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June 16

June 16

June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining.

Events

- 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses
- 1586 - Mary Queen of Scots recognizes Philip II of Spain as her heir
- 1745 - British troops take Cape Breton Island, which is now part of Nova Scotia, Canada
- 1745 - Sir William Pepperell captures the French Fortress Louisbourg in Louisbourg, Nova Scotia during the War of the Austrian Succession.
- 1746 - War of Austrian Succession: Austria and Sardinia defeat a Franco-Spanish army at the Battle of Piacenza
- 1755 - French and Indian War: French surrender Fort Beauséjour to the British, leading to the expulsion of the Acadians
- 1774 - Formation of Harrodsburg, Kentucky.
- 1779 - Spain declares war on Britain and the siege of Gibraltar begins
- 1815 - Battle of Ligny and Battle of Quatre Bras, two days before Waterloo.
- 1836 - Formation of the London Working Men's Association begins the Chartist Movement
- 1846 - The Papal conclave of 1846 concludes. Pope Pius IX is elected pope, beginning the longest reign in the history of the post-apostolic papacy.
- 1858 - Abraham Lincoln's House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois
- 1858 - Battle of Morar, during the Indian Mutiny.
- 1871 - University Tests Act allows students to enter the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham without religious tests, except for courses in theology.
- 1884 - The first roller coaster in the United States begins operation at Coney Island, New York
- 1891 - John Abbott becomes Canada's third prime minister.
- 1902 - Australia: Female British subjects (with the glaring exception of Asians, Aborigines and Africans) won the vote with the Uniform Franchise Act.
- 1903 - Ford Motor Company incorporates.
- 1903 - Roald Amundsen commences first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage by leaving Oslo, Norway.
- 1904 - Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolai Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.
- 1904 - Leopold Bloom walks around Dublin. (see Ulysses) Known as Bloomsday.
- 1911 - A 772 gram stony meteorite struck earth near Kilbourn, Columbia County, Wisconsin damaging a barn.
- 1915 - Foundation of the British Women's Institute
- 1922 - General election in Irish Free State: large majority to pro-Treaty Sinn Féin
- 1924 - Whampoa Military Academy is founded
- 1925 - The most famous Young Pioneer camp of the USSR, Artek established.
- 1940 - World War II: Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain becomes Premier of Vichy France
- 1940 - A Communist government is installed in Lithuania
- 1948 - The storming of the cockpit of the Miss Macao passenger seaplane, operated by the Cathay Pacific airline, marks the first skyjacking of a commercial plane.
- 1955 - Pope Pius XII excommunicates Juan Perón
- 1956 - Ted Hughes marries Sylvia Plath
- 1960 - Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho opens in New York
- 1961 - Rudolf Nureyev defects at Le Bourget airport in Paris
- 1962 - Two U.S. Army officers are killed in Saigon,Vietnam.
- 1963 - Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space
- 1972 - Burglars are caught breaking into the United States Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate building
- 1972 - Red Army Faction member Ulrike Meinhof is captured by police in Langenhagen.
- 1972 - Opening of the New York Jazz Museum
- 1972 - Largest single-site hydro-electric power project starts at Churchill Falls Newfoundland
- 1976 - Apartheid: A non-violent march by 15000 students in Soweto, South Africa turns into days of rioting when police open fire on the crowd and kill 566 children.
- 1977 - Leonid Brezhnev becomes president of the USSR
- 1981 - Ken Taylor honoured for helping six Americans escape from Iran during hostage crisis
- 1983 - Yuri Andropov becomes president of the USSR
- 1994 - A Chinese operated Northwest Airlines Tupolev TU-154 crashes 10 minutes after takeoff killing 160
- 1995 - The Astronomy Picture of the Day was born
- 1996 - First round of voting in the Russian presidential election
- 1997 - Dairat Labguer massacre in Algeria; some 50 people killed.
- 1999 - Thabo Mbeki elected President of South Africa.
- 2001 - George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin meet in Brdo pri Kranju, Slovenia
- 2002 - Politically Incorrect is cancelled (from sponsors dropping the show) after host Bill Maher makes controversial comments on air regarding the integrity of President George W. Bush.
- 2003 - The Hatfields and McCoys sign a formal truce.

