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June 9

June 9

June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining.

Events

- 68 - Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide, imploring his secretary Epaphroditus to slit his throat to evade a Senate-imposed death by flogging.
- 1534 - Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the St. Lawrence River.
- 1732 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia. [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/ga01.htm]
- 1772 - British vessel Gaspee is burned off of Rhode Island.
- 1790 - Philadelphia Spelling Book by John Barry becomes the first book to be copyrighted in the United States.
- 1815 - End of the Congress of Vienna: new European political situation is set.
- 1856 - 500 Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa and head west for Salt Lake City, Utah carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled handcarts.
- 1860 - Malaeska: The Indian Wife of the White Hunter becomes the first dime novel to be published.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia.
- 1909 - 1909 – Alice Huyler Ramsey, a 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack, New Jersey, became the first woman to drive across the United States. With three female companions, none of whom could drive a car, for fifty-nine days she drove a Maxwell automobile the 3,800 miles from Manhattan, New York to San Francisco, California.
- 1915 - U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the RMS Lusitania sinking.
- 1923 - Bulgaria's military takes over the government in a coup.
- 1930 - Chicago Tribune reporter Jake Lingle is killed at the Illinois Central train station during rush hour by the Leo Vincent Brothers, allegedly over a 100,000 USD gambling debt owed to Al Capone.
- 1934 - Donald Duck debuts in The Wise Little Hen.
- 1935 - Ho-Umezu Agreement: China, under KMT administration, recognized Japanese occupations in Northeast China.
- 1944 - World War II: The Soviet Union invades East Karelia and the previously Finnish part of Karelia, since 1941 occupied by Finland.
- 1953 - Flint-Worcester Tornadoes: A tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado hits in Worcester, Massachusetts killing 94.
- 1954 - McCarthyism: Joseph Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy during hearings on whether Communism has infiltrated the Army.
- 1957 - First ascent of Broad Peak (12th highest mountain).
- 1959 - The USS George Washington is launched as the first submarine to carry ballistic missiles.
- 1973 - Secretariat wins the Triple Crown.
- 1978 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opens the priesthood to "all worthy men,"ending a 148-year-old policy excluding black men.
- 1980 - Comedian Richard Pryor attempts to commit suicide by dousing himself with rum and setting it ablaze during a cocaine binge.
- 1985 - Thomas Sutherland is kidnapped in Lebanon (he was not released until 1991).
- 1986 - The Rogers Commission releases its report on the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
- 1991 - The congress of the Italian party Proletarian Democracy decides to merge with the Communist Refoundation Party.
- 1999 - Kosovo War: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.

Births

- 1508 - Primož Trubar, Slovenian protestant reformet (d. 1586)
- 1580 - Daniel Heinsius, Flemish scholar (d. 1655)
- 1588 - Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer (d. 1666)
- 1595 - King Wladislaus IV of Poland (d. 1648)
- 1640 - Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1705)
- 1686 - Andrei Osterman, German-born Russian statesman (d. 1747)
- 1661 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia (d. 1682)
- 1672 - Tsar Peter I of Russia (d. 1725)
- 1686 - Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (d. 1747)
- 1768 - Samuel Slater, American industrialist (d. 1835)
- 1810 - Otto Nicolai, German composer (d. 1849)
- 1812 - Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (d. 1910)
- 1843 - Bertha von Suttner, Austrian novelist and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914)
- 1845 - Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (d. 1914)
- 1849 - Michael Peter Ancher, Danish painter (d. 1927)
- 1851 - Charles Joseph Bonaparte, French politician (d. 1921)
- 1865 - Albéric Magnard, French composer (d. 1914)
- 1865 - Carl Nielsen, Danish composer (d. 1931)
- 1875 - Henry Hallett Dale, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1968)
- 1882 - Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963)
- 1890 - Leslie Banks, British actor (d. 1952)
- 1891 - Cole Porter, American composer and lyricist (d. 1964)
- 1900 - Fred Waring, American bandleader (d. 1984)
- 1916 - Robert McNamara, United States Secretary of Defense and president of the World Bank
- 1916 - Les Paul, American guitarist
- 1922 - John Gillespie Magee, Jr., American poet and aviator (d. 1941)
- 1931 - Jackie Mason, American comedian
- 1931 - Joe Santos, American actor
- 1937 - Harald Rosenthal, German biologist
- 1939 - Ileana Cotrubas, Romanian soprano
- 1939 - Dick Vitale, American sportscaster
- 1947 - Mitch Mitchell, drummer in The Jimi Hendrix Experience
- 1952 - Uzi Hitman, israeli singer
- 1956 - Patricia Cornwell, American author
- 1961 - Michael J. Fox, Canadian-born actor
- 1961 - Aaron Sorkin, American director, producer, and writer
- 1963 - Johnny Depp, American actor
- 1964 - Gloria Reuben, Canadian actress
- 1973 - Tedy Bruschi, American football player
- 1975 - Andrew Symonds, Australian cricketer
- 1977 - Peja Stojaković, Serbian basketball player
- 1978 - Matthew Bellamy, British singer, guitarist, pianist, composer of the band Muse (band).
- 1978 - Miroslav Klose, German footballer
- 1981 - Natalie Portman, Israeli-born actress

