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KLAS-TV

KLAS-TV

KLAS (Channel 8 analog, 7 digital) is the CBS station serving the Las Vegas, Nevada market. It is owned and operated by Landmark Communications. Its transmitter is located in Henderson.

History


- KLAS was the first TV station in Nevada and was started by Hank Greenspun on July 22, 1953.
- Hank sold it to Howard Hughes some time in the 1960s, reportedly because the tycoon was dismayed that the station never played his favorite late-night movies.
- September 1981: First station in Nevada to provide hour-long newscasts.
- April 16, 1996: First commercial Nevada station to broadcast a digital signal. This was for the National Association of Broadcasters annual convention.
- April 6, 2000: The first scheduled HDTV broadcasts in Las Vegas begin.

Translator channels

KLAS's signal is relayed on the following translator channels:
- K22DR Boulder City
- K04IP Searchlight
- K60AN Henderson

External links


- [http://tv.backchannelmedia.com/stations/KLAS More information about KLAS]
- [http://www.klastv.com/ KLAS site]
- [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=35.94556,-115.0425&spn=0.11,0.18&t=k Google Satellite image of KLAS tower] Category:CBS network affiliates LAS-TV

Analog television

Analog television encodes television picture information as an analog signal, that is, by varying the voltages and/or frequencies of the signal. All systems preceding digital television can be considered analog. Common analog television systems:
- NTSC
- PAL
- SÉCAM
- Slow-scan television
- Narrow-bandwidth television

See also


- Broadcast television system
- Terrestrial television

External links


- [http://www.ee.washington.edu/conselec/CE/kuhn/ntsc/95x4.htm Conventional Analog Television - An Introduction] Category:Video and movie technology

Digital television

Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets.

Introduction

A major use of DTV can be to carry more channels in the same amount of bandwidth. Another can be high-definition programming. The digital signal eliminates common analog broadcasting artifacts such as "ghosting", "snow", and static noises in audio. It can replace them with new MPEG compression artifacts, such as "blocking", when transmitted at too low a data rate, and may fail to work entirely in situations where analog television would have produced an impaired but watchable picture. Depending on the sophistication and level of the error correction defined by the standard and chosen by the broadcaster, DTV may either work perfectly or not work at all. The switch-over to DTV systems often coincides with a change in picture format from an aspect ratio of 4:3 to one of 16:9. This enables TV to get closer to the aspect ratio of movies and human vision. On traditional screens this leads to "letterbox" black bars above and below the picture due to placing the 16:9 picture in a 4:3 frame. The previous aspect ratio of 4:3 was chosen to match the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences standard ratio of the day.

Market

Terrestrial

Digital terrestrial television (DTT) is in the process of deployment in a number of countries.
- Governments see DTT as a "futuristic" technology that will push their country to the forefront of the "digital revolution" and free up existing TV frequencies for resale, for example to communications operators.
- Broadcasters see DTT as a way to fight competition from satellite and cable DTV and other digital program distribution technologies, such as personal digital video recorders (PVR) and video on demand (VoD).
- Hardware manufacturers see DTT as a way to sell set-top boxes first and new all-in-one TV sets later.
- Consumers see DTT as a way to obtain more programs from their existing TV antenna at the cost of a set-top box or new television. In some countries, DTT is seen as a technology that is being pushed on a public that does not exhibit much demand for it. This is particularly so in countries where high-definition programs are broadcast terrestrially, since HDTV sets are at the moment prohibitively expensive, and very little HDTV content exists apart from movies.

Satellite

DTV has been shown to be commercially viable in the satellite television market, where it is used to multiplex large numbers of channels onto the available bandwidth. The business model for satellite DTV in the U.S. and the UK is similar to that for cable TV. Satellite DTV operators tend to act as packagers for large numbers of channels, including pay-TV. The greater RF bandwidth available to satellite operators allows them to out-compete terrestrial DTV operators on both number of channels and picture quality.

Cable

Where an original analog cable set-top box is already required this has to be replaced to receive digital cable. From a user's point of view the main advantage appears to be simply better picture quality and more channel availability, however (depending on the choices operators make regarding set-top box hardware and middleware software) many other features become possible with the transfer away from analog. Often a TV guide (seven-day schedules) with extended information can be viewed, reminders to watch programs can be set and advanced parental censorship on channel content can be exercised. Operators also enjoy better CA (conditional access) on digitally transmitted streams as they can be sent "encrypted" with schemes such as DES encryption to help prevent unauthorized access and protect revenues. Operators wishing to increase the carrying capacity of their original networks have to replace all analog set-top boxes with digital replacements before turning off the analog feeds; this is not a trivial or low-cost solution as literally millions of set-top boxes require replacement. Some of the more advanced cable networks even have the use of a return path (a two-way data communications path to allow DTV set-top boxes to return information back to the operators head-end). This allows them to extend services offered to include interactive web style content viewing, gaming, voting and other "on-demand" services such as control of video on-demand films.

IPTV

Main article: IPTV Internet technologies are finally starting to be adapted for use with DTV deployments, meaning a single broadband Internet connection will eventually service one's home providing one with Triple Play (voice over IP, Internet access, and digital television). IPTV is a big step forward when combined with the latest advancements in picture quality such as high-definition (HDTV) and new AVC (Advanced Video Compression) standards such as MPEG4 H.264 or WM9 (very efficient emerging picture compression standards). Not only are set-top boxes becoming smarter (they are essentially cut down PC's in their own right) they will interact with other devices such as PDA's, mobile phones, and the Internet to provide a truly flexible solution allowing local information to be tailored to specific regions (e.g. weather and news from your local area).

Analog switch-off

In general, viewers who are happy with their existing analog TV systems tend not to adopt terrestrial DTV systems (so-called "digital refuseniks"). There is also a significant number of DVB or free-to-air satellite viewers who retain analogue terrestrial capability solely for news, sport, or other purely local broadcasts. The cost of a second digital set-top box for each TV just for a few local channels may be difficult to justify if these households already watch digital signals on most channels and have capital tied up in DVB-S or proprietary dish hardware. In the subscription-TV market, many who want cable-TV-like services buy either cable TV (where available) or satellite DTV. As such, those most able to afford terrestrial DTV equipment are the ones abandoning OTA reception for satellite or other signal sources which provide a wider selection of programming. Governments are responding to this with an attempt to force the issue by enforcing planned "switch-off" dates for analog television, but are encountering resistance from the public, as they fear that this will mean that they will need to replace every television they own, including portable TVs and bedroom TVs, or buy additional digital receivers (a set-top box). In the United States, many broadcasters have requested repeated extensions of the original 2002 deadline for ATSC availability or transmit ATSC only at significantly lower power than their main signal. The capital cost to build even an underpowered digital transmitter becomes particularly onerous for small-market stations (see KXGN). Legislation is currently pending that will mandate the analog switch-off for 2009, three years after the date originally suggested by the FCC. See List of digital television deployments by country.