Births

- 1139 - Emperor Konoe of Japan (d. 1155)
- 1313 - Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (d. 1375)
- 1514 - John Cheke, English classical scholar (d. 1557)
- 1583 - Axel Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman (d. 1654)
- 1591 - Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician, and music theorist (d. 1655)
- 1606 - Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (d. 1675)
- 1612 - Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1640)
- 1613 - John Cleveland, English poet (d. 1658)
- 1633 - Jean de Thévenot, French traveler and scientist (d. 1667)
- 1644 - Henrietta Anne Stuart, Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland and Duchess of Orléans (d. 1670)
- 1713 - Meshech Weare, Governor of New Hamphsire (d. 1786)
- 1738 - Mary Katharine Goddard, American printer and publisher (d. 1816)
- 1792 - John Linnell, English artist (d. 1882)
- 1792 - Sir Thomas Mitchell, Australian explorer (d. 1855)
- 1801 - Julius Plücker, German mathematician and physicist (d. 1868)
- 1806 - Edward Davy, English physician, chemist, and inventor (d. 1885)
- 1813 - Otto Jahn, German archaeologist (d. 1869)
- 1820 - Athanase Coquerel, French protestant preacher (d. 1875)
- 1826 - Constantin von Ettingshausen, Austrian geologist and botanist (d. 1897)
- 1829 - Geronimo, Apache leader (d. 1909)
- 1836 - Wesley Merritt, American soldier (d. 1910)
- 1837 - Ernst Laas, German philosopher (d. 1885)
- 1838 - Cushman Davis, American politician (d. 1900)
- 1840 - Ernst Otto Schlick, German engineer (d. 1913)
- 1858 - King Gustav V of Sweden (d. 1950)
- 1874 - Arthur Meighen, ninth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1960)
- 1880 - Otto Eisenschiml, Austrian-American chemist and historian (d. 1963)
- 1890 - Stan Laurel, British-born actor and comedian (d. 1965)
- 1896 - Murray Leinster, American author (d. 1976)
- 1897 - Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- 1902 - Barbara McClintock, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1992)
- 1902 - George Gaylord Simpson, American paleontologist (d. 1984)
- 1903 - Helen Traubel, American soprano (d. 1972)
- 1907 - Jack Albertson, American actor (d. 1981)
- 1909 - Archie Fairley Carr, biologist (d. 1987)
- 1910 - Juan Velasco, President of Peru (d. 1977)
- 1912 - Enoch Powell, British politician (d. 1998)
- 1914 - Babe Didrikson Zaharias, American athlete (d. 1956)
- 1916 - Hank Luisetti, baseball player (d. 2002)
- 1917 - Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001)
- 1917 - Irving Penn, American photographer
- 1920 - José López Portillo, President of Mexico (d. 2004)
- 1920 - John Howard Griffin, American writer (d. 1980)
- 1927 - Tom Graveney, English cricketer
- 1927 - Herbert Lichtenfeld, German author and playwright (d. 2001)
- 1929 - Ramon Bieri, American actor (d. 2001)
- 1930 - Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian cinematographer
- 1934 - Dame Eileen Atkins, English actress
- 1934 - William Forsyth Sharpe, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1935 - Jim Dine, American artist
- 1937 - Erich Segal, American author
- 1938 - James Bolam, English actor
- 1938 - Joyce Carol Oates, American novelist
- 1940 - Neil Goldschmidt, Governor of Oregon
- 1941 - Lamont Dozier, American record company executive
- 1942 - Giacomo Agostini, Italian motorcyclist
- 1947 - -minu, Swiss columnist and writer
- 1949 - Paulo César Lima, Brazilian football player
- 1951 - Roberto Durán, Panamanian boxer
- 1952 - George Papandreou, junior, Greek politician
- 1952 - Gino Vannelli, Canadian singer and songwriter
- 1955 - Laurie Metcalf, American actress
- 1966 - Jan Zelezný, Czech athlete
- 1967 - John Franklin, American actor
- 1969 - Mark Crossley, Welsh footballer
- 1970 - Phil Mickelson, American golfer
- 1970 - James Shaffer, American guitarist (KoЯn)
- 1971 - Derek R. Audette, Canadian artist and poet
- 1971 - Tupac Amaru Shakur, Born Lesan Parish Crooks (Mother changes name at early age), American West Coast Gangsta Rapper
- 1972 - Hank von Helvete, Norwegian musician
- 1977 - Kerry Wood, baseball player
- 1980 - Joey Yung, Hong Kong singer
- 1980 - Nehir Erdoğan, Turkish actress
- 1988 - Keshia Chanté, Canadian singer

