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KLOS

KLOS

95.5 KLOS is an FM classic rock radio station based in Los Angeles, California that debuted in 1969. KLOS is owned by ABC Radio, an arm of The Walt Disney Company. It is home to the nationally broadcast Mark & Brian radio show and the last remaining free-form rock and roll show, hosted by Jim Ladd.

History

On December 30, 1947, KECA-FM began broadcasting on 95.5 MHz, simulcasting the programming of AM station KECA 790. The FM station was owned by ABC since the beginning, and the call letters of the AM and FM stations were accordingly changed to KABC and KABC-FM in the 1950s. In 1960, KABC adopted an all-talk format. On January 1, 1968, due to new FCC rules requiring FM stations to have separate programming from their AM counterparts, KABC-FM experimented with an all-news format, the first station in Los Angeles to have such a format. This experiment did not last long, as the format was dropped on March 11, 1968, the day that KFWB started its own all-news format. Adopting a progressive rock format, the station acquired its new call letters KLOS in 1969. By 1972, along with sister stations like WPLJ New York, KLOS had evolved into an album-oriented rock format. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s "KLOS 95½" was a broad-based album rock station, playing both classic and new rock mixed together. By the early 1990s, KLOS moved to a harder rock format but evolved back to a more mainstream rock format by 1995. By 1996 the station mostly played classic rock. In 1999 KLOS adopted the slogan "Classic Rock That Really Rocks", staying away from softer pop rock. Today it is a classic rock station that also plays a moderate amount of newer alternative rock and pop rock. KLOS became the only strictly-classic rock station in the Los Angeles area in 2005 when rival KCBS-FM, formerly Arrow 93.1, became Jack FM. Since then, KLOS began taking pot-shots at Jack FM, and one time announced the names of previous classic/album rock stations that are no longer in existence since KLOS's 1969 debut, such as KMET and KNAC. "Uncle Joe" Benson, a former Arrow 93 DJ, has joined KLOS since the introduction of Jack FM. Another former Arrow DJ, Bob Coburn was already at KLOS prior to the Arrow/Jack FM flip. Although KLOS bills itself as "Southern California's only classic rock station", that is not entirely true as there exists KGB in San Diego, which can sometimes even be heard in Los Angeles due to tropospheric ducting.

External links


- [http://www.955klos.com/ 95.5 KLOS Online]
- LOS KLOS

FM broadcasting

FM radio is a broadcast technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that uses frequency modulation to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM radio is distributed primarily through broadcast reception of FM radio signals, although it is also possible to distribute FM signals via cable FM, either by using an adapter to plug analogue cable wires directly into an FM receiver, or through the use of television channel allocations on a digital cable service. The Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook list approximately 28,693 [http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2013.html stations worldwide]

Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

Random noise has a 'triangular' spectral distribution in an FM system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the highest frequencies within the baseband. This can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis respectively. The amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple CR filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used. In North America, 75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions. The amount of pre-emphasis that can be applied is limited by the fact that many forms of contemporary music contain more high-frequency energy than the musical styles which prevailed at the birth of FM broadcasting. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier. (Systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to either use either program-dependent variable pre-emphasis (e.g. J.17) or none at all.)

FM stereo

The Zenith-GE pilot tone multiplex system was added to FM radio in the early 1960s to allow FM stereo. It is important that stereo broadcasts should be compatible with mono receivers. For this reason, the left (L) and right (R) channels are matrixed into sum (M) and difference (S) signals, i.e. M=(L+R)/2 and S=(L−R)/2. A mono receiver will just use the M signal. A stereo receiver will matrix the M and S signals to recover L and R: L=M+S and R=M−S. The M signal is transmitted as baseband audio in the range 50Hz to 15kHz. The S signal is amplitude-modulated onto a 38kHz suppressed carrier to produce a double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) signal in the range 23 to 53 kHz. A 19 kHz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 kHz subcarrier frequency and with a precisely defined phase relationship to it, is also generated. This is transmitted at 10% of overall modulation level and used by the receiver to regenerate the 38 kHz subcarrier with the correct phase. It is also in phase with the RDS subcarrier at 57kHz (19×3). A 4kHz-wide guard band exists between each of these, to prevent interference. The final multiplex signal from the stereo generator consists of the baseband audio (M), the pilot tone, and the DSBSC subcarrier (S). This multiplex, along with any other subcarriers, modulates the FM transmitter. Converting the multiplex signal back to left and right is performed by a stereo decoder, which is built into stereo receivers. It is normal practice to apply pre-emphasis to the left and right channels before matrixing, and to apply de-emphasis at the receiver after matrixing.

Other services

The subcarrier system has been further extended to add other services. Initially these were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or rented out. Radio reading services for the blind are also still common, and there were experiments with quadraphonic sound. If there is no stereo on a station, everything from 23kHz on up can be used for other services. The guard band around 19kHz (±4kHz) must still be maintained, so as not to trigger stereo decoders on receivers. Digital services are now also available. A 57kHz subcarrier is used to carry a low-bandwidth digital Radio Data System signal, providing extra features such as Alternate Frequency (AF) and Network (NN). This narrowband signal runs at only 1187.5 bits per second, thus is only suitable for text. A few proprietary systems are used for private communications. The United States is the only country attempting to put digital radio onto FM rather than using EUREKA 147 like most other countries (including Canada), or ISDB like Japan. This in-band on-channel approach results in highly-compressed audio, and blocks any opportunity for new stations to broadcast. The proprietary iBiquity system, branded as "HD Radio", uses subcarriers and extends out somewhat into the sidebands. The hybrid digital (hence "HD") system can later take the bandwidth used by the current analog stereo system, and eventually go all-digital, though this would shut out every existing analog radio.

