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| Julian Schwinger |
Julian SchwingerJulian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 -- July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He formulated the theory of renormalization and posited a phenomenon of electron-positron pairs known as the Schwinger effect. He was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work on quantum electrodynamics (QED), along with Richard Feynman and Shinichiro Tomonaga.
Shinichiro Tomonaga
Schwinger was born in New York City and attended the City College of New York as an undergraduate before transferring to Columbia University, where he received his B.A. in 1936 and his Ph.D. (overseen by I.I. Rabi) in 1939. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley (under J. Robert Oppenheimer) and was later appointed to a position at Purdue University.
During World War II Schwinger worked at the Radiation Laboratory at MIT, providing theoretical support for the development of radar. He tried applying his knowledge as a Nuclear Physicist to electromagnetic engineering problems, and arrived at results on nuclear scattering. Consequently, Schwinger began to apply his understanding of radiation to quantum physics.
After the war, Schwinger left Purdue for Harvard University, where he taught from 1945 to 1974. He married in 1947. During this time, he developed the concept of renormalization, which explained the Lamb shift in an electron's magnetic field. He also realized, in his study of particle physics, that neutrinos would come in multiple varieties, associated with leptons like the electron and muon, which was experimentally verified in recent years.
Having supervised more than seventy doctoral dissertations, Schwinger is known as one of the most prolific graduate advisors in physics. Four of his students won Nobel prizes: Roy Glauber, Benjamin Roy Mottelson, Sheldon Glashow and Walter Kohn (in chemistry).
In his later career, displeased with the complexity of other explanations of particle physics experiments, Schwinger developed source theory, which treats gravitons, photons, and other particles uniformly. Schwinger left Harvard in 1974 for a position the University of California, Los Angeles where he continued his work on source theory. Here, he established a legacy of excellent lecturing and mentoring skills.
See also Schwinger model, Schwinger-Dyson equations, Schwinger's variational principle, Rarita-Schwinger action
External links
- [http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/julian_seymour_schwinger.html Julian Schwinger]
- [http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1965/schwinger-bio.html Nobel Museum Biography]
- [http://holiker.narod.ru/five/schwinger-press.html fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles]
Schwinger, Julian
Schwinger, Julian
Schwinger, Julian
Schwinger, Julian
ja:ジュリアン・シュウィンガー
February 12
February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 322 days remaining, 323 in leap years.
Events
- 1354 - Treaty of Stralsund settles border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
- 1541 - Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia.
- 1554 - A year after claiming the throne of England for nine days, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason.
- 1689 - The Convention Parliament convenes and declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.
- 1719 - The Onderlinge van 1719 u.a., the oldest existing life insurance company in the Netherlands is founded
- 1733 - Englishman James Oglethorpe founds the 13th and final American colony of Georgia, and its first city at Savannah.
- 1737 - The San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated.
- 1771 - Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden when his father Adolf Frederick "[eats] himself to death".
- 1809 - British naturalist Charles Darwin and American president Abraham Lincoln are born.
- 1817 - Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeat Spanish troops on the battle of Chacabuco
- 1818 - Bernardo O'Higgins signs the Independence of Chile near Concepción.
- 1825 - The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west.
- 1832 - Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.
- 1870 - Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory.
- 1879 - At New York City's Madison Square Garden the first artificial ice rink in North America opens.
- 1892 - Former President Abraham Lincoln's birthday is declared a national holiday in the United States.
- 1894 - Anarchist Emile Henry hurls a bomb into Paris's Cafe Terminus, killing one and wounding 20.
- 1909 - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.
- 1912 - Xuantong Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, the last Emperor of China, abdicates.
- 1912 - China adopts the Gregorian calendar.
- 1915 - In Washington, DC, the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.
- 1924 - Premiere of George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue with Paul Whiteman's Palais Royal Orchestra in Aeolian Hall in New York City
- 1924 - Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech on radio.
- 1934 - The Austrian Civil War begins
- 1934 - The Export-Import Bank of the United States is incorporated.
- 1934 - In Spain the national council of Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista is inaugurated. The council decides to merge the movement with the Falange Española.
- 1938 - Anschluss: German troops enter Austria.
- 1946 - Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats.
- 1951 - Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari marries the Shah of Iran Reza Pahlavi at Golestan Palace in Teheran at age of 17.
- 1973 - Ohio becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in SI units on signs.
- 1973 - Vietnam War: The first American prisoners of war are released by the Viet Cong.
- 1994 - 1994 Winter Olympics open in Lillehammer, Norway.
- 1998 - The presidential line-item veto is declared unconstitutional by United States federal judge.
- 1999 - President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial.
- 2001 - NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touchdown in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid.
- 2001 - Google obtains Usenet, creating [http://groups.google.com Google Groups] ([http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease48.html press release])
- 2002 - The trial of former President of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević begins at the United Nations war crimes tribunal in The Hague.