Deaths

- 62 - Octavia, wife of Nero (b. 40)
- 68 - Nero, Roman Emperor (b. 37)
- 373 - Ephrem the Syrian, Christian hymnodist
- 597 - St. Columba, Christian missionary, patron saint of Ireland (b. 521)
- 630 - King Shahrbaraz of Persia
- 1361 - Philippe de Vitry, French composer (b. 1291)
- 1563 - William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b. 1506)
- 1572 - Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (b. 1528)
- 1583 - Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
- 1656 - Thomas Tomkins, Welsh composer (b. 1572)
- 1716 - Banda Bahadur Sikh military commander (executed)
- 1717 - Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (b. 1648)
- 1870 - Charles Dickens, English author (b. 1812)
- 1892 - William Stairs, Canadian explorer (b. 1863)
- 1946 - Ananda Mahidol, Rama VIII, king of Thailand (b. 1925)
- 1952 - Adolf Busch, German composer (b. 1891)
- 1958 - Robert Donat, English actor (b. 1905)
- 1959 - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876)
- 1961 - Camille Guérin, French scientist (b. 1872)
- 1964 - Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook, Canadian-born business tycoon and politician (b. 1879)
- 1974 - Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
- 1989 - George Wells Beadle, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
- 1991 - Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
- 1993 - Alexis Smith, Canadian actress (b. 1921)
- 1994 - Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- 2004 - Rosey Brown, American football player (b. 1932)

Holidays and observances

- Catholicism - Saint Columba (called Saint Columcille in Ireland, where he is honoured as one of the islands three patron saints).
- Roman Empire - third day of the Vestalia in honor of Vesta
- United States - Race Unity Day

Other appearances

- June 9th is the name of a song from the Boards Of Canada-album, Boc Maxima.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/9 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 8 - June 10 - May 9 - July 9 -- listing of all days ko:6월 9일 ms:9 Jun ja:6月9日 simple:June 9 th:9 มิถุนายน

June 9

June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

Other appearances

- June 9th is the name of a song from the Boards Of Canada-album, Boc Maxima.

External links

68

Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s - 60s - 70s 80s 90s 100s 110s Years: 63 64 65 66 67 - 68 - 69 70 71 72 73 ----

Events

- June 9 - Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide.
- Buddhism officially arrives in China with the building of the White Horse Temple.
- Lucius Clodius Macer revolts against Nero, emperor of the Roman Empire.
- The Roman Senate declares Nero persona non grata. Galba succeeds Nero.
- The year of the four emperors: Galba (68), Otho (69) and Vitellius (69) all govern a very short time before Vespasian becomes emperor.
- Last year covered by Tacitus' Annals, a history of the Roman Empire.
- Ignatius of Antioch becomes the third bishop of Antioch.
- Legio I Macriana liberatrix and I Adiutrix are created.
- The Gospel of Mark is written (probable date).
- Vespasian captured Jotapata from the Jews and the historian Josephus

Births

Deaths

- Vindex, rebellious governor
- June 9 - Nero, emperor of the Roman Empire, suicide
- Onesimus, Bishop of Byzantium Category:68 ko:68년

Nero

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37–June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called (50–54) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. On February 25, 50 Nero became heir to the then-Emperor, his grand-uncle and adoptive father Claudius, as Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus, succeeding to the throne on October 13, 54 with Claudius' death. In 66 he added the prefix Imperator to his name. In 68 Nero was deposed. His subsequent death was reportedly the result of suicide assisted by his scribe Epaphroditos.

Life

Family

Born in Antium (modern day Anzio), he was the only son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the younger, sister and reputed lover of Caligula. His father was grandson to an elder Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Aemilia Lepida through their son Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He was also great-grandson to Mark Antony and Octavia through their daughter Antonia Major. His mother was the namesake of her own mother Agrippina the elder who was granddaughter to Octavia's brother Caesar Augustus and his wife Scribonia through their daughter Julia Caesaris and her husband Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. His maternal grandfather Germanicus was himself grandson to Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia, adoptive grandson to her second husband Caesar Augustus, nephew and adoptive son of Tiberius, son of Drusus through his wife Antonia Minor (sister to Antonia Major), and brother to Claudius. For a complete picture of his family relationships, it is useful to consult the article Julio-Claudian Family Tree.

Rise to power

Birth under Caligula

Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus was born on December 15, 37. At the time he was not expected to ever become Augustus. His maternal uncle Caligula had only started his own reign on March 16 of that year at the age of twenty-five. His predecessors Octavian and Tiberius had lived to become seventy-six and seventy-nine respectively. Providing that Caligula lived long enough to match them, he could produce his own heirs. Lucius would come to the attention of his uncle soon after his birth. Agrippina reportedly asked her brother to name the child. This would be an act of favor and would mark the child as a possible heir to his uncle. However Caligula only offered to name his nephew Claudius after their lame and stuttering uncle, apparently implying that he was as unlikely to become Augustus as Claudius. The relationship between brother and sister would soon apparently improve. A prominent scandal early in the new reign was Caligula's particularly close relationship to his three sisters Drusilla, Julia Livilla, and Agrippina. All three are featured with their brother in Roman currency of the time. The three women seem to have gained his favor and likely some amount of influence. The writings of Josephus, Suetonius, and Dio Cassius report on their reputed sexual relationship with their brother. Drusilla's sudden death in 38 would apparently only serve to ensure this belief: she was reportedly Caligula's favorite and was consequently buried with the honors of an Augusta. Caligula proceeded in having her deified, the first woman in Roman history to achieve this honor. Lucius had then become the son of an influential and notorious woman. But she would soon lose her position by her brother. Caligula had remained childless. His closest male relatives at the time were his brothers-in-law Marcus Aemilius Lepidus(husband of Drusilla), Marcus Vinicius (husband of Livilla), and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (husband of Agrippina). They were the likely heirs should Caligula die early. However, after the death of his wife, Lepidus apparently lost his chances, though not his ambitions, to succeed his brother-in-law.

