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Kanawha River

Kanawha River

]] The Kanawha River (pronounced kuh-NAW-uh or kuh-NAW) is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 97 mi (156 km) long, in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The largest inland waterway in West Virginia, it has formed a significant industrial region of the state since the middle of the 19th century. It is formed at the town of Gauley Bridge in northwestern Fayette County, approximately 35 mi (56 km) SE of Charleston, by the confluence of the New and Gauley rivers. It flows generally northwest, in a winding course on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau, through Fayette, Kanawha, Putnam and Mason Counties, past the cities of Charleston and St. Albans and numerous smaller communities. It joins the Ohio at Point Pleasant. The river valley contains significant deposits of coal and natural gas. In colonial times, the wildly fluctuating level of the river prevented its use for transportation. The removal of boulders and snags on the lower river in the 1840s allowed navigation, extended after the construction of locks and dams starting in 1875. The river is now navigable to Deepwater, an unincorporated community about 20 miles upriver from Charleston. A thriving chemical industry along its banks provides a significant part of the economy of West Virginia.

Tributaries

In addition to the New and Gauley Rivers, the Kanawha is joined at Charleston by the Elk River, at St. Albans by the Coal River, and at Poca by the Pocatalico River.

List of cities and towns along the Kanawha River

- Bancroft
- Belle
- Buffalo
- Cedar Grove
- Charleston
- Chesapeake
- Dunbar
- East Bank
- Eleanor
- Gauley Bridge
- Glasgow
- Handley
- Henderson
- Jefferson
- Leon
- Marmet
- Montgomery
- Nitro
- Poca
- Point Pleasant
- Pratt
- St. Albans
- Smithers
- South Charleston
- Winfield

Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Kanawha River has also been known as:
- Big Connawas River
- Big Connawas River
- Big Kanawha River
- Canawha
- Canhawa River
- Chinidashhichetha
- Chinodahichetha River
- Chinodashichetha
- Chinondaista
- Great Canawha River
- Great Kanawha River
- Great Kanhawa River
- Great Kanhaway River
- Great Kehhawa River
- Great Kenhawa River
- Great Kenhaway River
- Great Konhaway River
- Great Konhawayriver
- Kanahaway River
- Kanawa River
- Kanawah River
- Kanaway River
- Kanawhy River
- Kanhaway River
- Kannawha River
- Keanawha River
- Kenhaway River
- Keninsheka
- Kinhaway River
- Kunhaway River
- Le-we-ke-o-mi
- New River
- Pi-que-me-ta-mi
- Pique-me-ta-nei
- Woods River

Highways

- Interstate 64 seems to love the river, as it crosses the Kanawha no less than four times on major bridges in the Charleston vicinity.

U.S. state

A U.S. state is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, together with the District of Columbia and Palmyra Atoll (an uninhabited incorporated unorganized territory), form the United States of America. The separate state governments and the U.S. federal government share sovereignty, in that an "American" is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of residence. The United States Constitution allocates power between the two levels of government in general terms; the general idea is that by ratifying the Constitution, each state has transferred certain aspects of its sovereign powers to the federal government while retaining the remainder for itself. The tasks of education, health, transportation, and other infrastructure are generally the responsibility of the states. Over time, the Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization, with the federal government playing a much larger role than it once did.

Legal relationship

At the time of the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain in 1776, the 13 colonies became 13 independently sovereign states, which became fourteen in 1777 with the formation of the Vermont Republic; for a brief period, they were in effect legally separate nations. But upon the adoption of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the states became a single sovereign political entity as defined by international law, empowered to levy war and to conduct international relations, albeit with a very loosely structured and inefficient central government. After the failure of the union under the Articles of Confederation, the thirteen states joined the modern union via ratification of the United States Constitution, beginning in 1789. Under Article IV of the Constitution, which outlines the relationship between the states, the Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, criminal judgments, and - at the time - slave status. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also required to ensure that the government of each state remains a republic. The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the union. The Articles of Confederation had stated that the earlier union of the colonies "shall be perpetual", and the preamble to the Constitution states that Constitution was intended to "form a more perfect union". In 1860 and 1861, several states attempted to secede, but were brought back into the Union by force of arms during the Civil War. Subsequently, the federal judicial system, in the case of Texas v. White, established that states do not have the right to secede without the consent of the other states.
- Four of the states bear the formal title of Commonwealth: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In these cases, this is merely a name and has no legal effect. However, the United States has non-state areas called commonwealths (Puerto Rico and the Northern Marianas) which do have a legal status different from the states.
- States are free to organize their judicial systems differently from the federal judiciary, as long as due process is protected. See state supreme court for more information. For example, most lawsuits in the state of New York are filed in the Supreme Court, and then appealed to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The highest court in New York is the Court of Appeals.
- The joint resolution which admitted the Republic of Texas to the Union as a state guaranteed Texas the right to divide itself up into up to 5 states. This clause may be redundant, however, as any such state would arguably require Congressional approval, just as when Maine was split off from Massachusetts; it may also be unconstitutional, as reducing the equal suffrage of the other states in the United States Senate.