Technical

Formats

All digital TV variants can carry both standard-definition television (SDTV) and high-definition television (HDTV). All early SDTV television standards were analog in nature, and SDTV digital television systems derive much of their structure from the need to be compatible with analog television. In particular, the interlaced scan is a legacy of analog television. Attempts were made during the development of digital television to prevent a repeat of the fragmentation of the global market into different standards (that is, PAL, SÉCAM, NTSC). However, once again the world could not agree on a single standard, and hence there are two major standards in existence: the European DVB system and the U.S. ATSC system, plus the Japanese system ISDB. Note: For cable, in addition to ATSC standards, the SCTE standard is used to describe Cable out-of-band metadata. Most countries in the world have adopted DVB, but several have followed the U.S. in adopting ATSC instead (Canada, Mexico, South Korea). Korea has adopted S-DMB for satellite mobile broadcasting. There could be other specialized high-resolution digital video formats in the future for markets other than home entertainment. Ultra High Definition Video (UHDV) is a format proposed by NHK of Japan that provides a resolution 16 times greater than HDTV.

Bandwidth

In current practice, HDTV uses 1280 × 720 pixels in progressive scan mode (abbreviated 720p) or 1920 × 1080 pixels in interlace mode (1080i). SDTV has less resolution (640 x 480 or 704 × 480 pixels with NTSC, 768 × 576 or 1024 × 576 with PAL in 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios respectively), but allows the bandwidth of a DTV channel (or "multiplex") to be subdivided into multiple sub-channels. The TV stations can use subchannels to carry multiple broadcasts of video, audio, or any other data, and can distribute their so-called "bit budget" as necessary, such as dropping one sub-channel down to a lower resolution in order to make another one available to show a wide-screen movie. Often, this is done automatically, using a statistical multiplexer (or "stat-mux"). Multiplexes can even reduce their overall bit budget and digital bandwidth, in order to reduce the transmission bitrate and make reception easier for more distant or mobile viewers.

Reception

Today most viewers receive digital television via a set-top box, which decodes the digital signals into signals that analog televisions can understand, but a slowly growing number of TV sets with integrated receivers are already available. Access to channels can be controlled by a removable smart card, for example via the Common Interface (DVB-CI) standard for Europe and via Point Of Deployment (POD) for IS or named differently CableCard. Some signals carry encryption and specify use conditions (such as "may not be recorded" or "may not be viewed on displays larger than 1m in diagonal measure") backed up with the force of law under the WIPO Copyright Treaty and national legislation implementing it, such as the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Protection parameters for terrestrial DTV broadcasting


Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Interaction

Digital teletext is an enhanced teletext service based on XHTML and CSS. Many countries, including Finland, use Multimedia Home Platform DVB-MHP for digital teletext. An alternative is the MHEG-5 platform used terrestrially in the UK. Digital teletext is supposed to provide interactive services, but for this a separate "return path", such as a telephone line or Internet connection, is required. In U.S. only, closed captioning is a subtitle service for hearing impaired people. Several languages are broadcasted. ISDB has adopted ARIB STD-B24 for interactive services. ISDB has labeled interactive services as data broadcasting. ARIB STD-B24 system is based on BML. BML is modified XML language for data broadcasting. ISDB has been providing EPG, news, weather forecast, traffic information, stock market conditions, educational program, interactive game program, TV shopping via the Internet, etc.

Deployment

List of digital television deployments by country

See also


- Broadcast television systems
- Interactive television
- LinuxTV
- List of digital television terms
- Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) and Zapper.
- Set-top box (STB)
- system-on-chip (SoC)
- High-definition television
- ATSC,DVB,ISDB
- Gigaset. Digital television ko:디지털 텔레비전 ja:デジタルテレビ

CBS

CBS (formerly an acronym for Columbia Broadcasting System) is a major television network and radio broadcaster in the United States. One of the pioneer radio networks, from its earliest days CBS established a reputation for quality; prior to the fracturing of the market under cable television, CBS's television network was one of three which dominated broadcasting in the United States. The network is indirectly owned by the media conglomerate Viacom (itself once a subsidiary of CBS). It and other traditional broadcasting assets will be part of the new CBS Corporation following a split of Viacom expected by the end of 2005. Les Moonves is chairman of CBS and vice-chairman of parent company Viacom, and will be president of CBS Corporation. Prior to 1998, Moonves was president of CBS Entertainment.

History

Early years

CBS can trace its origins to the creation, in 1927 of the "United Independent Broadcasters" network. Begun by New York talent agent Arthur Judson, it went on the air in October of that year with 47 affiliates. The first year was a struggle, and United soon looked for additional investors; the Columbia Phonographic Manufacturing Company (also owners of Columbia Records), rescued the company in 1928, and as a result, the network was renamed "Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System." Later in 1928, another investor, Paramount Pictures, bought shares in Columbia stock, and for a time it was thought the network would be re-named "Paramount Radio". Any chance of further Paramount involvement ended with the 1929 stock-market crash; the near-bankrupt studio sold its shares back to CBS in 1932. With the infusion of cash from these investors, in November of 1928 Columbia paid $390,000 to A.H. Grebe's Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the network's flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the signal relocated to a stronger frequency, 860 kHz. (In 1946 WABC was re-named WCBS; the station moved to a new frequency, 880kHz, in the FCC's 1941 re-assignment of stations.) As the network's flagship, WCBS was where much of CBS's programming originated; other owned-and-operated stations were KNX Los Angeles, KCBS San Francisco, WBBM Chicago, WJSV Washington, DC (later WTOP), KMOX St. Louis, and WCCO Minneapolis.) Those stations remain the core affiliates of the CBS Radio Network today, with WCBS still the flagship, and all but WTOP (a Bonneville Broadcasting property) owned by CBS's Infinity Broadcasting unit Even with increased backing, the network continued to lose money, and on September 25, 1928, (some sources say January 18, 1929), Columbia Phonographic sold its half-interest for $500,000 to William S. Paley, son of a Philadelphia cigar manufacturer. With Columbia Phonographic's removal, Paley streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia Broadcasting System". Paley believed in the power of radio advertising; his family's company had seen their "La Palina" cigar become a best-seller after young William convinced his elders to advertise on Philadelphia station WCAU. As the third national network, CBS soon had more affiliates than either of NBC's two, in part because of a more generous rate of payment to affiliates. David Sarnoff, proprietor of NBC, believed in technology, so NBC's affiliates had the latest RCA equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on "clear channel" frequencies. But Paley believed in the power of programming, and CBS quickly established itself as the home of many popular musical and comedy stars, among them Bing Crosby, Al Jolson, George Burns & Gracie Allen, and Kate Smith. In the hard times of the early 1930s, radio broadened its offerings; refused an AP franchise for news, Paley launched an independent news division, shaped in its first years by Paley's vice-president, former New York Times man Ed Klauber, and news director Paul White. Another early hire, in 1935, was Edward R. Murrow, brought in as "Director of Talks." It was Murrow's reports, particularly during the dark days of the London Blitz, which contributed to CBS News's image for on-the-spot coverage. As European news chief and later head of the news division, Murrow created a team of reporters and editors that propelled CBS News to the forefront of the industry. On October 30, 1938, CBS gained a taste of infamy when Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre broadcasted an adaption of H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. Its unique format of telling a contemporary version of the story in the form of faux news broadcasts had CBS listeners panicked that invaders from Mars were actually devastating New York City, despite 3 disclaimers during the broadcast that it was a work of fiction. CBS would later revive the format for television in the 1990s to tell the story of asteroids crashing to Earth, but the television format allowed for disclaimers to air at every commercial break, avoiding a replay of what happened in 1938. As long as radio was the dominant advertising medium, CBS dominated radio. All through the 1930s and 1940s, CBS programs were often the highest-rated. A much-publicized "talent raid" on NBC in the mid-1940s brought Jack Benny, Edgar Bergen and Amos 'n' Andy into the CBS fold. Paley also was an innovator in creating original programming; since broadcasting's earliest days, time had been sold to advertising agencies in half- or full-hour blocs. The ad agencies, not the networks, would then create the program to fill the time, thus it was " 'The Johnson's Wax Program', with Fibber McGee & Molly", or " 'The Pepsodent Show', with Bob Hope." At Paley's urging, beginning in the mid-1940s, CBS began creating its own programs; among the long-running shows that came from this project were "Our Miss Brooks," "Gunsmoke" and "The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet." In time this idea was carried further, selling ad time by the minute, so that ad agencies no longer had any control over what went out over Mr. Paley's air. CBS was slow to move into television; as late as 1950 it owned only one station; radio continued to be the backbone of the company. But gradually, as the television network took shape, the big radio stars began to drift to television. Burns & Allen made the move in 1950; the high-rated Jack Benny show ended in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday-night show went off the air in 1957. Smaller-budgeted dramatic shows and daytime serials lasted until the early 1960s. But when CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money, it was clear where the future lay. After the retirement of talk-show pioneer Arthur Godfrey in the early 1970s, CBS radio programming consisted of hourly news broadcasts, occasional news features and commentaries, and the nightly "CBS Mystery Theater", the lone holdout of old-style programming. The CBS Radio Network continues to this day, but offers primarily newscasts and news-related features like "The Osgood File" and "Harry Smith Reporting."

