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KXJB

KXJB

KXJB is a television station based in Fargo, North Dakota. Catamount Broadcasting owns the signal licence, as per buyout agreement. North Dakota Television, LLC, a holding company of Wicks Media Group, owns operation rights. It broadcasts over a large area, including eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. The station is affiliated with the Columbia Broadcasting System and broadcasts on channel 4 (digital 38). For many years, it was co-owned with the KX Television network in western North Dakota. The KXJB-TV mast is the second tallest man-made structure on Earth. Only the KVLY-TV mast is taller.

External link

- [http://www.kx4.com KXJB website]
- Category:CBS network affiliates

Fargo, North Dakota

Fargo is a United States city located in the state of North Dakota. It is the county seat of Cass County. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 90,599 which makes it the largest city in North Dakota. It has a twin city, Moorhead, Minnesota. The larger Fargo-Moorhead area also encompasses the communities of West Fargo, North Dakota and Dilworth, Minnesota. The city of Fargo is the crossroads and economic center of a large portion of eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. Fargo is a retail, manufacturing, healthcare, and educational hub for the region. Fargo is home to North Dakota State University (NDSU). The local newspaper is The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead.

Geography

The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead Fargo is located at 46°52'17" North, 96°48'31" West (46.871414, -96.808658). Fargo sits on the western bank of the Red River of the North in a very flat region known as the Red River Valley. The Red River Valley was once a part of glacial Lake Agassiz, which drained away about 9,300 years ago. The lake sediments deposited from Lake Agassiz made the land around Fargo some of the richest in the world for agricultural uses. Early settlers sometimes called the Red River Valley a new "Garden of Eden" According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 98.3 km² (37.9 mi²). 98.3 km² (37.9 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

History

The area that is present day Fargo was an early stopping point for steamboats floating down the Red River during the 1870s and 1880s. The city of Fargo was originally named "Centralia." The city was then renamed to "Fargo". This was in honor of Northern Pacific Railway director and Wells Fargo Express Company founder William Fargo. The area started to flourish after the arrival of the railroad and the city became known as the "Gateway to the West". During the 1880s, Fargo became the "divorce capital" of the Midwest due to very lenient divorce laws. A major fire struck the city on June 7, 1893. The proprietor of a grocery store accidentally started the blaze as she emptied ashes behind her store on a windy day. The fire destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses. However, Fargo was quickly rebuilt with new buildings made of brick, new streets, and a water system. North Dakota State University was founded in 1890 as North Dakota's land-grant university. It was first called the "North Dakota State College of Agriculture." Fargo-Moorhead boomed after World War II and the city grew rapidly. The coming of the two Interstates (I-29 and I-94) revolutionized travel in the region and pushed growth of Fargo to the south and west of the city limits. In 1972, the West Acres Shopping Center was constructed near the intersection of the two Interstates. This mall would become the catalyst for retail growth in the area. It would also spell the beginning of a time of decline for the downtown area of Fargo. In recent years, Fargo has seen dramatic growth both in population and economic activity. Several businesses now have major operations in the community including Microsoft. The city's major retail districts on the outskirts are booming, but so is the downtown area due, at least in part, to investments made by the city and private developers. From the late 1990s onward, Fargo has consistently had one of the lowest unemployment rates of any Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States. This, coupled with Fargo's low crime rate and the plentiful supply of affordable housing in the community, has prompted Money magazine to rank the city near the top of its annual list of America's most livable cities throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Law and government

Fargo uses the city commission style of local government. Four commissioners and a mayor are elected at large. The current mayor of Fargo is Bruce Furness, a Republican. The Fargo City Commission meets every two weeks in its chambers above the Fargo Civic Center. The meetings are broadcast on a local cable channel.

Economy

The economy of the Fargo area has historically been dependant on agriculture. That dominance has decreased substantially in recent decades. Now, the city of Fargo has a growing economy based on food processing, manufacturing, technology, retail trade, higher education, and healthcare. The largest non-governmental employers in the city include MeritCare Health System, Blue Cross/Blue Shield, US Bank, and Microsoft. North Dakota State University is the largest governmental employer in the city.

Education

The Fargo Public Schools system operates fifteen elementary schools, three middle schools, and two high schools. The system also offers an alternative high school. Fargo has two parochial schools: Oak Grove Lutheran High School and Shanley Catholic High School.

Higher education

Fargo is home to North Dakota State University (NDSU). NDSU has over 12,000 students and is the second largest school in the North Dakota University System (only the University of North Dakota (UND) in Grand Forks is larger). NDSU was founded in 1890 primarily as an agricultural school, but has since branched out to cover many other fields of study. NDSU is also a major research institute. Together, NDSU and UND make up the Red River Valley Research Corridor. The athletic teams at NDSU are known as The Bison. The athletic teams at NDSU have recently gone a transition from NCAA Division II to NCAA Division I. The transition sparked much controversy and debate when proposed, in part because NDSU's historic rival, UND, has not made such a similar move. This has, at least temporarily, ended the athletic rivalry between the two schools.

Recreation

The Fargo Park District operates many neighborhood parks throughout the city. The Park District also has several golf courses including Edgewood (18-hole), Rose Creek (18-hole), El Zagal (9-hole), Prairiewood (9-hole), and the new Osgood course (9-hole).

Culture

Contrary to popular belief, Fargo offers a rather extensive lineup of cultural offerings. This is due, in part, to the presence of three universities in the metropolitan area. The Plains Art Museum is the largest museum of art in the state. It is located in downtown Fargo and features regional and national exhibits. It also houses a large permanent collection of art. The Fargo Theatre is a restored 1937 Art Deco movie house that features first-run movies, film festivals, and other community events. The Fargodome routinely plays host to traveling companies of Broadway musicals.

Media

Print

The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead is the city's major newspaper. The High Plains Reader, an independent weekly publication, also operates in the community. The Spectrum is a publication made by students of North Dakota State University.