Conspiracies

In September 39 Caligula left Rome with his escort, heading north to join his legions in a campaign against the Germanic tribes. The campaign had to be postponed for the following year due to Caligula's preoccupation with a conspiracy against him. Reportedly Lepidus had managed to become lover to both Agrippina and Livilla, apparently seeking their help in gaining the throne. Consequently, he was immediately executed. Caligula also ordered the execution of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, the popular Legate of Germania Superior, and his replacement with Servius Sulpicius Galba. However, it remains uncertain whether he was connected to Lepidus' conspiracy. Agrippina and Livilla were soon exiled to the Pontian islands. Lucius was presumably separated from his mother at this point. Lucius' father died of edema in 40. Lucius was now effectively an orphan with an uncertain fate under the increasingly erratic Caligula. His luck would change again the following year. On January 24, 41 Caligula, his wife Caesonia Milonia, and their infant daughter Julia Drusilla were murdered by a conspiracy under Cassius Chaera. The Praetorian Guard helped Claudius gain the throne. Among Claudius' first decisions was the recalling of his nieces from exile. Agrippina was soon remarried to the wealthy Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus. He died between 44 and 47, and Agrippina was reportedly suspected of poisoning him in order to inherit his fortune. Lucius was the only heir to his now-wealthy mother.

Adoption by Claudius

Ten-year-old Lucius was still considered unlikely to ever gain the throne. Claudius, fifty-seven years old at this point, had reigned longer than his predecessor and arguably more effectively. Claudius had already had three marriages. He had married Plautia Urgulanilla and Aelia Paetina as a private citizen. He was married to Valeria Messalina as an Augustus. They had two children, Britannicus (b. 41) and Octavia (b. 42). Messalina was still only twenty-five years old and likely to produce more heirs. Messalina, however, was executed in 48, accused of conspiring against her husband. The ambitious Agrippina soon set her sights upon replacing her deceased aunt. On January 1, 49 she became the fourth wife of Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus. The marriage would last for five years. Early in the year 50 the Roman Senate offered Agrippina the honorable title of Augusta, previously only held by Livia (14-29). On February 25, 50 Lucius was officially adopted by Claudius as Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus (see adoption in Rome). Nero was older than his adoptive brother Britannicus and effectively became heir to the throne at the time of his adoption. Claudius honored his adoptive son in several ways. Nero was proclaimed an adult in 51 at the age of fourteen. He was appointed proconsul, entered and first addressed the Senate, made joint public appearances with Claudius, and was featured in coinage. In 53 he married his adoptive sister Octavia.

Emperor

Becoming Augustus

Claudius died on October 13, 54, and Nero was soon established as Augustus in his place. He was seventeen years old, the youngest Emperor yet. Historians generally consider Nero to have acted as a figurehead early in his reign. Actual decisions were likely to have been left to the more capable hands of his mother Agrippina the younger (whom Tacitus claims poisoned Claudius), his tutor Seneca, and the praefectus praetorianus Burrus. The first five years under Nero became known as examples of fine administration, even resulting in the coinage of the term "Quinquennium Neronis". The matters of the Empire were handled effectively and the Senate enjoyed a period of renewed influence in state affairs. Problems, however, would soon arise from Nero's personal life and the increasing competition for influence among Agrippina and the two male advisers. Nero was reportedly unsatisfied with his marriage and tended to neglect Octavia. He entered an affair with Claudia Acte, a former slave. In 55. Agrippina attempted to intervene in favor of Octavia and demanded that her son dismiss Acte. Burrus and Seneca, on the other hand, chose to support their charge's decision. Nero resisted the intervention of his mother in his personal affairs. Her influence over her son declining, Agrippina turned to a younger candidate for the throne. Fifteen-year-old Britannicus was still legally a minor under the charge of Nero but was approaching legal adulthood. Britannicus was a likely heir to Nero and ensuring her influence over him could strengthen her position. However, the youth died suddenly and suspiciously on February 12, 55. His proclamation as an adult had been set for February 13. The timing suggests poisoning and Burrus is suspected to have been involved in this murder. Agrippina's power soon further declined while Burrus and Seneca jointly became the most influential men in Rome. As Nero grew angrier at Agrippina’s unofficial rule through him, he began to plot his own mother’s murder, justifying his tactics by claiming she was conspiring against him, which was not the case. Nero made many attempts on her life. He tried to poison her three times, rigged the ceiling above her bed to collapse and sent her off on a boat doomed to sink in the Bay of Naples (forgetting that she could swim). Finally he hired an assassin to club her to death. Afterwards, it was said that he was "haunted" by his mother's ghosts later on.

