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July 5

July 5

July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining.

Events

- 1610 - John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
- 1687 - Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published.
- 1803 - The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
- 1811 - Venezuela is the first South American country to declare independence from Spain.
- 1813 - War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.
- 1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Chippewa - American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario.
- 1830 - France invades Algeria.
- 1833 - Admiral Charles Napier defeats the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
- 1865 - William Booth founds The Christian Mission (later renamed The Salvation Army).
- 1865 - The world's first maximum speed law is enacted in England.
- 1884 - Germany takes possession of Cameroon.
- 1934 - "Bloody Thursday" - Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.
- 1937 - Highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan: 45 °C.
- 1940 - World War II: The United Kingdom and the Vichy France government break off diplomatic relations.
- 1941 - World War II: German troops reach the Dniepr River.
- 1943 - World War II: Battle of Kursk - The largest tank battle in history begins.
- 1943 - World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).
- 1945 - World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared.
- 1946 - The bikini is introduced.
- 1948 - British National Health Service Act enacted.
- 1950 - Korean War: Task Force Smith - First clash between American and North Korean forces.
- 1950 - Zionism: The Knesset passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.
- 1951 - William Shockley invents the junction transistor.
- 1954 - Elvis Presley has his first commercial recording session. He sang That's All Right (Mama) and Blue Moon of Kentucky. Widely considered to be the birth of Rock and Roll.
- 1954 - The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.
- 1954 - Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.
- 1958 - First ascent of Gasherbrum I, 11th highest peak on the earth
- 1962 - Algeria becomes independent from France.
- 1970 - An Air Canada DC-8 crashes near Toronto International Airport killing 108 people.
- 1971 - Right to vote: the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.
- 1975 - Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.
- 1975 - Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.
- 1977 - Military coup in Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the very first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan overthrown.
- 1980 - Björn Borg wins his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title.
- 1987 - First instance of the LTTE using suicide attacks on Sri Lankan Army. The Black Tigers are born and in the following years continue to use it to deadly effect.
- 1989 - Iran-Contra Affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service.
- 1994 - The United States announced it would refuse further unrestricted immigration from Haiti.
- 1998 - Japan launches a probe to Mars, and thus joins the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation.
- 2003 - Taiwan is the last territory to be removed from the WHO's list of SARS affected areas.
- 2004 - First Indonesian presidential election, 2004 by the nation.
- 2004 - Éric Gagné's consecutive baseball saves streak comes to an end at 84 games.

Births

- 1586 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)
- 1653 - Thomas Pitt, British Governor of Madras (d. 1726)
- 1675 - Mary Walcott, American accuser at the Salem witch trials
- 1717 - Pedro III of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal (d. 1786)
- 1718 - Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (d. 1794)
- 1794 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (d. 1851)
- 1801 - David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
- 1810 - Phineas Taylor "P. T." Barnum, American circus owner (d. 1891)
- 1853 - Cecil Rhodes, South African politician (d. 1902)
- 1879 - Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (d. 1959)
- 1880 - Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940)
- 1886 - Willem Drees, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1988)
- 1888 - Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
- 1889 - Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. 1963)
- 1890 - Frederick Lewis Allen, American social historian (d. 1954)
- 1891 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- 1902 - Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., American diplomat (d. 1985)
- 1904 - Harold Acton, American writer and dilettante (d. 1994)
- 1904 - Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)
- 1911 - Georges Pompidou, President of France (d. 1974)
- 1918 - George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)
- 1924 - Janos Starker, Hungarian cellist
- 1928 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1928 - Pierre Mauroy, French prime minister
- 1932 - Billy Laughlin, American actor (d. 1948)
- 1934 - Katherine Helmond, American actress
- 1936 - Shirley Knight, American actress
- 1936 - James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1939 - Booker Edgerson, American football player
- 1943 - Curt Blefary, baseball player (d. 2001)
- 1944 - Robbie Robertson, Canadian guitarist
- 1950 - Huey Lewis, American musician
- 1950 - Michael Monarch, American guitarist (Steppenwolf)
- 1951 - Rich Gossage, baseball player
- 1957 - David Hanson, Politician
- 1958 - Bill Watterson, American cartoonist
- 1960 - Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor
- 1963 - Edie Falco, American actress
- 1966 - Kathryn Erbe, American actress
- 1966 - Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer
- 1969 - John LeClair, American hockey player
- 1969 - RZA, American rapper
- 1970 - Mac Dre, American rapper
- 1975 - Hernan Crespo, Argentinian footballer
- 1976 - Mike DeWolf, American guitarist (Taproot)
- 1976 - Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer
- 1979 - Shane Filan, Irish musician (Westlife)
- 1979 - Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player
- 1982 - Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer
- 1985 - Stephanie McIntosh, Australian actress
- 1996 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)

