientale. I Monferrato e i Savoia nei secoli XII–XV, 1995] (external link to downloadable text).
- Usseglio, Leopoldo. I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII, 1926.

William of Montferrat

William of Montferrat (early 1140s-1177), also called William Longsword (but not related to the other men of the same name), was the eldest son of William V, Marquess of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg. He was the elder brother of Conrad, Boniface, and Renier, and a cousin of both Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor and Louis VII of France. In 1176 William was chosen by Raymond III, count of Tripoli, and Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, to marry Baldwin's sister Sibylla. William also gained the County of Jaffa and Ascalon in the marriage. William of Tyre describes him as fairly tall, blond, good-looking; brave, frank and unpretentious, but inclined to eat and drink copiously, though not to the impairment of his judgement. With the King's consent, William and Reynald of Châtillon gave a grant of land to the new Castilian military order, the Order of Montjoie, commanded by Count Rodrigo Alvarez de Sarria. However, William's activities in Outremer were cut short. He fell ill, probably from malaria, at Ascalon, and died in June 1177, leaving Sibylla pregnant with the future king Baldwin V. His body was taken to Jerusalem and buried at the Hospital of St John.

Sources

- [http://centri.univr.it/RM/biblioteca/scaffale/volumi.htm#Walter%20Haberstumpf Haberstumpf, Walter. Dinastie europee nel Mediterraneo orientale. I Monferrato e i Savoia nei secoli XII–XV, 1995] (external link to downloadable text).
- Hamilton, Bernard. The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 2000 ISBN 139780521017473
- Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, 1951-54, vol. 2
- Usseglio, Leopoldo. I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII, 1926 Category:Crusades Category:1140s births Category:1177 deaths

Count of Jaffa and Ascalon

The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin.

History

Jaffa was fortified by Godfrey of Bouillon after the First Crusade in 1100, and was unsuccessfully claimed by Daimbert of Pisa, the first Patriarch. It remained part of the royal domain until it was given to Hugh of Le Puiset in 1110. When Hugh II rebelled against King Fulk in 1134 the county was divided into a number of smaller holdings, and Jaffa itself became a royal domain. Soon it was designated as the apanage of Fulk's second son, Amalric. In 1153, Fulk's first son King Baldwin III conquered Ascalon, and it was added to the territory of his brother Amalric. It passed in and out of direct royal control when its holders were husbands or close relatives of the then-reigning monarch or royal heir, or its usufruct went to a member of the royal family. In that period, it usually produced income for one or several members of Amalric's first family. In 1221 it was given to Walter IV of Brienne by his uncle the king-consort John of Brienne, Walter being married to a granddaughter of the late king-consort Amalric II, who had held the county as successor of his brother king-consort Guy. Around 1250 it was given to a branch of the Ibelin family. With the capture of Jaffa by Baibars in 1268, the countship became titular. It was bestowed anew upon John Perez Fabrice by James II of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

Vassals

The County of Jaffa and Ascalon had a number of vassals of its own:
- Lordship of Ramla
- Lordship of Ibelin
- Lordship of Mirabel (technically separate from the above, but held by the Ibelins)

Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon

(italicized names are titular counts only)
- Roger and Gerard (c. 1100)
- Royal domain (1100–1110)
- Hugh I of Le Puiset (1110–?), first cousin of king Baldwin II
- Albert of Namur ?
- Hugh II (1122–1134), confiscated
- Royal domain (1134–1151)
- Amalric I (1151–1163)
- Royal domain (1163–1176), Amalric's divorced wife Agnes received some income, then it passed to Sibylla whose husbands held it in her right:
- William of Montferrat and Sibylla (1176–1180)
- Guy of Lusignan and Sibylla (1180–1186)
- Geoffrey of Lusignan (1191–?), Guy's brother
- Amalric II (?–1197), Guy's brother, and then king-consort
- Royal domain (1197–1221)
- Walter IV of Brienne (1221–1244), nephew of John of Brienne and husband of Amalric II's granddaughter
- John of Ibelin (1250–1266), Queen Isabella's half-brother's son
- James of Ibelin (1266–1268, titular 1268–1276)
- Guy of Ibelin (1276–1304)
- Hugh of Ibelin (1304–1349)
- Balian of Ibelin (1349 – c. 1352)
- Guy of Ibelin (c. 1352 – c. 1353)
- Balian of Ibelin (c. 1353 – c. 1365)
- John of Ibelin (c. 1365 – c. 1367)
- Mary of Ibelin (with Regnier le Petit) (c. 1367)
- Florin (c. 1450) perh. the same as
- Jacques de Flory (d. 1463)
- John Perez Fabrice
- Louis Perez Fabrice
- Georges Contaren
- N. Contaren
- Georges Contaren II (c. 1579)

