:: wikimiki.org ::

June 22

June 22

June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining.

Events

- 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom
- 168 BC - Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat and capture Macedonian King Perseus, ending the Third Macedonian War
- 1593 - Battle of Sisak: Slovene - Croat troops defeat the Turks
- 1633 - The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his scientific view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe.
- 1825 - British Parliament abolishes feudalism and the seigneurial system in British North America.
- 1866 - Battle of Custoza: an Austrian army defeats the Italian army during the Austro-Prussian War.
- 1893 - The Royal Navy battleship HMS Camperdown accidentally rams the British Mediterranean Fleet flagship HMS Victoria which sinks taking 358 crew with her, including the fleet's commander, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon.
- 1898 - Spanish-American War: United States Marines land in Cuba.
- 1911 - George V is crowned King of the United Kingdom, succeeding his father, Edward VII.
- 1937 - Camille Chautemps becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1940 - France forced to sign armistice with Nazi Germany.
- 1941 - Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, one of the most dramatic turning points of World War II.
- 1941 - First Croatian anti-fascist armed unit (partisans) founded near Sisak, Croatia.
- 1941 - The Lithuanian 1941 independence begins
- 1944 - Opening day of the Soviet Union's Operation Bagration against Army Group Centre
- 1950 - The longship replica [http://web.telia.com/~u57013916/index.htm Ormen Friske], en route from Birka to Rotterdam, broke apart in the North Sea because of improper construction. All 15 crew members drowned.
- 1962 - An Air France Boeing 707 jet crashes in bad weather in Guadeloupe, West Indies killing 113
- 1963 - Pope Paul VI elected by College of Cardinals.
- 1976 - Canadian House of Commons abolishes capital punishment.
- 1978 - Charon, a satellite of the planet Pluto, is discovered.
- 1984 - William Schnoebelen and his wife Sharon are "saved" by a tract from Chick Publications. There is some debate over the reliability of this, however.
- 1986 - Argentine footballer Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century against England during the FIFA World Cup in Mexico City.
- 1986 - The All Jharkhand Students Union is founded, in order to fight for autonomy for tribal peoples in India.
- 1989 - Dublin City University and University of Limerick are established in Ireland.
- 1993 - Dr. Charles Epstein of Tiburon, California, USA is injured by a mail bomb sent by the Unabomber.
- 1996 - The Quake computer game is released.
- 2002 - An earthquake in western Iran measuring 6.5 on the Richter scale kills more than 261 people
- 2003 - The largest hailstone ever recorded falls from a thunderstorm in Aurora, Nebraska, USA.
- 2003 - Bill Clinton releases his memoirs, entitled My Life

Births

- 1680 - Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (d. 1754)
- 1684 - Francesco Manfredini, Italian baroque composer (d. 1762)
- 1704 - John Taylor, English classical scholar (d. 1766)
- 1713 - Lord John Philip Sackville, English cricketer (d. 1765)
- 1757 - George Vancouver, British explorer (d. 1798)
- 1767 - Wilhelm von Humboldt, German philosopher and statesman (d. 1835)
- 1837 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (d. 1884)
- 1856 - H. Rider Haggard, English author (d. 1925)
- 1885 - Milan Vidmar, Slovenian engineer and chess player (d. 1962)
- 1887 - Julian Huxley, British biologist (d. 1975)
- 1897 - Norbert Elias, German sociologist (d. 1990)
- 1898 - Erich Maria Remarque, German writer (d. 1970)
- 1899 - Michał Kalecki, Polish economist
- 1903 - Carl Hubbell, baseball player (d. 1988)
- 1903 - John Dillinger, American bank robber (d. 1934)
- 1906 - Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author and pilot (d. 2001)
- 1906 - Billy Wilder, Austrian-born director (d. 2002)
- 1910 - Peter Pears, English tenor (d. 1986)
- 1910 - Konrad Zuse, German engineer (d. 1995)
- 1920 - Paul Frees, American voice actor (d. 1986)
- 1921 - Joseph Papp, American director and producer (d. 1991)
- 1930 - Yuri Artyukhin, cosmonaut (d. 1998)
- 1930 - Charles Augustus Lindbergh III, son of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, and murder victim (d. 1932)
- 1930 - John Joseph Scanlan, Irish-born Catholic prelate (d. 1997)
- 1933 - Dianne Feinstein, Mayor of San Francisco and U.S. Senator
- 1936 - Kris Kristofferson, American singer, songwriter, and actor
- 1936 - Hermeto Pascoal, Brazilian musician
- 1941 - Ed Bradley, American journalist
- 1943 - Brit Hume, American news anchor and commentator
- 1944 - Klaus Maria Brandauer, Austrian actor
- 1947 - David Lander, American actor and baseball scout
- 1948 - Todd Rundgren, American singer, songwriter, and record producer
- 1948 - Pete Maravich, American basketball player (d. 1988)
- 1949 - Meryl Streep, American actress
- 1949 - Lindsay Wagner, American actress
- 1949 - Alan Osmond, American singer
- 1952 - Graham Greene, Canadian actor
- 1953 - Cyndi Lauper, American singer
- 1954 - Freddie Prinze, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
- 1958 - Bruce Campbell, American actor
- 1961 - Stephen Batchelor, British field hockey player
- 1964 - Dan Brown, American author
- 1964 - Dicky Barrett, American singer (Mighty Mighty Bosstones)
- 1966 - Michael Park, WRC co-pilot (d. 2005)
- 1968 - Zaw Moe Tun, Myanmar Programmer
- 1970 - Steven Page, Canadian singer (Barenaked Ladies)
- 1971 - Kurt Warner, American football player
- 1971 - Mary Lynn Rajskub, American actress
- 1973 - Carson Daly, American television personality
- 1978 - Champ Bailey, American football player
- 1978 - Dan Wheldon, American race car driver