The Television Years: Expansion and Growth

Harry Smith CBS's first television broadcasts were experimental, often only for one hour a day, and reaching a limited area in and around New York City. To catch up with rival RCA, CBS bought Hytron Labratories in 1939, and immediately moved into set production and color broadcasting. Though there were many competing patents and systems, RCA dictated the content of the FCC's technical standards, and grabbed the spotlight from CBS, DuMont and others by introducing television to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The FCC began licensing televsion stations on July 1, 1941; the first license went to RCA and NBC's WNBT; the second license, issued that same day, was to WCBS. CBS-Hytron offered a practical color system in 1941, but it was not compatible with the black-and-white standards set down by RCA. In time, and after considerable dithering, the FCC rejected CBS's technology in favor of that backed by RCA. During the World War II years, commercial television broadcasting essentially shut down; only in 1946 did CBS and others resume regularly scheduled service. But as RCA and DuMont raced to establish networks and offer upgraded programming, CBS lagged. Only in 1950, when NBC was dominant in television, did CBS begin to buy or build stations. The "talent raid" on NBC of the mid-forties had brought over established radio stars; they now became stars of CBS television as well. One reluctant CBS star refused to bring her radio show, "My Favorite Husband," to television unless the network would re-cast the show with her real-life husband in the lead. Paley and network president Frank Stanton had so little faith in the future of Lucille Ball's series, re-dubbed "I Love Lucy," that they granted her wish and allowed the husband, Desi Arnaz, to take financial control of the production. This was the making of the Ball-Arnaz Desilu empire, and became the template for series production to this day. As television came to the forefront of American entertainment and information, CBS dominated television as it once had radio. By the late 1950s the network often controlled seven or eight of the slots on the "top ten" ratings list. This would continue for many years, with CBS bumped from first place only by the rise of ABC in the mid-1970s. William Paley was a buyer of art, and a backer of New York's Museum of Modern Art. CBS offices were filled with original works. Paley shared this interest with CBS President from 1946 - 1971 Frank Staton who carried this belief over into the design elements surrounding the network. When CBS bought Los Angeles station KNX in 1936 for a west-coast production headquarters, it was at Frank Stanton's instigation that architect William Pereira was hired to create a distinctive, modern broadcasting center on Sunset Boulevard. Similarly, when CBS commissioned Eero Saarinen to design a new corporate center in New York in the 1960s, Staton supervised every aspect of the project, even dictating what could be displayed in employee offices and on desk-tops. This belief in art, graphics and branding carried over to such things as the CBS Television's logo, the unblinking eye logo (designed by William Golden and introduced in 1951). An example of CBS's graphic-design particularity: on all official CBS letterhead, a tiny dot (at most a point in diameter) was pre-printed to indicate to a secretary where the typewriter carriage should be positioned for the salutation of a letter. pointDuring the 1960s, CBS began an effort to diversify, and looked for suitable investments. In 1965 it acquired Fender Guitars from Leo Fender, who agreed to sell his company due to health problems. Between 1965 and 1985 the quality of Fender guitars and amplifiers declined significantly; outraged Fender fans banded together in 1985 to buy Fender back and create FMIC, the Fender Musical Instrument Corporation. In other diversification attempts, CBS would buy (and later sell) sports teams (especially the New York Yankees baseball club), book publishers, map-makers and other properties. It made a brief, unsuccessful move into film production in the late 1960s, creating Cinema Center 100; this profit-free unit was shut down after a year-and-a-half. Yet in 1982, CBS was talked into another try at Hollywood, in a joint venture with Columbia Pictures and HBO called Tri-Star Pictures. CBS also entered into the home video market, and joined with MGM to form MGM/CBS Home Video in 1978; the joint venture was broken by 1983, and CBS joined another studio: 20th Century Fox, to form CBS/Fox Home Video. CBS' duty was to release some of the movies by Tri-Star under the CBS-FOX Home Video label. As William Paley aged, he tried to find the one person who could follow in his footsteps. Over the years any number of accomplished, successful businessmen were recruited, loudly praised to the press, only later to be summarily dismissed. By the mid-1980s, the investor Laurence Tisch had begun to acquire substantial holdings in CBS; eventually he gained Paley's confidence, and then his blessing, taking control of CBS in 1986. But Tisch had no dreams of quality or of "Tiffany" networks; he expected a return on his investment. When CBS faltered, under-performing units were given the axe. Among the first properties to go, and among the most prestigious, was the CBS Records group, which, as Columbia Records, had been part of the company since 1938. Sold to Sony in 1988, the company which had given the network its name, was re-christened "Sony Music" in 1991.