See also


- FM broadcasting in the USA
- FM broadcast band
- AM broadcasting
- AM stereo
- list of broadcast station classes
- history of radio
- list of radio stations
- List of transmitters in the FM Broadcasting band
- RDS (Radio Data System)
- long-distance FM reception (FM DX)

External links


-
- [http://www.smoke.com.au/~ic/mpx.html An Introduction to FM MPX]
- [http://www.airwaves.com/archive3/v9_76.html Some history of the FM multiplex system] (search down the page for "pilot-tone multiplex system")
- "[http://www.salestores1.com/woreltab.html Table of Voltage, Frequency, TV Broadcasting system, Radio Broadcasting, by Country]".
- [http://transmitters.tripod.com/stereo.htm Stereo for Dummies] Many graphs that show waveforms at different points in the FM Multiplex process
- [http://www.dxtuners.com Listen to Live FM Radio] Tune a number of FM radios around the world and get live audio (Pay Site) category: radio category: broadcast engineering

Radio station

A radio station is a sound broadcasting service. Traditionally, radio stations have broadcast through the air via radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation), sent through a transmitter and antenna. Today, many if not most stations broadcast via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite, or the Internet as well as (or instead of) atmospheric broadcasting. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common program, either in syndication or simulcast, or both. Broadcasting program material in real time is known as live broadcasting. As technology for sound recording improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend is the automation of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by computer control (see Voice-tracking). Radio stations are of several types. The best known are the AM and FM stations, including both commercial and public or nonprofit varieties. Non-commercial college and university radio stations are found throughout the developed world. The earliest radio stations were simply radio telegraph systems, and did not carry audio. The first known audio transmission that could be called a broadcast occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906, and was made by Reginald Fessenden. While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices where only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. For the next decade, radio tinkerers had to build their own radio receivers. KDKA AM of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (owned by Westinghouse) started broadcasting as the first "commercial" radio station on November 2, 1920. The commercial sense of the station came from the type of license—they didn't start airing advertisements until a few years later. The first broadcast was the results of the U.S. presidential election, 1920. Many historians base KDKA's status as "first" on the fact that commercially-produced radio receivers weren't available until that time. However, by that standard, many believe that other stations should count, as at least one smaller manufacturer with their own station was making radios by the time KDKA was licensed. AM stations were developed first. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio waves, and occurs on North American airwaves in the mediumwave frequency range of 530 to 1700 kHz (known as the "standard broadcast band"). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine channels from 1620 to 1700 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the Americas, and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else. Europe also uses the longwave band. FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves everywhere (except Japan) in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz. Japan uses the 74 to 90 MHz band. FM stations are much more popular in economically developed regions, such as Europe and the United States, especially since higher sound fidelity and stereo broadcasting became common in this format. The digital radio stations are now emerging, first in Europe (the U.K. and Germany), and later in the United States. The European system is named DAB, for Digital Audio Broadcasting, and uses the public domain EUREKA 147 system. In the United States, the IBOC system is named HD Radio and owned by a private company, a consortium called iBiquity. It is expected that for the next 10 to 20 years, all these systems will co-exist, while by 2015 to 2020 digital radio may predominate, at least in the developed countries. Many other non-broadcast types of radio stations exist. These include:
- base stations for police, fire and ambulance networks
- military base stations
- dispatch base stations for taxis, trucks, and couriers
- emergency broadcast systems
- amateur radio stations

See also


- History of broadcasting
- History of radio
- Television station
- List of radio stations
- International broadcasting
- Callsign (radio)
- Low power radio station
- Radio format

External links


- [http://search.fcc.gov/query.html?qt=radio+station&col=fccall+edocs+digest&ht=0&qp=&qs=&qc=&pw=100%25&ws=0&la=en&qm=0&st=1&nh=10&lk=1&rf=0&oq=&rq=0&si=0&Submit+search+request.x=8&Submit+search+request.y=9 In the United States, See FCC]
- category:broadcast engineering ja:ラジオ放送局

1969

1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday :For other uses, see Number 1969. :For the movie, see 1969 (movie). :For the Velvet Underground live album, see 1969: The Velvet Underground Live.

Events

January


- January 1 - Australian media baron Rupert Murdoch purchases the largest selling British Sunday newspaper The News Of The World
- January 3 - Pele scores his 1000th goal
- January 5 - The Derry Riots leave over 100 people injured
- January 10 - After 147 years, the last issue of the Saturday Evening Post is published
- January 12 - Super Bowl III: the New York Jets defeat the Baltimore Colts
- January 14 - An explosion aboard the USS Enterprise near Hawaii kills 25
- January 15 - The Soviet Union launches Soyuz 5
- January 16 - Ten paintings defaced in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art
- January 16 - Student Jan Palach sets himself on fire in Prague's Wenceslas Square to protest the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union. Three days later he dies.
- January 20 - Richard Nixon succeeds Lyndon Johnson as President of the United States of America
- January 24 - Martial Law declared in Madrid, the University is closed and over 300 students are arrested
- January 27 - 14 men, nine of them Jews, were executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel
- January 27 - Reverend Ian Paisley, hardline Protestant leader in Northern Ireland, is jailed for three months for illegal assembly.
- January 30 - The Beatles' last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records. The impromptu concert was broken up by the police

February


- February 1 - Birth, in Paris, France, of Denis Cheyrouze, French media guru.
- February 4 - In Cairo Yasser Arafat is appointed Palestinian Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress and takes command the next day
- February 8 - The last issue of the Saturday Evening Post hits magazine stands
- February 13 - FLQ terrorists bomb the Stock Exchange in Montreal, Quebec
- February 24 - Launch of the Mariner 6 Mars probe
- February 24 - Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (Case against pure speech in schools)
- February 25 - George Jones marries Tammy Wynette