Sources

- John L. La Monte, Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100-1291. The Medieval Academy of America, 1932.
- Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277. The Macmillan Press, 1973.
- Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge University Press, 1952.
- Steven Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Clarendon Press, 1989. Category:Crusades County of Jaffa and Ascalon

Conrad of Montferrat

Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I of Jerusalem) (mid-1140s – April 28, 1192) was one of the major participants in the Third Crusade, and was briefly king of Jerusalem in 1192.

Early life

Conrad was the second son of Marquess William V of Montferrat, "the Elder", and his wife Judith of Babenberg. He was a first cousin of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Louis VII of France and Leopold V of Austria. In his teens, Conrad served at the court of his maternal uncle, Conrad, Bishop of Passau, later Archbishop of Salzburg. (He may have been named after him, or after another maternal uncle, Conrad III of Germany.) He seems to have been well-educated, and was regarded as intelligent and cultured, fluent in several languages. Returning home, he campaigned alongside other members of his family in the struggles with the Lombard League. He was active in diplomacy in his twenties, and was also a proficient military commander. He first married an unidentified lady, possibly a daughter of Count Meinhard I of Görz (It: Gorizia), but she was dead by the end of 1186, without leaving any surviving issue.

Conrad in the Byzantine Empire

In 1179, following the family's alliance with Manuel I Comnenos, Conrad led an army against Frederick Barbarossa's forces, then commanded by the imperial Chancellor, Archbishop Christian von Mainz. He defeated them at Camerino in September, taking the Chancellor hostage. (He had previously been a hostage of the Chancellor.) He went to Constantinople to be thanked by the Emperor, returning to Italy shortly after Manuel's death in 1180. Nicetas Choniates describes him at this time (in his mid-thirties) as "of beautiful appearance, comely in the springtime of life, exceptional and peerless in courage and intelligence, and in the flower of his physical strength". In the winter of 1186-87, Isaac II Angelus offered his sister Theodora, as a bride to Conrad's younger brother Boniface, to renew the Byzantine alliance with Montferrat, but Boniface was married. Conrad, recently widowed, had taken the cross, intending to join his father in the Kingdom of Jerusalem; instead, he accepted Isaac's offer and returned to Constantinople in spring 1187. On his marriage, he was awarded the rank of Caesar. However, almost immediately, he had to help the Emperor defend his throne against a revolt, led by General Alexios Branas. According to Choniates, Conrad inspired the weak Emperor to take the initiative. He fought heroically in the battle in which Branas was killed, without shield or helmet, and wearing a linen cuirass instead of mail. He was slightly wounded in the shoulder, but unhorsed Branas, who was then killed and beheaded by his bodyguards.