A series of scandals

While his advisers took care of affairs of state, Nero surrounded himself with a circle of favorites. Roman historians report nights of drunken revelry and violence while more mundane matters of politics were neglected. Among his new favorites was Marcus Salvius Otho. By all accounts Otho was as dissolute as Nero but served as a good and intimate friend to him. Some sources even consider them to be lovers. Otho early introduced Nero to one particular woman who would marry first the favorite (Otho) and then the Emperor: Poppaea Sabina, described as a woman of great beauty, charm, and wit. Gossip of Nero, Otho, and Poppaea each forming parts of a love triangle can be found in numerous sources (Plutarch Galba 19.2-20.2; Suetonius Otho [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Otho
- .html#3 iii.1]-2; Tacitus two versions: Histories [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Hist.+1.13 1.13.3]-4; Annals [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+13.45 xiii.45]-46; and Dio Cassius [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/61
- .html#11 lxi.11].2-4). By 58, Poppaea had become established in her position as Nero's favorite mistress. The following year (59) would mark a turning point in the emperor's reign. Nero and/or Poppaea reportedly machinated the murder of Agrippina. Seneca attempted to convince the Senate that she was orchestrating a conspiracy against her son, but the reputation of the Emperor was damaged beyond repair by this case of matricide. Otho was soon also removed from the imperial court, and sent to Lusitania as governor. The next turning point would be the year 62, for several reasons. The first would be a change of guard amongst Nero's advisers. Burrus died and Seneca asked Nero for permission to retire from public affairs. Their replacement as praetorian praefect and counselor was Gaius Ofonius Tigellinus. Tigellinus had been exiled in 39 by Caligula on charges of adultery with both Agrippina and Livilla, only to be recalled from exile by Claudius. Ambitious, Tigellinus managed to become a favorite of Nero (and, reputedly, his lover). Along with Poppaea he was considered to hold greater influence with the Augustus than Seneca ever could. One theory suggests that Poppaea attempted, in the four years prior (58-62), to separate Nero from his counselors and friends; in this case, what happened to Burrus and Seneca may not have been casual. The second significant event of the year was the divorce of the Emperor. Nero was now twenty-five years old, had reigned for eight years, and had yet to produce an heir. When Poppaea became pregnant, Nero finally decided to marry his mistress, but his marriage to Octavia had to be dissolved before doing so. At first he resorted to accusing her of adultery. However, Nero had already gained a reputation for this offense while Octavia was reputed to be an example of virtue. Some testimony was needed against her, but torturing one of her slaves only produced the famous declaration of Pythias reporting the genitalia of Octavia to be cleaner than the mouth of Tigellinus. Nero proceeded to declare the divorce on grounds of infertility, leaving him free to marry Poppaea and wait for her to give birth. However, the sudden death of Octavia on June 9, 62 resulted in incidents of public protest. One of the earliest effects of Tigellinus' advancement was the introduction of a series of treason laws; numerous capital sentences were carried out. During the same year, Nero executed two of his few remaining relatives:
- Gaius Rubellius Plautus - his mother Claudia Julia was granddaughter to Tiberius and Vipsania Agrippina through their son Julius Caesar Drusus. She was also granddaughter to Drusus and Antonia Minor through their daughter Livilla.
- Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix - grandson to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Antonia Major through their daughter Domitia Lepida. He was also maternal half-brother to Messalina. He had married Claudia Antonia, only daughter of Claudius and Aelia Paetina.

Disturbed peace and major rebellions

In 61 AD a major rebellion broke out in the new province of Britannia, centered upon the native tribal leader Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, who had been flogged and whose daughters had been raped by the Romans. The rebellion was eventually crushed, but the military and civilian casualties and the total destruction of three cities were a heavy toll to pay. The fault of Nero in this rebellion is debatable but there was certainly an impact (both positive and negative) upon the prestige of his regime.

Great Fire of Rome

On the night July 18 to July 19, 64 the Great fire of Rome erupted. The fire started in densely populated areas like the Suburra, in which had been built the insulae, wooden dwellings, built on three or four floors. Nero was reportedly vacationing in his native Anzio but had to return in haste. The fire burned for a week. Rumor circulated that Nero had played his lyre and sang, on top of Quirinal Hill, while the city burned. (Tacitus, Ann. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+15.1 xv]; Suetonius, Nero [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero
- .html#38 xxxvii]; Dio Cassius, R.H. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/62
- .html lxii].) Over the years, this turned to a legend that Nero had fiddled as Rome burned, an impossible act as the fiddle had not yet been invented. The same accounts depict him opening his palaces to provide shelter for the homeless and arranging for food supplies to be delivered in order to prevent starvation among the survivors. However, Nero lost his chances at redeeming his reputation when he immediately produced plans of rebuilding Rome in a monumental –and less inflammable – style. The confused population searched for a scapegoat and soon rumors held Nero responsible. The motivation attributed to him was intending to immortalize his name by renaming Rome to "Neropolis". Nero had to engage in scapegoating of his own and chose for his target a small Eastern sect called Christians. He ordered known Christians to be thrown to the lions in arenas, while others were crucified in large numbers. Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, a Roman historian, has preserved a record of this affair. We quote the following from his Annals ([http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+15.44 xv.44]): : "And so, to get rid of this rumor, Nero set up [i.e., falsely accused] as the culprits and punished with the utmost refinement of cruelty a class hated for their abominations, who are commonly called Christians. Nero’s scapegoats (the Christians) were the perfect choice because it temporarily relieved pressure of the various rumors going around Rome. Christus, from whom their name is derived, was executed at the hands of the procurator Pontius Pilate in the reign of Tiberius. Checked for a moment, this pernicious superstition again broke out, not only in Iudaea, the source of the evil, but even in Rome... Accordingly, arrest was first made of those who confessed; then, on their evidence, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much on the charge of arson as because of [their] hatred for the human race. Besides being put to death they were made to serve as objects of amusement; they were clothed in the hides of beasts and torn to death by dogs; others were crucified, others set on fire to serve to illuminate the night when daylight failed. Nero had thrown open his grounds for the display, and was putting on a show in the circus, where he mingled with the people in the dress of charioteer or drove about in his chariot. All this gave rise to a feeling of pity, even towards men whose guilt merited the most exemplary punishment; for it was felt that they were being destroyed not for the public good but to gratify the cruelty of an individual." (See Tacitus on Jesus for a fuller discussion of this passage.) It is entirely unknown who or what was the cause of the fire. Although our ancient sources (and scholars) favor Nero as the arsonist, it is worth pointing out that fires were common in ancient Rome. His famous Domus Aurea ("Golden House") was part of his rebuilding plan.