New owners

By the early 1990s, profits had fallen as a result of competition from cable companies, video rentals, and the high cost of programming. CBS ratings were acceptable, but the network struggled with an image of stodginess. Laurence Tisch lost interest and sought a new buyer. In 1995 Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired CBS for $5.4 billion. Moving away from its industrial beginnings, Westinghouse sought to transform itself into a major media company with its purchase of CBS. This was followed in 1997 with the $4.9-billion purchase of Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, owner of more than 150 radio stations. Also that year, Westinghouse acquired two cable channels, Gaylord's The Nashville Network (TNN), (now Spike TV), and Country Music Television (CMT). Following the Infinity purchase, the remains of the CBS Radio network was handed to Infinity 's Westwood One subsidiary. Still more activity in the busy year of 1997: Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation, and corporate headquarters were moved from Pittsburgh to New York. And to underline the change in emphasis, all non-entertainment assets were put up for sale. Another 90 radio stations were added to Infinity's portfolio in 1998 with the acquisition of American Radio Systems Corporation for $2.6 billion. A year later CBS paid $2.5 billion to acquire King World Productions, a television syndication company whose programs include The Oprah Winfrey Show and Wheel of Fortune. By 1999, all pre-CBS elements of Westinghouse's industrial past were gone. Though CBS had become a broadcasting giant, it was not immune from other buyers, and in 1999, entertainment conglomerate Viacom, a company long-before created to syndicate old CBS series, announced its was taking over CBS in a deal valued at $37 billion. Following completion of this effort in 2000, Viacom was ranked as the second-largest entertainment company in the world. A.C. Nielsen estimated in 2003 that CBS can be seen in 96.98% of all American households, reaching 103,421,270 homes in the United States. CBS has 204 VHF and UHF affiliated stations in the U.S. and U.S. possessions. CBS is currently the most watched television network in the United States, with the prime draws being the CSI and Survivor franchises. Having assembled all the elements of a communications empire, Viacom found that the promised synergy was not there, and in June, 2005 announced it would split itself in two. Under this plan, CBS is to become the center of a new company, CBS Corporation, which will include the broadcasting elements, Paramount Television's production operations, Viacom Outdoor advertising, Showtime, Simon & Schuster, and Paramount Parks. The second company, keeping the Viacom name, will include Paramount Pictures, assorted MTV Networks, BET, and Famous Music. CBS, Inc. announced on November 3, 2005 that they will acquire College Sports TV (CSTV) for $325 million. CEO of CSTV Brian Bedol will continue to run that network and report to Leslie Moonves, chairman of CBS. The transaction will be completed in January 2006, after Viacom completes the separation, as described in the last paragraph, which will be likely to be completed by the end of 2005. At that time, the company will go to CBS Corporation.

Some Criticisms

As an industrial power in technology-driven businesses, Westinghouse had been accused over the years of violating various environmental laws. Such was the company's reputation in some quarters that an exaggerated claim was made on the comedy-show Saturday Night Live that Westinghouse was guilty of dumping nuclear waste in playgrounds. In 2004 the FCC imposed a record $550,000 fine on CBS for its broadcast of a Super Bowl half-time show (produced by sister-unit MTV) in which singer Janet Jackson's breast was briefly exposed. It was the largest fine ever for a violation of federal decency laws. Following the incident CBS apologized to its viewers and denied foreknowledge of the event, which was broadcast live. CBS suffered another embarrassment in September of that year, when the network aired a controversial episode of its newsmagazine, 60 Minutes, which questioned U.S. President George W. Bush's service in the National Guard. Later, it was revealed that the documents CBS used were forged. CBS News eventually acknowledged that it could not verify the authenticity of the documents it obtained, although it maintains the other overall findings in relation to Bush's military service. The following January, CBS fired four people connected to the preparation of this news-segment. CBS Evening News anchor and 60 Minutes reporter Dan Rather resigned before the announcement of these firings, though he claimed that his decision had been made prior to the forged-documents matter.

The Eye Device

CBS unveiled its Eye Device logo on October 17, 1951. The Eye device was designed by William Golden based on a Pennsylvania Dutch hex sign as well as a Shaker drawing. First drawn by graphic artist Kurt Weiss, it made its broadcasting debut on October 20, 1951. The following season, as Golden prepared a new logo, CBS President Frank Stanton insisted on keeping the Eye device and using it as much as possible ("just when you're beginning to be bored by what you've done is when it's beginning to be noticed by your audience"). The CBS eye is now an American icon. While the symbol's settings have changed (with the CBS reference outside the pupil since 1990), the Eye device itself has not been redesigned in its entire history. It has frequently been copied or borrowed by television networks around the world.

See also


- List of programs broadcast by CBS
- List of United States television networks
- List of CBS affiliates
- List of assets owned by Viacom
- List of CBS slogans
- CBS Evening News
- WJZ-TV
- CBS News
- CBS Sports

Notes on Sources


- Barnouw, Erik. A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Barnouw, Erik. The Golden Web: A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 1933-1953. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
- Smith, Sally Bedell. In All His Glory, The Life of William S. Paley, the Legendary Tycoon and His Brilliant Circle. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990.
- Paley, William. As It Happened, a Memoir. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1979.
- Kisseloff, Jeff. The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920-1961. New York: Viking, 1995.

External links


- [http://www.cbs.com CBS website]
- [http://www.cbs.com/specials/cbs_75/eye.shtml History of the CBS Eye]
- [http://www.mbcnet.org/archives/etv/C/htmlC/columbiabroa/columbiabroa.htm Background on CBS]
- [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/columbiabroa/columbiabroa.htm Columbia Broadcasting System page on museum.tv]
- [http://www.tv-ark.org.uk/international/us_cbs.html Screen captures of CBS logos past and present, as well as footage of vintage promos] Category:CBS television network Category:United States television networks Category:Viacom subsidiaries ja:CBS

Nevada

Nevada is a state located in the western United States. The population as of July 2004 was estimated to be 2,334,771, up nearly 17% from the 2000 census figure of 1,998,257. Nevada is the fastest growing state in the country. Between 2000 and 2003, Nevada's population increased 12.2%, while the USA's population increased 3.3%. Between 1990 and 2000, Nevada's population increased 66.3%, while the USA's population increased 13.1%. Nevada's nickname is "The Silver State", and the state's motto is "All for Our Country". "Home Means Nevada" by Bertha Rafetto is the state song. The phrase "Battle Born" is on the state flag; "The Battle Born State" is the official state slogan, as Nevada was admitted into the union during the American Civil War. Despite the name's derivation from the Spanish word nevada meaning "snowy", the local pronunciation of the state's name is not "Ne-vah-da"; the middle syllable has a short a sound as in cat or hat. (Residents often regard the pronunciation as a test of whether visitors such as presidential candidates, have informed themselves about the state.) In 2005, the state issued a new series of license plates that list the name of the state as Nevǎda to help with the pronunciation problem. Several United States Navy ships have been named USS Nevada in honor of the state.

