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Kabini River

Kabini River

The Kabini or Kabani is a river of southern India. It originates in Wayanad District of Kerala state, south India from the confluence of the Panamaram and Mananthavady rivers, and flows eastward to join the Kaveri River, which empties into the Bay of Bengal. It also passes through the southern part of Kodagu District of Karnataka state through the Nagarhole National Park (now called Rajiv Gandhi National Park). Close to the town of H D Kote it forms the huge Kabini Reservoir. The backwaters of the Kabini reservoir are very rich in wildlife especially in summer when the water level recedes to form rich grassy meadows. Category: Kerala Category: Tamil Nadu Category: Rivers of India

India

The Republic of India is a country in South Asia which comprises of the majority of the Indian subcontinent. India has a coastline which stretches over seven thousand kilometres, and shares its borders with Pakistan to the west, the People's Republic of China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, and Bangladesh and Myanmar on the east. On the Indian Ocean, it is adjacent to the island nations of the Maldives on the southwest, Sri Lanka on the south, and Indonesia on the southeast. India also claims a border with Afghanistan to the northwest. India is the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of over one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. It is home to some of the most ancient civilizations, and a centre of important historic trade routes. Four major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism have originated from India. Formerly a major part of the British Empire as the British Raj before gaining independence in 1947, during the past twenty years the country has grown significantly, especially in its economic and military spheres, regionally as well as globally. The name India , is derived from the Old Persian version of Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the river Indus; see Origin of India's name. The Constitution of India and general usage also recognises Bharat ( ), which is derived from the Sanskrit name of an ancient Hindu king, whose story is to be found in the Mahabharata, as an official name of equal status. A third name, Hindustan ( ) , or Land of the Hindus in Persian, has been used since the twelfth century, though its contemporary use is unevenly applied due to domestic disputes over its representiveness as a national signifier.

History

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago and developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, which peaked between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. It was followed by the Vedic Civilisation. From around 550 BC onwards, many independent kingdoms came into being. In the north, the Maurya dynasty, which included Ashoka, contributed greatly to India's cultural landscape. From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed, with the successive establishment in the northern Indian Subcontinent of the Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian kingdoms, and finally the Kushan Empire. From the 3rd century AD onwards the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age". Gupta dynasty built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC]] In the south, several dynasties including the Chalukyas, Cheras, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas and Pandyas prevailed during different periods. Science, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy, engineering, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings. Following the Islamic invasions in the beginning of the second millennium, much of north and central India came to be ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, and later, much of the entire subcontinent by the Mughal dynasty. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms remained or rose to power, especially in the relatively sheltered south. Vijayanagara Empire was notable among such kingdoms. During the middle of the second millennium, several European countries, including the Portuguese, Dutch, French and British, who were initially interested in trade with India, took advantage of fractured kingdoms fighting each other to establish colonies in the country. After a failed insurrection in 1857 against the British East India Company, popularly known in India as the First War of Indian Independence and most commonly known in the West as the Indian Mutiny, most of India came under the direct administrative control of the crown of the British Empire. British Empire, Orissa built in the 13th century, is one of the most famous monuments of stone sculpture in the world.]] sculpture in the 10th century AD.]] In the early part of the 20th century, a prolonged and largely non-violent struggle for independence, the Indian independence movement, followed, to be eventually led by Mahatma Gandhi, regarded officially as the Father Of The Nation. The culmination of this path-breaking struggle was reached on 1947-08-15 when India gained full independence from British rule, later becoming a republic on 1950-01-26. As a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, India has had its share of sectarian violence and insurgencies in different parts of the country. Nonetheless, it has held itself together as a secular, liberal democracy barring a brief period from 1975 to 1977 during which the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a "state of emergency" with the suspension of civil rights. India has unresolved border disputes with China, which escalated into a brief war in 1962, and Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, and 1971, and a border altercation in the northern state of Kashmir in 1999. India was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test, making it an unofficial member of the "nuclear club", which was followed up with a series of five more tests in 1998. Significant economic reforms beginning in 1991 have transformed India into one of the fastest growing economies in the world and added to its global clout.

Government

The Constitution of India states India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India is a federal republic, with a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has a three branch system of governance consisting of the legislature, executive and judiciary. The President, who is the head of state, has a largely ceremonial role. His roles include interpreting the constitution, signing laws into action, and issuing pardons. He is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President and Vice-President are elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-year terms. The Prime Minister is the head of government and most executive powers are vested in this office. He (or she) is elected by legislators of the political party, or coalition, commanding a parliamentary majority, and serves a five-year term incumbent upon enjoying this majority. The constitution does not provide for a post of Deputy Prime Minister, but this option has been exercised from time to time. The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament which consists of the upper house known as the Rajya Sabha, or Council of States, the lower house known as the Lok Sabha, or House of the People, and the President. The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through an electoral college and has a staggered six year term. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected for a five year term, and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. All Indian citizens above the age of eighteen are eligible to vote. The executive arm consists of the President, Vice-President and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In India's parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature. India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts of India. There are eighteen appellate High Courts, having jurisdiction over a large state or a group of states. Each of these states has a tiered system of lower courts. A conflict between the legislature and the judiciary is referred to the President.