Conrad and the crusader states

However, feeling that his service had been insufficiently rewarded, wary of Byzantine anti-Latin sentiment (his youngest brother Renier had been murdered in 1182) and of possible vengeance-seeking by Branas's family, Conrad fled to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in July 1187. (Some popular modern histories have claimed that he was fleeing vengeance after committing a private murder: this is due to a failure to recognise Branas's name, garbled into "Lyvernas", in the French continuation of William of Tyre, and an error by Roger of Howden, who also knew nothing of Branas.) He evidently intended to join his father, who held the castle of St. Elias. He arrived first off Acre, which had recently fallen to Saladin, and so sailed north to Tyre, where he found the remnants of the Crusader army. After his victory at the Battle of Hattin over the army of Jerusalem, Saladin was on the march north, and had already captured Acre, Sidon, and Beirut. Raymond III of Tripoli had despaired of Tyre's defence, and returned to Tripoli, where he died soon afterwards. Desperate for leadership, the citizens of Tyre begged Conrad to take charge of the defences. Reginald of Sidon had taken charge and was in the process of negotiating its surrender with Saladin. Conrad allegedly threw down Saladin's banners, and made the Tyrians swear total loyalty to him, and when Saladin's army arrived they found the city well-defended and defiant. As the chronicler Ibn al-Athir wrote, "He was a devil incarnate in his ability to govern and defend a town, and a man of extraordinary courage". Saladin presented Conrad's aged father, William V of Montferrat, who had been captured at Hattin, before the walls of the city, and offered to release his father and bestow great gifts upon Conrad if he surrendered Tyre. The old man told his son to stand firm, even when the Egyptians threatened to kill him. Conrad declared that William had lived a long life already, and aimed at him with a crossbow himself. According to the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, Saladin said, "This man is an unbeliever and very cruel". But he had succeeded in calling Saladin's bluff: the old Marquess William was released, unharmed, at Tortosa in 1188, and returned to his son. Tyre successfully withstood the siege, and desiring more profitable conquest, Saladin's army moved on south to Caesarea, Arsuf, and Jaffa. Meanwhile, Conrad sent out appeals for aid to the West, including propaganda drawings of the horses of Saladin's army stabled (and urinating) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. A few months later, in November 1187, Saladin returned for a second siege of Tyre. Conrad was still in command of the city, which was now heavily-fortified and filled with Christian refugees from Jerusalem. This time Saladin opted for a combined ground and naval assault, setting up a blockade of the harbour. On December 30, Conrad's forces launched a dawn raid on the weary Egyptian sailors, capturing many of their galleys. The remaining Egyptian ships tried to escape to Beirut, but the Tyrian ships gave chase, and the Egyptians were forced to beach their ships and flee. Saladin was forced to pull back yet again, burning his siege engines and ships to prevent them from falling into enemy hands.

Conflict with Guy of Lusignan

In summer 1189, Saladin released Guy of Lusignan, the husband of Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem, from captivity. Guy appeared at Tyre and demanded that Conrad hand over the keys to the city to him. Conrad refused this demand, and declared that Guy had forfeited his rights to be king of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin. (It must be recalled that Conrad was the nearest male relative of Baldwin V.) He would not allow Guy and Sibylla to enter the city, but did allow them to camp outside Tyre's walls with their retainers. Conrad and Guy did however ally against Saladin at the Battle of Acre, the resulting siege lasting two years. When Queen Sibylla and their daughters died of disease during the siege in 1190, Guy technically no longer had a claim to the throne. The heiress of Jerusalem was Isabella of Jerusalem, Queen Sibylla's half-sister, who was married to Humphrey IV of Toron, of whom she was fond. However, Conrad had the support of her mother Maria Comnena and stepfather Balian of Ibelin, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles of Outremer. They obtained an annulment on the grounds that Isabella had been underage at the time of the marriage and had not been able to give consent. Conrad then married Isabella himself, despite rumours of bigamy because of his marriage to Theodora, who was still alive. (However, Choniates, who usually expresses strong disapproval of marital/sexual irregularities, makes no mention of this. This may imply that a divorce had been effected from the Byzantine side before 1190, by which time it was obvious that Conrad would not be returning.) The marriage was conducted by Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais - son of Conrad's cousin Robert, Count of Dreux. In this way did Conrad obtain the kingship of Jerusalem. Infuriated, Guy of Lusignan challenged Conrad to single combat, but was ignored. (To have consented to such a trial would have been to accept that Guy had a case.) As Guy was a vassal of Richard I of England for his lands in Poitou, Richard supported him in this political struggle, while Conrad was supported by his cousins Leopold V of Austria and Philip II of France. After the surrender of Acre (in which negotiations Conrad played a crucial role), the parties attempted to come to an agreement. Guy was confirmed as king of Jerusalem, and Conrad was made his heir. Conrad would retain the cities of Tyre, Beirut, and Sidon, and his heirs would inherit Jerusalem on Guy's death. In July 1191 Conrad's kinsman, King Philip, decided to return to France, but before he left he turned over half the treasure plundered from Acre to Conrad, along with all his prominent Muslim hostages. King Richard asked Conrad to hand over the hostages, but Conrad refused as long as he could. After he finally gave way, Richard had all the hostages killed. He did not join Richard on campaign, preferring to remain with his wife Isabella in Tyre - believing his life to be in danger.