History

In 14.08.1850, the U.S. Congress established the Utah territory which included the present day states of Utah, Idaho and Nevada. 1859 saw the discovery of the Comstock Lode, a rich outcropping of gold and silver, and Virginia City sprang up. This discovery brought a flood of miners, prospectors, merchants and others hoping to strike it rich. On March 2, 1861, Nevada separated from the Utah territory and adopted its current name, shortened from Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range"). On October 31, 1864, just eight days prior to the presidential election, Nevada became the 36th state in the union. Statehood was rushed through despite Nevada's tiny population to help ensure Abraham Lincoln's reelection and post-Civil War Republican dominance in congress. As Nevada's mining-based economy tied it to the more industrialized Union, it was viewed as politically reliable (as opposed to the more agrarian and Confederate-sympathizing California). Nevada achieved its current boundaries on May 5, 1866 when it absorbed the portion of Pah-Ute County in the Arizona Territory west of the Colorado River. The transfer was prompted by the discovery of gold in the area, and it was thought that Nevada would be better able to oversee the expected population boom. This area includes most of what is now Clark County, Nevada. Negotiations are currently underway for Nevada to annex Wendover, Utah, which would be merged with West Wendover, Nevada. This deal will require the permission of both the Nevada and Utah legislatures and the U.S. Congress. Mining shaped Nevada's economy for many years. In the late 1800's, the Comstock Lode played out, and Nevada went into a tailspin. There was even talk of stripping away statehood, the only time in American history such an action was discussed in Congress. However, the rich silver strike at Tonopah in 1900 helped save the state. This was soon followed by strikes in Goldfield and Rhyolite in the following years. These strikes lasted well into the 1910s and made Nevada a dominant player in mining once again. Mines still control a good percentage of Nevada's economy. Gold from the Carlin Trend in Northern Nevada is the second richest in the world. Other minerals, such as copper, molybdenum, and lithium, are also mined. Despite Nevada being the third oldest western state, it is referred to as the "Permanent Colony" as over 87% of the land is owned by the Federal Government. The primary reason for this is that homesteads were not permitted in large enough sizes to be viable in the arid conditions that prevail throughout Nevada. Instead, early settlers would homestead land surrounding a water source, and then graze livestock on the adjacent public land, which is useless for agriculture without access to water (this pattern of ranching still prevails). The deficiencies in the Homestead Act as applied to Nevada were probably due to a lack of understanding of the Nevada environment, although some firebrands (so-called "Sagebrush Rebels") maintain that it was due to pressure from mining interests to keep land out of the hands of common folk. Gambling was common in the early Nevada mining towns, but was outlawed in 1909 as part of a nation-wide anti-gaming crusade. Due to a sharp decline in mining output in the 1920s and the decline of the agricultural sector during the Great Depression, Nevada re-legalized gambling in 1931. At the time, the leading proponents of gambling expected that it would be a short term fix until the state's economic base widened to include less cyclical industries. However, re-outlawing gambling has never been seriously considered since. A fictional history (with a great deal of fact) titled Nevada was written by Clint McCullough.

Law and government

Nevada's capital is Carson City and its governor is Kenny Guinn (Republican). Nevada's two U.S. senators are Harry Reid (Democrat) and John Ensign (Republican). Due to the tremendous growth of Las Vegas in recent years, there is a noticeable divide between politics of Northern Nevada and Southern Nevada. The north has long maintained control of key positions in the state government even while the Las Vegas area is larger than the rest of the state (the "cow counties"). This has fostered resentment as the north sees the south as a potential bully of majority rule and the south sees the north as the "old guard" trying to rule as an oligarchy. Most people outside the state are not familiar with this rivalry. The state is not dominated by either major political party. Democrat Bill Clinton won the state in the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections and Republican George Bush won Nevada in 2000 and 2004. In 2004, George Bush narrowly won the state's 5 electoral votes by a margin of 2 percentage points with 50.5% of the vote. Las Vegas' Clark County, which contains the majority of the state's population, was the only county to vote Democratic. Nevada is currently the only state that has different ages of consent for different sexual practices. An adult may have "ordinary sexual intercourse, anal intercourse, cunnilingus or fellatio" with another person that is 16 years old or older (NRS 200.364); however a different law makes it illegal to incite, entice, or solicit any minor (a person under 18) to engage in the "infamous crime against nature". (NRS 201.195).

Geography

right Nevada has borders with Oregon and Idaho to the north, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast and Utah to the east. The border with Arizona includes the Colorado River and Hoover Dam. It is in a mountain region that includes semiarid grasslands, lush alpine forests, and sandy deserts, and is the most arid (dry) state in the nation. Nevada is a land of rugged, snow-capped mountains, grassy valleys and sandy deserts. The northern and central portions of Nevada are mostly within the Great Basin Desert, while portions of the southern tip are within the Mojave Desert.

Economy

[http://www.bea.gov/ The Bureau of Economic Analysis] estimates that Nevada's total state product in 2003 was $88 billion. Per capital personal income in 2003 was $31,910, 19th in the nation. Its agricultural outputs are cattle, hay, dairy products, onions and potatoes. Its industrial outputs are tourism, mining, machinery, printing and publishing, food processing, and electric equipment. It is well-known for gambling and nightlife. Large, luxurious casinos in Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe and Reno attract visitors from around the world. Nevada is the only state with legalized prostitution. Nevada is also one of only a few states with [http://sos.state.nv.us/comm_rec/whyinc.htm no personal income tax].

Demographics

According to the Census Bureau, as of 2004, the population of Nevada was 2,334,771. The racial makeup of the state is:
- 65.2% White non-Hispanic
- 19.7% Hispanic
- 6.8% Black
- 4.5% Asian
- 0.9% Native American
- 1.4% Mixed race The five largest ancestry groups in Nevada are: German (14.1%), Mexican (12.7%), Irish (11%), English (10.1%), Italian (6.6%), American (4.8%). In Clark and Pershing Counties, a plurality of residents are Mexican; Nye County and Humboldt County have a plurality of German-Americans. 6.8% of its population were reported as under 5, 26.3% under 18, and 13.6% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.7% of the population. As a result of its rapid population growth, Nevada has a higher percentage of residents born outside of the state than any other state.

Religion

The religious affiliations of the people of Nevada are:
- Christian – 78%
  - Protestant – 44%
    - Baptist – 15%
    - Methodist – 6
    - Lutheran – 3%
    - Other Protestant – 21%
  - Roman Catholic – 24%
  - Mormon – 3%
  - Other Christian – 1%
- Other Religions – 2%
- Non-Religious – 20%

Important cities and towns

The largest city is Las Vegas. Nevada is also reputedly the home of Area 51, a top-secret installation the U.S. federal government has always denied existed. Area 51 is supposedly located in Groom Lake, near Nellis Air Force Base.