Politics

Chief Justice of India For most of its independent history, India's national government has been controlled by the Indian National Congress Party. Following its position as the largest political organisation in pre-independence India, Congress, usually led by a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family, dominated national politics for over forty years. In 1977, a united opposition, under the banner of the Janata Party, won the election and formed a non-Congress government for a short period after the unpopular 'emergency rule' imposed by Indira Gandhi in the previous Congress regime. In 1996, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a political party with a right wing nationalist ideology, became the largest single party, and established for the first time a serious opposition to the largely centre-left Congress. But power was held by two successive coalition governments, who stayed on with the support of the Congress. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) along with smaller parties and became the first non-Congress government to sustain the full five year term after it returned to power in 1999. The decade prior to 1999 was marked by short-lasting governments, with seven separate governments formed within that period. One however, a Congress government formed in 1991, lasted the full five years and initiated significant economic reforms. In the 2004 Indian elections the Congress party returned to power after winning the largest number of seats, by a narrow margin. Congress formed a government in alliance with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and with several mostly-regional parties called the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA, led by the BJP, currently forms the main opposition. All governments formed since 1996 have required party coalitions, with no single majority party, due to the steady rise of regional parties at the national level.

States and union territories

India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), six Union Territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. States have their own elected government, whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government, though some have elected governments. India has had two scientific bases in Antarctica – the Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri, but has made no territorial claims so far.

Geography

Maitri in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the far east making up most of India's eastern borders]] India's entire north and northeast states are made up of the Himalayan Range. The rest of northern, central and eastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. Towards western India, bordering southeast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert. The southern Indian peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau. The plateau is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. India is home to several major rivers such as the Ganga (Ganges), the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, and the Krishna. The rivers are responsible for the fertile plains in northern India which are conducive to farming. The Indian climate varies from a tropical climate in the south to a more temperate climate in the north. Parts of India which lie in the Himalaya have a tundra climate. India gets most of its rains through the monsoons.

Economy

monsoon India has an economy ranked as the tenth largest in the world in terms of currency conversion and fourth largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It recorded one of the fastest annual growth rates of 6.9% for the year ending March 2005. India's per-capita income by purchasing power parity is US$ 3,262, ranked 125th by the World Bank. India's foreign exchange reserves amount to over US$ 143 billion. Mumbai serves as the nation's financial capital and is also home to both the headquarters of the Reserve Bank of India and the pre-eminent Bombay Stock Exchange. While a quarter of Indians still live below the poverty line, a large middle class has now emerged along with the rapid growth of the IT industry. The Indian economy has shed much of its historical dependence on agriculture, which now contributes to less than 25 % of GDP. Other important industries are mining, petroleum, diamond polishing, films, textiles, information technology services, and handicrafts. Most of India's industrial regions are centred around major cities. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the largest players in software and business process outsourcing services, with revenues of US$ 17.2 billion in 2004 to 2005. Many small-scale industries provide steady employment to workers in small towns and villages. business process outsourcing While India receives only around three million foreign visitors a year, tourism is still an important but under-developed source of national income. Tourism contributes 5.3 % of India's GDP. The actual employment generation, both direct and indirect, is estimated to be 42 million, or about 10 % of India's work force. In monetary terms, it contributes about US$4 billion in foreign exchange. India's major trading partners are the United States, Japan, China and the United Arab Emirates. India's main exports items include agricultural products, textile goods, gems and jewellry, software services and technology, engineering goods, chemicals and leather products while its main import commodities are crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, chemicals. For the year 2004, India's total exports stood at US$ 69.18 billion while the imports were worth at US $89.33 billion.