March


- March 1 - Major league baseballer Mickey Mantle announces his retirement.
- March 1 - During a performance at Miami's Dinner Key Auditorium, Jim Morrison of the Doors is arrested for exposing himself during the show. Morrison is officially charged with lewd and lascivious behavior, indecent behavior, open profanity and public drunkenness.
- March 1 - John Kerry officially leaves active duty in Vietnam
- March 2 - In Toulouse, France the first Concorde test flight is conducted
- March 2 - Soviet and Chinese forces clash at a border outpost on the Ussuri River
- March 3 - In a Los Angeles, California court, Sirhan Sirhan admits that he killed presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
- March 3 - Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module
- March 10 - In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. Ray would later retract his guilty plea
- March 13 - Apollo program: Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module
- March 17 - Golda Meir of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, becomes Prime Minister of Israel
- March 17 - The Longhope lifeboat in Scotland is lost, the entire crew of eight die.
- March 19 - British paratroopers and Marines land on the island of Anguilla.
- March 28 - Dwight D Eisenhower dies after a long illness in the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC.

April


- April 1 - The Hawker Siddeley Harrier enters service with the RAF
- April 4 - Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart
- April 13 - Queensland: The final day of the Brisbane Tramways after 84 years of operation.
- April 20 - British troops arrive in Northern Ireland to reinforce the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
- April 22 - Robin Knox-Johnston becomes the first person to sail around the world solo without stopping
- April 28 - General de Gaulle steps down as president of France after having suffered a defeat in a referendum the day before.
- April 29 - First anniversary of the Broadway production of the musical Hair is celebrated with free concert at Wollman Skating Rink

May


- May 10 - Zip to Zap, a harbringer of the Woodstock Concert, ends with dispersal and eviction of youth and young adults at Zap, North Dakota by the National Guard.
- May 10 - The Battle of Dong Ap Bia, also known as the Hamburger Hill, begins in Vietnam War
- May 13 - May 13th Incident: Race riots occur in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- May 16 - Venera program: Venera 5, a Soviet spaceprobe, lands on Venus
- May 17 - Venera program: Soviet Venera 6 begins to descend into Venus' atmosphere sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure
- May 17 - Tom McClean completes the first solo transatlantic crossing by a rowboat
- May 18 - Apollo program: Apollo 10 launches
- May 19-20 - French Foreign Legion paratroopers land onto Kolwezi, Zaire, to rescue Europeans in a middle of a civil war
- May 20 - National Guard helicopters spray skin-stinging powder on anti-war protesters in California
- May 22 - Apollo program: Apollo 10's lunar module flies within 15,400 m of the moon's surface
- May 26 - Apollo program: Apollo 10 returns to earth after a successful eight-day test of all the components needed for the upcoming first manned moon landing
- May 26-June 2: John Lennon and Yoko Ono conduct their Bed-In at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec, and record the song "Give Peace a Chance."
- May 29 - Mashina Vremeni Russian rock band official birthday
- May 30 - Riots in Curaçao, marking the start for a movement for Afro-Caribbean civil rights on the island.

June


- June 2 - In Ottawa, Canada the National Arts Centre opens its doors to the public for the first time
- June 2 - Australian aircraft carrier Melbourne collides with the US destroyer Frank E. Evans in the South China Sea - 74 US sailors dead
- June 8 - After the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) cancels the program, the last Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour airs
- June 8 - President Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu meet at Midway Island. Nixon announced that 25,000 U.S. troops would be withdrawn by September.
- June 20 - Georges Pompidou elected President of France
- June 23 - Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States by retiring chief Earl Warren.
- June 24 - United Kingdom and Rhodesia sever diplomatic ties
- June 28 - The Stonewall riots mark the start of the modern gay rights movement in the U.S.

July

gay rights movement
- July 5 – Assassination of Mboya, Kenyan Minister of Development
- July 7 - French is made equal to English throughout the Canadian national government
- July 8 - Vietnam War: The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made
- July 10 - Trimaran the Teignmouth Electron of Donald Crowhurst is found drifting and unoccupied - Crowhurst might have committed suicide
- July 14 - Football War - after Honduras loses a soccer game against El Salvador, rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadorean workers in Honduras, tens of thousands are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The OAS works out a cease-fire on July 18, taking effect on July 20
- July 18 - Ted Kennedy drives off a bridge on his way home from a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. Mary Jo Kopechne, a former campaign aide to his brother who was in the car with him, dies in the incident
- July 20 - Apollo program: The human race, represented by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, lands on the Moon. Apollo 11 lifted off for the moon on July 16 and returned safely on July 24
- July 25 - Vietnam War: US President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This was the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war
- July 30 - Vietnam War: US President Richard M. Nixon makes an unscheduled visit to South Vietnam and meets with President Nguyen Van Thieu and with US military commanders
- July 31 - Halfpenny ceases to be legal tender in the UK

August


- August 4 - Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, US representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. The negotiations will eventually fail
- August 5 - Mariner program: Mariner 7 makes its closest fly-by of Mars (3,524 kilometers)
- August 8 - Fire in the Bannerman's Castle in the Hudson River - most of the roof collapses
- August 9 - Members of a cult led by Charles Manson murder five people including Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring and, Abigail Folger. The next day The Family would murder Rosemary and Leno LaBianca
- August 10 - Manson family kills Leno and Rosemary LaBianca
- August 12 - Jack Lynch, Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, makes a speech to the United Nations in which he asks them to deploy a peace-keeping mission in Northern Ireland.
- August 13 - Serious border clash between Soviet Union and People's Republic of China
- August 14 - British troops deployed in Northern Ireland
- August 15 - The Woodstock Festival of music begins in upstate New York lasting three days and featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era
- August 17 - Category 5 Hurricane Camille hits the Mississippi coast killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars)
- August 21 - Part of the al-Aqsa Mosque is destroyed by arson