- 2002 - Nuclear waste: US Secretary of Energy makes the decision that Yucca Mountain is suitable to be the United States' nuclear repository.
- 2002 - An Iran Air Tupolev Tu-154 crashes prior to landing in Khorramabad, Iran, killing 119
- 2004 - Mayor Gavin Newsom of San Francisco, California, on National Freedom to Marry Day, orders his county clerk to revise marriage licenses to allow gay and lesbian couples to legally wed.
- 2004 - Mattel Inc. announces the split of Barbara Millicent Roberts and Ken Carson (aka Barbie and Ken) after 43 years of dating.
- 2005 - Former Vermont governor and presidential candidate Howard Dean becomes chairman of the Democratic National Committee.
Births
- 1074 - Conrad, King of Germany and Italy (d. 1101)
- 1218 - Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (d. 1256)
- 1567 - Thomas Campion, English composer and poet (d. 1620)
- 1606 - John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1676)
- 1637 - Jan Swammerdam, Dutch scientist (d. 1680)
- 1663 - Cotton Mather, New England minister (d. 1728)
- 1665 - Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (d. 1721)
- 1704 - Charles Pinot Duclos, French writer (d. 1772)
- 1728 - Étienne-Louis Boullée, French architect (d. 1799)
- 1753 - François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers, French admiral (d. 1798)
- 1768 - Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1835)
- 1775 - Louisa Adams, First Lady of the United States, wife of John Quincy Adams (d. 1852)
- 1777 - Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, French poet (d. 1843)
- 1788 - Carl Reichenbach, German chemist and philosopher (d. 1869)
- 1794 - Alexander Petrov, Russian cess player (d. 1867)
- 1804 - Heinrich Lenz, German physicist (d. 1865)
- 1809 - Charles Darwin, English naturalist (d. 1882)
- 1809 - Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865)
- 1818 - Otto Ludwig, German writer
- 1828 - George Meredith, English writer (d. 1909)
- 1857 - Bobby Peel, English cricketer (d. 1943).
- 1861 - Lou Andreas-Salome, Russian-born author (d. 1937)
- 1865 - Kazimierz Tetmajer, Polish poet and writer (d. 1940)
- 1880 - John L. Lewis, American labor union leader (d. 1969)
- 1881 - Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (d. 1931)
- 1884 - Max Beckmann, painter and graphic artist (d. 1950)
- 1884 - Marie Vassilieff, Russian artist (d. 1957)
- 1893 - Omar Bradley, American general (d. 1981)
- 1898 - Wallace Ford, actor (d. 1966)
- 1900 - Roger J. Traynor, American judge (d. 1980)
- 1904 - Ted Mack, American television host (d. 1976)
- 1911 - Stephen H. Sholes, American recording executive (d. 1968)
- 1912 - R. F. Delderfield, English author (d. 1972)
- 1914 - Tex Beneke, American musician and band leader (d. 2000)
- 1915 - Lorne Greene, American actor (d. 1987)
- 1916 - Joseph Alioto, Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1998)
- 1918 - Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
- 1919 - Forrest Tucker, American actor (d. 1986)
- 1920 - William Roscoe Estep, Baptist historian and professor (d. 2000)
- 1923 - Franco Zeffirelli, Italian film and opera director and designer
- 1925 - Sir Anthony Berry, British politician (d. 1984)
- 1926 - Joe Garagiola, baseball player
- 1926 - Paul Kurtz, American philosopher
- 1926 - Charles Van Doren, American quiz show contestant
- 1930 - Arlen Specter, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
- 1931 - Janwillem van de Wetering, Dutch author
- 1932 - Axel Jensen, Norwegian author (d. 2003)
- 1932 - Julian Lincoln Simon, American economist and author (d. 1998)
- 1933 - Costa-Gavras, Greek-born director and writer
- 1934 - Bill Russell, American basketball player
- 1936 - Joe Don Baker, American actor
- 1936 - Paul Shenar, American actor
- 1937 - Charles Dumas, American athlete
- 1938 - Judy Blume, American author
- 1938 - Johnny Rutherford, American race car driver
- 1939 - Ray Manzarek, American keyboardist (The Doors)
- 1940 - Richard Lynch, American actor
- 1942 - Ehud Barak, Prime Minister of Israel
- 1945 - Maud Adams, Swedish actress
- 1950 - Michael Ironside, Canadian actor
- 1953 - Nabil Shaban, British actor
- 1953 - Robin Thomas, American actor
- 1954 - Philip Zimmermann, cryptographer
- 1955 - Arsenio Hall, American actor and talk show host
- 1962 - Jimmy Kirkwood, Irish-born field hockey player
- 1967 - Chris McKinstry, Canadian computer scientist
- 1968 - Josh Brolin, American actor
- 1968 - Chynna Phillips, American singer
- 1969 - Darren Aronofsky, American director and writer