Demographics

India is the second most populous country in the world, with only China having a larger population. By 2030, India is expected to surpass China with the world's largest population, estimated at 1.6 billion. Language, religion, and caste are major determinants of social and political organisation within the highly diverse Indian population today. Its biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Chennai (formerly Madras). Chennai]] India's literacy rate is 64.8 % with 53.7 % of females and 75.3 % of males being literate. The sex ratio is 933 females for every 1000 males. Work Participation Rate (WPR) (the percentage of workers to total population) stands at 39.1 % with male WPR at 51.7 % and female WPR at 25.6 % inote|eu{inote|demostats{inote|religion{ref|languages{inote|tongues{see2|Christianity in India|Jews in India{seealso3|List of Indian languages by total speakers|List of cities in India|Religion in India{main|Culture of India{seealso4|List of World Heritage sites in India|Indian architecture|Indian family name|Cuisine of India{main|Sports in India{main|Holidays in India{Official Holidays of India{Topics related to India{portal{sisterlinks|India{wikitravel{wikicities|india|India{explain-inote{Web reference | title=India facts and figures | work=Embassy of India| URL= http://www.indianembassy.org/dydemo/indiaprofile/profile.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Forex reserves up by $1bn | work=Economic Times| URL= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1093864.cms | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= India Economy | work=Travel Document Systems |URL= http://www.traveldocs.com/in/economy.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Services | work=India in Business| URL= http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/india-profile/ser-infotech.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Destination India: An Unpolished Diamond | work=Times of India | URL= http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/819309.cms | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= US, UAE, UK, China, Japan among India's top trade partners | work=Indian Express| URL= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/business/20050102-0.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= CIA Factbook : India | work=CIA Factbook | URL= http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Provisional Population Totals 2001 Census| work=Census of India| URL=http://www.censusindia.net/results/resultsmain.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Debating India & India's literacy rate | work=Debating India | URL= http://india.eu.org/1963.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= India – Country profiles | work=indexmundi.com | URL= http://www.indexmundi.com/India/ India | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Census of India 2001, Data on Religion | work=Census of India | URL= http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Languages of India | work=India image | URL= http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm| date=August 14 | year=2005{Book reference | Author=K.M. Matthew | Title=Manorama Yearbook 2003 | Publisher= Malaya Manorama | Year=2003 | ID=ISBN 8190046187{mnb|afgh|1{mnb|LoC|2{South Asia{Asia{Commonwealth of Nations{SAARC{Life in India{Link FA|sv{Link FA|sv

Wayanad

Wayanad District, in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1 1980 as the 12th district, carved out of Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Though the etymology of the word Wayanad is popularly known to be Vayal (paddy) Naad (land); 'Land of Paddy Fields', the scholars disagree. The region was known as Mayakshetra (Maya's land) in the earliest records. Mayakshetra evolved into Mayanad and finally to Wayanad. There are many indigenous tribals in this area. It is set high on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 m. The district is going through its worst agrarian crisis.

Basic information

Area: 2132 km²
Population (2001 census) : 786,627
Density of Popn: 369 people/km²
No. of Taluks: 3 (Mananthavady, Sulthan Bathery, Vayithiri)
No. of State Assembly Legislators: 3 (North Wayanad, Sulthan Bathery and Kalpetta)
Lok Sabha Representation: North Wayanad Assembly Seat is in Kannur Lok Sabha Seat, the other two in Kozhikode.
District Headquarters: Kalpetta (Municipality, pop: 29,602 in 2001 census)
Other Important Towns: Sulthan Bathery, Mananthavady.

History

Mananthavady Mananthavady In ancient times the land was ruled by the Vedar Rajas. Later Wayanad came under the rule of Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam-Kurumbranadu Royal Dynasty of Kannur. The modern history of the district is associated with the events that took place during the Mysorean invasion and the long spell of the British rule stretching over a period of about two centuries. There was fierce encounter between the British and Pazhassi Rajah. When the state of Kerala came into being in 1956, Wayanad was a part of Cannannore district; later in 1957 south Wayanad was added to Kozhikode district and north Wayanad remained with Cannannore district. By amalgamating the north Wayanad and south Wayanad, the present Wayanad district came into being on the 1st November 1980 comprising of three taluks; Vythiry, Mananthavady and Sulthan Bathery.

People

One important characteristic feature of this district is the large adivasi population, consisting mainly of Paniyas, Adiyas, Kattunayakan and Kurichiyans. Wayanad district stands first in the case of adivasi population (about 36%) among other districts in the state. Wayanad has a large settler population. The jains from Karnataka came in the 13th century. The Nairs from Kottayam dynasty made an entry in the 14th century and established their feudal life. They were followed by muslims. There was large scale migrations from southern Kerala in the early 1940s. Their hard work and sacrifice helped them to prosper. On the other hand, the last few decades have seen the complete marginalisation of the indigeneous people. Alienated from their land and victimized by the state, their status is a blot on the progressive ideals of Kerala society.

Economy

Wayanad is an industrially backward district. Agriculture, mainly plantation and estate type, is the main stay of the economy. Coffee, tea, cocoa, pepper and lately, vanilla are the main cash crops. Besides cash crops, the most important crop in the district is rice. Dams and aqueducts have been constructed to take water to the otherwise dry areas in the district.

Geographical details

Wayanad district stands on the southern top of the Deccan plateau and its chief glory is the majestic Western ghats with lofty ridges interspersed with dense forest, tangled jungles and deep valleys, the terrain is rugged. Quite a large area of the district is covered by forest but the continued and indiscriminate exploitation of the natural resources point towards an imminent environmental crisis. Mountains:- Chembra peak (2345 m), Vellairmala (2145 m), Banasuran mala (2061 m), Elembileri mala (1839 m), Brahmagiri (1608 m), Kunnelipadimala (1607 m), Thariode mala (1553 m) are some of the important mountains in the district. Rivers:- The Kabini River, one of the three east flowing rivers of Kerala, is an important tributary of the Kaveri. Almost the entire Wayanad district is drained by Kabini and its three tributaries, the Panamaram, Mananthavady, and Kalindy rivers.