Deaths

- 431 - Paulinus of Nola, Roman poet
- 1276 - Pope Innocent V
- 1429 - Ghiyath al-Kashi, Persian astronomer and mathematician (b. 1380)
- 1535 - John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed)
- 1632 - James Whitelocke, English judge (b. 1570)
- 1634 - Johann Graf von Aldringen, Austrian soldier (b. 1588)
- 1699 - Josiah Child, English Governor of the East India Company (b. 1630)
- 1714 - Matthew Henry, English non-conformist minister (b. 1662)
- 1868 - Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (b. 1801)
- 1905 - Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (b. 1815)
- 1928 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (b. 1851)
- 1931 - Armand Fallières, French president (b. 1841)
- 1959 - Hermann Brill, German politician (b. 1895)
- 1965 - David O. Selznick, American film producer (b. 1902)
- 1969 - Judy Garland, American singer and actress (b. 1922)
- 1974 - Darius Milhaud, French composer (b. 1892)
- 1987 - Fred Astaire, American dancer and actor (b. 1899)
- 1988 - Dennis Day, American singer and actor (b. 1918)
- 1990 - Ilya Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- 1992 - Chuck Mitchell, American actor (b. 1927)
- 1993 - Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)
- 1995 - Al Hansen, American artist (b. 1927)
- 1997 - Gérard Pelletier, French journalist, politician, and diplomat (b. 1919)
- 2002 - Darryl Kile, baseball player (b. 1968)
- 2002 - Ann Landers, American columnist (b. 1918)
- 2004 - Mattie Stepanek, American poet (b. 1990)
- 2004 - Bob Bemer, computer scientist (b. 1920)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 21 - June 23 - May 22 - July 22 -- listing of all days ko:6월 22일 ms:22 Jun ja:6月22日 simple:June 22 th:22 มิถุนายน

June 22

June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

External links

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the mean tropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th century Ireland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance. Category:Calendars Category:Units of time als:Schaltjahr ko:윤년 ja:閏年 simple:Leap year th:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

217 BC

Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC 218 BC - 217 BC - 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC 213 BC 212 BC ---- Events
- Second Punic War:
- April, Hannibal destroys the Roman army under consul Flaminius at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, in which the later Scipio Africanus reputed to have fought and escaped.
- May to October, The Romans appoint Fabius Maximus, the Cunctator, as dictator.
- Battle of Geronium, Quintus Fabius Maximus, saved the Roman army under M. Minucius Rufus, while he suddenly appeared on Hannibal's flank, when Minucius was on the verge of defeat, Hannibal prudently withdrew from battle.
- Publius Cornelius Scipio joined his brother in Spain with reinforcement, and strengthen Roman hold on the Ebro
- Macedon sides with Carthage against Rome, starting the First Macedonian War.
- Ptolemy IV defeats Antiochus III the Great, king of the Seleucid Empire in the Battle of Raphia. Births
- Deaths
- Gaius Flaminius, Roman consul (died in battle) Category:210s BC