- 1969 - Meja, Swedish singer
- 1969 - Hong Myung-Bo, Korean footballer
- 1970 - Jim Creeggan, Canadian bassist (Barenaked Ladies)
- 1976 - Silvia Saint, Czech actress
- 1980 - Juan Carlos Ferrero, Spanish tennis player
- 1980 - Christina Ricci, American actress
Deaths
- 1538 - Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter
- 1554 - Lord Guilford Dudley, consort of Lady Jane Grey (executed) (b. 1536)
- 1554 - Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (executed) (b. 1537)
- 1571 - Nicholas Throckmorton, English diplomat and politician (b. 1515)
- 1590 - François Hotman, French lawyer and writer (b. 1524)
- 1595 - Archduke Ernest of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (b. 1553)
- 1612 - Christopher Clavius, German astronomer (b. 1538)
- 1624 - George Heriot, Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist (b. 1563)
- 1630 - Fynes Moryson, English traveler and writer (b. 1566)
- 1700 - Aleksei Shein, Russian general and statesman (b. 1662)
- 1724 - Elkanah Settle, English writer (b. 1648)
- 1728 - Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (b. 1653)
- 1762 - Laurent Belissen, French composer (b. 1693)
- 1763 - Pierre de Marivaux, French writer (b. 1688)
- 1771 - King Adolf Frederick of Sweden (b. 1710)
- 1789 - Ethan Allen, American patriot (b. 1738)
- 1799 - Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist (b. 1729)
- 1804 - Immanuel Kant, German philosopher (b. 1724)
- 1916 - Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831)
- 1929 - Lillie Langtry, British singer and actress (b. 1853)
- 1933 - Henri Duparc, French composer (b. 1848)
- 1935 - Auguste Escoffier, French chef (b. 1846)
- 1949 - Imam Hassan al Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. 1906)
- 1951 - Choudhary Rahmat Ali, founder of Pakistan (b. 1895)
- 1954 - Dziga Vertov, Russian filmmaker (b. 1896)
- 1957 - Eric Alfred Knudsen, American author, folklorist (b. 1872)
- 1971 - James C. Penney, American department store founder (b. 1875)
- 1976 - Sal Mineo, American actor (b. 1939)
- 1979 - Jean Renoir, French director (b. 1894)
- 1982 - Victor Jory, Canadian actor (b. 1902)
- 1983 - Eubie Blake, American musician and songwriter
- 1984 - Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
- 1985 - Nicholas Colasanto, American actor (b. 1924)
- 1992 - Bep van Klaveren, Dutch boxer (b. 1907)
- 1992 - María Elena Moyano, Peruvian activist (b. 1960)
- 1993 - James Bulger, English murder victim (b. 1990)
- 1995 - Robert Bolt, English writer (b. 1924)
- 1995 - Philip Taylor Kramer, American musician (Iron Butterfly)
- 1996 - Bob Shaw, Irish author (b. 1931)
- 2000 - Screamin' Jay Hawkins, American musician (b. 1929)
- 2000 - Tom Landry, American football coach (b. 1924)
- 2000 - Charles Schulz, American comics author (b. 1922)
- 2001 - Kristina Söderbaum, German actress and photographer (b. 1912)
- 2005 - Brian Kelly, American actor (b. 1932)
- 2005 - Rafael Vidal, Venezuelan athlete (b. 1964)
Holidays and observances
- United States - Lincoln's Birthday (traditionally)
- 1991, 2002, 2013 Shrove Tuesday (Mardi Gras)
- Georgia Day in the U.S. state of Georgia
- National Freedom to Marry Day (unofficial)
- Darwin Day
- 1947 - Union Day of Burma
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/12 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050212.html The New York Times: On This Day]
----
February 11 - February 13 - January 12 - March 12 – listing of all days
ko:2월 12일
ms:12 Februari
ja:2月12日
simple:February 12
th:12 กุมภาพันธ์
July 16July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining.
Events
- 622 - The Prophet Mohammed begins his Hijra from Mecca to Medina. This marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
- 1661 - The first banknotes in Europe are issued by the Bank of Stockholm.
- 1769 - Father Junipero Serra founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first mission in California. The mission later evolves into the city of San Diego.
- 1779 - American Revolutionary War: United States forces led by General Anthony Wayne capture Stony Point, New York from British troops.
- 1782 - First performance of Mozart's opera The Abduction from the Seraglio.
- 1783 - Grants of land in Canada to American United Empire Loyalists are announced.
- 1790 - The signing of the Residence Bill establishes a site along the Potomac River as the District of Columbia (seat of government).
- 1862 - American Civil War: David G. Farragut becomes the first United States Navy rear admiral.