Climate

The distance from the mean sea level and surrounding forest creates a salubrious climate. Generally the year is divided into four seasons; cold weather (December to February) hot weather (March to May) South West monsoons (June to September) and North East monsoon (October to November). During the hot weather the temperature goes up to the maximum of 35 °C and during the cold weather the temperature goes down to 10 °C. The more perceived temperature variation in habitational areas since last 5-6 years is in the range of 18-28 degree centigrade. The average rainfall is 2,500 mm per year.

Access

The Kozhikode- Mysore National Highway No. 212 passes through Wayanad district. Nearest railway station is at Kozhikode, 67 km from Kalpetta. Kozhikode airport at Karippur is the nearest airport. There are good road connections to various parts of Kerala and other neighbouring states. Buses go frequently between important centres.

Places of importance

There are various places of touristic, ecological, religious and historic importance in the district, including:
- Edakkal Cave, 32 km from Kalpetta near Ambalavayal, is famous for its pre-historic carvings and paintings.
- Muthanga is a wild life sanctuary. It is on the way from Mysore to Sulthan Bathery. Wild animals such as bison elephant deer and tiger has been spotted. There are also quite a few wild birds in the santuary.
- There is a famous Jain Temple near Koottamunda.
- Thirunelli is a very old temple on the foothills of Brahmagiri.
- Sulthan Bathery is famous for its fort, which was built by Tipu Sultan.
- The tomb of the chieftain Pazhassi Raja, who fought the British with the help of Kurichiya warriors, is in Mananthavady.
- Valliyoorkav is a temple of great historic and social significance.
- Lakkidi, the entry-point to Wayanad on the road from Kozhikode, receives one of the highest rainfalls in India.
- Pookode lake nearby is a famous tourist centre as well.
- A ride through the tea estates is also very beautiful.
- For the adventorous the Chembra peak and Banasura, both over 2000 m high, provide tough challenges.
- Kuruva Dweep (10 km from Mananthavady) is a unique and fragile delta system on the Kabini River.
- An important and unusual pilgrim centre for sociologists and educationists is Kanavu a centre for alternative education which help the adivasis (tribals) to adapt to the challenges without losing their cultural moorings.
- ParswanathaSwamy Jain Temple at Puliyarmala[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Undelete/ParswanathaSwamy_Jain_Temple_at_Puliyarmala]
- [http://wayanad.nic.in/ Official site of Wayanad district]
- [http://www.wyd.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala Government Wayanad Info page]
- [http://www.indiatogether.org/opinions/psainath/waycrisis.htm Agrarian crisis in Wayanad] Series by P.Sainath
- [http://www.wayanad.org/ Wayanad Tourism]
- [http://www.employees.org/~athomas/india/ Pictures]
- [http://www.wayanad.net/ Wayanad.net :: Exploring Wayanad]
- [http://www.wayanad.net/foto.html More pictures] [[Category:Districts of Kerala]]

India

History

Government

Politics

States and union territories

Geography

Economy

Demographics

Mananthavady

Mananthavady is a small town on the banks of the river Kabini in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India. This area was once ruled by the Pazhassi dynasty and the tomb of Pazhassi Raja is an important tourist place here. This is also the headquartesrs of the Adivasi Gothra Mahasabha. The Adivasi Autonomous Council, which led to tribal rights movement under C.K.Janu, was formed in a small hamlet called Panavalli near Mananthavady. The District Hospital in Mananthavady is the only major treatment facility for the service of the tribal communities and other less privileged sections of Wayanad. It is also the headquarters of the NGO Wayanad Social Service Society, established in 1974 for the development of Agriculture & Animal Husbandry, Community Health, Co-operative Credit Unions, Women’s Development, Skills Development (vocational), Housing etc.

Places of interest

C.K.Janu] C.K.Janu Pazhassi kudeeram: Tomb of Pazhassi Raja (King of this place). Valliyoorkav (3 km from the town): This Temple is dedicated to Mother Goddess and is worshipped in three principal forms of Vana Durga, Bhadrakali and Jala Durga It is the most important place of worship for the tribal communities. The annual 15 day festival is in March/April and is the most grand of all festivals in the district. Slave trade used to take place here during the festival. It is still the largest congegation of all tribals of Wayanad. Latin Church : Situated at the heart of the town. It is a reminder of the towns colonial past. Gandhi Park : It is a junction where political meetings are held almost on a daily basis. Kuruvadweep (17 km east of Mananthavady ): 950 acre protected river delta system. Boys town (15 km north of Mananthavady): Herbal garden, nature care centre, sericulture unit, perma-culture centre etc., established by the Wayanad Social Service Society and Gene Park (the Indo-Danish project for promoting herbal gardening) are situated here.