Television

Fargo is served by local affiliates for the four major networks: ABC (WDAY), CBS (KXJB), NBC (KVLY), and Fox (KVRR). Prairie Public Television is also based in Fargo where it can be seen locally on KFME.

Transportation

Fargo is a major transportation hub for the surrounding region. It sits at the crossroads of two major highways and is the home of the busiest airport in the state.

Airport

Fargo is served by Hector International Airport. Though its name says so, the airport does not offer international service, even to neighboring Canada. Hector has the longest public runway in the state and has scheduled passenger flights to Minneapolis, Chicago, Denver, and Las Vegas. The "Happy Hooligans", an F-16 Air National Guard unit, is also located at Hector.

Highways

The city sits at the intersection of Interstate 29 and Interstate 94. U.S. Highway 81 and U.S. Highway 10 also run through the community.

Railroads

Several railways run through the metropolitan area and Amtrak service is provided via the Empire Builder passenger train.

Public transit

Inside the metropolitan area, a public bus service named Metro Area Transit (MAT) operates several routes. Greyhound Lines, Jefferson Lines and Rimrock Stages Trailways bus services also link Fargo to other communities.

Street system

The street system of Fargo is structured in the class grid pattern. Routes that run from north to south are called streets, and routes that run from east to west are called avenues.

Major routes

East-West routes (listed from north to south):
- 19th Avenue North
- 12th Avenue North
- NP Avenue
- Main Avenue
- 13th Avenue South
- Interstate 94
- 32nd Avenue South
- 52nd Avenue South North-South routes (listed from east to west):
- Elm Street
- Broadway
- 10th Street
- University Drive
- 25th Street
- Interstate 29
- 42nd Street
- 45th Street

Sites of interest

Arenas and auditoriums

- Fargodome - (1800 North University Drive) An indoor arena located on the NDSU campus. It plays host to all NDSU home football games and is also used for concerts and trade shows.
- Reineke Fine Arts Center - (12th Avenue North and Bolley Drive) Located on the NDSU campus. The University uses the center for concerts, theatrical presentations, and other events.
- Fargo Civic Center - (207 4th Street North) An indoor arena used to host trade shows, sporting events, meetings, community events, concerts, and disaster relief.
- Coliseum - (807 17th Avenue North) A multi-purpose ice facility used for the Fargo high schools in addition to figure skating and hockey play.

Museums

- Bonanzaville, USA - (1351 Main Avenue, West Fargo) A "village" made up of many historic buildings from the region. Includes a church, school building, and log cabins. It is named after the historic bonanza farms of the area. Open May-October.
- The Children's Museum at Yunker Farm - (1201 28th Avenue North) Provides many exhibits and "hands-on" participation for children. Open year-round.
- Fargo Air Museum - (1609 19th Avenue North) Features aircraft from World War II and beyond. Also hosts traveling exhibits.
- Plains Art Museum - (704 1st Avenue North) A large art museum located in a historic downtown building. Features regional and national exhibits.
- Roger Maris Museum - (West Acres Shopping Center) A small museum located in a wing of the mall. Features memorabilia and a video presentation about the New York Yankees player.

Theaters

- Fargo-Moorhead Community Theatre - (333 4th Street South) FMCT presents comedies, dramas, youth shows, and musicals in a theatre located in Island Park south of downtown.
- Fargo Theatre - (314 Broadway) A 1937 Art Deco movie theatre. Presents films (classic and current), live productions, and other events.
- Main Avenue Theatre - (716 Main Avenue) Hosts live productions by local independant theater companies Theatre B and the Tin Roof Theatre Company and other events.

Misc. attractions

- Newman Outdoor Field - (1515 15th Avenue North) Home of the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks (an independent professional baseball team that is part of the Northern League).
- North Dakota Horse Park - (5100 19th Avenue North) Features live racing and betting.
- Red River Zoo - (4220 21st Avenue Southwest) A 30-acre zoo that features 80 species of animals. Also includes a restored 1928 carousel.
- Fargo Outdoor Skate Park - (4th Street) Outdoor skate park located at the Dike West.

Notable natives and associated people

carousel
- Shannon Curfman - blues guitarist and singer
- Charlie Korsmo - film actor
- Jonny Lang - blues guitarist and singer
- Roger Maris - former New York Yankees baseball player
- Aloisius Joseph Muench - Bishop of Fargo
- Collin Peterson - United States Representative from Minnesota
- Ed Schultz - host of The Ed Schultz Show on the Air America Radio network
- Bobby Vee - pop music singer from 1960s

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 90,599 people, 39,268 households, and 20,733 families residing in the city. The population density is 922.0/km² (2,388.2/mi²). There are 41,200 housing units at an average density of 419.3/km² (1,086.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 94.17% White, 1.02% African American, 1.24% Native American, 1.64% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. 1.29% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. The top 6 ancestry groups in the city are German (40.6%), Norwegian (35.9%), Irish (8.6%), Swedish (6.5%), English (5.2%), French (4.7%). There are 39,268 households out of which 26.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% are married couples living together, 7.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.2% are non-families. 34.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.20 and the average family size is 2.91. In the city the population is spread out with 21.1% under the age of 18, 19.2% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $35,510, and the median income for a family is $50,486. Males have a median income of $31,968 versus $22,264 for females. The per capita income for the city is $21,101. 11.8% of the population and 6.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 10.8% of those under the age of 18 and 7.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

- [http://ci.fargo.nd.us/ City of Fargo official website]
- [http://www.fargo-history.com/ History of Fargo] - website detailing history of Fargo
- [http://trishymouse.net/fargo/index.htm Downtown Fargo History] - website devoted to the history of downtown Fargo
- [http://www.lileks.com/fargo/indexx.html James Lilek's Fargo] - website with many pictures of historic Fargo
- [http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/fargo_geology/ Fargo, North Dakota Geology] - website about the geology of the Fargo area Category:Major cities in North Dakota Category:Cities in North Dakota Category:Cass County, North Dakota Category:Fargo-Moorhead

Minnesota

Minnesota is the 32nd state of the United States, having joined the Union on May 11, 1858. Its name is from the Dakota people's name for the Minnesota River, mini sota, variously translated "smoky-white water" or "sky-tinted water." The state's name is abbreviated MN or Minn. Minnesota is the largest state by land area in the Midwestern United States and is in the sub-region known as the Upper Midwest. The most significant metropolitan area is known as the Twin Cities, which contains more than half the state's population. The Twin Cities refer to the state's most populous cities- Minneapolis and Saint Paul, along with multiple "rings" of suburbs. The state is a major food producer for the country, and has a number of natural resources that have been greatly exploited in the last two centuries. The USS Minnesota was named in honor of this state, as was the SS Gopher State. Other nicknames for the state include The Land of 10,000 Lakes and the North Star State.