Battle of Raphia

The Battle of Raphia, also known as the Battle of Gaza, was a battle of the Syrian Wars between Ptolemy IV of Egypt and Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Fought on 22 June 217 BC near Gaza. Ptolemy had 70,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 73 war elephants. Antiochus had 62,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 103 elephants. The kings split their elephants between the wings of their army. Each army's right wing defeated the opposing left wing and drove it from the field, leaving the Ptolomid phalanx to defeat the Seleucid infantry. Ptolemy's victory kept the province of Syria for Egypt but it was only a brief respite; at the Battle of Panium in 198 BC Antiochus defeated the army of Ptolemy's young son, Ptolemy V and captured Palestine and Syria. Ptolemy owed his victory in part to having a well equipped and trained Egyptian Phalanx which formed a large proportion of his phalangites (exactly how much is subject to academic dispute). The self confidence the Egyptians gained has been ascribed as one of the causes of the subsequent Egyptian Revolt. Raphia

Ptolemy IV of Egypt

Under the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator (reigned 221-204 BC), son of Ptolemy III and Berenice II of Egypt, the decline of the Ptolemaic kingdom began. His reign was inaugurated by the murder of his mother, and he was always under the dominion of favourites, male and female, who indulged his vices and conducted the government as they pleased. Self-interest led his ministers to make serious preparations to meet the attacks of Antiochus III the Great on Coele-Syria including Judea, and the great Egyptian victory of Raphia (217), where Ptolemy himself was present, secured the kingdom for the remainder of his reign. The arming of Egyptians in this campaign had a disturbing effect upon the native population of Egypt, so that rebellions were continuous for the next thirty years. Philopator was devoted to orgiastic forms of religion and literary dilettantism. He built a temple to Homer and composed a tragedy, to which his vile favourite Agathocles added a commentary. He married (about 215 BC) his sister Arsinoë III, but continued to be ruled by his mistress Agathoclea, sister of Agathocles. Ptolemy IV is a major protagonist of the apocryphal 3 Maccabees, which describes purported events following the Battle of Raphia, in both Jerusalem and Alexandria.

External links

- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/7
- .html Ptolemy Philopator I at LacusCurtius] — (Chapter VII of E. R. Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)
- [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_iv.htm Ptolemy IV] — (Egyptian Royal Genealogy)

References

- Category:204 BC deaths Category:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty

Antiochus III the Great

Antiochus III the Great, (c. 241–187 BC, ruled 223–187 BC), younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus, became ruler of the Seleucid Empire as a youth of about eighteen in 223 BC. His traditional designation, the Great, stems from a misunderstanding of Megas Basileus (Great king), the traditional title of the Persian kings, which he adopted. Seleucid Empire

Early years

Antiochus III inherited a disorganized state. Not only had Asia Minor become detached, but the further eastern provinces had broken away, Bactria under the Greek Diodotus of Bactria, and Parthia under the nomad chieftain Arsaces. Soon after Antiochus's accession, Media and Persis revolted under their governors, the brothers Molon and Alexander. The young king, under the baneful influence of the minister Hermeias, authorised an attack on Judea instead of going in person to face the rebels. The attack on Judea proved a fiasco, and the generals sent against Molon and Alexander met with disaster. Only in Asia Minor, where the king's cousin, the able Achaeus represented the Seleucid cause, did its prestige recover, driving the Pergamene power back to its earlier limits. In 221 BC Antiochus at last went east, and the rebellion of Molon and Alexander collapsed. The submission of Lesser Media, which had asserted its independence under Artabazanes, followed. Antiochus rid himself of Hermeias by assassination and returned to Syria (220 BC). Meanwhile Achaeus himself had revolted and assumed the title of king in Asia Minor. Since, however, his power was not well enough grounded to allow of his attacking Syria, Antiochus considered that he might leave Achaeus for the present and renew his attempt on Judea.

