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June 5

June 5

June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining.

Events

- 70 - Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem.
- 1305 - Pope Clement V is elected.
- 1783 - The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon).
- 1798 - Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated.
- 1817 - First Great Lakes steamer, the Frontenac, is launched.
- 1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.
- 1832 - Student Uprisings of 1832 begin; General Lamarque dies.
- 1837 - Houston, Texas, is granted a city charter.
- 1849 - Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy by the signing of a new constitution.
- 1851 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery serial, Uncle Tom's Cabin or, Life Among the Lowly starts a ten-month run in the National Era abolitionist newspaper.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont: Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
- 1866 - Calculations indicate Pluto reached its most recent aphelion (furthest point from Sun) on this day. The next aphelion will occur in August 2113.
- 1900 - Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.
- 1907 - BAPS Swaminarayan religion established.
- 1915 - Denmark amends its constitution to allow women's suffrage.
- 1916 - Stein's Dixie Jass Band plays its first gig under its new name, the Original Dixieland Jass Band.
- Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
- 1917 - World War I: Conscription begins in the United States as "Army registration day."
- 1924 - Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean (to his father in Sweden).
- 1933 - The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard by enacting a joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
- 1944 - World War II: More than 1000 British bombers drop 5000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.
- 1945 - Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.
- 1946 - A fire in the LaSalle Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, kills 61 people.
- 1947 - Marshall Plan: At a speech at Harvard University, United States Secretary of State George Marshall calls for economic aid to war-torn Europe.
- 1954 - The last new episode of the comic variety program, Your Show of Shows, airs.
- 1956 - Elvis Presley introduces his new single, Hound Dog, on The Milton Berle Show, scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.
- 1959 - The first government of the State of Singapore is sworn in.
- 1963 - British Secretary of State for War John Profumo resigns in a sex scandal.
- 1967 - Six-Day War begins: The Israeli air force launches simultaneous attacks on the air forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.
- 1968 - U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Sirhan Sirhan. (He dies on June 6).
- 1970 - Chile becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1975 - The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
- The UK holds its first and only UK-wide referendum, on remaining in the EEC
- 1976 - Collapse of the Teton Dam in Idaho, United States.
- 1977 - A coup takes place in Seychelles.
- The Apple II, the first practical personal computer, goes on sale.
- 1981 - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that five homosexual men in Los Angeles, California, have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems (these were the first recognized cases of AIDS).
- 1984 - Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Golden Temple, the holiest site of the Sikh relgion.
- 1986 - A 52-year old man in Auburn, Washington, United States, dies after taking an Excedrin capsule laced with cyanide; this is the first of two Excedrin deaths.
- 1987 - Ted Koppel hosts a "National Town Meeting on AIDS" on a special four-hour long live broadcast of Nightline.
- 1989 - The Unknown Rebel halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
- 1991 - Colo-Colo becomes the first Chilean soccer team to win the Copa Libertadores de América.
- 1995 - Bose-Einstein condensate is first created.
- 1998 - A strike begins at the General Motors parts factory in Flint, Michigan, that quickly spreads to five other assembly plants (the strike lasted seven weeks).
- Both Reuters and ABC news erroneously report the death of comedian Bob Hope after Arizona congressman Bob Stump announces the demise of Hope on the floor of the US Congress.
- 1999 - The Party of United Communists of Albania is formed, following the merger of the Communist Reconstruction Party and the New Albanian Party of Labour.
- 2001 - Senator Jim Jeffords leaves the Republican party, an act which changes control of the United States Senate from the Republican party to the Democratic party.
- 2002 - Elizabeth Smart is kidnapped from her Salt Lake City, Utah home.
- Mozilla 1.0, the first 'official' version, is released.
- 2004 - Smarty Jones loses at the Belmont Stakes to Birdstone and fails to bid the Triple Crown.