Conrad as King of Jerusalem

In April 1192, the kingship was put to the vote. To Richard's consternation, the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem unanimously elected Conrad as King. Under pressure from the English barons, Guy was given (or, more accurately, was forced to purchase) the lordship of Cyprus (where he continued to use king's title) as consolation prize. Richard's nephew Henry II of Champagne brought the news to Tyre, then returned to Acre. But Conrad was never crowned. A few days later, on April 28, Isabella, who was pregnant, was late in returning from the baths to dine with him, so he went to eat at the house of his kinsman and friend, Philip, Bishop of Beauvais. The bishop had already eaten, so Conrad returned home; on his way, he was stabbed at least twice in the chest and side by two Hashshashin. He was taken home by his attendants, who killed one of his attackers and captured the other. Conrad received the last rites before dying of his wounds: he was in his mid-late forties. Richard's chroniclers later claimed that he urged Isabella to give the city over only to Richard or his representative: this is open to doubt. He was buried in Tyre, in the Church of the Hospitallers. "[T]he Frankish marquis, the ruler of Tyre, and the greatest devil of all the Franks, Conrad of Montferrat -- God damn him! -- was killed," wrote Ibn al-Athir. Certainly, the loss of a potentially formidable king was of advantage to the Saracens. The murder remains unsolved. Under torture, the surviving Hashshashin claimed that Richard was behind the killing, though this is impossible to prove. Another suspect was Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first husband. Later, while returning from the crusade in disguise, Richard was recognised by Meinhard II of Görz, who is described as Conrad's nephew (which suggests the identity of his first wife), and then imprisoned by his cousin Leopold V of Austria. Conrad's murder was one of the charges against him. Richard requested that the Hashshashin vindicate him, and in a letter allegedly from their leader, Rashid al-Din Sinan, they appeared to do so. The letter claimed that in 1191, Conrad had captured a Hashshashin ship that had sought refuge in Tyre during a storm. He killed the captain, imprisoned the crew, and stripped the ship of its treasure. When Rashid al-Din Sinan requested that the ship's crew and treasure be returned, he was rebuffed, and so a death sentence was issued for Conrad of Montferrat. However, this letter is believed to have been forged: Sinan was already dead, and apart from this letter and the chronicle entries based upon it, there is no other evidence for the Hashashin being involved in shipping. The timing of the murder, and its consequences - the pregnant Isabella was married off within the week to Henry of Champagne, much to the disgust of Muslim commentators - suggest that the chief motive may be sought in Frankish politics. Saladin's involvement has also been alleged, but as Conrad seems to have been undertaking negotiations with him to secure the kingdom, this seems less likely; also, Saladin himself had no love for the Hashshashin.

Family

Conrad's brother Boniface was the leader of the Fourth Crusade. Their youngest brother Renier was a son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and the eldest, William, had been the first husband of Sibylla and father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem. Conrad was also briefly Marquess of Montferrat, following his father's death in 1191. In Montferrat he was succeeded by Boniface, but his own heiress was born posthumously: a daughter Maria of Montferrat, 'La Marquise', who in 1205 became Queen of Jerusalem on Isabella's death, but died young in childbirth. Conrad's ex-wife, Theodora, was still living in the mid-late 1190s, when she was having the monastery of Dalmatios converted into a convent, possibly for her own residence.