Deaths

- 1316 - Infante Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)
- 1375 - Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
- 1472 - Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)
- 1539 - St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
- 1666 - Albert VI of Bavaria (b. 1584)
- 1676 - Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
- 1715 - Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)
- 1719 - Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general (b. 1641)
- 1773 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
- 1833 - Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (b. 1765)
- 1904 - Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1745)
- 1908 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (b. 1833)
- 1920 - Max Klinger, German artist (b. 1857)
- 1927 - Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)
- 1932 - Sasha Cherny, Russian poet (b. 1880)
- 1945 - John Curtin, fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
- 1948 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)
- 1957 - Charles Sherwood Noble, American-born inventor
- 1966 - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
- 1969 - Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)
- 1969 - Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (b. 1884)
- 1975 - Otto Skorzeny, German commando who rescued Benito Mussolini (b. 1908)
- 1983 - Harry James, American musician (b. 1916)
- 1991 - Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)
- 1998 - Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)
- 2002 - Ted Williams, baseball player (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- 2004 - Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
- 2004 - Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)
- 2005 - James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances

- Algeria: Independence Day (1962)
- Cape Verde: Independence Day (1975)
- Czech Republic and Slovakia: Arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Great Moravia (around 863)
- Isle of Man: Tynwald Day (1266)
- Venezuela: Independence Day (1811)
- Church of the SubGenius: X-Day (1998)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 4 - July 6 - June 5 - August 5 -- listing of all days ---- ko:7월 5일 ms:5 Julai ja:7月5日 simple:July 5 th:5 กรกฎาคม

July 5

July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the mean tropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th century Ireland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance. Category:Calendars Category:Units of time als:Schaltjahr ko:윤년 ja:閏年 simple:Leap year th:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

1610

Events

- January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
- March 12 – Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie take Moscow
- May 13-14 – Francois Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France
- May 27 - Ravaillac is executed by pulling him apart in the Place de Grève
- July 5 - John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
- October 17 - Louis XIII of France crowned
- Johannes Fabricius is the first to observe sunspots by telescope.
- Poland captures Moscow, just to lose it again to Russian and Swedish troops.
- In Jamestown, Virginia, only 60 out of 500 settlers survive over winter and they may have to rely on cannibalism
- Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
- Arabella Stuart, pretender to the English throne, imprisoned for marrying William Seymour
- The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
- Bonham's Case decided by Edward Coke chief justice of England's Court of Common Pleas. Coke affirmed the supremacy of the common law which limited the power of Parliament as well as the king.

Science

- Jean Beguin - Tyrocinium Chymicum, first lecture book about chemistry

Births

- Li Yu, Chinese writer (died 1680)
- January 13 - Maria Anna of Austria (died 1665)
- March 1 - John Pell, English mathematician (died 1685)
- April 1 - Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier and writer (died 1703)
- April 22 - Pope Alexander VIII (died 1691)
- April 23 - Lettice Boyle, English noblewoman (died 1657)
- May 18 - Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (died 1664)
- July 14 - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1670)
- October 6 - Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (died 1690)
- October 19 - James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier (died 1688)
- December 9 - Baldassare Ferri, Italian castrato (died 1680)
- December 12 - Saint Vasilije (died 1671)
- December 15 - David Teniers the Younger, Flemish artist (died 1690)
- December 18 - Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, philologist and historian (died 1688)
- Donald Cargill, Scottish Covenanter (died 1681)
- George Carteret, English Royalist statesman (died 1680)
- Raynold Curicke, jurist and historian of Danzig (died 1667)
- Richard Deane, soldier, sailor, and regicide (died 1653)
- Jeremias de Dekker, Dutch poet (died 1666)
- William Dobson, English portrait painter (died 1646)
- Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (died 1688)
- Jean de Labadie, French mystic (died 1674)
- Louis Maimbourg, French Jesuit and historian (died 1686)
- François-Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (died 1683)
- Pierre Mignard, French painter (died 1695)
- Adriaen van Ostade, Dutch painter (died 1685)
- Philip Sherman, founder of Rhode Island (died 1687)
- Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish dramatist and historian (died 1686) See also :Category:1610 births.