List of states

The states, with their U.S. postal abbreviations, traditional abbreviations, capitals and largest cities, are as follows. For a complete list of non-state dependent areas and other territory under control of the U.S., see United States dependent areas. State names speak to the circumstances of their creation. (See the lists of U.S. state name etymologies and U.S. county name etymologies for more detail.)
- Southern states on the Atlantic coast originated as British colonies named after British monarchs: Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. Some northeastern states, also former British colonies, take their names from places in the British Isles: New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York.
- Many states' names are those of Native American tribes or are from Native American languages: Kansas, Massachusetts, Hawaii, Connecticut, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Mississippi, Texas, Utah, and others.
- Because they are on territories previously controlled by Spain or Mexico, many states in the southeast and southwest have Spanish names. They include Colorado, New Mexico, Florida, and Nevada.
- Because it was previously a French colony, Louisiana is named after the Louis XIV (King of France at the time).
- The origins of the names of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Rhode Island are unknown, although various theories exist.

Trivia

Names

- "Georgia" can refer to either a U.S. state or to an independent country in the Caucasus.
- The name "New York" can refer to any one of three geographical levels: a state, a city in that state, or a county (coterminous with the borough of Manhattan) in that city.
- "Washington" is a state, a city corresponding to the District of Columbia (and thus not part of any state), and a number of cities and counties in various states. See the list of places named for George Washington.
- The state of Washington is the only state named after a U.S. President (or after a person born within the area now comprising the U.S., for that matter).
- The official name of Rhode Island is "the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations."
- Only two states have state capitals named for the state (however, such name-sharing occurs commonly with states and provinces in some other countries, where the state or province actually often takes its name from a capital city): Oklahoma, with capital Oklahoma City, and Indiana, with capital Indianapolis (which means Indiana City). Iowa City, Iowa was the first state capital of Iowa but the capital was later moved to Des Moines, Iowa.
- Maine is the only state with a one-syllable name.

Geography

- Colorado and Wyoming are bounded by two circles of latitude and two meridians each, i.e. they appear to be rectangles in a cylindrical map projection.
- Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are the only states whose borders are made up of only straight lines (taking meridians and circles of latitude as straight lines) and, thus, the only states whose borders completely ignore natural features.
- Every state—except Hawaii, which has no land boundaries—has straight lines as at least part of its boundaries. These are usually combined with rivers (see river borders of U.S. states), ridge lines and other natural boundaries. Pennsylvania and Delaware are unique in that their common border is an arc of a circle, see The Twelve-Mile Circle.
- The lower peninsula of Michigan is shaped like a mitten; Louisiana is shaped like a boot.
- Alaska, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas and West Virginia have panhandles.
- Alabama, Missouri, New Mexico and Mississippi have bootheels.
- Alaska and Hawaii are the only states that are not physically connected to other states; Maine is the only state that borders only one other state. Missouri and Tennessee each border eight other states, the most for any state.
- Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah are the only four states to share a common border, known as the "Four Corners."
- Appearances given by the stereographic projection to the contrary, Minnesota is the northernmost of the forty-eight contiguous United States, as a northern spur of the state contains a portion of Lake of the Woods. At one time it was thought that Lake of the Woods contained the headwaters of the Mississippi River (now known to be at Lake Itasca).
- Alaska is the northernmost state and the westernmost state. Some would argue that it is also the easternmost state, as the Aleutian island chain crosses the 180º line of longitude.

Grouping of the states in regions

Alaska, The South and The Northeast. Note that Alaska and Hawaii are shown at different scales, and that the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from this map.]] States may be grouped in regions; there are endless variations and possible groupings, as most states are not defined by obvious geographic or cultural borders. For further discussion of regions of the U.S., see the list of regions of the United States.