September


- September 1 - A coup in Libya oust King Idris and brings Col. Moammar Qaddafi to power
- September 2 - The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Centre, New York.
- September 5 - My Lai Massacre: Lt. William Calley is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai
- September 22 - 25 Islamic conference in Rabat, Morocco after al-Aqsa Mosque fire (Augusr 21) condemns Israeli occupation of Jerusalem
- September 28 - Social Democrats and Free Democratic Party have received a majority of votes in the German parliamentary elections and decide to form a common government

October


- October 1 - In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Labour party leader, replacing Tage Erlander as prime minister on October 14
- October 9 - In Chicago, Illinois, the United States National Guard is called in for crowd control as demonstrations continue in connection to the trial of the "Chicago Eight" (trial started on September 24)
- October 15 - Vietnam War: Hundreds of thousands of people take part in National Moratorium antiwar demonstrations across the United States
- October 16 - The ("miracle") New York Mets win the World Series, beating the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles, four games to one.
- October 17 - Willard S. Boyle and George Smith invent the CCD at Bell Laboratories. Today, this technology is widely used in digital cameras.
- October 21 - Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany
- October 21 - Siad Barre comes to power in Somalia in a coup
- October 31 - Wal-Mart incorporates as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

November


- November - Creation of ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet
- November 3 - Vietnam War: US President Richard M. Nixon addresses his nation on television and radio asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies
- November 9 - Group of Amerindians lead by Richard Oakes seize the Alcatraz island for 19 months, inspiring a wave of renewed Indian pride and government reform
- November 12 - Vietnam War: My Lai Massacre - Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the My Lai story
- November 13 - Vietnam War: Anti-war protesters in Washington, DC stage a symbolic "March Against Death"
- November 14 - Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 12, the second manned mission to the surface of the Moon (landed on the Moon on November 19)
- November 15 - Cold War: The Soviet submarine K-19 collides with the American submarine USS Gato in the Barents Sea
- November 15 - Vietnam War: In Washington, DC, 250,000-500,000 protesters staged a peaceful demonstration against the war
- November 15 - Regular colour television broadcasts begin on BBC1 and ITV in UK.
- November 17 - Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki to begin SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides
- November 19 - Apollo program: Apollo 12 astronauts Charles Conrad and Alan Bean land at Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms") and become the third and fourth humans to walk on the Moon
- November 20 - Vietnam War: The Cleveland Plain Dealer publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai massacre in Vietnam
- November 20 - Richard Oakes returns with 90 followers and offers to buy the Alcatraz for $24 (he leaves the island January 1970)
- November 21 - U.S. President Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Sato agree in Washington on the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, U.S. retains rights to military bases on island, but must be nuclear-free.
- November 21 - The first ARPANET link is established
- November 21 - The senate voted down the Supreme Court nomination of Clement F. Haynsworth, the first such rejection since 1930.
- November 24 - Apollo program: The Apollo 12 spacecraft splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to the Moon
- November 25 - John Lennon returns his OBE to protest the British government's support of the US war in Vietnam

December


- December 1 - Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States is held since World War II (on January 4, 1970, the New York Times ran a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random")
- December 2 - The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes its debut. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters and photographers, from Seattle to New York City.
- December 4 - Black Panther members Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are shot dead in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers.
- December 12 - Piazza Fontana Slaughter in Italy (Strage di Piazza Fontana). A U.S. officer and C.I.A. agent called David Carrett involved.

Undated events


- Parker Morris Standards became mandatory for all Council housing in the UK.
- Summer saw the invention of Unix
- In the autumn, the first four nodes of the ARPAnet went up
- ACM SIGGRAPH founded

Ongoing events


- Vietnam War (1964 - 1975)
- War of Attrition, between Egypt and Israel, which lasted until August 1970. This conflict was characterized by escalating artillery duels, air raids and commando missions

Births

January


- January 2 - Christy Turlington, American fashion model
- January 2 - Tommy Morrison, American boxer
- January 3 - Michael Schumacher, German race car driver
- January 5 - Marilyn Manson, American singer
- January 14 - Jason Bateman, American actor
- January 14 - David Grohl, American drummer and composer (Nirvana; later, Foo Fighters)
- January 16 - Roy Jones Jr., American boxer
- January 17 - Lukas Moodysson, Swedish film director
- January 20 - Patrick K. Kroupa, American writer, hacker
- January 20 - Skeet Ulrich, American actor

February


- February 1 - Gabriel Batistuta, Argentine footballer
- February 3 - Retief Goosen, South African golfer
- February 5 - Bobby Brown, American singer
- February 11 - Jennifer Aniston, American actress
- February 12 - Hong Myung-Bo, South Korean footballer
- February 17 - Tuesday Knight, American actress

March


- March 1 - Javier Bardem, Spanish actor
- March 1 - Dafydd Ieuan, Welsh drummer (Super Furry Animals)
- March 19 - Connor Trinneer, American actor

April


- April 6 - Bret Boone, baseball player
- April 10 - Billy Jayne, American actor
- April 11 - Cerys Matthews, Welsh singer
- April 17 - Henry Ian Cusick, Peruvian actor
- April 19 - Susan Polgar, Hungarian chess player
- April 25 - Joe Buck, baseball and American football broadcaster
- April 25 - Darren Woodson, American football player
- April 25 - Renée Zellweger, American actress