Wars against Diadoches

The campaigns of 219 BC and 218 BC carried the Seleucid arms almost to the confines of Egypt, but in 217 BC Ptolemy IV confronted Antiochus at the battle of Raphia and inflicted a defeat upon him which nullified all Antiochus's successes and compelled him to withdraw north of the Lebanon. In 216 BC Antiochus went north to deal with Achaeus, and had by 214 BC driven him from the field into Sardis. Antiochus contrived to get possession of the person of Achaeus (see Polybius), but the citadel held out until 213 BC under Achaeus' widow Laodice and then surrendered. Having thus recovered the central part of Asia Minor — for the Seleucid government had perforce to tolerate the dynasties in Pergamon, Bithynia and Cappadocia — Antiochus turned to recover the outlying provinces of the north and east. He obliged Xerxes of Armenia to acknowledge his supremacy in 212 BC. In 209 BC Antiochus invaded Parthia, occupied the capital Hecatompylus and pushed forward into Hyrcania. The Parthian king Arsaces II apparently successfully sued for peace. 209 BC saw Antiochus in Bactria, where another Greek, Euthydemus, had supplanted the original rebel. Antiochus again met with success. After sustaining a famous siege in his capital Bactra (Balkh), Euthydemus obtained an honourable peace by which Antiochus promised Euthydemus' son Demetrius the hand of one of his daughters. Bactra. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ, King Antiochus.]] Antiochus next, following in the steps of Alexander, crossed into the Kabul valley, received the homage of the Indian king Sophagasenus and returned west by way of Seistan and Kerman (206/5). From Seleucia on the Tigris he led a short expedition down the Persian Gulf against the Gerrhaeans of the Arabian coast (205 BC/204 BC). Antiochus seemed to have restored the Seleucid empire in the east, and the achievement brought him the title of "the Great King." In 205 BC/204 BC the infant Ptolemy V Epiphanes succeeded to the Egyptian throne, and Antiochus concluded a secret pact with Philip V of Macedon for the partition of the Ptolemaic possessions. Once more Antiochus attacked Judea, and by 199 BC he seems to have had possession of it before the Aetolian, Scopas, recovered it for Ptolemy. But that recovery proved brief, for in 198 BC Antiochus defeated Scopas at the Battle of Panium, near the sources of the Jordan, a battle which marks the end of Ptolemaic rule in Judea.

War against Rome

Antiochus then moved to Asia Minor to secure the coast towns which had acknowledged Ptolemy and the independent Greek cities. This enterprise brought him into antagonism with Rome, since Smyrna and Lampsacus appealed to the republic of the west, and the tension became greater after Antiochus had in 196 BC established a footing in Thrace. The evacuation of Greece by the Romans gave Antiochus his opportunity, and he now had the fugitive Hannibal at his court to urge him on. In 192 BC Antiochus invaded Greece, having the Aetolians and other Greek states as his allies. In 191 BC, however, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. But the Romans followed up their success by attacking Antiochus in Anatolia, and the decisive victory of Scipio Asiaticus at Magnesia ad Sipylum (190 BC), following the defeat of Hannibal at sea off Side, gave Asia Minor into their hands. By the peace of Apamea (188 BC) the Seleucid king abandoned all the country north of the Taurus, which Rome distributed amongst its friends. As a consequence of this blow to the Seleucid power, the outlying provinces of the empire, recovered by Antiochus, reasserted their independence. Antiochus perished in a fresh expedition to the east in Luristan (187 BC). The Seleucid kingdom as Antiochus left it fell to his son, Seleucus IV Philopator. Category:Ancient Roman enemies and allies Category:241 BC births Category:187 BC deaths Antiochus 03

Seleucid kingdom

The Seleucid Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexander's empire. There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 60 BC.

The partition of Alexander's empire (323-281 BC)

Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire within a short time-frame and died young, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenized culture without adult heir. Therefore his generals (the Diadochi) thereupon jostled for supremacy over portions of his empire. Diadochi in 323 BC]] Seleucus, one of his generals, established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, used as the foundation date of the Seleucid Empire. He ruled over not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's Empire. Following his and Lysimachus's victory over Antigonus Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC, Seleucus took control over eastern Anatolia and northern Syria. In the latter area he founded a new capital at Antioch, on the Orontes, a city he named after his father. An alternative capital was established at Seleucia on the Tigris, north of Babylon. Seleucus' empire reached its greatest extent following his defeat of his erstwhile ally, Lysimachus, at Corupedion in 281 BC. Seleucus expanded his control to encompass western Anatolia. He hoped further to take control of Lysimachus' lands in Europe - primarily Thrace and even Macedonia itself, but was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus on landing in Europe. His son and successor, Antiochus I Soter, proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire, but was left, nevertheless, with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire. His competitors were Antigonus II Gonatas in Macedonia and Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Egypt. The Seleucid empire's geographic span, from the Aegean Sea to Afghanistan, brought together a multitude of races: Greeks, Persians, Medes, Jews, Indians, to mention only some. Its rulers were in the position of having a governing interest to implement a policy of racial unity initiated by Alexander. By 313 BC, Hellenic ideas (disseminated by the conquering Macedonian army's hired philosophers and historians, retired officers, and married inter-racial couples) had begun their almost 250-year expansion into the Near East, Middle East, and Central Asian cultures. It was the empire's governmental framework to rule by establishing hundreds of cities for trade and occupational purposes. Many cities began, or were induced, to adopt Hellenized philosophic thought, religious sentiments, and politics. Synthesizing Hellenic with native cultures and intellectual trends met with varying degrees of success -- resulting in times of simultaneous peace and rebellion in various parts of the empire.