State lists

References

External links

- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (in order of population)]
- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (alphabetical)]
- [http://www.usnewspapers.org US Newspapers by State]
- [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0854966.html Origin of State Names] United States, States of the Category:Subdivisions of the United States
- U.S. State ja:アメリカ合衆国の地方行政区画 ko:미국의 주 simple:List of U.S. states th:มลรัฐของสหรัฐอเมริกา zh-min-nan:Bí-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu

19th century

:Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War).

Europe

For Europe, the period is marked with revolution, social upheaval, and the emergence of a united conservatism from the monarchs of Europe in response to the emerging republican firestorm spreading from revolutionary France. There were many revolutions in Europe in 1848. Furthermore, the later end of the century was dominated by what many call the New Imperialism, which was the rapid aquisition of colonies worldwide by European powers, most noteworthy is the Scramble for Africa. Many countries in Europe underwent an Industrial Revolution, especially Britain and Germany, that spread elsewhere by the end of the century, with factories and railway lines built all over the continent. The start of the 19th century there was a struggle between France and Britain and their allies for control of Europe and the world during the Napoleonic Wars, with Napoleon being finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. During the rest of the century, the British empire became the largest and most powerful empire in history, during the period known as the Pax Britannica.

Americas

In the Americas, the United States slowly grew economically, militarily, and politically, but nevertheless faced dramatic changes domestically, best seen in the Civil War, the end of slavery, and the expansion across the American continent known as Manifest Destiny. Industrially, America will explode following the Civil War, and would eventually begin expansion outward across the Pacific Ocean and in Latin America.

Other countries

For the rest of the world, there were few places not influenced by the West in some fashion, whether through colonialism, imperialism, or war. European powers gained increasing influence in China, where Qing control had weakened, and wars were fought by the western powers against China, such as the first and the second Opium wars and Sino-French War. Japan, which was forcibly opened to Western trade, began a rapid industrialisation. Africa which was largely free from European control at the start of the century, was almost completely dominated by Europe at the end of it, with the Scramble for Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. Large European settlement, especially British, of colonies such as Australia, New Zealand and the Cape Colony continued during the nineteenth century.

Events

- 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- 1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase.
- 1804-06: Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead an expedition to the Pacific Coast and back.
- 1805-48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt.
- 1806: Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Lunéville.
- 1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim.
- 1813-1917: The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game.
- 1815: Congress of Vienna redraws the European map.
- 1815: Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870.
- 1816: Year Without a Summer
- 1816-28: Shaka's Zulu kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa.
- 1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company.
- 1820: Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.
- 1830: France invades and occupies Algeria.
- 1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium.
- 1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire.
- 1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends.
- 1835-36: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas.
- 1837-1901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era.
- 1845-49: Irish Potato Famine
- 1848: The Communist Manifesto published.
- 1848: Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
- 1848-58: California Gold Rush
- 1850: The Little Ice Age ends around this time.
- 1851-60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia
- 1851-64: The Taiping Rebellion in China
- 1854: The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of Sakoku.
- 1855: Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced.
- 1856: World's first oil refinery in Romania
- 1857-58: Indian rebellion of 1857
- 1859: The Origin of Species published.
- 1864-67: French intervention in Mexico
- 1865-77: Reconstruction in the United States
- 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
- 1866: Creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
- 1866-69: Meiji Restoration in Japan
- 1867: The United States purchased Alaska from Russia.
- 1867: Canadian Confederation formed.
- 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States.
- 1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
- 1870-71: Unifications of Germany and Italy.
- 1871-1914: Second Industrial Revolution
- 1870s-90s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America
- 1872: Yellowstone National Park created.
- 1874: The British East India Company is dissolved.
- 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike.
- 1877-78: The Balkans are freed from the Ottoman Empire after another Russo-Turkish War.
- 1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.
- 1880-1902: Great Britain conquers Dutch settlers in South Africa in two Boer Wars.
- 1882: First electrical power plant and grid in Manhattan.
- 1884-85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European Scramble for Africa. Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves.
- 1885: Unification of Bulgaria
- 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre is the last battle in the American Indian Wars.
- 1894-95: After the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea.
- 1895-1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy in the First Italo-Abyssinian War.
- 1896: Olympic games revived in Athens.
- 1896: Klondike Gold Rush in Canada
- 1898: The United States gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.
- 1898-1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance.