Nero the artist and the widower

Domus Aurea on the reverse.]] In 65 Nero was involved in another scandal, considered more serious by the people of that era than it would be now. It was considered shameful for a Roman emperor to appear as a public entertainer, acting, singing, and playing his lyre. Hated by many citizens, with an increasing list of political enemies, Nero started to appreciate his loneliness, when in 65 he discovered the Pisonian conspiracy (named after Gaius Calpurnius Piso, who intended to take his place) and the involvement of old friends like Seneca in the plot. Conspirators were forced into suicide. In addition, Nero ordered that Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, a popular and valuable general, commit suicide because of the mere suspicion of new threats. This decision moved military commanders, locally and in the provinces, to start planning a revolution. Also at about this time, according to tradition, Nero personally ordered the crucifixion of Saint Peter and, later, the beheading of Paul of Tarsus. In 66, though Nero doted on Poppaea, he reportedly kicked her to death while she was pregnant and ill, because she complained that he came home late from the races. Poppaea had previously borne him a daughter, Claudia Augusta, who died of illness after four months. Nero still lacked an heir. The emperor left for Greece in 67, where he amused his hosts with other artistic performances, while in Rome Nymphidius (a colleague of Tigellinus, taking the place of one of the Pisonian conspirators) was collecting the support of praetorians and Senators.

Suicide

Back in Rome after the tournée, Nero found quite a cold atmosphere; Gaius Julius Vindex, the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, revolted, and this brought Nero to a paranoid hunt for eventual threats; in this state of mind he ordered the elimination of any patrician with suspect ideas. His (once) faithful servant Galba, governor of Iberia (Portugal and Spain), was one of those dangerous nobles, so he ordered his death. Galba, lacking an alternative choice, declared his loyalty to the Senate and the People of Rome (Senatus Populusque Romanus: SPQR), no longer recognizing Nero's power. Moreover, he started organizing his own campaign for the empire. As a result, Lucius Clodius Macer, legate of the legion III Augusta in Africa, revolted and stopped sending grain to Rome. Nymphidius corrupted the imperial guard, which turned against Nero on the promise of financial reward by Galba. The Senate deposed Nero, who committed suicide on June 9, 68. It is said that he uttered these last words before stabbing himself in the neck: "Qualis artifex pereo; What an artist dies in me!" With his death, the Julio-Claudian dynasty came to an end. Chaos ensued in the Year of the four emperors.

Depictions of Nero

Depictions in later legends

A Jewish legend contained in the Talmud (tractate Gittin 56B) claims that Nero shot four arrows to the four corners of the earth, and they fell in Jerusalem. Thus he realized that the Lord had decided to allow the Temple to be destroyed. He also requested a Jewish religious student to show him the Bible verse most appropriate to that situation, and the young boy read to Nero Ezekiel's prophecy about God's revenge on the nation of Edom ([http://av1611.com/kjbp/kjv-bible-text/Eze-25.html Ezekiel 25]) for their destruction of Jerusalem. Nero thus realized that the Lord would punish him for destroying his Temple, so he fled Rome and converted to Judaism, to avoid such retribution. In this telling, his descendant is Rabbi Meir, a prominent supporter of Bar Kokhba's rebellion against Roman rule.

Depiction in the New Testament

Some scholars believe that the Number of the Beast, 666, featured in the Book of Revelation is a reference to Nero. Feared and despised for his persecution of the Christians, Nero would be a likely target at the time Revelation was written (Nero was also worshiped, and demanded worship as a god). The letters of Nero's name, when transliterated into Hebrew, add to six hundred sixty-six.

Depictions in fiction

- Nero's rule is described in the novel Quo Vadis by Henryk Sienkiewicz. In the 1951 movie based on the novel, Nero is played by actor Peter Ustinov.
- Nero appears in Robert Graves' books I, Claudius and Claudius The God (and the BBC miniseries adapted from the book), which is a fictional autobiography of the Emperor Claudius.
- Anthony Burgess' book The Kingdom of the Wicked covers a similar period including Nero's reign and his relationship with the early Christians.
- Actor Jonathon Cake played Nero in the made for TV movie Riverworld (2003).
- Nero was depicted in one episode of the "Peabody's Improbable History" segments of the Rocky and Bullwinkle animated series.
- In the second-season Doctor Who episode The Romans, aired in 1965, the Doctor (played by William Hartnell) is seen accidentally giving Nero (played by Derek Francis) the idea of intentionally burning Rome in order to provide space for a new palace.
- Hans Matheson portrayed Nero in the second episode (Nerone) of the mini-series Imperium (2004). Image:http://myspace-834.vo.llnwd.net/00296/43/85/296925834_l.jpg

Depictions in Culture

- A 1940s comic book title Leading Comics featured an anthropomorphic fox named "Nero Fox," who was shown playing a saxophone instead of a fiddle (as other fictional parodies of Nero often show). Nero Fox later appeared again in the 1980s comic series Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew, when several members of the Zoo Crew superhero team were sent back in time to ancient Rome.
- Nero Burning ROM is a popular CD-RW burning program; the name is a play on the traditional idea of him burning Rome. One of the icons for the program shows the Colosseum in Rome with flames around it. It should be noted that this is historically inaccurate as the Colosseum was built by the emperors Vespesian, Titus, and Domitian on top of the razed Domus Aurea.
- In the fifth book of Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, the evil school principal is called Nero. He is a harsh and uncompromising despot who forces his students to listen to his violin concerts, and continues to play as the school burns down, a clear allusion to the myth of the fiddle-playing emperor.
- In the classic British children's television show, Danger Mouse, the villainous Baron Greenback has a fluffy white pet caterpillar named Nero.
- In the 2005 movie " The Exorcism of Emily Rose," The demon that supposedly possesed Emily Rose was Nero, one of the six demons within Emily Rose.