May


- May 2 - Brian Lara, West Indian cricketer
- May 3 - Daryl F. Mallett, American author and actor
- May 7 - Eagle Eye Cherry, Swedish-born musician
- May 10 - Dennis Bergkamp, Dutch soccer player
- May 13 - Nikos Aliagas, French-born television host
- May 14 - Cate Blanchett, Australian actress
- May 15 - Emmitt Smith, American football player
- May 16 - Tracey Gold, American actress
- May 16 - Steve Lewis, American athlete
- May 18 - Martika, American singer
- May 21 - Georgiy R. Gongadze, Ukrainian journalist (d. 2000)

June


- June 11 - Steven Drozd, American drummer (The Flaming Lips)
- June 14 - Steffi Graf, German tennis player
- June 15 - Oliver Kahn, German football goalkeeper
- June 17 - Paul Tergat, Kenyan athlete
- June 18 - Pål Pot Pamparius, Norwegian guitarist and keyboardist (Turbonegro)
- June 24 - Sissel Kyrkjebø, Norwegian singer
- June 25 - Matt Gallant, American television host

July


- July 5 - John LeClair, American hockey player
- July 10 - Gale Harold, American actor
- July 18 - Masanori Murakawa, Japanese professional wrestler
- July 20 - Josh Holloway, American actor
- July 24 - Jennifer Lopez, American actress and singer
- July 27 - Triple H, American professional wrestler

August


- August 2 - Fernando Couto, Portuguese footballer
- August 6 - Elliott Smith, American musician (d. 2003)
- August 9 - Troy Percival, baseball player
- August 13 - Midori Ito, Japanese figure skater
- August 18 - Edward Norton, American actor
- August 18 - Christian Slater, American actor
- August 19 - Matthew Perry, American actor
- August 28 - Jack Black, American actor

September


- September 2 - Cedric "K-Ci" Hailey, American singer
- September 5 - Dweezil Zappa, American actor and musician
- September 9 - Rachel Hunter, New Zealand model and actress
- September 13 - Shane Warne, Australian cricketer
- September 24 - Donald DeGrate, Jr., American music producer
- September 25 - Hansie Cronje, South African cricketer (d. 2002)
- September 25 - Hal Sparks, American actor and comedian
- September 25 - Catherine Zeta-Jones, Welsh actress

October


- October 1 - Igor Ulanov, Russian hockey player
- October 3 - Gwen Stefani, American singer (No Doubt)
- October 8 - Julia Ann, American porn actress
- October 10 - Brett Favre, American football player
- October 13 - Nancy Kerrigan, American figure skater
- October 14 - David Strickland, American actor (d. 1999)
- October 17 - Ernie Els, South African golfer
- October 19 - Trey Parker, American television producer
- October 20 - Juan Gonzalez, baseball player
- October 30 - Clay Enos, American photographer

November


- November 4 - Matthew McConaughey, American actor
- November 7 - Michelle Clunie, American actress
- November 7 - Hélène Grimaud, French pianist
- November 7 - Bryant H. McGill, American poet
- November 11 - Carson Kressley, American fashion expert
- November 12 - Heinz-Christian Strache, Austrian politician
- November 17 - Jean-Michel Saive, Belgian table tennis player
- November 18 - Sam Cassell, basketball player
- November 20 - AQi Fzono, Japanese composer
- November 21 - Ken Griffey, Jr., baseball player
- November 28 - Bosco Tesanovic, Bosco accountancy franchiser
- November 29 - Mariano Rivera, Panamanian Major League Baseball player
- November 29 - Pierre van Hooijdonk, Dutch footballer

December


- December 4 - Jennifer Unger, Public health researcher
- December 15 - Rick Law, American illustrator and producer
- December 19 - Kristy Swanson, American actress
- December 21 - Julie Delpy, French actress
- December 23 - Martha Byrne, American actress and singer
- December 28 - Linus Torvalds, Finnish computer programmer
- December 30 - Jay Kay, English singer (Jamiroquai)

Deaths

January


- January 4 - Violet and Daisy Hilton, English conjoined twin actresses (b. 1908)
- January 8 - Albert Hill, British athlete (b. 1889)
- January 19 - Jan Palach Czech student protester (suicide) (b. 1948)
- January 25 - Irene Castle, English dancer (b. 1893)
- January 29 - Allen Dulles, American director of the Central Intelligence Agency (b. 1893)
- January 30 - Georges Pire, Belgian monk, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1910)

February


- February 4 - Thelma Ritter, American actress (b. 1905)
- February 9 - Gabby Hayes, American actor (b. 1885)
- February 20 - Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (b. 1883)
- February 23 - King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)
- February 26 - Levi Eshkol, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1895)

March


- March 4 - Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film empresario (b. 1881)
- March 11 - John Wyndham, British author (b. 1903)
- March 21 - Pinky Higgins, American baseball player and manager (b. 1909)
- March 26 - John Kennedy Toole, American author (b. 1937)
- March 27 - B. Traven, German writer
- March 28 - Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States (b. 1890)

May


- May 4 - Osbert Sitwell, English writer (b. 1892)
- May 14 - Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (b. 1888)
- May 19 - Coleman Hawkins, American musician (b. 1904)