History

Main article: History of Minnesota

History prior to joining the United States

Before European colonization, the area now known as Minnesota was inhabited by Native Americans, in particular the Ojibwe (Chippewa, Anishinaabe) and Dakota, although the Winnebago also had a presence in the southeastern part of the state. In this time, the economy originally consisted of hunter-gatherer activities, which changed over time as Europeans settled in the area and further exploited the state's natural resources. Before the arrival of Dakota and Ojibwe, Cheyenne and Gros Ventre also made their home in Minnesota. According to local tradition, the first European visitors were Swedish and Norwegian Vikings in the 14th century. The evidence for this is largely based on the controversial Kensington Runestone, which many historians consider to be an elaborate hoax. Some say that the earliest European settlement was in the area of the current city of Stillwater, on the St. Croix River, though many histories focus on the military settlement that took place farther west. Fort Snelling, located at the confluence of the Minnesota River and the Mississippi River, was one of the earliest U.S. military presences in the state. It is now a historic site.

Joining the United States

Much of the state was purchased from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase, although the exact definition of that land was not assessed for many years afterward. Parts were also considered to be in the Northwest Territory and Ruperts Land. Minnesota Territory was carved out of Iowa Territory on March 3, 1849, but it was not coextensive with the present state, since the area included what later became the territory of Dakota (which later still became the states of North Dakota and South Dakota). The eastern half of the territory of Minnesota became the country's 32nd state—after California—on May 11, 1858.

Culture

Stereotypical Minnesotan traits include Lutheranism, "Minnesota nice," "hot dish (a Minnesotan term for casserole)," lutefisk (a pungent preparation of fish from a Norwegian recipe that includes soaking in lye), very close family ties (and a strong sense of duty to their families, healthy and dysfunctional alike), a strong sense of community and shared culture with many other Minnesotans instead of just with one's town or city, Minnesota's rather unique form of Upper Midwest American English (including Scandinavian-sounding words like "uff-da"), and a distinctive type of upper Midwestern accent, though most Minnesotans deny having any regional accent. However, due to the increase of migrants from throughout the United States (many originating from the West Coast and the Chicago metropolitan area ) and the rise of immigration of Hmong, Vietnamese, Somalis and other East Africans, Liberians, Kenyans, Nigerians, Russians, Eastern Europeans and Latin Americans (mostly Mexicans), many cultures in the state are slowly blending together and slowing changing the culture of the state similar to what European immigrants to Minnesota had done in the mid 19th Century to early 20th Century. Native Americans have a moderate presence in Minnesota, and some tribes operate casinos which have been said to be among the most profitable in the country. The earliest European exploration and settlement was by the French, and settlement from Scandinavian countries along with Germany followed. The Métis people, a mixed French and Native American culture, were a presence in the early state and territorial days, but largely moved north into Canada. Minnesota is not strongly associated with any particular food, though in recent years dishes like wild rice sausage have come from the state and more will undoubtedly follow as Minnesotan chefs seek to define their home in the culinary world. Modern immigrants have come from all over the world in recent decades, with Hmong, Somali, Vietnamese, Indians, Middle Easterners, and the former Soviet bloc all being well-represented. Some Chinese and Japanese have had long presences in the state as well. Mexicans are a growing force, as they are across the U.S. Many modern immigrants are attracted by the state's historically strong commitments toward education and social services and many come sponsored and assisted by congregations committed to service and social justice. Outdoor activities are major parts of the lives of many Minnesotans, including hunting and fishing. Unique activities include ice fishing, which was popular with the early Scandinavian immigrants. Families frequently own or share cabins on central and northern tracts of land in forests and adjoining lakes, and weekend trips out to these properties are common. The 71 state parks which protect diverse landscapes in a state of nature are quite popular. A concern for environmentalism is shared by most state residents in one form or another, vegans and hunters alike. As with other northwoods states (such as Wisconsin and Michigan), residents like to joke that the mosquito is the state bird. The state bird is actually the common loon (Gavia immer, also called the Great northern diver), whose distinctive cry can often be heard by campers in the northern part of the state and can even on occasion be found as far south as Minneapolis. Minnesota is known for active yet quirky politics, with populism being a long-standing force among all of the political parties that call the state home. Minnesota politics include such oddities as a professional wrestler turned governor and a protestor turned crowd-surfing mayor. 77.3% of eligible Minnesotans voted in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, the highest of any U.S. state. Political conservatism is less strongly linked to church attendance in most of Minnesota than in other parts of the country, perhaps a reflection of the strong mainline Protestant and Roman Catholic following.