Deaths

- April 15 - Robert Parsons, English Jesuit priest (born 1546)
- May 11 - Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit priest (born 1552)
- May 14 - King Henry IV of France (assassinated) (born 1553)
- May 19 - Thomas Sanchez, Spanish theologian (b. 1550)
- May 27 - François Ravaillac, French assassin of Henry IV of France (born 1578)
- July 18 - Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian artist (born 1573)
- October 14 - Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (born 1540)
- November 2 - Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1544)
- November 17 - Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme (born 1518)
- December 3 - Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese soldier (born 1548)
- December 31 - Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (born 1540)
- Peter Bales, English calligraphist (born 1547)
- Girolamo Diruta, Italian organist (born 1554)
- Hasegawa Tohaku, Japanese painter (born 1539)
- False Dmitry II, pretender to the Russian throne
- Richard Knolles, English historian (born 1545)
- Joachim Lubomirski, Polish nobleman
- Alexander Montgomerie, Scottish poet (born 1545)
- Stanislaw Stadnicki, Polish nobleman (born 1551)
- Barbara Tarnowska, Polish noblewoman (born 1566) See also :Category:1610 deaths. Category:1610 ko:1610년 ms:1610

Bristol

:This article is about the English city of Bristol. For other uses please see Bristol (disambiguation). Bristol is a unitary authority with city and ceremonial county status in South West England. Bristol is England's eighth, and the United Kingdom's eleventh, most populous city. As such, it is one of England's core cities. For half a millennium Bristol was the second largest English city after London, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham, in the 1780s. From its earliest days, its prosperity has been linked to that of the Port of Bristol, the commercial port, which was in the city centre but has now moved to the Bristol Channel coast at Avonmouth and Portbury.

Local Government

The Avon traditionally marks the border between Gloucestershire and Somerset. In 1373 Edward III of England proclaimed "that the said town of Bristol withall be a County by itself and called the county of Bristol for ever", but maps usually show it as part of Gloucestershire, and as the city spilled south of the river, it took the county with it. In 1974 Bristol became a non-metropolitan district of the newly formed non-metropolitan county of Avon. When that county was abolished on the 1st April 1996, Bristol returned to its former status of a city and county in itself. The city borders on the unitary districts of Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire.

History

:Main article: History of Bristol. The town of Brycgstow (Old English, "the place at the bridge") was in existence by the beginning of the 11th century, and under Norman rule acquired one of the strongest castles in southern England. The River Avon in the city centre has slowly evolved into Bristol Harbour, and since the 12th century the harbour has been an important port, handling much of England's trade with Ireland. In 1247 a new bridge was built and the town was extended to incorporate neighbouring suburbs, becoming in 1373 a county in its own right. During this period Bristol also became a centre of shipbuilding and manufacturing. By the 14th century Bristol was England's third-largest town (after London and York), with perhaps 15-20,000 inhabitants on the eve of the Black Death of 1348-49. The plague inflicted a prolonged pause in the population growth of Bristol, with numbers remaining at 10-12,000 through most of the 15th and 16th centuries. Bristol was made a city in 1542, with the former Abbey of St Augustine becoming Bristol Cathedral. During the Civil War the city suffered (1643-45) through Royalist military occupation and plague. In 1497 Bristol was the starting point for John Cabot's voyage of exploration to North America. Renewed growth came with the 17th Century rise of England's American colonies and the rapid 18th Century expansion of England's part in the Atlantic trade in Africans taken for slavery in the Americas. Bristol, along with Liverpool, became a significant centre for the slave trade although few slaves were brought to Britain. During the height of the slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, more than 2000 slaving ships were fitted out at Bristol, carrying a (conservatively) estimated half a million people from Africa to the Americas and slavery. Competition from Liverpool from c.1760, the disruption of maritime commerce through war with France (1793) and the abolition of the slave trade (1807) contributed to the city's failure to keep pace with the newer manufacturing centres of the North and Midlands. The long passage up the heavily tidal Avon Gorge, which had made the port highly secure during the middle ages, had become a liability which the construction of a new "Floating Harbour" (designed by William Jessop) in 1804-9 failed to overcome. Nevertheless, Bristol's population (66,000 in 1801) quintupled during the 19th Century, supported by new industries and growing commerce. It was particularly associated with the Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed the Great Western Railway between Bristol and London, two pioneering Bristol-built steamships, and the Clifton Suspension Bridge. Bristol's city centre suffered severe damage from bombing during World War II. The original central area, near the bridge and castle, is now a park, featuring two bombed out churches and some tiny fragments of the castle. A third bombed church has a new lease of life as St Nicholas' Church Museum. Slightly to the north, the Broadmead shopping centre was built over bomb-damaged areas. The removal of the docks to Avonmouth, seven miles (11 km) downstream from the city centre, relieved congestion in the central zone and allowed substantial redevelopment of the old central dock area (the "Floating Harbour") in recent decades, although at one time the continued existence of the docks was in jeopardy as it was seen merely as derelict industry rather than a potential asset. On March 4, 2005, Bristol was granted Fairtrade City status.