Conrad in fiction and film

The Monferrine court was Occitan in its literary culture, and provided patronage to numerous troubadors. Bertran de Born and Peirol mention Conrad in songs composed at the time of the Third Crusade. He was seen as a heroic figure, the noble defender of Tyre - the "Marqués valens e pros" ("the valiant and worthy Marquess") as Peirol called him. However, subsequently, the long-term prejudice of popular English-language writing towards Richard I and his "Lionheart" myth has affected portrayals of Conrad in English-language fiction and film. Because Richard (and his chroniclers) did not support him, he is generally depicted negatively, even when Richard himself is treated with some scepticism. An entirely fictionalised, unambiguously wicked version of Conrad appears in Walter Scott's The Talisman, misspelled as 'Conrade of Montserrat' (the ailing novelist apparently misreading 'f' as a long 's' in his sources) and described as a "marmoset" and "popinjay". He is also a villain in Maurice Hewlett's fanciful The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay (1900). He is more thoroughly demonised in Graham Shelby's 1970 novel The Kings of Vain Intent. These works reflect the later Renaissance and Gothic novel cultural/ethnic stereotype of the 'Machiavellian' Italian: corrupt, scheming, dandified, not averse to poisoning, even (as in Shelby's novel) sexually sadistic. In contrast, the Russian-born French novelist Zoé Oldenbourg gives him a more positive but fleeting cameo-role - proud, strong, and handsome - in her 1946 novel Argile et Cendres (Clay and Ashes, published in English as The World Is Not Enough in 1948). In film, he has been consistently depicted as a villain, and with scant regard for accuracy. In Cecil B. de Mille's 1935 film The Crusades, he is played by Joseph Schildkraut as a scheming traitor, plotting Richard's death with Prince John in England at a time when he was actually already defending Tyre. The 1954 film King Richard and the Crusaders, loosely based on The Talisman, similarly depicts him as a villain, played by Michael Pate. The 1963 Egyptian film El Naser Salah el Dine also shows Scott's influence in its hostility towards Conrad (played by Mahmoud El-Meliguy) and Philip, while depicting Richard more favourably.

Sources

- Brand, Charles M. Byzantium Confronts the West, 1968, ISBN 0751200530
- Edbury, Peter W. (ed.) The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, 1998, ISBN 1840146761
- Gabrieli, Francesco. (ed.) Arab Historians of the Crusades, English translation 1969, ISBN 0520052242
- [http://centri.univr.it/RM/biblioteca/scaffale/volumi.htm#Walter%20Haberstumpf Haberstumpf, Walter. Dinastie europee nel Mediterraneo orientale. I Monferrato e i Savoia nei secoli XII–XV, 1995] (external link to downloadable text).
- Ilgen, Theodor. Konrad, Markgraf von Montferrat, 1880
- Magoulias, Harry J. (transl.). O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates, 1984, ISBN 0814317642
- Nicholson, Helen J. (ed.) The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, 1997, ISBN 0754605817
- [http://www.marchesimonferrato.com/Corrado.htm Riley-Smith, Jonathan. "Corrado di Monferrato", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. XXIX, Rome 1983, pp. 381-387] (external link)
- Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, 1951-54, vols. 2-3.
- Usseglio, Leopoldo. I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII, 1926.
- [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/GuillaumeTyr4.html William of Tyre, French continuation of. Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum] (external link to text in mediæval French). Category:1140s births Category:1192 deaths Category:Marquesses of Montferrat Category:Kings of Jerusalem Category:Assassinated people ja:コンラート1世

Kings of Jerusalem

This is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day.