An overextended domain

Nevertheless, even before Seleucus' death, the vast eastern domains of the Seleucids were proving difficult to assert control over. Seleucus had invaded India (modern Punjab in northern India and Pakistan) in 304 BC, leading to conflict with the Mauryan empire ruled by Chandragupta Maurya. It is said that Chandragupta fielded an army of 100,000 men and 9,000 war elephants, and forced Seleucus to conclude an alliance and give him his daughter in marriage. In exchange Chandragupta gave him no less than 500 elephants, an addition to his army that was to play a prominent part in his victory at Ipsus. Seleucus sent an ambassador named Megasthenes to Chandragupta's court, who repeatedly visited Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state), capital of Chandragupta. Megasthenes wrote detailed descriptions of India and Chandragupta's reign, which have been partly preserved to us through Diodorus Siculus. Other territories lost before Seleucus' death were Gedrosia on the coast of the Arabian Sea, and Arachosia on the west bank of the Indus River. Antiochus I (reigned 281-261 BC) and his son and successor Antiochus II Theos (reigned 261-246 BC) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with Ptolemy II and a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor -- distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together. Towards the end of Antiochus II's reign, the eastern provinces of Bactria and Parthia simultaneously asserted their independence.

Greco-Bactrian secession (250 BC)

Diodotus, governor for the Bactrian territory, asserted independence in 250 BC to form the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. This kingdom was characterized by a rich Hellenistic culture, and was to continue its domination of Bactria until around 125 BC, when it was overrun by the invasion of northern nomads. One of the Greco-Bactrian kings, Demetrius I of Bactria, invaded India around 180 BC to form the Greco-Indian kingdom, lasting until 1 BC.

Parthian secession (250 BC)

A Parthian tribal chief called Arsaces took over the Parthian territory from the Seleucid Empire around 250 BC to form the Arsacid Dynasty -- the starting point of the powerful Parthian Empire.

Eclipse and revival

By the time Antiochus II's son Seleucus II Callinicus came to the throne around 246 BC, the Seleucids seemed to be at a low ebb indeed. Aside from the secessions of Parthia and Bactria, Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the Third Syrian War against Ptolemy III of Egypt, then had to fight a civil war against his own brother Antiochus Hierax. In Asia Minor too, the Seleucid dynasty seemed to be losing control -- Gauls had fully established themselves in Galatia, semi-independent semi-Hellenized kingdoms had sprung up in Bithynia, Pontus, and Cappadocia, and the city of Pergamum in the west was asserting its independence under the Attalid Dynasty. But a revival would begin when Seleucus II's younger son, Antiochus III the Great, took the throne in 223 BC. Although initially unsuccessful in the Fourth Syrian War against Egypt, which led to an embarrassing defeat at the Battle of Raphia (217 BC), Antiochus would prove himself to be the greatest of the Seleucid rulers after Seleucus I himself. Following his defeat at Raphia, he spent the next ten years on his Anabasis through the eastern parts of his domain -- restoring rebellious vassals like Parthia and Bactria to at least nominal obedience, and even emulating Alexander with an expedition into India. When he returned to the west in 205 BC, Antiochus found that with the death of Ptolemy IV, the situation now looked propitious for another western campign. Antiochus and Philip V of Macedon then made a compact to divide the Ptolemaic possessions outside of Egypt, and in the Fifth Syrian War, the Seleucids ousted Ptolemy V from control of Coele-Syria. The Battle of Panium (198 BC) definitively transferred these holdings from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids. Antiochus appeared, at the least, to have restored the Seleucid Kingdom to glory.