- 1880 - Dr. Emily Howard Stowe becomes the first woman licenced to practice medicine in Canada.
- 1918 - Russian Revolution: At Ekaterinburg, Bolsheviks execute Czar Nicholas II of Russia and his family.
- 1930 - Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia signs the first constitution of Ethiopia.
- 1942 - Holocaust: The Vichy France government headed by Pierre Laval orders French police officers to round up 13,000-20,000 Jews and imprison them in the Winter Velodrome.
- 1945 - Manhattan Project: The Atomic Age begins when the United States successfully detonates a plutonium-based test nuclear weapon at the Trinity site near Alamogordo, New Mexico.
- 1951 - The novel Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger published.
- 1951 - King Léopold III of Belgium abdicates in favour of his son, Baudouin I of Belgium, to avoid internal social strife.
- 1957 - United States Marine Major John Glenn flies a F8U supersonic jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds setting a new transcontinental speed record.
- 1963 - Timothy Leary takes LSD for the first time.
- 1965 - The Mont Blanc Tunnel linking France with Italy opens.
- 1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 11 launches from Cape Kennedy, Florida and will become the first manned space mission to land on the moon.
- 1973 - Watergate Scandal: Former White House aide Alexander P. Butterfield informs the United States Senate committee investigating scandal that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.
- 1979 - Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and is replaced by Saddam Hussein.
- 1983 - Sikorsky S-61 disaster: helicopter crash off the Isles of Scilly, causing 20 fatalities.
- 1990 - In the Philippines, an earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter Scale kills over 1600.
- 1994 - The planet Jupiter is hit by fragments of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet.
- 1994 - The civil war in Rwanda comes to an end.
- 1997 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 63.17 to close at 8,038.88, closing above 8,000 for the first time.
- 1999 - John F. Kennedy Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are killed in a plane crash off the coast of Martha's Vineyard. The Piper Saratoga aircraft was piloted by Kennedy Jr.
- 1999 - Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace is released in the United Kingdom.
- 1999 - First game at Bears and Eagles Riverfront Stadium in Newark, New Jersey.
- 2001 - The FBI arrests Dmitry Sklyarov at a convention in Las Vegas, Nevada for violating a provision of the DMCA.
- 2003 - The Corsicans reject a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very thin majority: 50.98 percent against, and 49.02 percent for.
- 2004 - Millennium Park, considered the first and most ambitious architectural project in the early 21st century for Chicago, Illinois, is opened to the public by Mayor of Chicago Richard M. Daley.
- 2004 - Barclays Bank freezes the bank accounts of the British National Party.
- 2004 - A fire at a private school in Kumbakonam, India kills over 80 people.
- 2005 - Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, the sixth in J.K. Rowling's hugely popular Harry Potter series, is published in English-speaking countries.
Births
- 1194 - Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (d. 1253)
- 1486 - Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530)
- 1611 - Cecylia Renata, Queen of Poland
- 1714 - Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (d. 1800)
- 1722 - Joseph Wilton, English sculptor (d. 1803)
- 1723 - Joshua Reynolds, English painter (d. 1792)
- 1796 - Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, French painter (d. 1875)
- 1821 - Mary Baker Eddy, American religious leader (d. 1910)
- 1862 - Ida B. Wells, American journalist and anti-lynching crusader (d. 1931)
- 1872 - Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer (d. 1928)
- 1888 - Percy Kilbride, American actor (d. 1964)
- 1888 - Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)
- 1889 - Shoeless Joe Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1951)
- 1889 - Larry Semon, comedian (d. 1928)
- 1896 - Trygve Lie, first United Nations Secretary General (d. 1968)
- 1896 - Evelyn Preer, American actress (d. 1932)
- 1902 - Alexander Luria, Russian psychologist (d. 1977)
- 1903 - Carmen Lombardo, Canadian singer, saxophonist, composer, and arranger (d. 1971)
- 1903 - Mary Philbin, American actress (d. 1993)
- 1906 - Vincent Sherman, American director
- 1907 - Orville Redenbacher, American farmer and businessman (d. 1995)
- 1907 - Barbara Stanwyck, American actress (d. 1990)
- 1911 - Ginger Rogers, American actress and dancer (d. 1995)
- 1911 - Sonny Tufts, American actor (d. 1970)
- 1919 - Choi Kyuha, President of South Korea
- 1924 - Bess Myerson, American beauty queen and television personality
- 1925 - Cal Tjader, American musician (d. 1982)
- 1926 - Irwin Rose, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- 1932 - Richard Thornburgh, American politician