Educational Institutions

- Government Vocatonal Higher Secondary School
- Little Flower High School
- Board School, Fr.G.K.M.Higher Secondary School
- St. Patrick's School
- Hill Blooms
- Amritha Vidyalaya
- Mananthavady Government College
- Mary Matha Arts & Science College
- Government Engineering College
- Arattuthara High school,Payyampally
- S.H.H.S, Dwaraka

Public Libraries

Pazhassi Smaraka Granthalayam, Solidarity Library

Villages

- Oorpally
- Payyamaplly
- Koilery
- Puthiyidam
- Arrattuthra Category:Cities and towns in Kerala

Kodagu

Kodagu (popularly know as Coorg) is a district of Karnataka state, India. Kodagu is said to be derived from the Kannada kudu, meaning steep or hilly. In Puranas, Kodagu is mentioned as Krodha desa, meaing 'Land of Anger' and the Kodavas(Coorgs) as 'Mleccha', meaning foreingers and/or barbarians. It is also believed that Kodagu is derived from word Kodava, Kod means 'give' and avva means 'mother', i.e mother Kaveri, the river Kaveri. Kodagu lies in the Western Ghats of southwestern Karnataka, bordered by Dakshina Kannada district to the northwest, Hassan district to the north, Mysore district to the east, and Kannur district of Kerala state to the south and southwest. Coffee is grown extensively in the district. The population in 2001 was 545,322, increasing 11.64% from 1991 to 2001, and 5.75% from 1981 to 1991. The capital of the district is Madikeri (also called Mercara), meaning 'place of the bees'.

People

Madikeri Kodava Thakk, also known as Coorg Language, is the primary language spoken in Kodagu. Kodagu is home to several other languages, including Kannada, Tulu, and Ravula. All are Dravidian languages. The Kodavas, are of unknown origin.The circumstances in which they came to Coorg, settled and presumably married local women, is still a mystery with ethnologists. Facially the Kodavas look very different from other ethnicites of India. The Kodava people live a rich life due to the economic freedom provided by the coffee market. Kodavas are a warrior race, and have jealously hung on to their independence. Kodavas defeated Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan's armies many times and proved invaluable allies to the British in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, in which the Sultan of Mysore, Tipu, was killed. They have many warrior practices such as carrying a ceremonial knife on their wraparound robes, martial war dances and their marriages are held in a unique way, unlike other Indian marriages. The culture also includes communal gatherings where drink, dance and special meat dishes seasoned with Garcinia are central attractions. Garcinia The names of Kodava people is also characteristic and include a clan name. The clan is central to Kodava culture and families trace their lineage through clans. Marriage within a clan is discouraged. The Kodava language or Kodava Thakk has no written tradition, and has approximately over 200,000 people of 18 groups speak Kodava in and outside the district. Some of these groups are Kodava, Heggade, Iri, Amma Kodava, Koyava, Banna, Madivala, Hajama, Kembatti, and Meda according to Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy. Most speakers are bilingual in Kannada, as Kannada is a primary language of other communities in Coorg, excluding Moplahs and Tamilian coffee estate labourers. Sir Hilton Brown in his article "The Astonishing Land of Coorg" in Blackwoods Magazine,1922. wrote; "Who are the Coorgs(Kodavas)? That is the standing riddle of South Indian ethnologists, and more the amateur delves into its intricacies, the more hopelessly befogged and lost does he become. Whence came these strikingly different people,and how did they get into Coorg? They are certainly not aboringines of the place; for these, one most fall back on Yeravas, Kurumbas and other jungle savages, not dissimilar to the hill-tribes found all over South india. No doubt the Coorg has a good deal of South Indian about him, especially the West Coast South Indian; but his characteristically individual nature, his remarkable and unique dress, and certain of his customs are not South Indian at all. Barring all ethnology and arguing from common sense, one would call the Coorgs a separate people". Sir Erskine Perry pointed out that "the Kodavas(Coorgs) have no resemblance to any of the races of South India" and adds that,"by far, they are the finest people I had seen in India in point of independent bearing, good looks and all the outward signs of well-being". The Kodavas (Coorgs) are a warrior race and their customs and traditions are unique in India. warrior Lt.Connor,one of the original observers of the Coorgs(Kodavas)has said in his "Memoirs of the Kodagu Survey":- "They may be said to be armed from their childhood,and the military spirit is inculcated in them right from birth. War and agriculture seem to be their twin national pursuits.No harm has arisen from this happy combination of soildier and husbandman. They show no trace of the savage disposition which often characterises the warrior class. The feelings that attach the highlander to the mountains and that fondness for the country which distinguishes subjects of small states are observed among Coorgs (Kodavas).". The Yerava, or Ravula, live in Kodagu as well as in adjacent Kerala, where they are known as the Adiya. They are primarily Hindu agricultural workers. Among the other tribes or castes of Kodagu are the Heggades, cultivators from Malabar; the Ayiri, who constitute the artisan caste; the Medas, who are basket and mat-makers, and act as drummers at feasts; the Binepatta, originally wandering musicians from Malabar, now agriculturists; and the Kavadi, cultivators from Yedenalknad; all these groups speak Kodava, and conform generally to Kodava customs and dress. Of the Tulu people, the Gaudas, who live principally along in western Kodagu, are the most important; they speak Tulu and wear the Kodava ethnic dress during ceremonies. Other castes and tribes are the Tiyas and Nayars, immigrants from Kerala; the Vellala, who are Tamils; and the Marathi. Of the Muslims the most numerous are the Moplahs and the Shaikhs, both chiefly traders,who's origins are from Kerala. In all, the most famous son of Kodagu is Field Marshal Kondandera Cariappa, the first Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of free India. He was elevated to the honorary title of Field Marshal at the ripe old age of 83.