June-December


- June 21 - Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (b. 1934)
- June 22 - Judy Garland, American actress and singer (b. 1922)
- July 5, Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)
- July 18 - Mary Jo Kopechne, American campaign aide to U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy (b. 1940)
- July 24 - Witold Gombrowicz, Polish novelist and dramatist (b. 1904)
- August 9 - Cecil Frank Powell, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- August 9 - Sharon Tate, American actress (murdered) (b. 1943)
- August 17 - Otto Stern, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- August 27 - Ivy Compton-Burnett, English novelist (b. 1884)
- August 27 - Erika Mann, German writer (b. 1905)
- August 31 - Rocky Marciano, American boxer (b. 1923)
- September 2 - Ho Chi Minh, President of Vietnam (b. 1890)
- October 4 - Natalino Otto, Italian singer (b. 1912)
- October 12 - Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (b. 1912)
- October 21 - Jack Kerouac, American author (b. 1922)
- October 21 - Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (b. 1882)
- October 30 - Pops Foster, American musician
- November 12 - William F. Friedman, American cryptanalyst (b. 1891)
- November 15 - Iskander Mirza, first President of Pakistan
- November 18 - Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., American politician (b. 1888)
- December 4 - Fred Hampton, Black Panther (shot by police) (b. 1948)
- December 4 - Mark Clark, Black Panther (shot by police) (b. 1896)
- December 12 - Magic Sam, American musician (b. 1937)
- December 31 - October 16, 1921 by Walt Disney and his brother Roy O. Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, it is today the number two media company in the United States. The company's corporate headquarters are located in Burbank, California. Disney had revenues of $30.8 billion in 2004, and it is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. For much of its history, the company was known as Walt Disney Productions, Ltd., until February 6, 1986, when it was rechristened with its current name. "Disney Enterprises, Inc.," commonly seen in company legal notices, is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company.

Divisions

Disney's main operating units are Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts, Media Networks, and Consumer Products.

Studio Entertainment

Its Studio Entertainment unit, also known as The Walt Disney Studios, is headed by Chairman Dick Cook. It includes the Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group, a collection of movie studios including Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, and Hollywood Pictures. The Miramax Films and Dimension Films studios are also a part of the unit, but operate autonomously in New York. Disney's Buena Vista Music Group, which includes Walt Disney Records, Mammoth Records, Lyric Street Records, and Hollywood Records, also falls under the umbrella of The Walt Disney Studios. The unit also includes Walt Disney Theatrical and Disney's distribution companies: Buena Vista International and Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Buena Vista Home Entertainment One of the company's most successful subsidiaries is its animation studio, Walt Disney Feature Animation, responsible for producing a number of successful and influential traditionally animated features. The traditional Disney films referred to by most fans are those with which Disney took a well-known fairy tale or story and injected its own, distinctively American, style, adding popular-style songs to make them into animated musicals. The first feature length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, began this tradition in 1938. It was followed by such films as Cinderella (1950), Sleeping Beauty (1959), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Aladdin (1992). In addition to these romantic tales, Disney has dabbled in action animations, again of well-known stories, such as Peter Pan (1953), 101 Dalmations (1961), The Jungle Book (1967), and Robin Hood (1973). The traditional animated movies ended with such movies as The Lion King, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Pocahontas, Hercules and Mulan. In the aftermath of the box office failures of some of its recent animated films and the stellar successes of computer-animated films from Pixar, Disney has shifted its production from "traditional" hand-drawn animated films (which in recent years have incorporated much work done on computer) to entirely computer-animated films. The last traditionally-animated film produced by Disney was Home on the Range. Its first computer-animated film will be Chicken Little. Disney has fallen under much criticism for this change in direction, especially from fans who see the strength of a movie as its plot and its characters and not as the technology used to make it. Disney is becoming a direct competitor to Pixar in a market dominated by the latter. Disney has failed to renew its contract with Pixar to release Pixar's films under the Disney name, an arrangement which had been extremely profitable to Disney and whose termination means that Pixar is now free to pair up with a competing studio. Walt Disney Studios, the company's main film and television production facility and corporate headquarters located in Burbank, California, is the only major Hollywood film studio that has never offered tours to the public. A partial tour of the Orlando, Florida feature animation satellite studio was available to attendees of Disney-MGM Studios until 2003.

Parks and Resorts

2003 Disney operates a total of nine theme parks at the Disneyland Resort, the Walt Disney World Resort, Disneyland Resort Paris and the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. Tokyo Disney Resort in Japan is operated and owned by the Oriental Land Company with licenses from Disney, and was built by the company's Imagineers. The company also owned through Anaheim Sports, Inc. the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hockey club, which it recently agreed to sell to Broadcom executive Henry Samueli, and owned the Anaheim Angels baseball team, which was later sold to advertising magnate Arturo Moreno. Walt Disney Imagineering, Walt Disney Creative Entertainment, the Disney Cruise Line, Disney Vacation Club, and the chain of ESPN Zone sports-themed restaurants also operate as a part of the Parks & Resorts unit.

Media Networks

Its Media Networks unit is centered around the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) television network, which it acquired through a merger with Capital Cities/ABC in 1996. Disney also owns a group of cable networks including The Disney Channel, ABC Family, Toon Disney, the ESPN group and SOAPnet. Disney also holds substantial interest in Lifetime (50%), A&E (37.5%), and E! (40%). Through ABC, Disney also owns 10 local television stations, 26 local radio stations, and ESPN Radio, Radio Disney, and the ABC Radio, which carries such radio personalities as Sean Hannity and Paul Harvey and distributes news bulletins by ABC News. Buena Vista Television, which also is a part of the Media Networks unit, produces such syndicated television programs as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Live with Regis and Kelly, and Ebert & Roeper. Disney also operates its Hyperion publishing company and Walt Disney Internet Group (WDIC) through Media Networks. Hyperion has recently published books by comedian-author Steve Martin and bestselling author Mitch Albom. WDIC includes the Go.com web portal, based on the old Infoseek search engine which it purchased in 1998, and leading websites such as Disney.com, ESPN.com, and ABCNews.com.