Deaths

- AD 1216 - Pope Innocent III
- 1397 - Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (b. 1358)
- 1464 - Roger van der Weyden, Flemish painter (b. 1399)
- 1468 - Jean Le Fevre, Burgundian chronicler (b. ca. 1395)
- 1622 - Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline, Chancellor of Scotland (b. 1555)
- 1623 - Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German protestant military leader (b. 1599)
- 1666 - Richard Fanshawe, English poet, translator, and diplomat (b. 1608)
- 1671 - Stenka Razin, Cossack rebel leader (executed)
- 1707 - Marie d'Orleans-Longueville, Duchess de Nemours, sovereign princess of Neuchâtel and writer (b. 1625)
- 1722 - John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general (b. 1650)
- 1749 - Johann Baptista Ruffini, Italian trader (b. 1672)
- 1752 - Giulio Alberoni, Spanish cardinal (b. 1664)
- 1752 - Joseph Butler, English philosopher (b. 1692)
- 1777 - Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset, French poet and dramatist (b. 1709)
- 1778 - Konrad Ekhof, German actor (b. 1720)
- 1779 - Sir Francis Bernard, Governor of New Jersey and Massachusetts (b. 1712)
- 1804 - Johann Hiller, German composer (b. 1728)
- 1849 - Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette, German theologian (b. 1780)
- 1855 - John Gorrie, American physician (b. 1803)
- 1858 - John Snow, English obstetrician (b. 1813)
- 1866 - Joseph Méry French poet (b. 1798)
- 1869 - Charles Sturt, English explorer (b. 1795)
- 1872 - Norman MacLeod, Scottish clergyman (b. 1812)
- 1878 - Crawford Long, American physician (b. 1815)
- 1881 - Sir Josiah Mason, English manufacturer (b. 1795)
- 1885 - Wilhelm Camphausen, German painter (b. 1818)
- 1894 - William Calder Marshall, Scottish sculptor (b. 1813)
- 1925 - Chittaranjan Das, Indian patriot and freedom fighter (b. 1870)
- 1925 - Emmett Hardy, American musician (b. 1903)
- 1930 - Elmer Ambrose Sperry, American inventor (b. 1860)
- 1940 - DuBose Heyward, American writer (b. 1885)
- 1944 - Marc Bloch, French historian (executed) (b. 1886)
- 1953 - Margaret Bondfield, English politician and feminist (b. 1873)
- 1958 - Imre Nagy, Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1895)
- 1959 - George Reeves, American actor (b. 1914)
- 1969 - Harold Alexander, British military commander (b. 1891)
- 1970 - Heino Eller, Estonian composer (b. 1887)
- 1970 - Brian Piccolo, American football player (b. 1943)
- 1971 - Lord Reith, British broadcast executive (b. 1889)
- 1977 - Wernher von Braun, German-born rocket scientist (b. 1912)
- 1979 - Nicholas Ray, American film director (b. 1911)
- 1981 - Jule Gregory Charney, meteorologist (b. 1917)
- 1986 - Maurice Duruflé, French composer and organist (b. 1902)
- 1988 - Kim Milford, American actor (b. 1951)
- 1993 - Lindsay Hassett, Australian cricketer (b. 1913)
- 1996 - Mel Allen, baseball announcer (b. 1913)
- 1996 - Curt Swan, American comic book artist (b. 1920)
- 2000 - Empress Nagako of Japan (b. 1903)
- 2003 - Georg Henrik von Wright, Finnish-Swedish philosopher (b. 1916)
- 2004 - Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1912)
- 2005 - Enrique Laguerre, Puerto Rican writer (b. 1906)

Holidays and observances

- South Africa - Youth Day
- Roman Catholic Church - Feast of Saint John Regis, patron of medical social workers
- Bloomsday, in honour of James Joyce's Ulysses

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 15 - June 17 - May 16 - July 16 -- listing of all days ko:6월 16일 ms:16 Jun ja:6月16日 simple:June 16 th:16 มิถุนายน

June 16

June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

- South Africa - Youth Day
- Roman Catholic Church - Feast of Saint John Regis, patron of medical social workers
- Bloomsday, in honour of James Joyce's Ulysses

External links

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the mean tropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th century Ireland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance. Category:Calendars Category:Units of time als:Schaltjahr ko:윤년 ja:閏年 simple:Leap year th:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

1487

Events

- Richard Fox becomes Bishop of Exeter.
- May 24 - Lambert Simnel is crowned King "Henry VI of England" in Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland. He claims to be Edward, Earl of Warwick and rivals Henry VII for the throne of England.
- June 16 - Battle of Stoke Field. The rebellion of Lambert Simnel, who pretended to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of the Duke of Clarence, is crushed by troops loyal to Henry VII
- Publication of the witch-hunter manual Malleus Maleficarum.
- Hongzhi becomes emperor of China (Ming dynasty).
- Aztec emperor Auitzotl dedicates Great Temple Pyramid of Tenochtitlán with thousands of human sacrifices.
- Diaz reaches the Cape of Good Hope.
- Spanish take Málaga.
- Italian architects begin to build the Kremlin in Moscow.