Geography

Marathi Kodagu lies on the eastern slope of the Western Ghats. It is a mountainous district, presenting throughout a series of wooded hills and deep valleys; the lowest elevations are 900 m above sea-level. The loftiest peak, Tadiandamol, has an altitude of 1,750 m; Pushpagiri, another peak, is 1,715 m high. The principal river is the Kaveri River, which rises on the eastern side of the Western Ghats, and with its tributaries drains the greater part of Kodagu. In. the rainy season, which lasts during the continuance of the southwest monsoon, or from June to the end of September, the rivers flow with violence and great rapidity. In July and August the rainfall is high, and the month of November is often showery. The yearly rainfall may exceed 4,000 mm; in the dense jungle tract it reaches from 3,000 to 3,800 mm; the bamboo district in the west from 1,500 to 2,500 mm. Coorg has an average temperature of about 15 °C, the extremes being 11 °C and 28 °C. The hottest season is in April and May. In the direction of Mysore the whole country is thickly wooded; but to the westward the forests are more open. The flora of the jungle includes Michelia champaca (Chumpak), Mesua (Ironwood), Diospyros (Ebony and other species), Toona ciliata (Indian mahogany), Chickrassia tubularis (Redcedar), Calophyllum angustifolium (Poon spar), Canarium strictum (Black Dammar), Artocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Garcinia, Euonymus, Cinnamomum, Myristica, Vaccinium, Myrtaceae, Melastomaceae, Rubus (three species), and a rose. In the undergrowth are found cardamom, Areca, plantains, canes, wild Black pepper, tree and other ferns, and arums. In the forest of the less thickly-wooded bamboo country in the west of Kodagu the most common trees are the Dalbergia latifolia (Black wood), Pterocarpus marsupium (Kino tree), Terminalia coriacea (Mutti), Lagerstroemia parvifiora (Benteak), Conocarpus latifolius (Dindul), Bassia latifolia, Butea frondosa, Nauclea parvifiora, and several species of Acacia, with which, in the eastern part of the district, Teak and Sandalwood occur. Among the fauna may be mentioned the Indian Elephant, Tiger, Asiatic Golden Cat, Cheetah, Dhole, Boar, several species of deer, hares, monkeys. Hornbills and various other birds occur, and the cobra di capello, and a few alligators.