Consumer Products

Its Consumer Products unit includes Disney's merchandising and licensing business and its Disney Publishing Worldwide group, whose imprints include Disney Editions, Hyperion Books for Children, Disney Press. It also published the Disney Adventures children's magazine. The unit once included the Disney Store chain of shopping mall locations, which it sold in 2004. It does now include Jim Henson's Muppets characters, which it purchased from The Jim Henson Company in 2004.

History

1923-1936


- 1923: The Disney Bros. Studio, founded in October 16th by brothers Walt and Roy Disney and animator Ub Iwerks, produces the Alice in Cartoonland series.
- 1925: At Walt Disney's insistence, the company is renamed Walt Disney Studios.
- 1927: The Alice series ends; Disney picks up the contract to animate Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
- 1928: Walt loses the Oswald series contract; first Mickey Mouse cartoon: Plane Crazy
- 1929: First Silly Symphony: The Skeleton Dance. On December 16, the original partnership formed in 1923 is replaced by Walt Disney Productions, Ltd. Three other companies, Walt Disney Enterprises, Disney Film Recording Company, and Liled Realty and Investment Company, are also formed.
- 1930: First appearance of Pluto
- 1932: First three-strip Technicolor short released: Flowers and Trees; first appearance of Goofy
- 1934: First appearance of Donald Duck Donald Duck

1937-1954


- 1937: Studio produces its first feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
- 1938: On September 29th, Walt Disney Enterprises, Disney Film Recording Company, and Liled Realty and Investment Company are merged into Walt Disney Productions.
- 1940: Studio moves to the Burbank, California buildings where it is located to this day
- 1941: A bitter animators' strike occurs; as the USA enters World War II, the studio begins making morale-boosting propaganda films for the government
- 1944: The company is short on cash; a theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs generates much-needed revenue and begins a reissue pattern for the animated feature films (See: List of Disney film reissues by year)
- 1945: The studio hires its first-ever live actor for a film, James Baskett, to star as Uncle Remus in Song of the South
- 1949: The studio begins production on its first all-live action feature, Treasure Island; the popular True-Life Adventures series begins
- 1952: Walt Disney forms WED Enterprises on December 16 to design his theme park.
- 1953: Walt Disney forms Retlaw Enterprises on April 6 to control the rights to his name. It will later own and operate several attractions inside Disneyland, including the Monorail and the Disneyland Railroad.
- 1954: The studio founds Buena Vista Distribution to distribute its feature films; beginning of the Disneyland TV program Disneyland

1955-1983


- 1955: Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California. Walt Disney Productions owns 34.5 percent of Disneyland, Inc. It increases its stake in 1957 to 65.5 percent, then purchases the remaining shares from ABC in 1960.
- 1961: The studio licenses the film rights to Winnie-the-Pooh, whose characters continue to be highly profitable to this day; international distribution arm Buena Vista International is established.
- 1964: The company starts buying land near Orlando, Florida for Walt Disney World (then known as Disney World or The Florida Project)
- 1965: The regular production of short subjects ceases, as theatres no longer have any demand for them. Walt Disney Productions acquires WED Enterprises.
- 1966: Official plans are announced for Disney's Mineral King Ski Resort, later canceled.
- 1966: Walt Disney dies. His brother Roy takes over.
- 1967: Construction begins on Walt Disney World; the underlying governmental structure (see Reedy Creek Improvement District) is signed into law.
- 1971: The Walt Disney World Resort opens in Orlando, Florida; Roy Oliver Disney dies; Donn Tatum becomes chairman and Card Walker becomes president.
- 1977: Roy Edward Disney, son of Roy and nephew of Walt, resigns from the company citing a decline in overall product quality and issues with management.
- 1978: The studio licenses several minor titles to MCA Discovision for laserdisc release; only TV compilations of cartoons ever see the light of day through this deal.
- 1979: Don Bluth and a number of his allies leave the animation division; the studio releases its first PG-rated film, The Black Hole
- 1980: Tom Wilhite becomes head of the film division with the intent of modernizing studio product; a home video division is created
- 1981: Plans for a cable network are announced.
- 1982: EPCOT Center opens at Walt Disney World; Walt Disney's son-in-law Ron W. Miller succeeds Card Walker as CEO
- 1983: As the anthology series is canceled, The Disney Channel begins operation on US cable systems; Tom Wilhite resigns his post; Tokyo Disneyland opens in Japan