External links

Primary sources

- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero
- .html Life of Nero] (Suetonius; English translation and Latin original)
- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/61
- .html Cassius Dio, Books 61‑63]

Secondary material

- http://www.romansonline.com/Persns.asp?IntID=5&Ename=Nero
- http://www.roman-emperors.org/nero.htm
- http://www.bible-history.com/nero/
- http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/nero.html Category:37 births Category:68 deaths Category:Julio-Claudian Dynasty Category:Roman emperors Category:Suicides Category:Year of Four Emperors ko:네로 ja:ネロ

Epaphroditus

EPAPHRODITUS He is remembered by few for very little of note. What he should be well know for is writing the Books of Luke and Acts. Tribune(1) Claudius Tiberius Epahroditus 11?-95 CE is a saint of the Orthodox Church(2), a saint of the Catholic Church, first Bishop of Philippi, and of Andriacia in Asia Minor(3), and first Bishop of Terracina, Italy. There's little proof these were all the same man. But,how many slaves were named Epaphroditus who founded churches and were friends with Luke? A fellow missionary of Paul's, Epaphroditus was founder of churches at Colossae, Lodicea, Hierapolis and Andriacia, Asia Minor. An Imperial Freedman(4)of Emperor Claudius, he was appointed Secretary a libellus,etc.(5). for Emperor Nero by First Minister(6)Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger and promoted by Nero to the rank of Tribune for discovering Piso's Plot(7) to assassinate Nero. While serving in Caesar's palace Epaphroditus wrote Philippians for Paul. He was aedile or treasurer of Corinth, while Nero was there,in his Roman name of Erastus. Epaphroditus helped Nero, outlawed by the Senate, to die. Nero feared being beaten to death but couldn't make himself commit suicide. Epaphroditus was owner, educator, and perhaps father of Epictetus of Hierapolis, a Stoic philosopher(8) taught by Musonius Rufus. Epictetus is quoted a hundred times in the New Testament. Epaphroditus was sponseer and publisher of Josephus in writing Jewish History and the Jewish War. Epaphroditus was the author of Luke and Acts and appointed Secretary a libellis by Emperor Domitian who executed him 14 years later probably for heresy(9) against Roman religion. Epaphroditus' aim was that the Jews become Christians, submissive subjects of the Roman Empire, and that the Romans all become Stoics. The result was that the Jews became neither Christian nor submissive and that the Romans became Christians in a religion that had absorbed Stoicism. This Christianity gave social stability to the Empire enabling it to survive for 13 1/2 centuries after his death, marked by the fall of Constantinople 1453 CE (10) (1)Tribunes were of two types, civilian and military. This office was a military rank for Epaphroditus (three tribunes commanded a legion of the Roman army) but unique in that it had no military duties. Nero granted it to him because of the great income it carried. (2)Orthodox Church is the assumed name of the Eastern Christian Church headed by the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Moscow, Georgia, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria, Constantinople is first among equals (For them the Pope of Rome is the Patriarch of the West.) (3)That part of present Turkey between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. (4)An Imperial Freedman was a former slave freed by the emperor himself and almost always a member of the emperor's staff. (5) a libellus was a secretary in charge of the petitions directed to the emperor and thus controlled tremendous political and economic power as the a libellus would decide whether of not to let the emperor know of the petition. (6) A First Minister was the top executive officer in the administration of the Roman Empire and as Nero began his reign as a teenager he was in effect acting emperor. (7) Piso's Plot - Caius Piso served as the head of a conspiracy against Emperor Nero by the many disaffected to assassinate him. (8) Stoic philosophy - It differed from the other ancient philosophies in that it was verging on a religion. Originally they were pantheists teaching that the world reveals itself as the embodiement of a divine mind. It is man's duty to conform freely to whatever destiny is his. They were not erasily excited. (9) heresy - religious opinion divergent from authorized doctrinal standards. (10) CE - Common Era, the universal calender shared by all the world, Christian or not thus replacing AD Anno Domini year of the Lord (Jesus), as BCE - before the common era replaces BC - before Christ. MAIN SOURCES - James the Brother of Jesus by Robert Eisenmann, Josephus,Seneca, Musonius Rufus,Tacitus, Claudius by Levick,Agrippina by Barrett, Vespasian by Levick, Domitian by Southern,the Bible,the Catholic Encyclopedia and others. (This is part one more to follow) entered by George D. Tramp, Jr. BA, MA U. of Michigan 1950. gtramp4638@sbcglobal.net POB 4247 Jackson MI 49204