Law and government

As in the national government of the United States, power in Minnesota is divided into three main branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Tim Pawlenty, a Republican, whose term began 6 January, 2003. The current lieutenant governor of Minnesota is Carol Molnau. Molnau also currently serves as the head of the Minnesota Department of Transportation. Both the governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various government agencies in the state, called commissioners. The full list of governors, and the dates they took office, is available at List of Governors of Minnesota. The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 67 districts, each covering about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives (each district being divided into A and B subsections). Senators serve for four years, and representatives serve for two years. In the November 2004 election, the Republican Party retained control of the Minnesota House of Representatives by a single seat (68-66), having lost a total of 13 seats. The Minnesota Senate is controlled by the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). After picking up one seat in a local special election on 16 November, 2005, the DFL controls the senate by six seats (36-30-1). There is one Independence Party state senator, former Republican Sheila Kiscaden (IP-Rochester) who caucuses with the DFL. As a result of its liberal and populist political culture throughout much of the latter half of the 20th century, Minnesota has voted for Democrats for president longer than any other state (excluding the District of Columbia), since 1976. Minnesota and the District of Columbia were the only electoral votes not won by incumbent Republican president Ronald Reagan, voting instead for former Vice President of the United States and former U.S. Senator Walter Mondale, a Minnesota native. In 2004, John Kerry narrowly won the state's 10 electoral votes by a margin of three percentage points with 51.1% of the vote. Republican strength is greatest in southern Minnesota and the suburbs of Minneapolis, especially in the area west of the city, and in developing outer suburban communities. Democrats hold tremendous strength in Minneapolis/St. Paul proper and in the Iron Range of northeastern Minnesota, including Duluth. The state also enjoys a strong and active third party movement. The Reform Party was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park, and former wrestling superstar Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998, however Ventura left the Reform Party in 2000 when Pat Buchanan took control. Ventura maintained close ties to the Independence Party, but chose not to seek reelection. In 2002 the Independence Party ran former democratic congressman Tim Penny in an unsuccessful bid for the governorship. Penny earned over 20% of the vote. The states Green Party has elected several city councilmembers and other local office-holders in Duluth, Minneapolis and Winona, and has made strong runs for state legislature during the past two election cycles. In 2000, Green Party candidate Ralph Nader received just over 5% of the presidential votes cast, gaining Major Party Status for the Green Party of Minnesota. Minnesota's court system has three levels:
- Trial courts. The state is split into 10 judicial districts, with 257 judges. Most state cases start in the trial courts.
- Minnesota Court of Appeals. This body hears appeals on cases tried in the trial courts. There are 16 judges, who divide into three-judge panels to hear appeals in courts across the state.
- Minnesota Supreme Court. The seven justices on the Supreme Court hear appeals from the Court of Appeals, the Tax Court, and the Worker's Compensation Court. The court automatically reviews first-degree murder convictions, and settles disputes over legislative elections. The state has two special courts created by state law as executive-branch agencies:
- The Tax Court deals with non-criminal tax cases across the state. It has three judges appointed by the governor to six-year terms, following approval from the state Senate
- The Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals deals with cases involving worker injuries referred to it on appeal, or transferred from district court. It has five judges appointed by the governor to six-year terms, following approval from the state Senate Federal cases are heard in the federal district courts in Minneapolis, St. Paul, or Duluth. Minnesota is part of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, which is based in St. Louis, Missouri. Appeals beyond this level go to the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C.. In addition to the standard city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota also has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Some actions in the Twin Cities metropolitan area are coordinated by the Metropolitan Council, and many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts. See also: List of political parties in Minnesota External links: [http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/cco/rules/mncon/preamble.htm Hyperlinked state constitution], [http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/cco/rules/mncon/mncon.htm full text of state constitution]

Geography

List of political parties in Minnesota See: List of Minnesota counties Minnesota covers 79,610 square miles (2.25% of the United States). It is famous for its lakes, having in excess of 15,000, depending on the source of the count. Much of the state is flat, having been eroded during repeated glacial periods (most recently the Wisconsin Glacier). However, the extreme southeastern portion of the state is part of the Driftless Zone, which was not glaciated, and it is here that Lake Pepin and the rugged high bluffs of the Mississippi River are found. In addition, the Iron Range and other low mountains are found in the northeastern part of the state. The Minnesota portion of Lake Superior is the largest body of water in the state. Minnesota is home to many areas of park land, to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW), as well as a number of state and county parks, most notably Itasca State Park, the official source of the Mississippi River. After its rivers and lakes, Minnesota's most prominent physical feature is the Iron Range. This is a range of low mountains that run across the northern part of the state. It is called the Iron Range because when discovered, it had some of the largest deposits of iron ore in the country. Although the high-grade iron ore was mostly mined out during World War II, taconite is still mined across the Iron Range. The state is bordered on the north by Canada (Manitoba and Ontario), on the east by Wisconsin and Lake Superior, on the south by Iowa, and on the west by North Dakota and South Dakota. In addition, Minnesota shares a water boundary with Michigan. Minnesota is the northernmost of the 48 contiguous states (Alaska reaches significantly farther north), reaching to 49° 23' 04" north latitude, due to a small piece of the state known as the Northwest Angle. Minnesota sits at a convergence point between three of the great biomes of North America: the Great Plains of the west, the Eastern Deciduous Forest, and the Northern Boreal Forest of Canada. Traversing the state from southwest to northeast, one goes through the three different ecological regions. The capital is St. Paul, which sits on the Mississippi River next to Minnesota's largest city, Minneapolis. Together (and with surrounding suburbs), they are known as the Twin Cities. Other prominent cities include Duluth, St. Cloud, Mankato, Rochester (home of the world-famous Mayo Clinic), and Bloomington (home to the Mall of America). The state's average elevation is 1,200 feet (366 m), with a high point at Eagle Mountain (Minnesota) (2,301 ft or 701 m) and a low at the surface of Lake Superior (602 ft or 183 m). Aside from a few very minor earthquakes, Minnesota is one of the most geologically-stable regions in the country. The biggest earthquake in the last century occurred near Morris in 1975 and rated between 4.6 and 4.8 in magnitude. Temperatures can reach extremes in Minnesota. The northern part of the state is famously cold in winter, with a record low of -60 °F (-51 °C) measured at Tower, MN on February 2, 1996. Surprisingly, due to the flows of the jet stream, parts of Alaska often see relatively warm temperatures when Minnesota is experiencing extreme cold. Additionally, as part of the Great Plains region, the state also experiences warm summers. A record high of 114 °F (45.5 °C) was reached in both 1917 and 1936. The average temperature in January (the coldest month) is 11.2 °F (-11.5 °C), and the average in the warmest month, July, is 73.1 °F (22.8 °C); averages are cooler in the north and warmer in the south. The average annual precipitation is 28.32 inches (719 mm), with a snowfall figure of 49.6 inches (126 cm).