Births

- February 8 - Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (died 1550)
- July 17 - Ismail I, Shah of Persia (d. 1524)
- September 10 - Pope Julius III (died 1555)
- November 3 - Melin de Saint-Gelais, French poet (died 1558)
- Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (died 1531)
- Magdalena de la Cruz, Franciscan nun of Cordova (died 1560)
- Fray Tomás de Berlanga, Bishop of Panama (died 1551)
- Piotr Gamrat, Polish Catholic archbishop (died 1545)
- Stanisław Kostka, Polish noble (died 1555)
- Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (died 1537)
- Michael Stifel, German mathematician (died 1567)
- Giovanni da Udine, Italian painter (died 1564)
- Peter Vischer the Younger, German sculptor (died 1528)
- William the Rich, count of Nassau-Dillenburg (died 1559)

Deaths

- March 21 - Nicholas of Flue, Swiss hermit and saint (born 1417)
- September 9 - Chenghua Emperor of China (born 1447)
- September 30 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (born 1400)
- William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel (born 1417)
- Charlotte of Cyprus, daughter of John II of Cyprus (born 1436)
- John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
- Tlacaelel, high priest of Tenochtitlán (born 1397) Category:1487 ko:1487년

Battle of Stoke Field

The Battle of Stoke Field, which took place on June 16, 1487, marked the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII of England now held the throne for the House of Lancaster, and had gained the acceptance of the Yorkist faction by his marriage to their heiress, Elizabeth of York, but his hold on power was not entirely secure. The best surviving male claimant of the York dynasty was the queen's first cousin, Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of George, Duke of Clarence). This boy was kept confined in the Tower of London, but an impostor named Lambert Simnel came to the attention of John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. Lincoln, although apparently reconciled with the Tudor king, himself had a claim on the throne; moreover, the last Plantagenet, Richard III of England, had named him as the royal heir. Although he probably had no doubt about Simnel's true identity, Lincoln saw an opportunity for revenge and reparation. Accompanied by Richard III's loyal supporter, Lord Lovell, he had the pretender crowned "King Edward VI" in Dublin and the rebel army, a mixture of Burgundian mercenaries and inexperienced, ill-equipped rabble, entered England via Lancashire. King Henry's army, marching towards Newark, met the rebels as soon as they crossed the river Trent. The rebels outnumbered the royal army and the Burgundian contingent were experienced fighters. They inflicted heavy losses on the king's forces but they were defeated. Lincoln was killed in battle, and Lovell probably drowned in the Trent. Simnel was captured, but was pardoned by the king in a gesture of clemency which did his reputation no harm. Category:1487 Stoke Field 1487 Category:History of Nottinghamshire

1586

1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

- September 22 - The battle of Zutphen occurs.
- November 19 - Henry Barrow, English Puritan and Separatist is imprisoned.
- The reign of Emperor Ogimachi of Japan ends and Emperor Go-Yozei ascends to the throne of Japan.
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi becomes grand minister of Japan.
- William Harrison becomes canon of Windsor.
- Luis Barahona de Soto publishes Primera parte de la Angélica.
- William Camden publishes Britannia.
- Simon Stevin, a Dutch mathematician demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
- St. Augustine, Florida, and Santo Domingo in the modern day Dominican Republic are plundered and burned by English sea captain Sir Francis Drake.
- Jacobus Gallus composes his motet O magnum mysterium.
- Caesar Baronius publishes a new edition of Roman martyrology.
- The first HMS Vanguard is launched in England.
- Thomas Cavendish, English explorer, begins his circumnavigation of the globe.