Aeronautics

In the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton, six miles (10 km) north of the city centre, by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, and aero-engine manufacture by Bristol Aero Engines (later Rolls-Royce) at Patchway. The aeroplane company became famous for the WWI Bristol Fighter, and Second World War Blenheim and Beaufighter aircraft. In the 1950s it became one of the country's major manufacturers of civil aircraft, with the Bristol Freighter and Britannia and the huge Brabazon airliner. In the 1960s Filton played a key role in the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner project. Concorde components were manufactured in British and French factories and shipped to the two final assembly plants by road, sea and air. The French assembly lines were in Toulouse in southern France with the British lines in Filton. Luckily the very large three-bay hangar built for the Bristol Brabazon was available for Concorde production. Bristol Brabazon 2003. The aircraft is seen a few minutes before landing on the Filton runway from which she first flew in 1969]] The French manufactured the centre fuselage and centre wing and the British the nose, rear fuselage, fin and wingtips. The largest proportion of the British share of the work was the powerplant, the Rolls-Royce/Snecma 593. The engine's manufacture was split between British Aircraft Corporation, Rolls-Royce (Filton) and SNECMA at Villaroche near Paris. The British Concorde prototype G-BSST made its 22 minute maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, the French prototype F-WTSS had flown from Toulouse five weeks earlier. Most of the employees of BAC and Rolls Royce, plus a huge crowd, watched from around the airfield. Fairford was chosen as the test airfield for Concorde because the runway at Filton was rejected for test flying, its length was inadequate and there were problems with the slope, and the first 1000 feet (300 m) of the runway at its eastern (A38) end could not be used. However, from the end of 1977, all test flying on the second production aircraft G-BBDG was done from Filton, following the closure of the BAC Fairford test base. In 2003 the two airlines using Concorde (British Airways and Air France) and the company supplying spares and support (Airbus) made the decision to cease flying the aircraft and to retire them to locations (mostly museums) around the world. For the location of all the aircraft see Concorde. On 26 November 2003, Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) made the final ever Concorde flight, returning to Filton airfield to be kept there permanently as the centrepiece of a projected air museum. This museum will include the existing Bristol Aero Collection which is currently kept in a hangar at Kemble Airfield, forty miles (60 km) from Filton. This collection includes a Bristol Britannia aircraft. The major aeronautical companies in Bristol now are BAE Systems, Airbus and Rolls-Royce, both based at Filton. Another important aeronautical company in the city is Cameron Balloons, the world's largest manufacturer of hot air balloons. Annually, in August, the city is host to the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, one of Europe's largest hot air balloon events.

Bristol Cars

The Bristol Aeroplane Company diversified into car manufacturing in the 1940s, building luxury hand-built cars at their factory in Filton. The car manufacturer became independent from the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1960.