History

The most interesting antiquities of Coorg are the earth redoubts or war trenches (kadangas),which are from 1.5 to 7.5 m high, and provided with a ditch 3 m deep by 2 or 3 m wide. Their linear extent is reckoned at between 500 and 600 m. They are mentioned in inscriptions of the 9th and 10th centuries. The early accounts of Coorg are purely legendary, and it was not till the 9th and 10th centuries that its history became the subject of authentic record. At this period, according to inscriptions, the country was ruled by the Gangas of Talakgd, under whom the Changalvas, kings of Changa-nad, styled later kings of Nanjarayapatna or Nanjarajapatna, held the east and part of the north of Kodagu, together with the Hunsur talk in Mysore. After the overthrow, in the 11th century, of the Ganga power by the Cholas, the Changalvas became tributary to the latter. When the Cholas in their turn were driven from the Mysore country by the Hoysalas, in the 12th century, the Changalvas held out for independence; but after a severe struggle they were subdued and became vassals of the Hoysala kings. In the 14th century, after the fall of the Hoysala rule, they passed under the supremacy of the Vijayanagara empire. During this period, at the beginning of the 16th century, Nanja Raja founded the new Changalva capital Nanjarajapatna. In 1589 Piriya Raja or Rudragana rebuilt Singapatna and renamed it Piriyapatna (Periapatam). The power of the Vijayanagara empire had, however, been broken in 1565 by the Muslim Deccan sultanates; in 1610 the Vijayanagara viceroy of Srirangapatna was ousted by the raja of Mysore, who in 1644 captured Piriyapatna. Vira Raja, the last of the Changalva kings, fell in the defence of his capital, after putting to death his wives and children. Kodagu, however, was not absorbed into Mysore, which was hard pressed by other enemies, and a prince of the Ikkri or Bednur family (perhaps related to the Changalvas) succeeded in bringing the whole country under his sway, his descendants continuing to be Rajas of Coorg till 1834. The capital was removed in 1681 by Muddu Raja to Madikeri (Mercara). In 1770 a disputed succession led to the intervention of Hyder Ali of Mysore in favor of Linga Raja, who had fled to him for help, and whom he placed on the throne on his consenting to cede certain territories and to pay tribute. On Linga Rajas death in 1780 Hyder Ali interned his sons, who were minors, in a fort in Mysore, and, under pretence of acting as their guardian, installed a governor at Mercara with a Muslim garrison. In 1782, however, the Kodavas rose in rebellion and drove out the Mysore troops. Two years later Tipu Sultan reduced the country; but the Kodavas having again rebelled in 1785, he vowed their destruction. Having secured some 70,000 of them, he drove them to Seringapatam, where he had them circumcised by force. Kodagu was partitioned among Muslim proprietors, and held down by garrisons in four forts. In 1788, however, Vira Raja (or Vira Rajendra Wodeyar), with his wife and his brothers Linga Raja and Appaji, succeeded in escaping from his captivity, at Periapatam and, placing himself at the head of a Kodava rebellion, succeeded in driving the forces of Tipu out of the country. The British, who were about to enter on the struggle with Tipu, now made a treaty with Vira Raja; and during the war that followed the Kodavas proved invaluable allies. By the treaty of peace Kodagu, though not adjacent to the British East India Company's territories, was included in the cessions forced upon Tipu. On the spot where he had first met the British commander, General Abercromby, the raja founded the city of Virarajendrapet. Vira Raja, who, in consequence of his mind becoming unhinged, was guilty towards the end of his reign of hideous atrocities, died in 1809 without male heirs, leaving his favorite daughter Devammji as rani. His brother Linga Raja, however, after acting as regent for his niece, announced in 1811, his own assumption of the government. He died in 1820, and was succeeded by his son Vira Raja, a youth of twenty, and a monster of sensuality and cruelty. Among his victims were all the members of the families of his predecessors, including Devammji. At last, in 1832, evidence of treasonable designs on the raja's part led to inquiries on the spot by the British resident at Mysore, as the result of which, and of the raja's refusal to amend his ways, a British force marched into Coorg in 1834, On 11 April the raja was deposed by Colonel Fraser, the political agent with the force, and on 7 May the state was formally annexed to the East India Company's territory. In 1852 the raja, who had been deported to Vellore, obtained leave to visit England with his favorite daughter Gauramma, to whom he wished to give a European education. On the 30th of June she was baptized, Queen Victoria being one of her sponsors; she afterwards married a British officer who, after her death in 1864, mysteriously disappeared together with their child. Vira Raja himself died in 1863, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. The so-called Coorg rebellion of 1837 was really a rising of the Gaudas, due to the grievance felt in having to pay taxes in money instead of in kind. A man named Virappa, who pretended to have escaped from the massacre of 1820, tried to take advantage of this to assert his claim to be raja, but the Coorgs remained loyal to the British and the attempt failed. In 1861, after the Mutiny, the loyalty of the Coorgs was rewarded by their being exempted from the Disarmament Act. Coorg was the smallest province in India, its area being only 1582 square miles (4,100 km²). As a province of British India, it was administered by a commissioner, subordinate to the Governor-General of India through the resident of Mysore, who was also officially chief commissioner of Coorg. After India's independence in 1947, Coorg became a province, and in 1950 a state, of India. In 1956, when India's state boundaries were reorganized along linguistic lines, Coorg became part of Mysore state, which in 1972 changed its name to Karnataka.

References

External link

- http://www.kodavamatrimony.com
- [http://www.leadersindia.com/karnataka.html Profiles of all the Districts in Karnataka]
- http://www.kodava.org
- http://coorgs.com
- http://members.aol.com/coorg77/coorgs.html Category:Districts of Karnataka http://members.aol.com/coorg07/state1.html[http://www.coorgtourisminfo.com]

Nagarhole National Park

Nagarhole National Park is located 94 km away from Mysore. Nagarhole National Park Located in Kodagu and Mysore districts is a fresh, green world rich in forest, little streams, undulating valleys and fascinating waterfalls. The Nagarhole National Park. A perfect get - away for nature - lovers. Deriving its name from Kannada, 'Naga' meaning snake and 'hole' referring to strems, Nagarhole is truly a delightful spot, bubbling with the activity of some of the most magnificent animals and trees. Rosewood,teak,sandal, silver oak........ the deep, fresh aroma of these trees mingling with the sounds of the wildlife -ah! A perfect holiday treat. No wonder this was also an exclusive hunting preserve of the erstwhile rules of Mysore. And if you'd like to tour Nagarhole in royal style, do it in the 'Maharajah' way - on elephant back. And of course , there are jeeps and vans too. So come over, Nagarhole is no ordinary place. Because enchantment never ends here, like its collection of wildlife. Tiger, four horned antelope, panther, warblers horngbills, spotted deer, mouse deer, pangolin, gaur, giant flying squirrel. And if ever you get lost amongst them, there's no need to panic. the Jenu Kurubas (honey-gatherers), the Betta Kurubas (hill tribes) and the Hakki-Pikki (bird trappers) inhabiting this park are always ready to help you. with a warm smile.