Births

- January 20 - Johann Schein, German composer (died 1630)
- April 17 - John Ford, English dramatist and poet (died 1640)
- April 30 - Saint Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (died 1617)
- July 1 - Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (d. 1630)
- July 5 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)
- July 7 - Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English courtier (died 1646)
- August 14 - William Hutchinson, founder of Rhode Island (died 1642)
- October 9 - Archduke Leopold V of Austria, regent of Tyrol (died 1632)
- December 6 - Niccolo Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist (died 1670)
- Johann Valentin Andrea, German theologian (died 1654)
- Johannes Valentinus Andreae, German theologian and Rosicrucian (died 1654)
- Pau Claris i Casademunt, Catalan ecclesiastic (died 1641)
- Giles Fletcher, English poet (died 1623)
- Thomas Hooker, founder of Connecticut (died 1647)
- Gerard de Malynes, English merchant (died 1641)
- John Mason, English explorer (died 1635)
- Jacob Praetorius, German composer and organist (died 1651)
- David HaLevi Segal, Polish rabbi (died 1667)
- Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Arundel and Surrey (died 1646) See also :Category:1586 births.

Deaths

- January 25 - Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (born 1515)
- March 20 - Richard Maitland, Scottish statesman and historian (born 1496)
- April 8 - Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer (born 1522)
- May 5 - Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland (born 1529)
- June 28 - Primoz Trubar, Slovenian protestant reformer (born 1508)
- September 20 - Chidiock Tichborne, English conspirator and poet (executed) (born 1558)
- September 20 - Sir Anthony Babington, English Catholic conspirator (executed) (born 1561)
- September 21 - Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, French church leader (born 1517)
- October 17 - Sir Philip Sidney, English poet, courtier, and soldier (killed in battle) (born 1554)
- Philips van der Aa, Dutch statesman
- Stephen Bathory, King of Poland (born 1533)
- Margaret Clitherow, English Catholic saint and martyr (born 1556)
- Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley, son of John Sutton, 3rd Lord Dudley and Lady Cicely Grey (born 1525)
- Andrea Gabrieli, Italian composer (born 1510)
- Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (born 1510)
- Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (born 1521) See also :Category:1586 deaths. Category:1586 ko:1586년

Mary I of Scotland

Mary I of Scotland (Mary Stuart) (December 8, 1542 – February 8, 1587), better known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was Queen of Scots, monarch of the Kingdom of Scotland, from December 14, 1542 – July 24, 1567; and Queen Consort of France from July 10 1559 – December 5, 1560. She is perhaps the best known of the Scottish monarchs, in part because of the tragedy of her life.

Early years

Princess Mary Stuart was born at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland, on December 8, 1542 to King James V of Scotland and his French wife, Marie de Guise. She was the first member of the royal House of Stuart to use the gallicised spelling Stuart, rather than the earlier Stewart. During the reign of Robert II of Scotland, the Scottish Crown had been confirmed to be inherited by males in the line of Robert's children - all sons - who were listed in that parliamentary act, because the legitimacy of Robert's children of first marriage were questionable. Females and female lines could inherit only after extinction of male lines. All other male lines had deceased years ago, but Duke of Albany, a royal cousin, had lived yet some years ago and died 1536. Had he not died before James V, Mary would not necessarily have inherited. In this sort of Semi-Salic situation, Mary ascended the throne because all other male lines of the royal house had gone extinct before the death of Mary's father. Her father died at the age of thirty, probably from cholera, although his contemporaries believed his death to have been caused by grief over the Scots' humiliating loss to the English at the Battle of Solway Moss. In Falkland Palace, Fife, her father heard of the birth and prophesied, "The devil go with it! It came with a lass, it will gang with a lass!" The Stewart family had gained the Scottish throne through Marjory (daughter of Robert I, the Bruce). James truly believed that Mary marked the end of the Stewarts' reign over Scotland. Instead, through Mary's son, it was the beginning of their reign over both the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. (Mary adopted the French spelling Stuart during her time in France, and she and her descendants stuck with it. See Francization.) The six-day-old Mary became Queen of Scots, with James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the next in line for the throne, acting as regent (until 1554, when he was succeeded by the Queen's mother, who continued as regent until her own death in 1560). Six months after her birth, in July 1543, the [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm Treaties of Greenwich] promised Mary to be married to Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England in 1552, and for their heirs to inherit the Kingdoms of Scotland and England. Two months later, Mary and her mother, who strongly opposed the marriage proposition, went into hiding in Stirling Castle, where preparations were made for Mary's coronation.