Economy

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Minnesota's total state product in 2003 was $211 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $34,031, 10^th in the nation. The average household income in 1999 was approximately $48,000, ranking eighth in the nation (U.S. Census Bureau). The county averages range from $17,369 (Todd County) to $42,313 (Hennepin County, a portion of the Metro area). In general, salaries are lowest in more rural areas, particularly in the northwest portion of the state.

Major industries/products

The Twin Cities are home to a diverse range of major businesses, including Cargill, 3M Co. (formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.), Northwest Airlines, Target Corporation, U.S. Bancorp, Thrivent Financial for Lutherans (the merged entity of the former Aid Association for Lutherans and Lutheran Brotherhood), Medtronic, Ecolab, Best Buy, Cray Computers, Imation, International Dairy Queen, Regis Corporation, General Mills and a regional headquarters of Wells Fargo & Co., Caterpillar Inc. and Honeywell. The city of Rochester is the headquarters of the Mayo Clinic, and has a significant manufacturing presence in International Business Machines. The largest shopping mall in the United States, the Mall of America, is located in Bloomington. The Schwan Food Company, headquartered in Marshall, Minn., is one of the largest, branded frozen-food companies in the United States and the second-largest privately-held corporation in Minnesota. The state has been a major influence in the area of transportation, moving products along the Mississippi River, in and out of the inland seaport of Duluth, along railroads that crisscross the state, via highways with trucking and busing companies, and through the air with a major airline hub. However, water- and rail-borne traffic has been declining steadily over the years. A large proportion of the state's economy is still agricultural, even though only a small percentage of the population (around 2%) consider themselves to be farmers. Additionally, northern Minnesota is a source for iron ore and wood products, though these are both declining industries. The agricultural community is also strongly tied to the renewable energy market in the state.

Energy use and production

A fair amount of ethanol alcohol fuel is produced in the state, and a 10% mix of ethanol into consumer gasoline has been mandated since 1997 (as of 2004, Minnesota is the only U.S. state with such a mandate). A 2% biodiesel blend has also been required in diesel fuel since 2005. Many farmers also now operate wind turbines to produce electricity, particularly in the windy southwest region. As of January 2005, the state is the country's fourth-largest wind energy producer after California, Texas, and Iowa, with 615 megawatts installed and 213 MW planned [http://www.awea.org/projects/]. Like many Midwestern states, Minnesota is heavily dependent on natural gas for home heating. Just over two-thirds of homes use the fuel. The state doesn't produce any petroleum of its own, but boasts the largest oil refinery of any non-oil-producing state, the Pine Bend Refinery. One of the longest pipelines in the world, the Lakehead Pipeline, also traverses northern Minnesota. Most of the petroleum used in the state comes from Canada and the northwestern United States.

State taxes

Minnesota is regarded as a high-tax state by some. It has an income and sales tax, as well as levying taxes on a common range of goods such as tobacco, gasoline, and alcohol. The state does not charge sales tax on clothing, services (massages, haircuts, auto work, etc), or food] items, excluding some specific items such as [[candy]]. According to state law, "Candy does not include any preparation containing [[flour and must require no refrigeration." ([http://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/data/revisor/statutes/2005/297A/61.html Minn Stat 297A.66 Subd 33]) Minnesota businesses and individuals paid an average of 11.8% of their income in state and local taxes in 1998, down from 12.7% in 1996 (Minnesota Department of Revenue). The Gross State Product was just under $173 billion in 1999 (Northeast Midwest Institute), with approximately $17.5 billion in exports in 2000. Retail sales per capita were $10,260 in 1997, higher than the U.S. average of $9,190 (U.S. Census Bureau). The "retail capital" of the state is probably the Twin Cities suburb of Roseville, which recorded $14,870 per capita (though it is easily outstripped in total revenue by Minneapolis, St. Paul, Bloomington, and Edina).

Demographics

As of 2004, the state's population was estimated to be 5,100,958 (1.75% of the total national population), the population had increased 725,000 since 1990, or 16.6% (compared to 18.5% for the nation). 6.1% of Minnesota residents are foreign-born (compared to 11.1% for the nation) Most of the state's population is centered in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Race
The racial makeup of the state:
- 88.2% White
- 3.5% Black
- 2.9% Hispanic
- 2.9% Asian
- 1.1% Native American
- 1.4% Mixed race

Ethnic groups/Ancestry groups

According to the 2002 U.S. Census, the largest reported ancestries are German (36.7%), Norwegian (17.2%), Irish (11.2%), and English (6.3%). More recent immigrant communities include the third-largest Hmong population in the United States (from the Laos/Thailand/Vietnam region) and the second largest urban center of Hmong population in the world (concentrated in St. Paul), and a large community of Somali refugees.

Population distribution

The population distribution by age is (Northeast Midwest Institute):
- 0-18 - 1,361,616 (27.7%)
- 19-34 - 1,068,850 (21.7%)
- 35-64 - 1,894,747 (38.6%)
- 65+ - 594,266 (12.1%)

Religion

Most Minnesotans (Nearly 6 in 10) are Protestants (mostly mainline Protestant), although there is also a moderate-sized Roman Catholic community (about one-fourth of the state population). The largest Protestant denomination in the state is Lutheranism. In recent years, new immigrants have added new religions to Minnesota, and there are now Islamic mosques, Buddhist temples, and Hindu mandirs in the state (mainly in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area), however the number of Minnesotans who adhere to non-Christian religions is still low. Religious Affiliations in Minnesota:
- Christian – 84%
- Protestant – 58%
- Lutheran – 26%
- Baptist – 5%
- Methodist – 4%
- Presbyterian – 3%
- Other Protestant – 20%
- Roman Catholic – 25%
- Other Christian – 1%
- Other religions – 1%
- Not religious/Agnostic – 15%

Education

Colleges and universities

Digital

:For other uses, see Digital (disambiguation) A digital system is one that uses numbers, especially binary numbers, for input, processing, transmission, storage, or display, rather than a continuous spectrum of values (an analog system) or non-numeric symbols such as letters or icons. The distinction of "digital" versus "analog" or "symbolic" can refer to method of input, data storage and transfer, the internal working of an instrument, and the kind of display. The word comes from the same source as the word digit and digitus: the Latin word for finger (counting on the fingers) as these are used for discrete counting. The word digital is most commonly used in computing and electronics, especially where real-world information is converted to binary numeric form as in digital audio and digital photography. Such data-carrying signals carry either one of two electronic or optical pulses, logic 1 (pulse present) or 0 (pulse absent). The term is often meant by the prefix "e-", as in e-mail and ebook, even though not all electronics systems are digital.