- 1939 - Mariele Ventre, Italian choir director (d. 1995)
- 1942 - Margaret Smith Court, Australian tennis player
- 1945 - Victor Sloan, Irish visual artist
- 1946 - Ron Yary, American football player
- 1947 - Assata Shakur, American activist
- 1948 - Rubén Blades, Panamanian actor, musician, and politician
- 1948 - Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist
- 1952 - Stewart Copeland, American musician
- 1956 - Tony Kushner, American playwright
- 1957 - Alexandra Marinina, Russian writer
- 1958 - Pierre Roland Renoir, Canadian artist
- 1959 - Gary Anderson, South African-born American football player
- 1963 - Phoebe Cates, American actress
- 1963 - Srečko Katanec, Slovenian footballer and coach
- 1963 - Fatboy Slim, English musician
- 1964 - Phil Hellmuth, American poker player
- 1964 - Miguel Induráin, Spanish cyclist
- 1967 - Will Ferrell, American comedian
- 1968 - Dhanraj Pillay, Indian field hockey player
- 1968 - Barry Sanders, American football player
- 1968 - Larry Sanger, American co-founder of Wikipedia
- 1971 - Corey Feldman, American actor
- 1976 - Anna Smashnova, Israeli tennis player
Deaths
- 1324 - Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (b. 1267)
- 1342 - King Charles I of Hungary
- 1546 - Anne Askew, English protestant (burned at the stake) (b. 1521)
- 1557 - Anne of Cleves, queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1515)
- 1630 - Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (b. 1562)
- 1647 - Masaniello, Italian rebel (b. 1622)
- 1664 - Andreas Gryphius, German writer (b. 1616)
- 1686 - John Pearson, English theologian (b. 1612)
- 1691 - François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (b. 1641)
- 1729 - Johann David Heinichen, German composer (b. 1683)
- 1770 - Francis Cotes, English painter (b. 1726)
- 1796 - George Howard, British field marshal (b. 1718)
- 1882 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (b. 1818)
- 1916 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
- 1949 - Vyacheslav Ivanov, Russian poet (b. 1866)
- 1953 - Hilaire Belloc, French writer and journalist (b. 1870)
- 1979 - Alfred Deller, English countertenor (b. 1912)
- 1981 - Harry Chapin, American singer and songwriter (b. 1942)
- 1985 - Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
- 1989 - Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908)
- 1991 - Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915)
- 1991 - Frank Rizzo, Mayor of Philadelphia (b. 1920)
- 1994 - Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- 1995 - Stephen Spender, British poet (b. 1909)
- 1998 - John Henrik Clarke, American historian and scholar (b. 1915)
- 1999 - Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, wife of John F. Kennedy Jr. (plane crash) (b. 1966)
- 1999 - John F. Kennedy Jr., American publisher (plane crash) (b. 1960)
- 2002 - John Cocke, American computer scientist (b. 1925)
- 2003 - Celia Cruz, Cuban musician (b. 1924)
- 2003 - Carol Shields, Canadian author (b. 1935)
- 2005 - Pietro Consagra, Italian sculptor (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Prince Gu of Korea (b. 1931)
Holidays and observances
- Botswana - President's Day (2nd day)
- Catholic - Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/16 BBC: On This Day]
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July 15 - July 17 - June 16 - August 16 -- listing of all days
ko:7월 16일
ms:16 Julai
ja:7月16日
simple:July 16
th:16 กรกฎาคม
1994
1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family.
Events
January
- January 1 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect
- January 1 - Zapatista Army of National Liberation begins war in Chiapas, Mexico
- January 1 - Bantustans join South Africa
- January 6 - Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the right leg by an assailant under orders from figure skating rival Tonya Harding.
- January 8 - Valeri Polyakov began his 437.7 day orbit, eventually setting the world record for days spent in orbit.
- January 11 - Irish government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the IRA and its political arm Sinn Fein
- January 14 - U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles to targets and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine.
- January 17 - 1994 Northridge Earthquake, magnitude 6.7, hits the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles at 4:31 am.
- January 20 - In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet to attend The Citadel but soon drops out.
- January 26 - A man fires two blank shots at Charles, Prince of Wales in Sydney, Australia.
- January 28 - The first trial of accused murderer Lyle Menendez ends in a mistrial. He and his brother Erik are later found guilty and sentenced to life in prison without parole.
- January 31 - German luxury car manufacturer BMW announces the purchase of Rover from British Aerospace
February
- February 1 - In Portland, Oregon, Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. He accepts a plea bargain admitting to racketeering charges in exchange for testimony against Harding.