Arts, leisure and media

The city has two significant football clubs: Bristol City F.C. who play in Football League One and Bristol Rovers F.C. who play in Football League Two. The city is also home to a Rugby Union club known as Bristol Rugby, who have won promotion to the Guinness Premiership, and a first-class cricket side, Gloucestershire C.C.C. Gloucestershire C.C.C. In summer the grounds of Ashton Court to the west of the city play host to the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, a major event for hot-air ballooning in Britain. The Fiesta draws a substantial crowd even for the early morning lift that typically begins at about 6.30 am. Events and a fairground entertain the crowds during the day. A second mass ascent is then made in the early evening, again taking advantage of lower wind speeds. Ashton Court also plays host to the Ashton Court festival each summer, an outdoors music festival which used to be known as the Bristol Community Festival. Ashton Court festival The city's principal theatre company, the Bristol Old Vic, was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of the Old Vic company in London. Its premises on King Street consist of the 1766 Theatre Royal (400 seats), a modern studio theatre called the New Vic (150 seats), and foyer and bar areas in the adjacent Coopers' Hall (built 1743). The Theatre Royal is a grade I listed building and the oldest continuously-operating theatre in England. The Bristol Old Vic also runs a prominent Theatre School. The Bristol Hippodrome is a larger theatre (1981 seats) which hosts national touring productions, while the 2000-seat Colston Hall, named after Edward Colston, is the city's main concert venue. The music scene is thriving and significant. From the late 1970's onwards it was home to a crop of cultish bands combining punk, funk, dub and political consciousness, the most celebrated being The Pop Group. Ten years later, Bristol was the birthplace of a type of English hip-hop music called trip hop or the Bristol Sound, epitomised in the work of artists such as Tricky, Portishead, Smith & Mighty and Massive Attack. It is also a stronghold of drum n bass with notable bands like the Mercury Prize winning Roni Size /Reprazent and Kosheen as well as the pioneering DJ Krust and More Rockers. This music is part of the wider Bristol Urban Culture scene which received international media attention in the 1990s and still thrives today. Bristol's musical pioneering spirit continues as the home to one of the largest and most diverse DIY music communities in the UK. Artists such as Gravenhurst and Chikinki have revived popular interest over the past few years. Other highly influential cult acts include Wall Planner, Pricktaster, Snakes On A Plane and November's Ashes In The Rain. A dynamic community of bands, artists, promoters and music fans has developed around the [http://www.ttyc.co.uk/viewforum.php?f=1 Choke forum], named after a popular fanzine and club night which has championed underground music from Bristol and beyond since 2001. Bristol is home to many live music venues, of which The Old Duke is perhaps the best known. Internationally recognised jazz and blues musicians active in Bristol include Eddie Martin, Jim Blomfield and Andy Sheppard. The Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery houses a collection of natural history, archaeology, local glassware, Chinese ceramics and art. The Bristol Industrial Museum, on the dockside, shows local industrial heritage and operates a steam railway, boat trips, and working dockside cranes. The City Museum also runs three preserved historic houses: the Tudor Red Lodge, the Georgian House, and Blaise Castle House. The Watershed media centre and Arnolfini gallery, both in disused dockside warehouses, exhibit contemporary art, photography and cinema. Stop frame animation films and commercials painstakingly produced by Aardman Animations and high quality television series focusing on the natural world have also brought fame and artistic credit to the city. Bristol is where the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has its regional headquarters, and Natural History Unit. Bristol is also the birthplace of the actor Cary Grant. Bristol is the home of a regional morning newspaper, the Western Daily Press, a local evening paper, the Evening Post and a weekly free newspaper, the Bristol Observer. A Bristol edition of Metro is distributed for free on buses in the area. The local listings magazine, Venue, is now published weekly after many years as a fortnightly publication and comprehensively covers the city's music, theatre and arts scenes. The Spark magazine (Since 1993) covers the surging interest in all things green, ethical and New Age. [http://www.bristol.indymedia.org Bristol indymedia] is a resource for Bristols anarchist and activist community and is the sixth largest website associated with the city.

Education

Bristol is home to two major institutions of higher education: the University of Bristol, a "redbrick" chartered in 1909, and the University of the West of England, formerly Bristol Polytechnic, which gained university status in 1992. The city also has two dedicated further education institutions, City of Bristol College and Filton College as well as a theological college, Trinity College, Bristol. The Create centre is home to many sustainable development projects and life long learning schemes. The city has 129 primary schools and three city learning centres. There are also many independent schools of a high quality in the city, including Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, an all boys school, the only of its kind in the area.