1984-present


- 1984: Touchstone Pictures is created; after the studio narrowly escapes a buyout attempt by Saul Steinberg, Roy Edward Disney and his business partner, Stanley Gold, remove Ron W. Miller as CEO and president, replacing him with Michael Eisner and Frank Wells. The Walt Disney Black Diamond Classics video series is created.
- 1985: The studio begins making cartoons for television beginning with Adventures of the Gummi Bears and The Wuzzles ; The home video release of Pinocchio is a best-seller.
- 1986: The studio's first R-rated release comes from Touchstone Pictures; the anthology series is revived; the company's name is changed from Walt Disney Productions to The Walt Disney Company.
- 1987: The company and the French government sign an agreement for the creation of the first Disney Resort in Europe: the Euro Disney project starts.
- 1989: Disney offers a deal to buy Jim Henson's Muppets and have the famed puppeteer work with Disney resources; the Disney-MGM Studios open at Walt Disney World.
- 1990: Jim Henson's death sours the deal to buy his holdings; the anthology series canceled for second time.
- 1992: The controversial Euro Disney Resort opens outside Paris, France.
- 1993: Disney acquires independent film distributor Miramax Films; Winnie the Pooh merchandise outsells Mickey Mouse merchandise for the first time; the policy of periodic theatrical re-issues ends with this year's re-issue of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs but is augmented for video.
- 1994: Frank Wells is killed in a helicopter crash; Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns to co-found his own studio, DreamWorks SKG.
- 1994: Plans for Disney's America, a historical theme park in Haymarket, Virginia, are abruptly dropped. No explanation is given, and Disney announces a search for an alternate location.
- 1994: Euro Disneyland is renamed Disneyland Paris. The Classics line is unofficially cancelled and replaced with the Masterpiece Collection.
- 1995: In October, the company hires Hollywood super agent, Michael Ovitz, to be president.
- 1996: The company takes on the Disney Enterprises name for non-Walt Disney branded ventures and acquires the Capital Cities/ABC group, renaming it ABC, Inc. In December, Michael Ovitz, president of the company, leaves "by mutual consent." To celebrate the pairing, ABC's first Super Soap Weekend is held at Walt Disney World.
- 1997: The anthology series is revived again; the home video division releases its first DVDs.
- 1998: Disney's Animal Kingdom opens at Walt Disney World.
- 2000: Robert Iger becomes president and COO. Disney begins their Gold Classic Collection DVD line, replacing their Masterpiece Collection series.
- 2001: Disney-owned TV channels are pulled from Time Warner Cable briefly during a dispute over carriage fees; Disney's California Adventure and Tokyo DisneySea open to the public; Disney begins releasing Walt Disney Treasures DVD box sets for the collector's market. Disney buys Fox Family for $3 billion in July, giving Disney programming and cable network reaching 81 million homes.
- 2002: Walt Disney Studios open near Disneyland Paris (renamed Disneyland Park). The entire area is now called Disneyland Resort Paris. Disney finishes negotions to acquire Saban Entertainment, owner of children's entertainment juggernaut Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Subsidary Miramax acquires the USA rights to the Pokemon movies starting with the fourth movie.
- 2003: Roy E. Disney resigns as the chairman of Feature Animation and from the board of directors, citing similar reasons to those that drove him off 26 years earlier; fellow director Stanley Gold resigns with him; they establish "Save Disney" to apply public pressure to oust Michael Eisner. He will end his campaign against Eisner and rejoin the company as a consultant in July 2005. Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl becomes the first film released under the Disney label with a PG-13 rating. PG-13]
- 2004: Comcast makes a hostile bid for the company, CEO Michael Eisner is replaced by George J. Mitchell as chairman of the board as a 43% vote of no confidence, The Muppets become Disney property and Disney turn down distributing Fahrenheit 9/11 which ends up making $100 million. On February 17, 2004, Disney buys the Muppets (excluding the Sesame Street characters).
- 2005: Disneyland celebrates its 50th birthday on July 17. Hong Kong Disneyland officially opens on September 12. Robert A. Iger replaces Michael Eisner as CEO on October 1. Also on October 1, Miramax co-founders Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein leave the company to form their own studio. Most recent financial statements [http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=DIS&annual Income Statement] [http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=DIS&annual Balance Sheet] [http://finance.yahoo.com/q/cf?s=DIS&annual Cash Flow] Annual reports [http://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?type=10-k&dateb=&owner=include&action=getcompany&CIK=0001001039 1996-2004]

Management, 1923-present

Current board of directors


- John Bryson
- John S. Chen
- Roy E. Disney (Director Emeritus; non-voting)
- Judith Estrin
- Robert Iger
- Fred Langhammer
- Aylwin Lewis
- Monica Lozano
- Robert Matschullat
- George J. Mitchell
- Leo O'Donovan
- John E. Pepper, Jr. (beginning 1 January 2006)
- Orin C. Smith (beginning 1 January 2006)
- Gary L. Wilson

Current division heads


- Walt Disney International - Andy Bird
- Walt Disney Parks and Resorts - Jay Rasulo
- Walt Disney Studios - Richard Cook
- Buena Vista Music Group - Bob Cavallo
- Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group - Nina Jacobson
- ESPN - George W. Bodenheimer
- Consumer Products - Andrew P. Mooney
- Walt Disney Feature Animation - David Stainton
- Disney-ABC Television Group - Anne Sweeney
- Walt Disney Imagineering - Don Goodman
- Walt Disney Creative Entertainment - Anne Hamburger
- Walt Disney Theatrical - Thomas Schumacher

Disney Chairmen of the Board


- 1945-1960: Walt Disney
- 1964-1971: Roy O. Disney
- 1971-1980: Donn Tatum
- 1980-1983: E. Cardon Walker
- 1983-1984: Raymond Watson
- 1984-2004: Michael Eisner
- 2004-present: George J. Mitchell

Disney CEOs


- 1968-1971: Roy O. Disney
- 1971-1976: Donn Tatum
- 1976-1983: E. Cardon Walker
- 1983-1984: Ron W. Miller
- 1984-2005: Michael Eisner
- 2005-present: Robert Iger

Disney Presidents


- 1940-1945: Walt Disney
- 1945-1966: Roy O. Disney
- 1966-1971: Donn Tatum
- 1971-1977: E. Cardon Walker
- 1977-1984: Ron W. Miller
- 1984-1994: Frank Wells
- 1994-1995: Michael Eisner
- 1995-1997: Michael Ovitz
- 2000-Present: Robert Iger

Disney COOs


- 1968-1977: E. Cardon Walker
- 1977-1983: Ron W. Miller
- 1984-1994: Frank Wells
- 2000-2005: Robert Iger

See also


- Notable feature films released under the Walt Disney name
-