- February 3 - William J. Perry was sworn in as the 19th Secretary of Defense of United States
- February 5 - Byron De La Beckwith is convicted of the 1963 murder of civil rights leader Medgar Evers
- February 6 - Serb mortar shell kills 68 civilians and wounds about 200 in a Sarajevo marketplace
- February 9 - Peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina announced (so called Vance-Owen peace plan)
- February 12 - Edvard Munch's painting, "The Scream," is stolen in Oslo. It is recovered on May 7
- February 22 - Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged with spying for the Soviet Union by the United States Department of Justice. Ames would later be convicted to life imprisonment and his wife would receive 5 years in prison
- February 24 - In Gloucester, local police begins excavations at 25 Cromwell Street the home of Frederick West suspected of multiple murders. On February 28, he and his wife are arrested
- February 25 - Kahanist Baruch Goldstein opens fire inside the Cave of the Patriarchs in the West Bank. He kills 29 Muslims before worshippers beat him to death
- February 27 - Australian Federal Sports & Environment Minister Ros Kelly resigns over "The Sports Rorts Affair", where it was alleged that she apportioned money for community sporting projects in a pork barreling fashion.
- February 28 - US F-16 pilots shoot down four Serbian fighter aircraft over Bosnia for violation of the Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone
March
- March 1 - A lone terrorist kills Ari Halberstam on an attack on 14 Jewish students on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. [http://www.arihalberstam.com]
- March 1 - South Africa cedes Walvis Bay to Namibia.
- March 1 - Mary Ellen Withrow begins term of office as Treasurer of the United States, serving under President Bill Clinton.
- March 4 - Four terrorists are convicted for their roles in the World Trade Center bombing which killed six and injured more than a thousand.
- March 6 - Referendum in Moldova results in the electorate voting against possible reunification with Romania.
- March 7 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music that parodies of an original work are generally covered by the doctrine of fair use.
- March 12 - A photo by Marmaduke Wetherell, previously touted as 'proof' of the Loch Ness monster, is confirmed to be a hoax.
- March 12 - The Church of England ordains its first female priests.
- March 16 - In Portland, Oregon Tonya Harding pleads guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution for trying to cover-up an attack on figure skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. She is fined $100,000 and banned from the sport.
- March 23 - At an election rally in Tijuana, Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio is assassinated. Mario Aburto Martinez is arrested for the crime and confesses on the same day.
- March 27 - A tornado outbreak occurs in Southeastern United States. One tornado hits the United Methodist Church in Piedmont, Alabama killing 22. This outbreak is the biggest tornado event of 1994.
- March 28 - In South Africa, Zulus and African National Congress supporters battle in central Johannesburg killing 18.
- March 31 - The journal Nature reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete Australopithecus afarensis skull (see Human evolution).
April
- April 6 - Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and president of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira died when a missile shoots down their jet near Kigali, Rwanda. This is taken as a pretext to begin the Rwandan Genocide
- April 7 - The Rwandan Genocide begins in Kigali, Rwanda.
- April 8 - Kurt Cobain, lead singer of Nirvana, is found dead in Seattle, Washington. He had committed suicide three days earlier.
- April 16 - Voters in Finland decide to join the European Union in a referendum.
- April 20 - Paul Touvier is found guilty of ordering the execution of 7 Jews when he was serving in the Vichy France Milice
- April 21 - Red Cross estimates that hundreds of thousands of Tutsi have been killed in Rwanda
- April 22 - Former American President Richard Nixon dies.
- April 25 - End of term for Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu as 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 26 - Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan becomes the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 26 - South Africa holds its first fully multiracial elections.
- April 30 - Formula One driver Roland Ratzenberger of Austria, age 32, dies in a high-speed, single-car crash in the practise session for the San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy
May
- May 1 - Formula One driver Ayrton Senna of Brazil, age 34, is killed in a high-speed, single-car accident during the San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy
- May 6 - The Channel Tunnel, which took 15,000 workers over seven years to complete, opens between England and France. Passengers can now travel between the two countries in 35 minutes.
- May 9 - Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa's first black president
- May 10 - Illinois executes serial killer John Wayne Gacy by lethal injection for the murder of 33 young men and boys
- May 10 - An annular eclipse of the sun is visible across much of North America.
- May 10 - Punk rock band Weezer releases their eponymous debut that goes on to sell more than 3 million copies.
- May 12 - Hockey becomes Canada's official winter sport.
- May 31- Tony Blair and Gordon Brown have dinner at the Granita restaurant in Islington and allegedly make a deal on who will become the leader of the Labour Party, and ultimately, the next Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
June
- June - Iraq disarmament crisis: UN weapons inspectors Ritter and Smidovitch learn, through Israeli intelligence reports, that Qusay Hussein, Saddam Hussein's son, is the key player in efforts by the Iraqi government to hide the country's alleged illegal weapons
- June 6-8 - Ceasefire negotiations for the Yugoslav War begin in Geneva - they agree to one-month cessation of hostilities (which does not last more than a few days)
- June 12 - Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman are murdered outside her home in Los Angeles, California. O. J. Simpson is later acquitted of the killings, but is held liable in a civil suit.
- June 14 - Hacker Kevin Poulsen pleads guilty to seven counts of mail fraud, wire and computer fraud, money laundering, and obstruction of justice.