The power of Rome and renewed disintegration

But Antiochus' glory was not to last for long. Following his erstwhile ally Philip's defeat at the hands of Rome in 197 BC, Antiochus now saw the opportunity for expansion into Greece. Encouraged by the exiled Carthaginian general Hannibal, and making an alliance with the disgruntled Aetolian League, Antiochus invaded Greece. Unfortunately, this decision led to his downfall: he was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae (191 BC) and Magnesia (190 BC), and was forced to make peace with the Romans by the embarrassing Treaty of Apamia (188 BC) -- which forced him to abandon all European territories, ceded all of Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains to Pergamum, and set a large indemnity to be paid. Antiochus died in 187 BC on another expedition to the east, where he sought to extract money to pay the indemnity. The reign of his son and successor Seleucus IV Philopator (187-175 BC) was largely spent in attempts to pay the large indemnity, and Seleucus was ultimately assassinated by his minister Heliodorus. Seleucus' younger brother, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, now seized the throne. He attempted to restore Seleucid prestige with a successful war against Egypt; but despite driving the Egyptian army back to Alexandria itself, he was forced to withdraw by the Roman envoy Popilius Laena, who famously drew a circle in the sand around the king and told him he had to decide whether or not to withdraw from Egypt before leaving the circle. Antiochus chose to withdraw. The latter part of his reign saw the further disintegration of the Empire. The Eastern areas remained nearly uncontrollable, as Parthians began to take over the Persian lands; and Antiochus' aggressive Hellenizing (or de-Judaizing) activities led to armed rebellion in Judaea -- the Maccabee revolt. Efforts to deal with both the Parthians and the Jews proved fruitless, and Antiochus himself died during an expedition against the Parthians in 164 BC.

Civil war and further decay

After the death of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Seleucid Empire became increasingly unstable. Frequent civil wars made central authority tenuous at best. Epiphanes' young son, Antiochus V Eupator, was first overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, Demetrius I Soter in 161 BC. Demetrius I attempted to restore Seleucid power in Judea particularly, but was overthrown in 150 BC by Alexander Balas -- an impostor who (with Egyptian backing) claimed to be the son of Epiphanes. Alexander Balas reigned until 145 BC, when he was overthrown by Demetrius I's son, Demetrius II Nicator. Demetrius II proved unable to control the whole of the kingdom, however. While he ruled Babylonia and eastern Syria from Damascus, the remnants of Balas' supporters -- first supporting Balas' son Antiochus VI, then the usurping general Diodotus Tryphon -- held out in Antioch. Meanwhile, the decay of the Empire's territorial possessions continued apace. By 143 BC, the Jews had fully established their independence. Parthian expansion continued as well. In 139 BC, Demetrius II was defeated in battle by the Parthians and was captured. By this time, the entire Iranian Plateau had been lost to Parthian control. Demetrius Nicator's brother, Antiochus VII, was ultimately able to restore a fleeting unity and vigour to the Seleucid domains, but he too proved unequal to the Parthian threat: he was killed in battle with the Parthians in 129 BC, leading to the final collapse of the Seleucid hold on Babylonia. After the death of Antiochus VII, all effective Seleucid rule collapsed, as multiple claimants contested control of what was left of the Seleucid realm in almost unending civil war.

Collapse of the Seleucid Empire

By 100 BC, the once formidable Seleucid Empire encompassed little more than Antioch and some Syrian cities. Despite the clear collapse of their power, and the decline of their kingdom around them, nobles continued to play kingmakers on a regular basis, with occasional intervention from Ptolemaic Egypt and other outside powers. The Seleucids existed solely because no other nation wished to absorb them -- seeing as they constituted a useful buffer between their other neighbours. In the wars in Anatolia between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Sulla of Rome, the Seleucids were largely left alone by both major combatants. Mithridates' ambitious son-in-law, Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia, however, saw opportunity for expansion in the constant civil strife to the south. In 83 BC, at the invitation of one of the factions in the interminable civil wars, he invaded Syria, and soon established himself as ruler of Syria, putting Seleucid rule virtually at an end. Seleucid rule was not entirely at an end, however. Following the Roman general Lucullus' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump Seleucid kingdom was restored under Antiochus XIII. Even now, civil wars could not be prevented, as another Seleucid, Philip II, contested rule with Antiochus. After the Roman conquest of Pontus, the Romans became increasingly alarmed at the constant source of instability in Syria under the Seleucids. Once Mithridates was defeated by Pompey in 63 BC, Pompey set about the task of remaking the Hellenistic East, by creating new client kingdoms and establishing provinces. While client nations like Armenia and Judea were allowed to continue some degree of autonomy under local kings, Pompey saw the Seleucids as too troublesome to continue; and doing away with both rival Seleucid princes, he made Syria into a Roman province.