10 richest places in Nevada

Ranked by per capita income #Incline Village-Crystal Bay, Nevada $52,521 #Kingsbury, Nevada $41,451 #Mount Charleston, Nevada $38,821 #Verdi-Mogul, Nevada $38,233 #Zephyr Cove-Round Hill Village, Nevada $37,218 #Summerlin South, Nevada $33,017 #Blue Diamond, Nevada $30,479 #Minden, Nevada $30,405 #Boulder City, Nevada $29,770 #Spanish Springs, Nevada $26,908

State symbols

Spanish Springs, Nevada
- State animal: Desert Bighorn Sheep
- State artifact: Tule Duck Decoy
- State bird: Mountain Bluebird
- State colors: Silver and Blue
- State fish: Lahontan cutthroat trout
- State flower: Sagebrush
- State fossil: Ichthyosaur
- State grass: Indian ricegrass
- State march: "Silver State Fanfare" by Gerald Willis
- State metal: Silver (Ag)
- State motto: "All for our country"
- State precious gemstone: Virgin Valley black fire opal
- State semiprecious gemstone: Nevada turquoise
- State song: "Home Means Nevada" by Bertha Raffetto
- State reptile: Desert Tortoise
- State rock: Sandstone
- State soil: Orovada series
- State tartan: A particular tartan designed for Nevada by Richard Zygmunt Pawlowski
- State trees: Single-leaf Piñon and Bristlecone_pine

Education

Colleges and universities


- Sierra Nevada College
- Nevada System of Higher Education
  - University of Nevada, Las Vegas
  - University of Nevada, Reno
  - Nevada State College at Henderson
  - Community College of Southern Nevada
  - Great Basin College
  - Truckee Meadows Community College
  - Western Nevada Community College

Professional sports teams


- Las Vegas Gladiators, Arena Football League
- Las Vegas 51s, minor league baseball
- Las Vegas Wranglers, East Coast Hockey League

Famous Nevadans


- Andre Agassi - tennis player
- Kurt Busch - NASCAR driver
- Walter van Tilburg Clark - writer
- Michael Chang - tennis player
- Jenna Jameson - adult film actress
- Jack Kramer - tennis player
- Paul Laxalt - politician
- Robert Laxalt - writer
- Greg Maddux - Major League Baseball player
- Pat Nixon - First Lady
- Harry Reid - Senate Minority Leader
- Edna Purviance - actress
- Steve Wynn - casino owner
- Barry Zito - Major League Baseball player

Transportation

Baseball Interstate 15 passes through the southern tip of the state, serving Las Vegas and other communities. It has spur routes I-215 and I-515. Interstate 80 crosses through the northern part of Nevada, reaching from Utah in the east and passing westward through Reno and into California. It has a spur route, I-580. Nevada also is served by several federal highways: US-6, US-50, US-93, US-95 and US-395. There are also 189 Nevada State Highways. The state is one of just a few in the country that allow semi-trailer combinations with three trailers—what might be called a "road train" in Australia. However, American versions are usually smaller, in part because they must ascend and descend some fairly steep mountain passes. Union Pacific Railroad has some railroads in the north and in the south ([http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/usguide/usa-nv-m.shtml map]). Amtrak's California Zephyr uses one of the northern branches in a daily service from Chicago, Illinois to Emeryville, California serving Elko, Winnemucca, Sparks, and Reno. [http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/oct04/P05.pdf] Burlington Northern Santa Fe has trackage rights to the Union Pacific lines in the north. Amtrak provides bus services from Las Vegas to Needles, California and Los Angeles ([http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/oct04/P03.pdf]). Greyhound Lines also provides some bus services. Las Vegas has a bus network, and a monorail system that is being extended. McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas is one of the busiest airports in the United States. There are also bus services in Reno/Sparks, and from there to Carson City. Some counties do not have public transport at all, for example Eureka County.

See also


- List of BSA local councils and districts in Nevada
- List of cities in Nevada
- List of Governors of Nevada
- List of mountain ranges of Nevada
- List of Nevada counties
- List of Nevada rivers
- List of Nevada state prisons
- List of people from Nevada
- List of radio stations in Nevada
- List of television stations in Nevada
- List of United States Senators from Nevada
- List of ZIP Codes in Nevada

External links


- [http://www.state.nv.us Official state website]
- [http://firstlady.state.nv.us/NevadaSymbols.htm Nevada state symbols]
- [http://dmla.clan.lib.nv.us/docs/nsla/archives/myth/myth12.htm Nevada State Library and Archives — Why Did Nevada Become a State?]
- [http://www.terragalleria.com/america/nevada/ Photos of Nevada - Terra Galleria]
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/32000.html US Census Bureau]
- [http://www.countymapsofnevada.com/ County Maps of Nevada] Full color maps. List of cities, towns and county seats Category:States of the American West
- Category:States of the United States ko:네바다 주 ja:ネバダ州

Landmark Communications

Landmark Communications is a privately-held media company headquarterd in Norfolk, Virginia and specializing in cable television, broadcast television, print publishing, and internet publishing. In addition to publishing, it has subsidiaries in what Landmark characterizes as "emerging businesses" that including database marketing, career education and trade shows. Landmark's best-known media outlet is The Weather Channel. Landmark also owns three major daily newspapers:
- The Virginian-Pilot, Norfolk, Virginia
- The Roanoke Times, Roanoke, Virginia
- News & Record, Greensboro, North Carolina Through its Landmark Community Newspapers subsidiary, it owns five community daily newspapers:
- The Carroll County Times, Westminster, Maryland
- Citrus County Chronicle, Crystal River, Florida
- Elizabeth News-Enterprise, Elizabethtown, Kentucky
- Los Alamos Monitor, Los Alamos, New Mexico
- Las Vegas Optic, Las Vegas, New Mexico It also owns over 120 community and special-interest newspapers in sixteen states. This includes seven publications that cover college sports at Florida State University, University of Florida, Indiana University, University of Iowa, University of Nebraska, University of Kentucky, and University of North Carolina. Landmark owns two television stations:
- KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, Nevada
- WTVF-TV, Nashville, Tennessee It owns four career training schools that focus on health-related career education:
- Glendale Career College
- Certified Careers Institute
- Nevada Career Institute
- Virginia Career Institute

External links


- [http://www.landmarkcom.com/ Official website]
- [http://www.landmarked.com/ Landmark Education Services official website]
- [http://www.cjr.org/tools/owners/landmark.asp Who Owns What: Landmark Communications], from the Columbia Journalism Review
- [http://www.thelancasternews.com/articles/2005/06/29/news/news04_pageland.txt LCNI buys Pageland paper], a June 2005 article about Landmark's purchase of the Pageland Progressive-Journal Category:Media companies of the United States Category:Newspaper companies of the United States Category:Television broadcasting companies of the United States Category:Private schools in the United States Category:Companies based in Virginia

Henderson, Nevada

Henderson is the fastest-growing large city (over 150,000 pop.) in the United States. Henderson is located in Clark County five miles southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 175,381. This number soon rose to 206,153, according to a July 1, 2002 Census estimate.