1534

Events

- February 27 - Group of Anabaptists of Jan Matthys seize Münster and declare it "The New Little Jerusalem" - they begin to exile dissenters and forcible baptize all others
- May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage.
- June 9 - Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the St. Lawrence River.
- July 7 - First known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
- Cambridge University Press given Royal Charter by Henry VIII and becomes the first of the privileged presses
- Henry VIII angry at the Pope's refusal to grant divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry declares himself Supreme Head of the English church a.k.a. the Anglican Church or Church of England
- Publication of Gargantua by François Rabelais
- Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament into German appears

Births

- February 5 - Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian writer, composer, and soldier (died 1612)
- June 23 - Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (died 1582)
- July 1 - King Frederick II of Denmark (died 1588)
- July 18 - Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (died 1583)
- September 24 - Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (died 1581)
- Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (died 1590)
- William Harrison, English clergyman (died 1593)
- José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (died 1597)
- Isaac Luria, Jewish scholar and mystic (died 1572)
- Henri Ier de Montmorency, Marshal of France (died 1614)
- Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, statesman of the Elizabethan era (died 1601)
- Nicholas Remy, French Catholic priest (died 1600)
- Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
- Paul Skalic, Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (died 1573)
- Zofia Tarnowska, Polish noble lady (died 1570)

Deaths

- January 25 - Magdalena of Saxony (born 1507)
- March 5 - Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (born 1488)
- April 20 - Elizabeth Barton English nun (executed) (born 1506)
- August 9 - Cardinal Cajetan, Italian theologian (born 1470)
- September 25 - Pope Clement VII (born 1478)
- Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (born 1477)
- István Báthory, Hungarian noble (born 1477)
- Edward Guilford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (born 1474)
- Michal Glinski, Lithuanian prince
- Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier (born 1499)
- William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, scholar and patron
- Amago Okihisa, Japanese nobleman
- Antonio Pigafetta, Italian navigator (born 1491)
- Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Florentine architect (born 1453)
- John Taylor, Master of the Rolls (born 1480) Category:1534 ko:1534년

Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier (December 31, 1491 – September 1 1557), baptised Jakez Karter, was an explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada, or more specifically, the interior eastern region along the St. Lawrence River that would become the first European-inhabited area of that country since the Vikings. Born in Saint-Malo, France in 1491, Cartier was part of a respectable family of mariners, and improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Catherine des Granches, member of a leading ship-owning family. His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance on baptismal registers as godfather or witness. Very little information is available on Cartier's character and personality, but his professional abilities can be easily ascertained. Considering that Cartier made three voyages of discovery in dangerous and hitherto unknown waters without losing a ship, that he entered and departed some fifty undiscovered harbours without serious mishap, and that the only sailors he lost were victims of an epidemic ashore, he may be considered one of the most conscientious explorers of the period. When Jacques Cartier first sailed to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Iroquoian Wendat (aka "Huron" or "Wyandot") chief Donnacona initially thought he was from underwater, and said that he was coming from wooden "houses".

First Voyage, 1534

The King of France, François I, chose Cartier to find "certaines îles et pays où l'on dit qu'il se doit trouver grande quantité d'or et autres riches choses" ("certain islands and lands where it is said there are great quantities of gold and other riches"). In 1534, he set sail, hoping to discover some western passage to the wealthy markets of Asia. He explored parts of what are now Newfoundland starting on May 10 of that year, and what are now the other Canadian Maritimes. He bartered for furs with the Micmac Indians, and learned of a river further west (the St. Lawrence), that he hoped might be the long-sought passage to Asia. He landed for the first time at present day Gaspé, Quebec, where he planted a 30-foot cross and claimed the territory for France. Cartier lied to Chief Donnacona and said the cross was an insignificant landmark. During this trip he captured and took Domagaya and Taignoagny, the sons of Chief Donnacona, back to France. He also began to build diplomatic relations with the natives.

Second Voyage, 1535-1536

Cartier set sail for a second voyage on May 19 of the following year with 3 ships, 110 men, and the two native boys. Reaching the St. Lawrence, he sailed up-river for the first time, and reached the Huron village of Stadacona (site of present-day Québec City), where Chief Donnacona was reunited with his two sons. Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship to continue up-river and visit Hochelaga (now Montreal) where he arrived October 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far more impressive than the small and squalid village of Stadacona, and more than a thousand Hurons came to the river edge to greet the Frenchmen. The site of their arrival has been confidently identified as the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault -- where the Jacques Cartier Bridge now stands. After spending two days among the Hurons of Hochelaga, Cartier returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is not known exactly when Cartier decided to spend the winter of 1535-1536 in Canada, but the decision must have before reaching Stadacona, as it was by then too late to return to France. Cartier and his men prepared for the winter by strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting down game and fish. During this winter, Cartier compiled a sort of gazetteer that included several pages on the manners of the natives -- in particular, their habit of wearing only leggings and moccasins even in the dead of winter. From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French fleet lay frozen solid at the mouth of the St. Charles river, under the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom (1.8 m) thick in the river, and snow four feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. To add to the discomfort, scurvy broke out -- first among the Hurons, and then among the French. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well enough to help the others, a thing pitiful to see". Cartier estimated the number of Hurons dead at 50. One of the natives who survived was Domagaya, the chief's son who had been taken to France the previous year. Upon his visiting the French fort for a friendly call, Cartier enquired and learned of him that a concoction made from a certain tree called "annedda", a white cedar tree, would cure scurvy. This remedy likely saved the expedition from destruction, and by the end of the winter, 85 Frenchmen were still alive. Ready to return to France in early May 1536, Cartier decided to kidnap Chief Donnacona himself, so that he might personally tell the tale of a country further north, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", claimed to be full of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip down the St. Lawrence and a three-week Atlantic crossing, Cartier and his men arrived in Saint-Malo July 15, 1536. So ended the second and most profitable of Cartier's voyages, lasting fourteen months. Having already located the entrance to the St. Lawrence on his first voyage, he now opened up the greatest waterway for the European penetration of North America. He had made an intelligent estimate of the resources of Canada, both natural and human, aside from considerable exaggeration of its mineral wealth. Whilst some of his actions toward the Wendats were dishonorable, he did try at times to establish friendship with the them and other native peoples living along the great St. Lawrence river -- an indispensable preliminary to French settlement in their lands.