Rajiv Gandhi National Park

Category:Kerala

Category:States and territories of India Category:South India

Category:Tamil Nadu

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Category:Rivers of India

This is a list of rivers in India. Category:Geography of India India India ko:분류:인디아의 강

Medium format

Medium format is a film format in still photography. Generally, the term applies to any film size between 35mm and large format (eg: 4"x5" sheet film) and to the type of camera that uses the format. Due to the higher image resolution offered by the larger film size, the majority of medium format users are professional photographers who often require fine image detail, but the format is also favoured by many amateur enthusiasts.

Characteristics

The main draw to medium format is that, due to its increased film size (around 3 to 4 times bigger than 35mm), it offers much higher image resolution. This allows for relatively big enlargements and smooth gradation without the grain or blur that would characterize similarly enlarged images produced from smaller film formats. While large format film used in view cameras offer greater film size and higher resolution still, they generally lack the versatility and convenience of a medium format camera due of their bulky size and relatively awkward processes. Medium format film can also be shot in a variety of aspect ratios, which differ depending on the camera or frame insert used. The most common aspect ratios are 6x6cm (square) and 6x4.5cm (rectangular). Other frequently used aspect ratios are 6x7cm, 6x9cm, and 6x17cm panoramic. The 6x4.5cm format is usually referred to as "645", with many cameras that use this ratio bearing "645" in their product name. Cameras that can switch to different aspect ratios do so by either switching camera backs, by using an frame insert, or by use of special multi-format backs. All of these dimensions are nominal; actual dimensions are a bit different. For example, 6x7cm might give an image on film that is actually 56 x 70 mm; this enlarges exactly to fill an 8x10 sheet of paper. Another feature of many medium format models is the ability to use Polaroid instant film in an interchangeable back. Studio, commercial and architectural photographers value this system for its ability to verify the focus and exposure. Another pro is that, like large-format cameras, many medium format cameras have various interchangeable parts. While most 35mm SLRs support different lenses, it is standard for medium format cameras to support different lenses, winding mechanisms, viewfinders, and camera backs. Compared to 35mm, the main drawbacks are accessibility and price. While 35mm cameras, film, and photo finishing services are generally widely available and cheap, medium format is usually limited to professional photography shops and can be prohibitively expensive for some. Medium format film also supports fewer exposures per roll, usually around 12 to 16, and are generally more difficult to load and handle than their 35mm counterparts.

Medium format photography today

Digital photography has come to the medium format world with the development of digital camera backs, which can be fitted to many medium format and 35mm cameras. Digital backs are a type of camera back that have electronic sensors in them, effectively converting a camera into a digital camera. These backs are usually very expensive and are used predominately by professional photographers. Like with film, due to its increased size they deliver more pixels and have lower noise. Features like fan cooling also improve the image quality of studio models. All medium format cameras manufactured today use the 120 film format. Many also can use the 220 film format. When buying a used camera, ascertain whether it takes a film format that is currently available.

Medium format photography and lomography

While most professional medium format cameras are very expensive, some inexpensive plastic imports, such as the Diana and Holga, are gaining in popularity, particularly with toy camera enthusiasts. Due to the poor quality of the camera, the exact image captured on the negative is somewhat random in nature. These camera usually have distorted lenses that offer poor or uneven focus, light leaks that vignette or oddly colorize an image, and a multitude of other 'flaws' that are generally undesirable to photographers. While these elements certainly are "flaws" in camera design, they can produce interesting, artistic, or enjoyable results. Because of the popularity of lomography and toy camera culture, medium format photography has seen a resurgence with the amateur class. The Chinese Seagull TLR and medium format cameras from the former Soviet Union such as the Russian Lubitel amd somewhat better made Ukrainian Kiev-Arsenal 60 and 88 are also available at moderate prices. These cameras can deliver quality images, although the lenses and camera bodies are not at the level of those from Swedish, German and Japanese manufacturers. Used amateur folding cameras and box cameras are also cheap option to shoot medium format. Sadly many of them, including most of the mass produced Kodak folders use the discontinued 620 film requiring the user to respool 120 film.

Medium format Cameras

Types

- Single-lens reflex
- Twin-lens reflex
- Rangefinder
- Folding cameras
- Monorail view cameras
- Folding-bed field cameras Additionally, most large format cameras can, with the use of roll-film adapters, use medium format film.

Common brands

- Bronica
- Contax
- Fuji
- Hasselblad, who set the standard for the medium format in professional photography in 1948
- Holga
- Horseman
- Kiev
- Mamiya
- Pentax
- Rollei, including the Rolleiflex
- Seagull "Classic" medium format cameras are collected and used by antique camera enthusiasts. Names like Graflex, Omega, Voigtländer and Zeiss can quicken a collector's pulse.

External links

- [http://www.camerareview.com/templates/rating.cfm?Category=5&Sort=Count "Camera Review" on medium format cameras]
- [http://www.photographyhistory.com/cc2.html David Silver on medium format]
- [http://medfmt.8k.com/ Medium Format MegaSite] Category:Film formats th:กล้องกลาง

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