- June 14 - The New York Rangers defeat the Vancouver Canucks 4 games to 3 in the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 15 - As of 2004 the third highest grossing animated film of all-time, The Lion King, opens in theatres nationwide.
- June 15 - Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations
- June 17 - NFL star OJ Simpson and his friend Al Cowlings flee from police in his white Ford Bronco. The low speed chase, which unfolds live on television, ends up at Simpson's mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, where he then surrendered to police.
July
- July - The planet Jupiter is hit by twenty one large fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 over the course of six days.
- July 2 - Assassination of Colombian soccer player Andrés Escobar in Bogotá
- July 7 - Aden is occupied by troops from North Yemen.
- July 17 - Brazil defeats Italy 3-2 on penalties to win the Football World Cup 1994, after the game ended 0-0 after extra time.
- July 18 - In Buenos Aires, an explosion destroys a building housing several Jewish organizations killing ninety six and injuring many more. On 9 November 2005 Alberto Nisman Arentino prosecutor identified Hezbollah militant Ibrahim Berro responsible.
- July 25 - Israel and Jordan sign the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.
- July 25 - Phone Numbers through Australia start changing to eight digits (Mona Vale, Sydney 1st to change)
August
- August - 'Wollemia nobilis', a "fossil tree" discovered by bushwalker David Noble only 150 km from the largest city in Australia.
- August 1 - Fire destroys Norwich Central Library in the UK, including most of its historical records
- August 12 - Woodstock '94 begins. It is the 25 year anniversary of woodstock in 1969.
- August 14 - End of Woodstock '94.
- August 31 - the Irish Republican Army announces a "complete cessation of military operations" from midnight.
September
- September 3 - Cold War: Russia and the People's Republic of China agree to de-target their nuclear weapons against each other.
- September 4 - Kansai International Airport in Osaka, Japan opens. All international services are transferred from Itami to Kansai.
- September 5 - New South Wales State MP for Cabramatta John Newman is shot outside his home (Australia's first political assassination since 1977)
- September 8 - A Boeing 737 carrying USAir Flight 427 with 132 people on board, crashes on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport. There are no survivors
- September 13 - President Bill Clinton signs the Assault Weapons Ban, which bans the use of these weapons for a period of 10 years.
- September 28 - The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in Baltic Sea, killing 852.
- September 28 - Jose Francisco Ruiz Massier, Mexican politician, assassinated on the orders of the president's brother
- September-October - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq threatens to stop cooperating with UNSCOM inspectors and begins to once again deploy troops near its border with Kuwait. In response, the U.S. begins to deploy troops to Kuwait.
October
- October 5 - UNESCO inaugurates World Teachers’ Day to celebrate and commemorate the signing of the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers on October 5, 1966.
- October 8 - Iraq disarmament crisis: President of the UN Security Council says that Iraq must withdraw its troops from the Kuwait border and immediately cooperate with weapons inspectors
- October 12 - NASA loses radio contact with the Magellan spacecraft as the probe descends into the thick atmosphere of Venus (the spacecraft presumably burned up in the atmosphere either October 13 or October 14)
- October 15 - After three years of exile in the US, Haiti's president Aristide returns to his country.
- October 15 - Iraq disarmament crisis: Following threats by the U.N. Security Council and the U.S., Iraq withdraws troops from its border with Kuwait.
- October 26 - Jordan and Israel sign a peace treaty.
- October 29 - Francisco Martin Duran fires over two dozen shots at the White House (Duran was later convicted of trying to kill US President Bill Clinton).
- October 31 - An American Eagle ATR-72 crashes in Roselawn, Indiana, after circling in icy weather, killing 64 passengers.
- October 31 - HRH The Duke of Edinburgh attends a ceremony in Israel where his late mother, HSH Princess Alice of Battenberg is honoured as "Righteous among the Nations" for sheltering Jewish families from the Nazis in Athens, during World War II.
November
- November 4 - Sydney's third runway opens ensuring protests about noise levels.
- November 5 - A letter by former US President Ronald Reagan is released that announces he has Alzheimer's disease
- November 8 - Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich leads the United States Republican Party in taking control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secured control of both houses of U.S. Congress.
- November 13 - Voters in Sweden decide to join the European Union in a referendum.
- November 13 - The first passengers travel through the Channel Tunnel.
- November 16 - Federal judge issues a temporary restraining order that prohibits the State of California from implementing Proposition 187, that would have denied most public services to illegal aliens.
- November 20 - The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, ending 19 years of civil war (in 1995 localized fighting resumed).
- November 25 - Sony founder Akio Morita announces he will be stepping down as the company's CEO
- November 28 - Voters in Norway reject European Union membership (see Norwegian EU referendum, 1994)
- November 28 - In Portage, Wisconsin, USA, convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is clubbed to death by another inmate in the Columbia Correctional Institute gymnasium.