Transport

Queen Elizabeth's Hospital There are two principal railway stations in Bristol: Bristol Parkway and Bristol Temple Meads. Bristol was never well served by suburban railways, though the Severn Beach Line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach survived the Beeching Axe and is still in operation today. The Portishead Railway was closed in the Beeching Axe but was relaid between 2000-2002 as far as the Royal Portbury Dock with a Strategic Rail Authority rail-freight grant. Plans to relay a further three miles of track to Portishead, a largely dormitory town with only one connecting road, have been discussed but there is insufficient funding to rebuild stations [http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2005-01-24.134.0&m=841]. Long-standing plans for a light rail system in the Bristol area have not so far succeeded, and as a consequence public transport within the city is still largely bus based. The majority of the local bus service is operated by First Group. The central part of the city also has water-based routes, operated as the Bristol Ferry Boat, which provide both leisure and commuter services on the harbour. The city is connected by road on an east-west axis from London to Wales by the M4 motorway, and on a north-southwest axis from Birmingham to Exeter by the M5 motorway. The M32 motorway is a spur from the M4 to the city centre. The city is also served by its own airport (BRS), at Lulsgate, which has seen substantial improvements to its runway, terminal and other facilities. Despite being hilly, Bristol is one of the prominent cycling cities of England, and is home to the national cycle campaigning group Sustrans. It has a number of urban cycle routes, as well as links to National Cycle Network routes to Bath and London, to Gloucester and Wales, and to the south-western peninsula of England.

Dialect

Many Bristolians speak a distinctive dialect of English (known colloquially as Brizzle or Bristle). Uniquely for an urban area of Britain, this is a rhotic dialect, in which the r in words like car is pronounced. The most unusual feature of this dialect, unique to Bristol, is the Bristol L (or Terminal L), in which an L sound is appended to words that end in a letter a. Thus "area" becomes "areal", etc. This may lead to confusions between expressions like area engineer and aerial engineer which in "Bristle" sound identical. Other examples include 'Americal' and 'Canadal', and, when unsure, the answer 'I have no ideal'. In the same way, the Swedish Ikea is known by some as 'Ikeal'. Another Bristolian linguistic feature is the addition of a superfluous “to” in questions relating to direction or orientation. For example, “Where’s that?” would be phrased as “Where’s that to?” and “Where’s the park?” would become “Where’s the park to?” For a full listing of all of Bristol's colloquialisms vist: [http://www.thatbebristle.co.uk/dictionary/ That Be Bristol - Dictionary]

Areas and towns

The following areas and towns make up the city of Bristol and its outskirts. It includes some adjoining areas of South Gloucestershire, marked ^SG.

Places of interest

Famous People

Many notable people have been associated with Bristol, including musicians, engineers, scientists, sailors and explorers.
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel came to Bristol to build the Clifton Suspension Bridge, and went on to be the engineer of the Great Western Railway and the designer of the SS Great Western.
- Tony Benn, veteran socialist politician and former MP for the city (1960s). The first peer to renounce his hereditary title after campaigning for a change in the British Consitution that became the Peerage Act 1963.
- Edmund Burke was Member of Parliament for the city for six years from 1774. He famously insisted that he was a Member of Parliament first, rather than a representative of his constituents' interests.
- John Cabot set sail from Bristol in 1497 in search of exotic goods from the far east, but instead discovered North America. He first sighted Newfoundland, today a province of Canada.
- Sir Humphry Davy was a scientist who worked in Hotwells and discovered laughing gas.
- Paul Dirac was born in Bishopston, and made many crucial contributions to quantum mechanics and shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics 'for the discovery of new and productive forms of atomic theory'
- Francis Greenway was an architect and convict who was transported to Australia in 1814 and subsequently built many of the early iconic buildings of the city of Sydney.
- John Harvey founded the Bristol wine merchants John Harvey & Sons, and their sherry brand Harvey's Bristol Cream has taken the name of Bristol all over the world.
- Famous musicians native to Bristol include Roni Size, Tricky and Massive Attack. The group Portishead is based in the city, and the band's name and roots come from the neighbouring town.
- Samuel Plimsoll, 'the Sailor's friend' campaigned fearlessly to make the seas safer. He was shocked by the scandal of overloaded cargoes and successfully fought for a compulsory loadline on ships - the Plimsoll line during Disraeli's Conservative Government (1874-80).
- Wallace and Gromit; heroes of the animation world and stars of the Oscar-winning 'The Wrong Trousers', 'A Grand Day Out', 'A Close Shave' and 'The Curse of the Were-Rabbit' were created in Bristol by Aardman Animations.
- Svetlana Alliluyeva, Stalin's daughter, lived briefly in Bristol in the early 1990s.
- John Wesley founded the very first Methodist Chapel in Bristol in 1739, which can still be visited today.
- Matt Lucas, comedy actor and star of the highly acclaimed Little Britain television sketch show, studied Drama at Bristol University.
- Tony Robinson actor, trained with Bristol Old Vic and has lived in Bristol and also been active politically there, for nearly thirty years. He is known to television viewers for his part as 'Baldrick' in the comedy Blackadder.
- Richard Gregory, psychologist, resides in Bristol.
- Cary Grant, Hollywood actor, born in Horfield, moved to America when he was a child.
- Keith Floyd, TV chef, ran several restaurants in Bristol, and got his start in TV at BBC Bristol.
- Johnny Morris, TV celebrity, resided in Bristol, and made his television programmes at Bristol Zoo.
- James May, BBC Top Gear presenter and Daily Telegraph columnist was born in Bristol
- Paul Stephenson, race relations activist who led a boycott of the city's buses in 1963, when the Bristol Omnibus Co. refused to employ black drivers and conductors. The boycott is known to have influenced the creation of the UK's first Race Relations Act in 1965.