Digital noise

When data is transmitted using analog methods, a certain amount of noise enters into the signal. This can have myriad causes: data transmitted by radio may be received badly, suffer interference from other radio sources, or pick up background radio noise from the rest of the universe. Electric pulses being sent down wires are attenuated by the resistance of the wire, and dispersed by its capacitance, and heat variations can increase or reduce these effects. While digital transmissions are also degraded, any slight variations can be safely ignored. Any variance could provide a great amount of distortion in an analog signal. In a digital signal, these variances can be overcome, as any signal close to a particular value will be interpreted as that value. Care must be taken when connected digital and analog systems; tolerable variances for the digital part can leak into the analog part and become intolerable.

Analog, symbolic, and digital displays; ease of reading

For human readable information, digital, analog, and symbol display methods can all be useful. Should an instant impression be required, analog meters and indicator lights often give information quickly. Many people glance quickly at their analog watch and know roughly what the time is or at an automobile dashboard and know that a door is ajar. When accuracy is required, however, digital displays are preferred. Reading analog meters requires time and a little bit of skill, whereas writing down the value on a digital display is merely a case of copying down the numbers. In cases where both accuracy and quick reckoning are both required, dual displays are often used. A needle (analog) just touching onto the bottom of an orange shaded area is much different to a needle almost touching into the red area, but an indicator lamp (symbol) would just glow orange and a numeric (digital) display, although it could be colored orange, would not indicate the relative level of danger to an untrained operator.

Analog to digital conversion

:Main article: Analog-to-digital converter Converting an analog source to digital data is done with two steps: sampling, which changes the source to a series of discrete values (called samples), and quantization, which converts each sample to a number. For example, the sensor of a digital camera contains millions of sensing elements (one for each pixel). When an exposure is made, the light focused on the array is converted into millions of electric charges (sampled). These charges are then amplified and converted to numbers (quantized). The resulting digital image is then processed and stored in the camera's memory card. The samples in this case are spatial. In contrast, converting an audio source to digital requires temporal samples: it is converted to an electrical signal using a microphone, and the voltage of this signal is sampled thousands of times per second (the sampling frequency). Each sample is then quantized to form the digital audio data. Both sampling and quantization will result in a loss of data. Changes in the original data that occur between the samples will not appear in the digital data (or worse, will cause aliasing, the appearance of data not present in the original source). And while a voltage can be any of a seemingly unlimited number of values between its minimum and maximum (limited only by quantum mechanics), a digital representation using

n

bits can have only

2^n

possible values. While this information will be preserved in future transmission, the data has been lost. The amount of information that can be stored in a digital representation is called its resolution. And since the conversion to digital is a two step process, there are two types of resolution: sampling resolution and quantization resolution. Sampling resolution can be either spatial (expressed in pixels per inch) or temporal (expressed as samples per second) or both (for example, a video). Quantization resolution is usually expressed as the number of bits used to represent each sample and is thus often called the bit depth or (for pictures) the color depth. The best resolution for a given set of digital data depends on the processing it will undergo and its ultimate purpose. For example, compact discs use a sampling resolution of 44,100 samples/second, which is sufficient for audio in the range of human hearing. Most digital photographs use a bit depth of 8 bits/color, which produces more colors than the human eye can discern. However many photographers use camera raw with 12 bits/color to allow for more accuracy during processing before producing a final photograph at 8 bits/color for display or printing. Scientific photography may also require greater bit depth. If sufficient resolution is used, the data loss caused by the conversion to digital is offset by the accuracy of digital processing. When analog signals are transmitted and stored, accuracy is lost due to noise and distortion. So neither digital nor analog offer perfect fidelity; resolution is sacrificed for accuracy with digital and vice versa for analog. When both high resolution and high accuracy are needed, either a high resolution digital system or a high accuracy analog system must be used (with a correspondingly high cost).

Symbol to digital conversion

Since symbols are not continuous, converting symbols to digital is simpler and less prone to data loss than analog to digital conversion. Instead of sampling and quantization, similar steps are used: polling and encoding. A symbol input device usually consists of a number of switches that are polled at regular intervals to see which switches are pressed. Data will be lost if, within a single polling interval, two switches are pressed, or a switch is pressed, released, and pressed again. This polling can be done by a specialized processor in the device to prevent burdening the main CPU. When a new symbol has been entered, the device sends an interrupt to alert the CPU to read it. For devices with just a few switches (such as the buttons on a joystick), the status of each can be encoded as bits (usually 0 for released and 1 for pressed) in a single word. This is very useful when combinations of key presses are meaningful, and is sometimes used for passing the status of modifier keys on a keyboard (such as shift and control). But it does not scale to support more keys than the number of bits in a single byte or word. Devices with many switches (such as a computer keyboard) usually arrange these switches in a scan matrix, with the individual switches on the intersections of x and y lines. When a switch is pressed, it connects the corresponding x and y lines together. Polling (often called scanning in this case) is done by activating each x line in sequence and detecting which y lines then have a signal, thus which keys are pressed. When the keyboard processor detects that a key has changed state, it sends a signal to the CPU indicating the scan code of the key and its new state. The symbol is then encoded, or converted into a number, based on the status of modifier keys and the desired character encoding. Using a custom encoding for a specific application can be done with no loss of data. However, using a standard encoding such as ASCII is problematic if a symbol such as 'ß' needs to be converted but is not in the standard.