Third Voyage 1541-1542

On May 23, 1541 Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage with five ships. This time, any thought of finding a passage to the Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence. Anchoring at Stadacona on August 23, Cartier again met the Hurons, but found their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not to build his settlement there. Sailing nine miles up-river to a spot he had previously observed, he decided to settle on the site of present-day Cap-Rouge. The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle that had survived three months aboard ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, and seeds of cabbage, turnip and lettuce were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built on the falaise overlooking the settlement, for added protection. The men also began collecting quartz crystal ("diamonds") and iron pyrites ("gold"). Two of the ships were dispatched home with some of these worthless minerals on September 2. Having set tasks for everyone, Cartier left with the longboats for a reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" on September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and the numerous rapids from continuing up to the Ottawa river. Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the situation ominous. The Hurons no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister manner. No records exists about the winter of 1541-1542 and the information must be gleaned from the few details provided by returning sailors. It seems the Indians attacked and ate about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native remedy, the impression left is of a general misery, and of Cartier's growing conviction that he had insufficient manpower either to protect his base or to go in search of Saguenay. Everyone boarded the three remaining ships in early June 1542, and arrived back in Europe in October 1542. This was his last voyage. Cartier spent the rest of his life in Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, and died aged 66 on September 1, 1557 from an epidemic. He died before any permanent European settlements were made in Canada; that had to wait for Samuel de Champlain in 1608.

Monuments

- Place Jacques-Cartier, a major street in the Vieux Port of Montréal
- Jacques-Cartier River
- Jacques-Cartier Bridge

External links

- [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34229 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online]
- [http://catalogue.bnquebec.ca:4400/cgi-bin/bestn?id=&act=8&auto=0&nov=1&bsid=34226249&t0=seqb%28@00220326%29&i0=0&s0=5&v1=0&v2=0&v3=0&v4=0&sy=&ey=&scr=1&x=39&y=14 Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI 1863 facimile edition French]
-
- [http://www.cartier.f2s.com Les voyages de Jacques Cartier (in french)]

Popular references

Cartier is refered to in the song Looking for a Place to Happen by the Canadian band The Tragically Hip, on the album Fully Completely. Cartier, Jacques Cartier, Jacques Cartier, Jacques Cartier, Jacques ja:ジャック・カルティエ simple:Jacques Cartier th:ชาก การ์ติเยร์

1732

Events

- February 23 - First performance of Handel's Orlando, in London
- June 9 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia. [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/ga01.htm]
- December 7 - The original Covent Garden Theatre Royal (now the Royal Opera House) is opened
- Genoa regains Corsica
- 139 members of the Paris Parlement are exiled by order of the King, but are eventually triumphant over the Crown, and secure their recall in December
- Cobalt discovered

Births

- January 24 - Pierre de Beaumarchais, French writer (d. 1799)
- February 22 - George Washington, 1st President of the United States (d. 1799)
- March 31 - Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1809)
- April 5 - Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter (d. 1806)
- September 30 - Jacques Necker, French politician (d. 1804)
- October 6 - Nevil Maskelyne, English Astronomer Royal (died 1811)
- November 13 - John Dickinson, American lawyer and delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention (d. 1808)
- December 6 - Warren Hastings, British administrator (d. 1818)
- December 23 - Richard Arkwright, English inventor (d. 1792)
- Abbas III, Shah of Persia

Deaths

- January 12 - John Horsley, British archaeologist
- February 13 - Charles-René d'Hozier, French historian (b. 1640)
- February 17 - Louis Marchand, French organist and harpsichordist (b. 1669)
- February 22 - Francis Atterbury, English bishop and man of letters (b. 1663)
- March 20 - Johann Ernst Hanxleden, German philologist (b. 1681)
- May 20 - Thomas Boston, Scottish church leader (b. 1676)
- July 16 - Woodes Rogers, English privateer and first Royal Governor of the Bahamas
- September 24 - Emperor Reigen of Japan (b. 1654)
- October 31 - Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (b. 1666)
- December 4 - John Gay, English poet and dramatist (b. 1685) Category:1732 ko:1732년

Royal Charter

A Royal Charter is a charter given by a monarch to legitimize an incorporated body, such as a city, company, university or such. In medieval Europe, cities were the only place where it was legal to conduct commerce, and Royal Charters were the only way to establish a city. The year a city was chartered is considered the year the city was "founded", irrespective of whether there was settlement there before. In the United Kingdom and Canada a Royal Charter is a charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy Council, which creates or gives special status to an incorporated body. It is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative. At one time a Royal Charter was the only way in which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means such as the registration of a limited company are now available. Among the historic bodies formed by Royal Charter were the British East India Company and the American colonies. Among the 400 or so organisations with Royal Charters are cities, the BBC, Livery Companies, Britain's older universities, professional institutions and charities. A Royal Charter