Kings of Jerusalem, 1099-1291

The Kingdom of Jerusalem had its origins in the First Crusade, when Godfrey of Bouillon took the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri, "Protector of the Holy Sepulcher", in 1099 and was crowned in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The following year, his brother Baldwin I of Jerusalem was the first to use the title "king" and the first to be crowned in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem itself. The kingship of Jerusalem was partially elected and partially hereditary. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. Nevertheless the king was elected, or at least recognized, by the Haute Cour. In the Haute Cour the king was considered primus inter pares, and in his absence his duties were performed by his seneschal. The royal palace was located in the Citadel in the Tower of David. The Kingdom of Jerusalem introduced French feudal structures to the Levant: the king personally held several fiefs incorporated into the royal domain (these varied from king to king). He was also responsible for leading the kingdom into battle, although this duty could be passed to the constable. While several contemporary European states were moving towards centralized monarchies, the king of Jerusalem was continually losing power to the strongest of his barons. This was partially due to the young age of many of the kings, and the frequency of regents from the ranks of the nobles. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the capital of the Kingdom was moved to Acre, where it remained until 1291, although coronations took place in Tyre. In this period the kingship was often simply a nominal position, held by a European ruler who never lived in Acre. When young Conradin was king and living in Southern Germany, his father's second cousin Hugh of Brienne claimed the regency of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (and, indirectly, his place in the succession) in 1264 as senior heir of Alice of Jerusalem, second daughter of Queen Isabella I, being the son of their eldest daughter, but was passed over by the Haute Cour in favor of his cousin Hugh of Antioch, the future Hugh III of Cyprus and I of Jerusalem. After 1268, the kingship was held by the Lusignan family, simultaneously kings of Cyprus. However, Charles I of Sicily had purchased the rights of one of the heirs of the kingdom in 1277. In that year, he sent Roger of Sanseverino to the East as his bailiff. Roger captured Acre and obtained a forced homage from the barons. Roger was recalled in 1282 due to the Sicilian Vespers and left Odo Poilechien in his stead; his resources and authority was minimal, and he was ejected by Henry II of Cyprus when he arrived from Cyprus for his coronation as King of Jerusalem. Acre was captured by the Mamluks in 1291, eliminating the crusader presence in the east.

King/Queen	Reigned	Regent
Godfrey of Bouillon (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre)	1099–1100
Baldwin I	1100–1118
Baldwin II	1118–1131	Eustace Grenier (Regent, 1123) William Bures (Regent, 1123-1124)
Melisende and Fulk	1131–1153 Fulk lost influence after 1136, and died in 1143. Melisende countinued to reign by right of law
Baldwin III	1143–1162, was crowned as co-ruler and heir of Melisende 1143; claimed full power in 1153	Melisende (Regent and advisor, 1154–1161)
Amalric I	1162–1174
Baldwin IV	1174–1185	Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1174–1177) Guy of Lusignan (Regent, 1183–1184)
Baldwin V	1185–1186	Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1185–1186)
Sibylla and Guy of Lusignan	1186–1187
Jerusalem lost in 1187; Sybilla died in 1190, but Guy refused to cede crown; kingship disputed until 1192, after which kings ruled over a narrow coastal strip
Isabella I	1192–1205
With Conrad of Montferrat, Conrad I	1192
With Henry of Champagne, Henry I	1192–1197
With Amalric II	1198–1205
Maria of Montferrat	1205–1212	John of Ibelin (Regent, 1205–1210)
John of Brienne	1210–1212
Yolande (Isabella II)	1212–1228	John of Brienne (Regent 1212–1225)
With Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor	1225–1228
Conrad of Hohenstaufen, Conrad II	1228–1254	Frederick II (Regent, 1228–1243) Queen Alice of Cyprus (Regent, 1243–1246) King Henry I of Cyprus (Regent, 1246–1253) Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1253–1254)
Conrad III of Jerusalem	1254–1268	Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1254–1261 Isabella of Lusignan (Regent, 1261–1264) Hugh of Antioch (Regent, 1264–1268 (challenged by the claim of Hugh of Brienne))
Hugh I (the former Hugh of Antioch)	1268–1284 (firstly challenged by claims of Hugh of Brienne and Mary of Antioch, then opposed by Charles of Anjou)
Charles of Anjou	1277–1285 (Opposed by Hugh I and John II)
John II	1284–1285 (Opposed by Charles of Anjou)
Henry II	1285–1291
Acre captured in 1291; kingdom ends.