Coronation

The infant Mary was crowned as Queen of Scots in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on September 9 1543. Due to the age of the Queen and the unique ceremony, the coronation was the talk of Europe. On the day of the coronation Mary was dressed in heavy regal robes in miniature. A crimson velvet mantle, with a train furred with ermine, was fastened around her tiny neck, and a jeweled satin gown, with long hanging sleeves, enveloped the infant, who could sit up but not walk. She was carried by Lord Livingston in solemn procession to the Chapel Royal. Inside, Lord Livingston brought Mary forward to the altar and put her gently in the throne set up there. Then he stood by, holding her to keep her from rolling off. Quickly, Cardinal David Beaton put the Coronation Oath to her, which Lord Livingston answered for her. Immediately then the Cardinal unfastened her heavy robes and began anointing her with the holy oil on her back, breast, and the palms of her hands. When the chill air struck her, she began to cry. The Earl of Lennox (whose son Henry, Lord Darnley, later became Mary's 2nd husband) brought forward the Sceptre and placed it in her baby hand, and she grasped the heavy shaft. Then the Sword of State was presented by the Earl of Argyll, and the Cardinal performed the ceremony of girding the three-foot sword to the tiny body. Then, the Earl of Arran carried the Crown. Holding it gently, Cardinal Beaton lowered it onto the child's head, where it rested on a circlet of velvet. The Cardinal steadied the crown and Lord Livingston held her body straight as the Earls of Lennox and Arran kissed her cheek in fealty, followed by the rest of the prelates and peers who knelt before her and, placing their hands on her crown, swore allegiance to her.

Rough Wooing

The [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm Treaties of Greenwich] fell apart soon after Mary's coronation. The betrothal did not sit well with the Scots, especially since Henry VIII suspiciously tried to change the agreement so that he could possess Mary years before the marriage was to take place. He also wanted them to break their traditional alliance with France. Fearing an uprising among the people, the Scottish Parliament broke off the treaty at the end of the year. This did not sit well with Henry VIII however, and he began his "rough wooing" designed to impose the marriage to his son on Mary. This consisted of a series of raids on Scottish territory and other such actions. It lasted until June 1551, costing over half a million pounds and many lives. In May of 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later created Duke of Somerset by Edward VI) arrived in the Firth of Forth hoping to capture Edinburgh and kidnap the infant queen, but Marie de Guise hid her in the secret chambers of Stirling Castle. The French, remaining true to the Auld Alliance, came to the aid of the Scots. On September 10 1547, known as "Black Saturday", the Scots suffered a bitter defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Marie de Guise, fearful for her daughter, sent her temporarily to Inchmahome Priory, and turned to the French ambassador Monsieur D'Oysel. The new French King, Henri II, was now proposing to unite France and Scotland by marrying the little Queen to his newborn son, the Dauphin Francois. This seemed to Marie to be the only sensible solution to her troubles. In February 1548, hearing that the English were on their way back, Marie moved her daughter to Dumbarton Castle. The English left a trail of devastation behind once more and seized the strategically located town of Haddington. By June, the much awaited French help had arrived. On July 7, the French Marriage Treaty was signed at a nunnery near Haddington. Mary would be sent to France, where Henri II had offered to guard her and raise her. On August 7 1548, the French fleet sent by Henri II sailed back to France from Dumbarton carrying the five-year-old Queen of Scots on board.

Life in France

Vivacious, pretty, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood. With her marriage agreement in place, she was sent to France in 1548, at the age of five, to be brought up for the next ten years at the French court. (She was accompanied by her own little court consisting of two lords, two half brothers, and the "four Maries," four little girls her own age, all named Mary, and the daughters of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton, Seaton, Fleming, and Livingston.) While in the French court, she was a favorite. She received the best available education, and at the end of her studies, she had mastered French, Latin, Greek, Spanish and Italian in addition to her native Scots. She also learned how to play two instruments and learned prose, horsemanship, falconry, and needlework. On April 24, 1558 she married the dauphin Francois at Notre Dame de Paris and, on the death of Henri II on July 10, 1559, became Queen Consort of France; her husband became Francois II of France. Under the ordinary laws of succession, Mary was also next in line to the English throne after her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, who was childless. However, according to the Catholic religion, Elizabeth was illegitimate, making Mary the true heir. Although the anti-Catholic Act of Settlement would not be passed until 1701, the will of Henry VIII had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. Mary's troubles were still further increased by the Huguenot rising in France, called the le tumulte d'Amboise (March 6-17, 1560), making it impossible for the French to succour Mary's side in Scotland. The question of the succession was therefore a real one. Francois II died on December 5,