Births

1341 to 1899

- 1341 - Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of Edward III of England (d. 1402)
- 1493 - Justus Jonas, German protestant reformer (d. 1555)
- 1640 - Pu Songling, Chinese writer (d. 1715)
- 1656 - Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, French botanist (d. 1708)
- 1718 - Thomas Chippendale, English furniture maker (d. 1779)
- 1723 - Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher (d. 1790)
- 1757 - Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist (d. 1808)
- 1771 - King Ernest I of Hanover (d. 1851)
- 1781 - Christian August Lobeck, German classical scholar (d. 1860)
- 1819 - John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)
- 1850 - Pat Garrett, American Western lawman (d. 1908)
- 1862 - Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
- 1876 - Tony Jackson, American musician (d. 1920)
- 1879 - Robert Mayer, German-born philanthropist (d. 1985)
- 1883 - John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
- 1884 - Ralph Benatzky, Czech composer (d. 1957)
- 1887 - Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923])
- 1894 - Roy Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, English publisher (d. 1976)
- 1895 - William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972)
- 1898 - Federico García Lorca, Spanish lyricist and dramatist (d. 1936)

1900 to 1999

- 1900 - Dennis Gabor, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- 1905 - John Abbott, British actor (d. 1996)
- 1919 - Richard Scarry, American children's author (d. 1994)
- 1925 - Art Donovan, American football star
- 1928 - Tony Richardson, British actor (d. 1991)
- 1930 - Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian writer (d. 1996)
- 1931 - Jacques Demy, French playwright
- 1932 - Christy Brown, Irish author (d. 1981)
- 1934 - Bill Moyers, American journalist
- 1938 - Karin Balzer, German hurdler
- 1939 - Joe Clark, sixteenth Prime Minister of Canada
- 1939 - Margaret Drabble, English novelist
- 1941 - Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
- 1941 - Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2004)
- 1944 - Tommie Smith, American athlete
- 1947 - Laurie Anderson, American actress and composer
- 1949 - Ken Follett, Welsh author
- 1954 - Nicko McBrain, English musician (Iron Maiden)
- 1955 - Edinho, Brazilian football player
- 1962 - Princess Astrid of Belgium
- 1962 - Jeff Garlin, American comedian
- 1967 - Joe DeLoach, American athlete
- 1968 - Ron Livingston, American actor
- 1970 - Martin Gelinas, Canadian hockey player
- 1971 - Mark Wahlberg, American singer and actor
- 1972 - Justin Smith, American drummer (The Seeds)
- 1975 - Anna Nova, German erotic actress
- 1979 - David Bisbal, Spanish singer
- 1979 - Peter Wentz, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
- 1981 - Sebastien Lefebvre, Canadian musician

Deaths

535 to 1899

- 535 - Epiphanius of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
- 1017 - Sanjo, Emperor of Japan (b. 976)
- 1118 - Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester
- 1296 - Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)
- 1316 - King Louis X of France (b. 1289)
- 1383 - Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
- 1568 - Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish general and statesman (b. 1522)
- 1625 - Orlando Gibbons, English composer (b. 1583)
- 1667 - Pietro Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
- 1688 - Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1667)
- 1716 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (b. 1682)
- 1738 - Isaac de Beausobre, French protestant pastor (b. 1659)
- 1791 - Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-born British colonial governor (b. 1718)
- 1816 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1741)

1900 to 1999

- 1900 - Stephen Crane, American author (b. 1871)
- 1910 - O. Henry, American author (b. 1862)
- 1913 - Chris von der Ahe, baseball pioneer (b. 1851)
- 1916 - Horatio Kitchener, Lord Kitchener, British field marshal (b. 1850)
- 1920 - Rhoda Broughton, Welsh author (b. 1840)
- 1921 - Georges Feydeau, French playwright (b. 1862)
- 1930 - Pascin, Bulgarian painter (b. 1885)
- 1942 - Samuel Adams, American naval officer (b. 1912)
- 1975 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (b. 1916)
- 1993 - Conway Twitty, American musician (b. 1933)
- 1998 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b. 1911)
- 1998 - Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles (b.1909)
- 1999 - Mel Tormé, American singer ("The Velvet Fog"), composer, and actor (b. 1925)

2000 onwards

- 2002 - Gwen Plumb, Australian actress (b. 1912)
- 2002 - Dee Dee Ramone, American bassist (The Ramones) (b. 1952)
- 2003 - Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (b. 1945)
- 2003 - Kathleen Hart, American Enginner (b. 1982)
- 2004 - Ronald Reagan, President of the United States (b. 1911)

Holidays and observances

- National holiday of Denmark (Constitution Day)
- Seychelles - Liberation Day
- Feast of Saint Boniface
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Núr (Light) - First day of the fifth month of the Bahá'í Calendar

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/5 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 4 - June 6 - May 5 - July 5 – listing of all days ko:6월 5일 ms:5 Jun ja:6月5日 simple:June 5 th:5 มิถุนายน

June 5

June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining.