History

In 1943, during World War II, the Basic Magnesium Plant (BMI) was constructed in the desert southeast of the Las Vegas to help process magnesium for the war effort. In addition to the plant, a townsite was constructed to house and provide services to the workers and their families. By 1947, production of magnesium was no longer necessary, therefore, the 14,000 employees of the BMI moved away from the area. In 1947 the United States War Asset Administration offered the townsite for sale as surplus. The Nevada Legislature visited the site and determined that they wanted to save it and put forth an effort to purchase the property, which the state did on on March 27, 1947. The City of Henderson was officially incorporated on April 16, 1953. On May 23, 1953, Henderson, with its population of 7,410, elected Dr. Jim French as the town’s first Mayor. Originally about 13 square miles in size, the city quickly began to grow and flourish. Today, Henderson has grown to more than 94.5 square miles (which includes the communities of Green Valley and Seven Hills) and is the second-largest city in Nevada and one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States. On May 4, 1988, a sparsely inhabited industrial area of Henderson was the site of the PEPCON disaster, in which the PEPCON rocket fuel manufacturing plant exploded with the force of a small earthquake, shattering windows throughout the Las Vegas metropolitan area. The blast obliterated the PEPCON plant, ruined the neighboring Kidd Marshmallow plant, injured over 300 individuals, and killed 2 PEPCON workers who were overseeing the evacuation of the rest. In October 2005, the Henderson got its first interstate interchange. The interchange connects Interstates 215 and 515.

City Government

The city received its charter from the State Legislature in 1965 establishing a Council/Manager form of government.
- Current City Leadership is as follows:
- James B. Gibson, Mayor
- Philip D. Speight, City Manager (appointed)
- Shauna M. Hughes, City Attorney (appointed)
- Monica Martinez Simmons, City Clerk (appointed)
- Amanda M. Cyphers, Councilman, Ward I
- Andy A. Hafen, Councilman, Ward II
- Jack K. Clark, Councilman, Ward III
- Steven D. Kirk, Councilman, Ward IV
  - Henderson City Hall is located on 240 Water, Henderson, NV 89009 ---- Henderson is home to Nevada State College.

Geography

Nevada State CollegeHenderson is located at 36°1'45" North, 115°1'31" West (36.029249, -115.025286). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 206.4 km² (79.7 mi²). 206.4 km² (79.7 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 175,381 people, 66,331 households, and 47,095 families residing in the city. The population density is 849.7/km² (2,200.8/mi²). There are 71,149 housing units at an average density of 344.7/km² (892.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 84.49% White, 3.76% African American, 0.70% Native American, 3.98% Asian, 0.42% Pacific Islander, 3.16% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. 10.71% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 66,331 households out of which 33.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 10.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% are non-families. 20.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.63 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $55,949, and the median income for a family is $61,176. Males have a median income of $42,263 versus $30,483 for females. The per capita income for the city is $26,815. 5.6% of the population and 3.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 6.4% of those under the age of 18 and 4.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Points of interest


- Ethel M Botanical Cactus Gardens

External links

[http://www.cityofhenderson.com/index.php City of Henderson, Nevada] [http://www.hdpl.org Henderson District Public Libraries] Category:Cities in Nevada Category:Clark County, Nevada Category:Boomburbs

Hank Greenspun

Herman "Hank" Milton Greenspun (August 27, 1909 - July 23, 1989) was the longtime, and often controversial, publisher of the Las Vegas Sun newspaper. He purchased the Sun in 1949, and served as its editor until his death. Prior to his death, Greenspun entered the Sun into a joint operating agreement with the Las Vegas Review-Journal. The Sun operated as an afternoon daily from 1990 on. In October 2005, the Sun is scheduled to become a daily insert into the morning Review-Journal. Greenspun also was involved in real estate, acquiring much of the western portion of Henderson, Nevada for a development that would eventually become Green Valley.

July 22

22 July is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining.

Events


- 1298 - Battle of Falkirk - Edward I (Longshanks) of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his scottish schiltrons outside the town.
- 1499 - Battle of Dornach - The Swiss decisively defeat the Imperial army of Emperor Maximilian I.
- 1587 - Colony of Roanoke: A second group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
- 1793 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing north of Mexico.
- 1796 - Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio "Cleveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition - inconclusive battle of Cape Finisterre fought between a combined French and Spanish fleets under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve of Spain and a British fleet under Admiral Robert Calder.
- 1812 - Napoleonic Wars: Peninsular War - Battle of Salamanca - British forces led by Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Atlanta - Outside of Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate General John Bell Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General William T. Sherman on Bald Hill.
- 1908 - Albert Fisher establishes the Fisher Body Company to manufacture carriage and automobile bodies.
- 1916 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 and injuring 40.
- 1933 - Wiley Post becomes first person to fly solo around the world traveling 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.
- 1934 - Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
- 1937 - New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- 1942 - The United States government begins compulsory civilian gasoline rationing due to the wartime demands.
- 1942 - Holocaust: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto begins.
- 1943 - Allied forces capture the Italian city of Palermo.
- 1944 - The Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes its manifesto, starting the period of Communist rule in Poland
- 1946 - King David Hotel bombing: Irgun bombs King David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British civil and military administration, killing 90.
- 1962 - Mariner program: Mariner 1 spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch and has to be destroyed.
- 1977 - Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power.
- 1991 - Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of 11 men and boys are found in his Milwaukee apartment.
- 1992 - Near Medellín, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison fearing extradition to the United States.
- 1997 - The second Blue Water Bridge opens between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.
- 2002 - Israel assasinates Salah Shahade, the Commander-in-Chief of Hamas's military arm, Ezzedeen-al-qassam Brigades, along with 14 civilians.
- 2003 - Members of 101st Airborne of the United States, aided by Special Forces, attack a compound in Iraq, killing Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay, along with Mustapha Hussein, Qusay's 14-year old son, and a bodyguard.
- 2005 - A man is shot dead by police as the hunt begins for the London Bombers. See 7 July 2005 London bombings and 21 July 2005 London bombings
- 2005 - Microsoft releases the final name for its next-gen operating system, Longhorn. The name will be "Windows Vista".