- November 29 - Two-year murder trial of 14 south Vietnamese accused of murder of 24 north Vietnamese ends in Hong Kong - all defendants are acquitted.
- November 30 - Famous hip-hop artist Tupac Shakur survives five bullets in an apparent robbery attempt outside a New York music studio.
December
- December 2 - Australian government agrees to pay reparations to indigenous Australians who were displaced during the nuclear tests at Maralinga in the 1950s and 1960s.
- December 11 - Boris Yeltsin orders troops into Chechnya.
- December 11 - A small bomb explodes on Philippine Airlines Flight 434, killing a Japanese businessman. The bombing was a field test done by Ramzi Yousef to test explosives that would have been used in Project Bojinka, a terrorist attack plan that would be exposed after an apartment fire.
- December 19 - A planned exchange rate correction of the Mexican Peso to the US Dollar, becomes a massive financial meltdown in Mexico, unleashing the 'Tequila' effect on global financial markets. This will prompt a US$ 50,000 million 'bailout' by the Clinton administration.
- December 19 - The Whitewater Scandal investigation begins.
- December 19 - Civil unions between homosexuals are made legal in Sweden.
- December 26 - French anti-terrorist police storms a hijacked jet at Marseille and kill four Islamist terrorists.
- December 29 - Robert Schumann becomes the youngest person to visit the south pole.
Births
- January 30 - Dylan Cash, American actor
- February 23 - Dakota Fanning, American actress
- May 4 - Alexander Gould, American voice actor
- August 9 - Forrest Landis, American actor
Deaths
January
- January 1 - Arthur Espie Porritt, New Zealand politician and athlete (b. 1900)
- January 5 - Thomas P. 'Tip' O'Neill, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1912)
- January 9 - Johnny Temple, baseball player (b. 1927)
- January 15 - Harry Nilsson, American musician (b. 1941)
- January 17 - Helen Stephens, American runner (b. 1918)
- January 22 - Telly Savalas, American actor (b. 1924)
- January 23 - Brian Redhead, British journalist and broadcaster (b. 1929)
- January 25 - Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician (b. 1909)
- January 27 - Claude Akins, American actor (b. 1914)
- January 30 - Pierre Boulle, French author (b. 1912)
February-April
- February 6 - Jack Kirby, American comic book writer and illustrator (b. 1917)
- February 7 - Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (b. 1913)
- February 9 - Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1934)
- February 11 - Sorrell Booke, American actor (b. 1930)
- February 11 - William Conrad, American actor (b. 1920)
- February 11 - Neil Bonnett, American race car driver (b. 1946)
- February 14 - Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer (executed) (b. 1936)
- February 17 - Randy Shilts, American author and activist (b. 1951)
- February 22 - Papa John Creech, American fiddler
- February 24 - Jean Sablon, French singer (b. 1906)
- February 24 - Dinah Shore, American actress, singer (b. 1916)
- February 25 - Baruch Goldstein, American-born mass killer (b. 1956)
- February 25 - Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer (b. 1914)
- February 26 - Bill Hicks, American comedian (b. 1961)
- March 4 - John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor (b. 1950)
- March 22 - Walter Lantz, American cartoonist (b. 1899)
- March 23 - Luis Donaldo Colosio, Mexican politician (b. 1950)
- March 28 - Eugene Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (b. 1909)
- April 1 - Léon Degrelle, Belgian Nazi (b. 1906)
- April 2 - Betty Furness, American actress, author, and consumer advocate (b. 1916)
- April 5 - Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (suicide) (b. 1967)
- April 7 - Albert Guðmundsson, Icelandic professional football player and politician (b. 1923)
- April 7 - Golo Mann, German historian (b. 1909)
- April 10 - Sam B. Hall, American politician (b. 1924)
- April 16 - Ralph Ellison, American writer (b. 1914)
- April 17 - Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1913)
- April 22 - Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (b. 1913)
- April 30 - Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian race car driver (b. 1960)
May-October
- May 1 - Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (b. 1960)
- May 7- Clement Greenberg, American art critic (b. 1909)
- May 8 - George Peppard, American actor (b. 1928)
- May 10 - John Wayne Gacy, American serial killer (executed) (b. 1942)
- May 12 - John Smith, Scottish politician (b. 1938)
- May 15 - Gilbert Roland, Mexican-born actor (b. 1905)
- May 19 - Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, First Lady of the United States (b. 1929)
- May 21 - Johan Hendrik Weidner, Belgian World War II resistance fighter (b. 1912)
- May 29 - Erich Honecker, leader of East Germany (b. 1912)
- June 9 - Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- June 12 - Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe
- June 15 - Kristen Pfaff, rock bassist (Hole) (b. 1967)
- June 29 - Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (b. 1908)
- July 8 - Kim Il Sung, President of North Korea (b. 1912)
- July 11 - Gary Kildall, American computer inventor (b. | | |