Events

Births

1341 to 1899

1900 to 1999

Deaths

535 to 1899

1900 to 1999

2000 onwards

Holidays and observances

External links

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the mean tropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th century Ireland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance. Category:Calendars Category:Units of time als:Schaltjahr ko:윤년 ja:閏年 simple:Leap year th:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

Titus

This article is about the emperor of ancient Rome. For other uses of the name, "Titus", please see Titus (disambiguation). Titus (disambiguation) Titus Flavius Vespasianus (December 30, 39–September 13, 81) ruled the Roman Empire from 79 to 81.

Early life and military successes

Titus was the elder son of the emperor Vespasian and Domitilla the Elder. In 61 he was military tribune in Britannia. In 64 he returned to Rome and married Arrecina Tertulla, who died, and then Marcia Furnilla (one daughter, Julia Flavia), whom he was forced to divorce. Titus accompanied Vespasian to the east in 67 to put down the Jewish Rebellion. In 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, Vespasian returned to Rome to claim the throne, and left Titus behind to put down the rebellion, which he did in 70 with four legions. Jerusalem was sacked; the Temple was destroyed and much of the population was killed or dispersed. While in Jerusalem he also began a love affair with Berenice of Cilicia, daughter of Herod Agrippa. He was awarded a triumph upon his return to Rome in 71. The Triumphal Arch of Titus, which stands at one entrance to the Roman Forum, memorializes this triumph. He held various consulships under his father and also served as prefect of the Praetorian Guard, ensuring their loyalty to the emperor. These events were recorded in dramatic detail by the historian Josephus in his work The Jewish War.

Emperor

Titus succeeded his father as Emperor in 79, although some Senators were opposed to his relationship with Berenice, whom they compared to a new Cleopatra. However, he was an effective emperor and was well-loved by the population. He stopped the treason trials and punished the delatores (public informants), and held expensive gladiatorial games. In addition to his arch, he also essentially completed the Colosseum, and built his namesake baths on the former site of Nero's Domus Aurea. Titus was emperor during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 and the consequent destruction of life and property in the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples, such as Pompeii and Herculaneum. In 80 there was a fire in Rome; Titus spent large amounts of money relieving victims of both the volcano and the fire. His reign also saw the rebellion led by Terentius Maximus, the False Nero. After just two years, Titus died of a fever. He was deified by the Senate and was succeeded by his brother, Domitian. Titus's reputation has prospered in contrast to the character of Domitian, whose persecutions were detailed by the contemporary historian Tacitus. Had Titus lived long enough, he may have suffered from the same excesses as previous emperors; instead, he was used as a model by later emperors, especially those known as the Five Good Emperors.

Quotes

- Amici, diem perdidi. Translation: "Friends, I lost a day.", spoken by Titus in the context that he has done no good deed during that day. Source: Suetonius' Life of Titus 8.1

External link

- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Titus
- .html Life of Titus] (Suetonius; English translation and Latin original) Category:39 births Category:81 deaths Category:Roman emperors Category:Ancient Jewish Roman history Category:Flavian Dynasty ko:티투스 ja:ティトゥス

1305

Events

- August 5 - English troops capture William Wallace
- Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia
- The Papacy removed to France following riots in the Papal State.

Births

- Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shogun (died 1358)

Deaths

- April 4 - Joan I of Navarre, queen of Philip IV of France
- June 21 - King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Poland (born 1271)
- August 23 - William Wallace, Scottish rebel (executed)
- October 4 - Emperor Kameyama of Japan (born 1249)
- November 18 - John II, Duke of Brittany (born 1239)
- Moses de Leon, Spanish rabbi (born 1250)
- Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus Category:1305 ko:1305년