Births


- 1210 - Joan of England, queen of Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1238)
- 1478 - King Philip I of Castile (d. 1506)
- 1510 - Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (d. 1537)
- 1519 - Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591)
- 1535 - Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)
- 1559 - Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian monk (d. 1619)
- 1621 - Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician (d. 1683)
- 1711 - Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (d. 1753)
- 1713 - Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (d. 1780)
- 1733 - Mikhail Shcherbatov, Russian philosopher and writer (d. 1790)
- 1784 - Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1846)
- 1822 - Gregor Mendel, Austrian geneticist (d. 1884)
- 1844 - William Archibald Spooner, English priest and scholar (d. 1930)
- 1859 - Emma Lazarus, American poet (d. 1887)
- 1882 - Edward Hopper, American painter (d. 1967)
- 1887 - Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
- 1888 - Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)
- 1893 - James Whale, English film director (d. 1957)
- 1898 - Stephen Vincent Benét, American author (d. 1943)
- 1898 - Alexander Calder, American artist (d. 1976)
- 1905 - Doc Cramer, baseball player (d. 1990)
- 1908 - Amy Vanderbilt, American author on etiquette (d. 1974)
- 1913 - Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and songwriter
- 1916 - Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949)
- 1921 - William Roth, U.S. Senator (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Bob Dole, U.S. Senator from Kansas and Presidential candidate
- 1923 - Mukesh, Indian singer (d. 1976)
- 1924 - Margaret Whiting, singer
- 1928 - Orson Bean, American film actor
- 1932 - Oscar De la Renta, Dominican-born fashion designer
- 1934 - Louise Fletcher, American actress
- 1936 - Tom Robbins, American author
- 1939 - Terence Stamp, English actor
- 1940 - Alex Trebek, Canadian-born game show host
- 1941 - George Clinton, American musician
- 1941 - Ron Turcotte, Canadian jockey
- 1943 - Kay Bailey Hutchison, U.S. Senator from Texas
- 1944 - Estelle Bennett, American singer (Ronettes)
- 1944 - Rick Davies, British musician (Supertramp)
- 1944 - Sparky Lyle, baseball player
- 1946 - Mireille Mathieu, French singer
- 1946 - Stephen M. Wolownik, Russian musician (d. 2000)
- 1947 - Albert Brooks, American comedian
- 1947 - Danny Glover, American actor
- 1947 - Don Henley, American drummer, singer, and songwriter (Eagles)
- 1948 - S.E. Hinton, American author
- 1948 - Otto Waalkes, German comedian
- 1949 - Alan Menken, American composer
- 1949 - Lasse Virén, Finnish athlete
- 1954 - Lonette McKee, American actress
- 1954 - Al Di Meola, American guitarist
- 1955 - Willem Dafoe, American actor
- 1961 - Keith Sweat, American singer
- 1964 - Patrick Labyorteaux, American actor
- 1964 - John Leguizamo, Colombian actor
- 1964 - David Spade, American actor, comedian, and producer
- 1965 - Shawn Michaels, American professional wrestler
- 1966 - Tim Brown, American football player
- 1971 - Kristine Lilly, American soccer player
- 1972 - Keyshawn Johnson, American football player
- 1973 - Mike Sweeney, baseball player
- 1973 - Rufus Wainwright, American singer and songwriter
- 1974 - Daddy Kev, American record producer and engineer
- 1974 - Franka Potente, German actress
- 1978 - Dennis Rommedahl, Danish footballer
- 1980 - Scott Dixon, New Zealand race car driver
- 1980 - Dirk Kuyt, Dutch football striker
- 1983 - Shelby Belle, Canadian actress

Deaths


- 1362 - Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (poisoned) (b. 1324)
- 1387 - Franz Ackerman, Flemish statesman (b. 1330)
- 1461 - King Charles VII of France (b. 1403)
- 1525 - Richard Wingfield, English diplomat
- 1619 - Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian monk (b. 1559)
- 1645 - Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (b. 1587)
- 1676 - Pope Clement X (b. 1590)
- 1713 - Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (d. 1780)
- 1734 - Peter King, 1st Baron King, Lord Chancellor of England
- 1789 - Joseph-François Foulon, French administrator (executed) (b. 1715)
- 1802 - Marie François Xavier Bichat, French anatomist (b. 1771)
- 1832 - Emperor Napoleon II of France (b. 1811)
- 1852 - Auguste Marmont, French marshal (b. 1774)
- 1904 - Wilson Barrett, English actor (b. 1846)
- 1908 - William Randal Cremer, English politician and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1828)
- 1916 - James Whitcomb Riley, American author and poet (b. 1849)
- 1922 - Jokichi Takamine, Japanese chemist (b. 1854)
- 1932 - Errico Malatesta, Italian anarchist (b. 1853)
- 1932 - Florenz Ziegfeld, theatrical producer (b. 1867)
- 1934 - John Dillinger, American bank robber (shot) (b. 1903)
- 1950 - William Lyon Mackenzie King, tenth Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1874)
- 1958 - Mikhail Zoshchenko, Russian writer (b. 1895)
- 1967 - Carl Sandburg, American poet (b. 1878)
- 1974 - Wayne Morse, U.S. Senator from Oregon (b. 1900)
- 1979 - Sándor Kocsis, Hungarian footballer (b. 1929)
- 1989 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (b. 1935)
- 1990 - Manuel Puig, Argentinian writer (b. 1932)
- 1998 - Hermann Prey, German bass-baritone (b. 1929)
- 2000 - Eric Christmas, British actor (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Qusay Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1966)
- 2003 - Uday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1964)
- 2003 - Wahome Muthahi, Kenyan humourist
- 2004 - Sacha Distel, French singer (b. 1933)
- 2004 - George Kidd, Canadian diplomat (b. 1917)
- 2005 - Jean Charles de Menezes, Brazilian electrician (shot) (b. 1978)

Holidays and observances


- Saint Mary Magdalene
- Swaziland - Birthday of former King Sobhuza II
- Pi Approximation Day
- Ratcatcher's Day. See:The Pied Piper of Hamelin.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- 21 July - 23 July - 22 June - 22 August -- listing of all days ko:7월 22일 ms:22 Julai ja:7月22日 simple:July 22 th:22 กรกฎาคม

Howard Hughes

Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was at times a pilot, a movie producer, a playboy, an eccentric and one of the wealthiest people in the world. He is famous for building the Hercules airplane, commonly known as the Spruce Goose, and for his debilitating eccentric behavior later in life.

Youth and Hollywood

Hughes was born in Humble, Texas on Christmas Eve, though some have argued that he was born September 24. His parents were Allene (Gano) Hughes and Howard R. Hughes, Sr., who invented the dual cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling of oil wells in previously inaccessible places. He founded Hughes Tool Company to commercialize this invention. As a teenager, Hughes declared that his goals in life were to become the world's best golfer, the world's best pilot, and the world's best movie producer. Despite attending many good schools, he never earned a diploma. He attended the Fessenden School in West Newton, Massachusetts (near Boston), and the Thacher School in Ojai, California. His father subsequently arranged for him to audit math and engineering classes at the California Institute of Technology. He then enrolled at the Rice Institute (later known as Rice University). His parents died when he was a teenager – his mother in 1922 due to complications from a minor surgery, and his father two years later from a heart attack. Hughes inherited much of Hughes Tool Company, but had to deal with trustees, whom he considered meddling. He went to court to become an emancipated minor. He then bought out various relatives, and took complete control of Hughes Tool in 1924 at the age of 19. He dropped out of Rice, and moved to Hollywood where he had an uncle, Rupert Hughes, a novelist. His girlfriend, Ella Rice, joined him, and they married on June 1, 1925 (divorced in 1929). Hughes used his fortune to become a movie producer. He was at first dismissed by Hollywood insiders as a rich man's son. However, his first two films released in 1927, Everybody's Acting and Two Arabian Knights were financial successes. The Racket in 1928 and