Claimants to the throne of Jerusalem

Count Hugh of Brienne claimed the regency of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (and, indirectly, his place in the succession) in 1264 as senior heir of Alice of Jerusalem, second daughter of Queen Isabella I, and Hugh I of Cyprus, being the son of their eldest daughter, but was passed over by the Haute Cour in favor of his cousin Hugh of Antioch, the future Hugh III of Cyprus and I of Jerusalem. The Brienne line continues, but has afterwards taken next to no part in affairs in Outremer. After the end of the kingdom, Henry II of Cyprus continued to use the title "King of Jerusalem." After his death the title was claimed by his direct heirs, the Kings of Cyprus. The title was also continuously used by the Angevin Kings of Naples, whose founder, Charles of Anjou, had bought a claim to the throne from Mary of Antioch. Thereafter, this claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem was treated as a tributary of the crown of Naples, which often changed hands by testament or conquest rather than direct inheritance. As Naples was a papal fief, the Popes often endorsed the title of King of Jerusalem as well as of Naples, and the history of these claims is that of the Neapolitan Kingdom. In 1806, Emperor Napoleon I of France conceded the title to his brother and the new King of Naples Joseph Bonaparte, who died in 1844. Over the years, many European rulers claimed to be the rightful heirs to one of these claims. None of these, however, have actually ruled over a part of the Kingdom.

Lines of succession in several claims

Italics indicate individuals who did not themselves use the title of "King of Jerusalem".

Cypriot claimants

- Henry II (1285) 1291–1324
- Hugh 1324–1359
- Peter I 1359–1369
- Peter II 1369–1382
- James I 1382–1398
- Janus 1398–1432
- Jean 1432–1458
- Charlotte I 1458–1485 (d. 1487) m. 1459 her cousin Louis of Savoy (d. 1482) In 1460, Charlotte was dispossessed of Cyprus by her illegitimate half-brother James. However, she maintained her claims until 1485, when she resigned them to the next legitimate heir, Charles I of Savoy.
- # Cypriot illegitimate claimants
- #
- James II 1460–1473 (illegitimate, usurped Cyprus from his half-sister Charlotte)
- #
- James III 1473–1474
- #
- Catherine 1474–1489 (wife and widow of James II)
- #
- Catherine surrendered her rights to the Republic of Venice in 1489.
- # Savoyard claimants
- #
- Charles I 1482–1490
- #
- Charles II 1490–1496 On the death of Charles, the Duchy of Savoy passed to his heir-male Philip, and the Dukes of Savoy continued to claim Jerusalem. However, there was never historically a bar on female succession to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- #
- # Savoyard heirs-general
- #
- #
- Charles' heirs-general do not appear to have used the title King of Jerusalem or ever asserted a claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The current heir-general is either Charles-Antoine Lamoral, Prince de Ligne de la Trémoïlle or Elisabeth, Princess of Urach.
- #
- # Savoyard heirs-male
- #
- #
- Philip 1496–1497
- #
- #
- Philibert 1497–1504
- #
- #
- Charles III 1504–1553
- #
- #
- Emmanuel Philibert 1553–1580
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel I 1580–1630
- #
- #
- Victor Amadeus I 1630–1637 (assumed the title of "King of Cyprus" only in 1632)
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel II 1637–1675
- #
- #
- Victor Amadeus II of Savoy 1675–1730 (assumed the title 1713, in conjunction with his brief reign as King of Sicily)
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 1730–1773
- #
- #
- Victor Amadeus III 1773–1796
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel IV 1796–1819
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel I 1819–1821
- #
- #
- Charles Felix 1821–1831
- #
- #
- Charles Albert 1831–1849
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel II 1849–1878
- #
- #
- Humbert I 1878–1900
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel III 1900–1946
- #
- #
- Humbert II 1946–1983
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel IV 1983–present