Seleucid rulers

- Seleucus I Nicator (Satrap 311–305 BC, King 305 BC–281 BC)
- Antiochus I Soter (co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261 BC)
- Antiochus II Theos (261–246 BC)
- Seleucus II Callinicus ( 246–225 BC)
- Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter) ( 225–223 BC)
- Antiochus III the Great (223–187 BC)
- Seleucus IV Philopator (187–175 BC)
- Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–164 BC)
- Antiochus V Eupator (164–162 BC)
- Demetrius I Soter (161–150 BC)
- Alexander I Balas (154–145 BC)
- Demetrius II Nicator (first reign, 145–138 BC)
- Antiochus VI Dionysus (or Epiphanes) (145–140 BC?)
- Diodotus Tryphon (140?–138 BC)
- Antiochus VII Sidetes (or Euergetes) ( 138–129 BC)
- Demetrius II Nicator (second reign, 129–126 BC)
- Alexander II Zabinas (129–123 BC)
- Cleopatra Thea (126–123 BC)
- Seleucus V Philometor (126/125 BC)
- Antiochus VIII Grypus (125–96 BC)
- Antiochus IX Cyzicenus (114–96 BC)
- Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator (96–95 BC)
- Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator (95–92 BC or 83 BC)
- Demetrius III Eucaerus (or Philopator) (95–87 BC)
- Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus (95–92 BC)
- Philip I Philadelphus (95–84/83 BC)
- Antiochus XII Dionysus (87–84 BC)
- (Tigranes I of Armenia) (83–69 BC)
- Antiochus XIII Asiaticus (69–64 BC)
- Philip II Philoromaeus (65–63 BC)
- Seleucus VII Kybiosaktes or Philometor (70s BC–60s BC?)

In modern media

The Seleucid Empire is one of a number of factions in the 2004 PC game Rome: Total War. The Jewish revolt Maccabee who expelled the Seleucid, are given name to an Israel Basketball team from Tel Aviv in present day.

External links

- [http://www.livius.org Livius], [http://www.livius.org/se-sg/seleucids/seleucids.html The Seleucid Empire] by Jona Lendering Category:Former countries in the Hellenistic world Category:Persian history category:History of Iran Category:History of Syria ja:セレウコス朝

168 BC

Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC - 160s BC - 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC Years: 173 BC 172 BC 171 BC 170 BC 169 BC - 168 BC - 167 BC 166 BC 165 BC 164 BC 163 BC ---- Events
- June 22 - Third Macedonian War ends with the Battle of Pydna. Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus (awarded the surname "Macedonicus" for this victory) defeat and capture Perseus of Macedon when he surrendered. This ends the Antigonid dynasty, one of the three successor empires created upon the death of Alexander the Great, and starts Roman domination of Greece.
- Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria withdrew from the conquered Egypt upon Roman demand, thus acknowledging virtual Roman suzerainty.
- Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria outlaws Judaism, launches an attack against the Great Temple in Jerusalem, and tries to persuade Jews to worship pagan idols. Birth Death Category:160s_BC

Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus

Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (229 BC-160 BC) was a Roman general and politician. His father was Lucius Aemilius Paullus, the consul defeated and killed in the battle of Cannae. Lucius Aemilius was, in his time, the head of his branch of the Aemilii Paullii, an old and aristocratic patrician family. Their influence was immense, particularly due to their fortune and alliance with the Cornelii Scipiones. After the fulfilment of his military service as military tribune, Paullus was elected curule aedile in 193 BC. The next step of his cursus honorum was the election as praetor in 191 BC. At the term of this office he went to the Hispania provinces, where he campaigned against the Lusitanians between 191 and 189 BC. Paullus was elected consul for the first time in 182 BC, with Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus as junior partner. His next military command, with proconsular imperium, was in the next year, against the Ingauni of Liguria. The Third Macedonian War breaks in 171 BC, when king Perseus of Macedon defeated a Roman army led by the consul Publius Licinius Crassus in the battle of Callicinus. After two years of indecisive results for both sides, Paullus was elected consul again in 168 BC (with Gaius Licinius Crassus as colleague). As consul, he was appointed by the senate to deal with the Macedonian war. Shortly afterwards, in June 22, he won the decisive battle of Pydna. Perseus of Macedonia was made prisoner and the Third Macedonian War ends. To set an example, Paullus ordered the killing of 500 Macedonians known for opposition against Rome. He also exiled many more to Italy and confiscated his belongings in the name of Rome but according to Plutarch, keeping too much to himself. On the return to Rome in 167 BC, his legions were displeased with their share of the plunder. To keep them happy, Paullus decided for a stop in Epirus, a kingdom suspected of sympathizing with the Macedonian cause. The region had been already pacified, but Paullus ordered the sacking of 70 its towns. 150,000 people were enslaved and the region was left to bankruptcy. Paullus' return to Rome was glorious. With and immense plunder collected in Macedonia and Epirus, he celebrated a spectacular triumph, featuring no less than the captured king of Macedonia himself. As a gesture of acknowledgment, the senate awarded him the surname Macedonicus. This was the peak of his career. In 164 BC he was elected censor and died during his term in 160 BC. With the death of Macedonicus, the fortunes of the Aemilii Paullii came to an end. The successes of his political and military career were not accompanied by a happy family life. He had been married to Papiria Masonis, from whom he divorced, according to Plutarch, for no particular reason. From this marriage four children were born: two boys and two Aemilias, one married to the son of Cato the elder, another to Aelius Tubero, a rich man of a plebeian family. Paullus Macedonicus then married a second time and had two sons. Since four boys were too many for a father to support across the cursus honorum, he decided to give the oldest two up for adoption. One was taken by Fabius Maximus and became Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus. The other was adopted by Publius Cornelius Scipio, son of Scipio Africanus, and became Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, known as Scipio Africanus the Younger, following his conquest of Carthage in the Third Punic War in 146 BC. With the oldest sons safely adopted by two of the most powerful patrician houses, Paullus Macedonicus counted on the two younger ones to continue his own name. This was not due to happen. Both of them died young, one shortly after the other, at the same time that Paullus celebrated his triumph.