Historical digital systems

Although digital signals are generally associated with the binary electronic digital systems used in modern electronics and computing, digital systems are actually ancient, and need not be binary nor electronic.
- A beacon is perhaps the simplest non-electronic digital signal, with just two states (on and off). In particular, smoke signals are one of the oldest examples of a digital signal, where an analog "carrier" (smoke) is modulated with a blanket to generate a digital signal (puffs) that conveys information.
- DNA comprises a long sequence of four digits (denoted A, C, G, and T), effectively a base-four numeral system. (In fact, in the double helix structure, there are two strands, but one of them is never read.) Each of these digits is an organic molecule, known as a nucleotide. DNA is the major system of information transfer from one generation to another, and evolution has developed its digital properties into a robust method of communication.
- Morse code uses five digital states—dot, dash, short gap (between each letter), medium gap (between words), and long gap (between sentences)—to send messages via a variety of potential carriers such as electricity or light, for example using an electrical telegraph or a flashing light.
- Semaphore signalling uses rods or flags held in particular positions to send messages to the receiver watching them some distance away.
- International maritime signal flags have distinctive markings that represent letters of the alphabet to allow ships to send messages to each other.
- More recently invented, a modem modulates an analog "carrier" signal (such as sound) to encode binary electrical digital information, as a series of binary digital sound pulses. A slightly earlier, surprisingly reliable version of the same concept was to bundle a sequence of audio digital "signal" and "no signal" information (i.e. "sound" and "silence") on magnetic cassette tape for use with early home computers.

KXJB-TV mast

The KXJB-TV mast is a television transmitting tower in North Dakota, and at 2060 ft (628 m) it is the second-tallest artificial structure in the world, shorter by 3 ft (1 m) than the KVLY-TV mast which stands a few miles or kilometers away. Located 3.5 miles (6 km) northeast of Galesburg, North Dakota (at ), it was completed in 1966, to replace the station's previous mast, a 1,085-foot (331 m) tower 15 miles (25 km) northeast of Valley City, North Dakota which was sold to KOVC, an AM radio station. The tower has fallen and been rebuilt twice. The first collapse occurred at 9:08 A.M. February 14, 1968 when the rotor of a Marine helicopter severed some guy wires (all four aboard the helicopter were killed in the mishap). The television station was off the air for eight days, finally resuming broadcasts from their previous (KOVC) tower. A replacement mast of the same height as the one destroyed was completed in four and a half months. The second tower fell during an ice storm which hit the area on April 6, 1997, subjecting it to wind gusts of 70mph and causing at least four inches (100 mm) of ice to accumulate on the structure, resulting in the structure's failure at 6:09 P.M.. Cable programming was resumed by 8:34 and broadcasts by 3 P.M. the following afternoon through coordination with other affiliates; a 735-foot (224 m) temporary tower was completed and resumed broadcasts by July 10. This tower still stands next to the full-height mast. Work began on replacement of the full-height tower with a more durably-built structure on April 1, 1998, and had reached the tower's previous height by July 30. That day members of the construction crew affixed a four-foot (1.2 m) flagpole to the top of the tower, making the structure's height effectively 2064 ft (629 m), or one foot higher than the KVLY mast (the flagpole was later removed). Broadcasting for Channel 4 was switched to the new mast on August 15. The antenna transmits at 97.7 kW for CBS affiliate KXJB-TV of Valley City; the station and tower are owned by Catamount Broadcasting of Fargo.

Other views

Fargo Fargo

Structures of similar height

- KVLY/KTHI TV Mast (2063 ft - 628.8 m)
- KXTV/KOVR Tower (2049 ft - 624.5 m)

External links

- http://www.structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0014122
- http://www.structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0014123
- http://www.structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0014124
- [http://web.archive.org/web/20001212211400/http%3a//www.kx4.com/kxjb_tower.html Archive of page at Channel 4]
- [http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/AsrSearch/asrRegistration.jsp?regKey=602919 FCC listing]
- [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1322 Listing at the Skyscraper Page]
- http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b1322
- http://www.pbase.com/talshiarr/kvly
- http://www.terraserver-usa.com/GetImageArea.ashx?t=1&s=10&lon=-97.340833&lat=47.279167&w=600&h=400&b=2&bc=ff000000&g=2&gc=80ff0000&f=&fs=12&fc=ffffffff&logo=1&lp=--- None --- Category:Guyed masts Category:North Dakota landmarks Category:Buildings and structures in North Dakota Category:North Dakota media

KVLY-TV mast

The KVLY-TV mast (formerly the KTHI-TV mast) is a television transmitting tower in North Dakota, USA, used by Fargo station KVLY channel 11. At 2,063 ft (628.8 m), it is currently the tallest man-made structure in the world.

Overview

The tower is located three miles west of Blanchard, North Dakota (at ), which is roughly halfway between Fargo and Grand Forks. It became the tallest artificial structure upon the completion of its construction on August 13, 1963. The mast was surpassed in height by 18 m (57 ft) in 1974 by the Warszawa radio mast near Konstantynow, Poland, but that collapsed on August 8 1991, making the KVLY mast again the tallest. When built, the UAE's Burj Dubai, presently slated for completion in 2008, might surpass the mast as the tallest land structure. The tower was built by Hamilton Directors and Kline Iron and Steel, and took thirty days to complete, at a cost of a US$500,000 ($3.2 million in 2005 dollars). Owned by the Meyer Broadcasting Company (now North Dakota Television, LLC) of Bismarck, the tower broadcasts at 316 kW for television station KVLY (channel 11, an NBC affiliate) which is based in Fargo. The tower provides a broadcast area of roughly 30,000 square miles (78,000 km²). Its overall height above mean sea level is 926 m (3,038 ft). Some time after its completion, the Federal Aviation Administration imposed a limit of 2,063 ft, based on this tower's height, on future construction; consequently, no taller structures may legally be built in the U.S. at present. The call letters of the television station for which it was built were originally KTHI, the "HI" referring to the height of the mast. The top is reachable by service elevator or ladder.