Neapolitan claimants

Mary of Antioch claimed the throne of Jerusalem from 1269 to 1277. She was the daughter of Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch and his second wife Melisende of Cyprus. Melisende was the youngest daughter of Isabella, Queen of Jerusalem and her fourth husband King-Consort Amalric II of Jerusalem. Since Mary was, at the time of the death of Conradin, the only living grandchild of Queen Isabella, she claimed the throne on basis of proximity in blood to the Kings of Jerusalem. Denied by the Haute Cour, she went to Rome and sold her rights, with papal blessing and confirmation, to Charles of Anjou in 1277. Thereafter, this claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem was treated also as tributary to the crown of Naples, which often changed hands by testament or conquest rather than direct inheritance.
- Charles I 1277–1285; acquired title with approval of the Pope in 1277
- Charles II 1285–1309
- Charles Robert, king of Hungary, son of his eldest, predeceased son
- Louis I of Hungary, king of Hungary and also of Poland, made a claim to Jerusalem and Sicily
- Mary I of Hungary, childless, her kingdoms were kept by her husband, the future Emperor Sigismund
- Jadwiga of Poland (d. 1399), sister, childless, left her rights to her husband king Ladislas Jagello of Lithuania and Poland; after her death, the heir-general was her distant cousin and her family's enemy's widow
- Margaret of Durazzo (d. 1412), Dowager Queen of Hungary, Sicily and Jerusalem
- Ladislas of Naples
- Joanna of Durazzo, after whose death, the heir-general of the line of Charles I of Sicily was:
- Charles VII of France
- Louis XI of France
- Charles VIII of France, conquered Naples 1495 and assumed the title
- Anne of Beaujeu, Duchess of Bourbon
- Anne of Laval, ancestress of La Tremoille, her issue also heirs of rights of Frederick IV of Naples
- Robert 1309–1343, third but eldest surviving son, who succeeded in Naples superseding the rights of his eldest brother's heirs
- Joan I 1343–1382. Joan left her kingdom by testament to Louis I of Anjou, whom she had previously adopted as heir, but she was ousted and soon murdered by Charles of Durazzo, the heir male of her house.
- # Senior Angevin claimants
- #
- Charles III (the Durazzo prince) 1382–1386
- #
- Ladislas 1386–1414
- #
- Joan II 1414–1435 Joan left her kingdom by testament to René of Anjou, of the junior line. She had previously adopted (and subsequently repudiated the adoption) her kinsman Alfonso V of Aragon and Sicily, who launched a conquest to have Naples. However, her heir general in Jerusalem, Sicily, Hungary etc was her distant cousin Charles VII of France, see above
- # Junior Angevin claimants
- #
- Louis I 1382–1384
- #
- Louis II 1384–1417
- #
- Louis III 1417–1434
- René I 1434–1480 united the claims of junior and senior lines. However, in 1441, control of the Kingdom of Naples was lost to Alfonso V of Aragon, who also claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem thereby. In addition, while René was succeeded in Bar by his grandson René of Vaudemont, René's nephew and heir male Charles IV of Anjou claimed the kingdoms of Sicily and Jerusalem, and he then testamented them to his cousin Louis XI of France. In 1494 Charles VIII of France also claimed the Kingdom of Naples and Jerusalem as the great-grandson of Louis II of Anjou and launched his conquest.
- # Angevin-Lorraine claimants
- #
- Yolande 1480–1483, Titular Queen of Jerusalem, Sicily, Aragon etc
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- René II 1480–1508, Titular King of Jerusalem, Sicily and Aragon etc. (did not adopt the title until 1493)
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- Anthony 1508–1544
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- Francis I 1544–1545
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- Charles 1545–1608
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- Henry 1608–1624
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- Nicoletta 1624–1657, and her husband Charles
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- Ferdinand I Philip 1657–1659
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- Charles Leopold 1659–1690
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- Leopold I Joseph 1679–1729, resumed the title in 1700
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- Francis II Stephen 1729–1765
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- Joseph 1765–1790
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- Leopold II 1790–1792
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- Francis III 1792–1835
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- Ferdinand 1835–1875
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- Francis Joseph 1875–1916
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- Charles 1916–1922
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- Otto 1922–present
- # French claimants
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- Charles IV 1480–1481, heir male of René, Titular King of Jerusalem and Sicily
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- Louis 1481–1483, first cousin, by testament
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- Charles V 1483–1498 — In 1495, Charles VIII of France had conquered Naples and was crowned as king. He died 1498, leaving his sister Anne of Beaujeu as his heir-general, and his second cousin