Pope Clement V

Clement V, born Bertrand de Goth (also occasionally spelled Gouth and Got) (1264 – April 20, 1314), was pope from 1305 to his death. He is memorable in history for suppressing the order of the Templars, and as the pope who moved the Roman Curia to Avignon. Bertrand was canon and sacristan of the church of Saint-André in Bordeaux, then vicar-general to his brother, the archbishop of Lyons, who in 1294 was created Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was then made bishop of St-Bertrand-de-Comminges, the cathedral church of which he was responsible for greatly enlarging and embellishing; and chaplain to Boniface VIII, who made him archbishop of Bordeaux. He was elected in June 1305, after a year's interregnum occasioned by the disputes between the French and Italian cardinals, who were nearly equally balanced in the conclave, which had to be held at Perugia. Bertrand was neither Italian nor a cardinal, and his election might have been considered a gesture towards neutrality. The contemporary chronicler Giovanni Villani reports gossip that he had bound himself to king Philip IV of France by a formal agreement previous to his elevation, made at St. Jean d'Angly in Saintonge. Whether this was true or not, it is likely that the future pope had conditions laid down for him by the conclave of cardinals. At Bordeaux, Bertrand was formally notified of his election and urged to come to Italy; but he selected Lyons for his coronation, November 14, 1305, which was celebrated with magnificence and attended by Philip, and among his first acts was the creation of nine French cardinals. Early in 1306, Clement explained away those features of the bulls Clericis Laicos that might seem to apply to the king of France and essentially withdrew Unam Sanctam, the two bulls of Boniface which were particularly offensive to Philip's ambitious ministry. He appears to have conducted himself throughout his pontificate as the mere tool of the French monarchy, a radical change in papal policy. On October 13, 1307 came the arrest of all the Knights Templar in France, an action apparently financially motivated and undertaken by the efficient royal bureaucracy to increase the prestige of the crown. Philip was the encouraging patron of this ruthless move, but the historical reputation of Clement, has also been tarnished. From the very day of Clement's coronation, the king had charged the Templars with heresy, immorality and abuses, and the scruples of the pope were compromised by a growing sense that the burgeoning French State might not wait for the Church, but would proceed independently. In March 1309 the entire papal court settled at Avignon, which at the time was not part of France, but an imperial fief held by the king of Sicily. The removal of the Papacy to Avignon was justified at the time by French apologists as owing to the factious tumults at Rome, where the dissensions of the Roman aristocrats and their armed gangs reached a nadir, and the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano was destroyed in a fire, but it proved the precursor of the long Avignon Papacy, the 'Babylonian captivity', in Petrarch's phrase, and marks the point from which the decay of the strictly Catholic conception of the Pope as universal bishop is to be dated. Meanwhile, Philip's lawyers pressed to reopen Nogaret's charges of heresy against the late Boniface VIII, that had circulated in the pamphlet war around Unam sanctam. Clement had to yield to pressures for this extraordinary trial, begun February 2, 1309 at Avignon, which dragged on for two years. In the document that called for the witnesses, Clement expressed his personal conviction of the innocence of Boniface, at the same time his resolution to satisfy the king. Finally, in February, 1311, the king wrote to Clement abandoning the process to the future council of Vienne. For his part, Clement absolved all the participants in the abduction of Boniface at Anagni. In pursuance of the king's wishes Clement summoned the Council of Vienne (1311), which would not conclude that the Templars were guilty of heresy. The pope abolished the order anyway, as it seemed to be in bad repute and had outlived its usefulness as Papal bankers and protectors of pilgrims in the East. Its French estates were granted to the Knights Hospitallers, but actually Philip IV held them until his death and expropriated the Templar's bank outright. Charges of heresy and sodomy aside, the guilt or innocence of the Templars is one of the more difficult historical problems, partly because of the atmosphere of hysteria that had built up in the preceding generation, the habitually intemperate language and extravagant denunciations exchanged between temporal rulers and churchmen, and partly because the subject has been embraced by conspiracy theorists and pseudo-historians. Clement's pontificate was also a disastrous time for Italy. The Papal States were entrusted to a team of three cardinals, but Rome, the battleground of the Colonna and Orsini factions, was ungovernable. In 1312, the Emperor Henry VII entered Italy, established the Visconti as vicars in Milan, and had himself crowned by Clement's legates in Rome before he died near Siena in 1313. In Ferrara, Papal armies clashed with Venice. When excommunication and interdict failed to have their intended effect, Clement preached a crusade against the Venetians, a symptom of how debased that particular coinage had become. Other remarkable incidents of Clement's reign are his bloody repression of the heresy of Fra Dolcino in Lombardy and his promulgation of the Clementine Constitutions in 1313. He died in April 1314. According to one story, while his body was lying in state, a thunderstorm developed during the night and lighting struck the church ,where his body was, and it ignited the building. The fire was so intense that ,when it was extingushed, the body of Pope Clemenet was almost completely destroyed. He is buried at La Chaise-Dieu in Auvergne. Clement V is often remembered for his nepotism, avarice, weakness and cunning, and often vilified as a willing collaborator in the designs of France against the Pope, who ushered in a century of schism: in the Divine Comedy, written while the pope was alive, Dante is shown the place which awaits Clement in the eighth circle of Hell. He is recorded as the first pope to be crowned with a papal tiara.