Images

Image:KVLYDistance.jpg|KVLY mast from a distance of about one mile Image:KVLYBase.jpeg|Base of the tower Image:KVLYPylon.jpeg|A supporting pylon

Structures of similar height

- KXJB Tower (2060 ft - 627.8 m)
- KXTV/KOVR Tower (2049 ft - 624.5 m)

External links

- http://www.structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000675
- [http://www.kvlytv11.com/info_tower.html Tower web page at KVLY-TV]
- [http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/AsrSearch/asrRegistration.jsp?regKey=608746 FCC listing]
- [http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=471 Listing on the Skyscraper Page]
- http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b471
- http://www.pbase.com/talshiarr/kvly
- [http://www.terraserver-usa.com/GetImageArea.ashx?t=1&s=10&lon=-97.288889&lat=47.342222&w=600&h=400&b=2&bc=ff000000&g=2&gc=80ff0000&f=&fs=12&fc=ffffffff&logo=1&lp=--- Satellite image of the KVLY-TV tower] Category:Guyed masts Category:North Dakota landmarks Category:Buildings and structures in North Dakota Category:North Dakota media

Category:CBS network affiliates

Category:CBS television network

N3974N

For the other references of this phrase, see WABC (AM). ---- WABC (AM).]] The Day the Music Died February 3 1959, refers to the plane crash that killed three rock and roll singers, who were very popular at the time. Early that morning, at approx. 1:05 AM Central Standard Time Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper (J. P. Richardson) were killed when the plane they were on crashed en route to a gig in Fargo, North Dakota. Don McLean's famous 1971 song, "American Pie", contains many references to this day, including the phrase itself.

Events Leading To The Crash

"The Winter Dance Party" was a tour that was set to cover 24 midwest cities in three weeks. The problem was that the venues were not booked appropriately (i.e., according to the proximities of the venues to one another). For example, the tour would start at venue A, travel two hundred miles to venue B, and travel back one hundred seventy miles to venue C, which was only thirty miles from venue A. Adding to the dismay was the fact that the tour bus used to carry the musicians was ill-prepared for the weather; its heating system broke shortly after the tour began. It is reported that one of the drummers developed frostbite while on the bus. The Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa was never intended to be a stop on the tour, but promoters, hoping to fill an open date, called the manager of the ballroom at the time and offered him the show. He accepted and the date of the show was set for February 2nd. When Buddy Holly arrived at the ballroom that evening, he had had enough of the tour bus, and asked his bandmates that, once the show was over, they try to charter a plane to get to the next stop on the tour, which was Fargo, North Dakota. Arrangements were made for the plane, and Dwyer Flying Service got the charter. A fee of $36 per person was charged for the single engine Beechcraft Bonanza that could hold three people, plus its pilot. The Big Bopper had developed a case of the flu during the tour, most likely from riding on the unheated bus, and asked one of Buddy Holly's bandmates, Waylon Jennings, for his seat on the plane; Jennings agreed to give up the seat. When Buddy heard about this, his reply to Waylon was "Well, I hope your old bus freezes up!", to which Waylon's replied, "Well I hope your plane crashes!" This trade of words, though made in jest at the time, is said to have haunted Waylon Jennings for many years afterward. Ritchie Valens had never flown in a small plane before, and asked Buddy's remaining bandmate on the plane, Tommy Allsup, for the seat. Tommy said "I'll flip ya for the remaining seat". Contrary to what is seen in biographical movies, that coin toss DID NOT happen at the airport shortly before takeoff, nor was Buddy Holly the one that tossed it. That coin toss happened at the ballroom shortly before departure to the airport, and the coin itself was tossed by a DeeJay that was working the show that night. On the toss of that coin, Ritchie won a seat on the plane, and Tommy won the rest of his life. Rumor has it that Dion of Dion & The Belmonts, who was the fourth headliner on the tour, was offered Tommy's seat on the plane first (before Ritchie asked for the seat), but Dion declined because he was scared of flying. If this rumor is true, his fear of flying saved his life, for it is known that all four headliners were fed up with the bus.

The Crash

At approx. 1:00 AM on February 3rd Central Time, the plane took off from the Clear Lake, Iowa Airport. At approx. 1:05 AM, eyewitness reports from the manager of the Surf Ballroom said that he could see the lights of the plane start to disappear from the sky to the ground. At first, he thought it was an optical illusion because of the curve of the earth and the horizon. Thus far, this is the only known eyewitness account of the crash. When the plane did not check into the Fargo, North Dakota Airport, and attempts to make radio contact had failed, a search party was formed. When light broke that morning, light wreckage of a plane was found in a cornfield, approx. five miles from the Clear Lake, Iowa Airport. When the manager of the Surf Ballroom told local police what he had seen the night before, he was taken to the crash site. The manager of the Surf Ballroom confirmed that was indeed the plane that took off the night before, and identified all three performers on board. There have been many rumors as to why the plane actually crashed. Some say the pilot was not experienced enough with the new instruments on his plane to make proper judgements. Some go so far as to say that Buddy Holly shot the pilot, killing him in flight. None of these reports have been proven, however, and the aircraft owner has forbidden examination of the interior of the plane.

The Memorial

In 1988, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, erected a stainless steel monument depicting a steel guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of each of the three performers. It is located on private farmland, about one quarter mile west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, approximately five miles north of Clear Lake, Iowa. He also created a similar stainless steel monument to the three musicians near the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin. That memorial was unveiled on July 17 2003. Holly, the Big Bopper and Valens played at the Riverside Ballroom on Feb. 1st, the evening-before-last of the fateful flight.

Trivia

- In the 1987 movie La Bamba, Ritchie Valens, rather than The Big Bopper, is incorrectly represented as the one who came down with the flu. Day The Music Died, The Category:English phrases Category:1959

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