References

- Plutarch, Aemilius Paulus. [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/paulus.html]
- Livy, History of Rome XLIV, 17 - XLVI, 41.
- Polybius, Histories, XXXII, 8. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+32.8] Paullus Aemilius Lucius Macedonicus Paullus Aemilius Lucius Macedonicus Paullus Aemilius Lucius Macedonicus Paullus Aemilius Lucius Macedonicus Paullus Aemilius Lucius Macedonicus

Perseus of Macedonia

Perseus was the last king of the Antigonid dynasty, who ruled the successor state in Macedon created upon the death of Alexander the Great. He also has the distinction of being the last of the line, after losing the Battle of Pydna on 22 June 168 BC; subsequently Macedon came under Roman rule. In 179 BC Philip V of Macedon died. In the previous year Philip had his pro-Roman son Demetrius executed. Perseus had been jealous of Demetrius' success as ambassador to Rome and had convinced their father to have him poisoned as a potential usurper. The Romans favoured Demetrius, and Perseus' role in killing Demetrius did not endear him to Rome when he took the throne. One of his first acts on becoming king was to renew the treaty with Rome. Yet, Perseus' other actions troubled Rome. His interference in the affairs of his neighbours, his armed visit to Delphi, his avoidance of the Roman ambassadors to Macedonia, and his dynastic marriages all gave Rome cause for concern. Soon Rome and Perseus went to war in the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC). Although Perseus had some initial success, the war ended with the King's surrender to the Roman general Lucius Aemilius Paullus after his decisive defeat at the Battle of Pydna, and his eventual imprisonment in Rome. The Antigonid kingdom was dissolved, and replaced with four republics. Andriscus of Macedon broke off the Roman rule for about a year, but was defeated in 148 BC by the Romans. In 146 BC, the four republics were dissolved, and Macedon officially became the Roman province of Macedonia. Category:Macedonian monarchs Category:Ancient Greeks Category:Ancient Roman enemies and allies

Third Macedonian War

The Third Macedonian War (171 BC - 168 BC) was a war fought between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon. In 179 BC King Philip V of Macedon died and his talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took his throne. Perseus married Laodike, daugh

June 22

Events

Births

Deaths

See also

External links

June 22

Events

Births

Deaths

See also

External links

Leap year

Gregorian calendar

Which day is the leap day?

Julian calendar

Revised Julian Calendar

Chinese calendar

Hebrew calendar

Hindu Calendar

Iranian calendar

Long term leap year rules

Marriage proposal

Saint Patrick and the leap year

Birthdays

217 BC

Battle of Raphia

Ptolemy IV of Egypt

External links

References

Antiochus III the Great

Early years

Wars against Diadoches

War against Rome

Seleucid kingdom

The partition of Alexander's empire (323-281 BC)

An overextended domain

Greco-Bactrian secession (250 BC)

Parthian secession (250 BC)

Eclipse and revival

The power of Rome and renewed disintegration

Civil war and further decay

Collapse of the Seleucid Empire

Seleucid rulers

In modern media

See also

External links

168 BC

Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus

See also

References

Perseus of Macedonia

Third Macedonian War