External links

- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04020a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]

1783

1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

- February 3 - American Revolutionary War: Spain recognizes United States independence.
- February 4 - American Revolutionary War: Great Britain formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
- February 4 - Earthquake in Calabria, Italy - 50.000 dead
- March 5 - Last celebration of Massacre Day.
- May 18 - Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada- First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown.
- June 5 - The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon) in Annonay, France.
- June 8 - The volcano Laki, in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills 9350 people and starts a seven-year famine. Eruption causes deaths of livestock when they eat contaminated grass and also widespread crop failure.
- July 16 - Grants of land in Canada to American loyalists announced.
- August 5 - Mount Asama erupts, causing turmoil in Edo period Japan.
- September 3 - American Revolutionary War ends: Treaty of Paris - A treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain is signed in Paris, ending the war.
- November 2 - In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, US General George Washington gives his "Farewell Address to the Army".
- November 21 - In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 5
- miles).
- November 25 - American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
- December 4 - At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, US General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.
- City of Sevastopol founded;
- United Empire Loyalists flee to Canada from the new United States;
- Treaty of Versailles signed, ending hostilities between the Franco-Spanish Alliance and England.
- Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.

Births

- January 23 - Stendhal, French writer (d. 1842)
- March 8 - Hannah Van Buren, First Lady of the United States (d. 1819)
- April 3 - Washington Irving, American author (d. 1859)
- April 10 - Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland and mother of Napoleon III of France (d. 1837)
- July 24 - Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1830).
- September 17 - Samuel Prout, English painter (d. 1852)
- Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner, German chemist

Deaths

- January 7 - William Tans'ur, English hymnist (b. 1700)
- February 6 - Capability Brown, English landscape gardner (b. 1716)
- March 23 - Charles Carroll, American lawyer and delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723)
- March 30 - William Hunter, Scottish anatomist (b. 1718)
- March 31 - Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (b. 1718)
- April 16 - Benedict Joseph Labre, French saint (b. 1745)
- April 16 - Christian Mayer, Czech astronomer (b. 1719)
- May 23 - James Otis, American lawyer and patriot (b. 1725)
- September 18 - Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician and physicist (b. 1707)
- September 18 - Benjamin Kennicott, English churchman and Hebrew scholar (b. 1718)
- October 29 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician (b. 1717)
- November 22 - John Hanson, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1715)
- November 23 - Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (b. 1714)
- December 13 - Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer (b. 1717)
- December 16 - William James, British naval commander (b. 1720) Category:1783 ko:1783년 ms:1783 simple:1783