External links

- [http://www.visitbristol.co.uk/ Visit Bristol] - official tourist office site
- [http://www.about-bristol.co.uk/ About Bristol] - pictorial tours of Bristol
- [http://www.bristolaero.com Bristol Aero Collection] at Kemble airfield
- [http://www.steinsky.me.uk/bristol.html Photographs of Bristol]
- [http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/ Bristol City Council]
- [http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/CityProfiles/Bristol/index.htm LoveMyTown - City of Bristol]
- [http://www.thatbebristle.co.uk/dictionary/index.shtml Dictionary of Bristle]
- [http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/ccm/content/Council-Democracy/Statistics-Census-Information/ward-finder/ Bristol Districts Information]; Bristol City Council's official information on the many wards that constitute the city Category:Towns on the River Severn Category:Cities in England Category:Coastal cities Category:Fairtrade settlements Category:Railway towns in England Category:Unitary authorities in England ja:ブリストル simple:Bristol

Newfoundland

:This is about the island in the North Atlantic Ocean. For the Canadian province formerly and still colloquially known as Newfoundland, see Newfoundland and Labrador. For other meanings of Newfoundland, see Newfoundland (disambiguation). Newfoundland (disambiguation) Newfoundland (French: Terre-Neuve; Irish: Talamh an Éisc; Latin: Terra Nova) is a large island off the northeast coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. (The province was called "Newfoundland" until 2001, when the name was changed to Newfoundland and Labrador, the postal abbreviation changed from NF to NL.) "Newfoundland" (originally, Terra Nova) was very likely named by the Italian John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) in 1497, which would make it the oldest European name in North America. Newfoundland is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and from Cape Breton Island by the Cabot Strait. It blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. Newfoundland's nearest neighbour is the small French overseas community of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. It is 111,390 km² in area, making it the world's 15th largest island. The provincial capital, St. John's, is found on the southeastern tip of the island. Cape Spear, just south of the capital, is Canada's easternmost point. The island of Newfoundland has an approximate population of 485,000. Newfoundland is pronounced by Newfoundlanders as new-fin-land or new-fun-land and take exception to it being pronounced with the last syllable slurred, (as new-found-l'nd). Newfoundland has a dialect of English known as Newfoundland English, a dialect of French known as Newfoundland French and a dialect of Irish known as Newfoundland Irish.

First inhabitants

Newfoundland was first inhabited by the Maritime Archaic aboriginal culture around 2500BC-1200BC. This group disappeared and was later replaced by Groswater Paleoeskimos from around 800BC-AD100, Dorset tradition Paleoeskimos from around AD1-AD800, and recent Natives around AD1-AD1700. The exact reason for the disappearances of several of these cultures is unknown, but food scarcity is suspected as a reason. The recent natives on Newfoundland were the probable ancestors of