Montgolfier brothers

The Montgolfier brothers, Joseph Michel Montgolfier (August 26, 1740 – June 26, 1810) and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier (January 6, 1745 – August 2, 1799), inventors of the montgolfière, or hot air balloon. The brothers were the sons of a paper manufacturer at Annonay, south of Lyon, France. When playing with inverted paper bags over open fire they found that the bags rose to the ceiling. This led them to experiment further with larger bags made of other materials. During 1782 they tested indoors with silk and linen. On December 14, 1782 they succeeded in an outdoor launch of an 18 m³ silk bag, which reached an altitude of 250 m. On June 5, 1783, as a first public demonstration, they sent up at Annonay a 900 m³ linen bag inflated with hot air. Its flight covered 2 km, lasted 10 minutes, and had an estimated altitude of 1600 - 2000 m. The subsequent test sent up the first living beings in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep, a duck and a cockerel, to ascertain the effects of the air at higher altitude. This was performed at Versailles, before Louis XVI of France, to gain his permission for a trial human flight. An ascent in a fixed balloon took place around October 15 (12 or 14 according to Montgolfier), to an altitude of 26 m. On November 21, 1783, the first free flight by humans was made by Pilâtre de Rozier and the marquis d'Arlandes, who flew aloft for 25 minutes about 100 metres above Paris for a distance of nine kilometres. (A flight by Karl Friedrich Meerwein in 1781 with his "ornithopter", a flapping device, probably preceded this event, but it never became a generally used viable means of flight.) The ascensions made a sensation. Numerous engravings commemorated the events. Chairs were designed with balloon backs, and mantel clocks were produced in enamel and gilt-bronze replicas set with a dial in the balloon. Only one of the brothers (which one is unknown) ever flew in a balloon himself, and then only once. In 1766, the British scientist Henry Cavendish had discovered hydrogen gas, by adding sulphuric acid to iron, tin, zinc shavings, and hot air balloons were superseded by hydrogen gas balloons. This was followed by further flights, including a crossing of the English Channel on January 7, 1785, by Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries. Gas baloons did not return until the 1960s, when Raven Industries improved the safety of the classic Montgolfier design by using ripstop nylon for the envelope and propane gas as the burner fuel.

External links

- [http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2003/hetherington/final/montgolfier_bros.html "Lighter than air: the Montgolfier brothers"]
- [http://www.start-flying.com/Montgolfier.htm "Balloons and the Montgolfier brothers"]
- [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64386 "Karl Friedrich Meerwein"] Category:1740 births Category:1810 deaths Category:Balloonists Category:Multiple people ja:モンゴルフィエ兄弟

1798

1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- 7 March - French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
- April 7 - The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
- April 26 - France annexes Geneva
- May 24 - Irish nationalists launch bloody rebellion against British occupation.
- June 12 - French take Malta
- June 13 - Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is founded.
- July 1 - Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
- July 7 - Quasi-War: The U.S. Congress rescinds treaties with France sparking the 'war.'
- July 11 - The United States Marine Corps was (re-?)established.
- July 14 - The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government
- July 21 - Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
- July 24 - Napoleon occupies Cairo
- July 30 - Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
- August 1 - Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson himself is wounded on the head
- August 22 - French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
- September 18 - Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth
- first (anonymous) publication of An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus
- Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
- XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval skirmishes but no war is declared.
- First mechanical music boxes
- Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
- The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
- Timothy Dexter - A Pickle for the Knowing Ones or Plain Truth in a Homespun Dress
- Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
- Alois Senefelder invents lithography
- Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts

Ongoing events

- French Revolution (1789-1799 Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
- May-October - Irish Rebellion of 1798

Births

- January 14 - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (d. 1872)
- January 17 - Auguste Comte, French sociologist (d. 1857)
- January 20 - Anson Jones, 5th and last President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1858)
- March 13 - Abigail Fillmore, First Lady of the United States
- April 2 - August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German writer (d. 1874)
- April 26 - Eugène Delacroix, French painter (d. 1863)
- April 28 - Duncan Forbes, British linguist (d. 1868)
- June 14 - František Palacký, Czech historian and politician (d. 1876)
- June 29 - Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (d. 1837)
- July 21 - François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (b. 1733)
- October 2 - King Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)
- December 24 - Adam Mickiewicz, Polish writer (d. 1855)
-

June 5

Events

Births

1341 to 1899

1900 to 1999

Deaths

535 to 1899

1900 to 1999

2000 onwards

Holidays and observances

External links

June 5

Events

Births

1341 to 1899

1900 to 1999

Deaths

535 to 1899

1900 to 1999

2000 onwards

Holidays and observances

External links

Leap year

Gregorian calendar

Which day is the leap day?

Julian calendar

Revised Julian Calendar

Chinese calendar

Hebrew calendar

Hindu Calendar

Iranian calendar

Long term leap year rules

Marriage proposal

Saint Patrick and the leap year

Birthdays

Titus

Early life and military successes

Emperor

Quotes

External link

1305

Events

Births

Deaths

Pope Clement V

See also

External links

Further reading

1783

Events

Births

Deaths

Montgolfier brothers

External links

1798

Events

Ongoing events

Births