Wars

List of wars 1800–1899
- 1799-1815: Napoleonic Wars.
- 1801-15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa.
- 1806-12: Russo-Turkish War
- 1810-21: Mexican War of Independence.
- 1810s-20s: South American Wars of Independence.
- 1812-15: War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.
- 1821-32: Greek War of Independence.
- 1828-29: Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829
- 1833-76: Carlist Wars in Spain.
- 1839-60: After two Opium Wars, Great Britain, France, the United States and Russia gain many concessions from China.
- 1854-56: Crimean War between Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
- 1861-65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy.
- 1866: Austro-Prussian War.
- 1877-78: Russo-Turkish War.
- 1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.
- 1879-84: War of the Pacific between Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
- 1880-81: First Boer War.
- 1894-95: First Sino-Japanese War.
- 1895-96: First Italo-Abyssinian War.
- 1899-13: The Philippine-American War.

Significant people

- Gilbert and Sullivan, playwright, composer
- William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer
- Baron Haussmann, civic planner
- Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibetan culture
- Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer
- Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer
- Ignaz Semmelweis, founder of hygiene
- Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
- F R Spofforth, Australian cricketer

Science

- Henri Becquerel, physicist
- Charles Darwin, biologist
- Thomas Alva Edison, inventor
- Michael Faraday, scientist
- Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer
- James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist
- Gregor Mendel, biologist
- Louis Pasteur, biologist
- Nikola Tesla, inventor
- Amedeo Avogadro, physicist
- Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist
- Pierre Curie, physicist
- Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician

Philosophy and Religion

- Bahá'u'lláh, Persian religious leader and founder of Bahá'í Faith
- Báb, Persian prophet and founder of Bábísm
- Nikolai of Japan, religious leader who introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan.
- Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher
- Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher
- Karl Marx, political philosopher and economist
- John Stuart Mill, philosopher
- Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
- Joseph Smith, Jr., religious leader, founder of Mormonism
- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic
- Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism
- Brigham Young, Mormon religious leader
- William Morris, social reformer

Politics

- Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor
- Napoleon Bonaparte, French general, first consul and emperor
- Guiseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier
- Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general and president
- Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism
- Andrew Jackson, U.S. general and president
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman, philosopher, and president
- Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence
- Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God
- Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
- Libertadores, Latin American liberators
- Robert E. Lee, Confederate general
- Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president; led the nation during the Civil War
- Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor
- István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement
- Queen Victoria, British monarch
- Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 19th century inventions
- Department stores
- Electromagnetism
- Epidemiology
- Mail order businesses
- Philology
- Postage stamps
- Public busses
- Subway
- The invention of the telegraph connected the world like never before, leading to quicker communication and interaction.
- One of the more devestating technologies emerging from this period is the machine gun, first used during the Civil War (considered the first modern war)

Decades and years

Category:19th century Category:Centuries Category:Romanticism als:19. Jahrhundert zh-min-nan:19 sè-kí ko:19세기 ja:19世紀 simple:19th century th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19

Gauley Bridge, West Virginia

Gauley Bridge is a town located in Fayette County, West Virginia. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 738. The Kanawha River is formed at Gauley Bridge by the confluence of the New and Gauley Rivers. Gauley Bridge was home to the Hawk's Nest incident.

Geography

Hawk's Nest incident Gauley Bridge is located at 38°10'4" North, 81°11'49" West (38.167815, -81.197079). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4.2 km² (1.6 mi²). 4.2 km² (1.6 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.44% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 738 people, 325 households, and 205 families residing in the town. The population density is 177.0/km² (458.6/mi²). There are 374 housing units at an average density of 89.7/km² (232.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.43% White, 0.68% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. 1.36% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 325 households out of which 28.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% are married couples living together, 15.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% are non-families. 31.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.26 and the average family size is 2.80. In the town the population is spread out with 22.6% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $22,500, and the median income for a family is $25,987. Males have a median income of $26,250 versus $19,688 for females. The per capita income for the town is $11,820. 33.4% of the population and 26.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 49.7% of those under the age of 18 and 24.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Fayette County, West Virginia Category:Towns in West Virginia Category:Kanawha River

Charleston, West Virginia

]] :See also Charles Town, West Virginia Charleston is the capital of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers in Kanawha County. As of the 2000 census, it has a population of 53,421. Currently, Charleston is the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County. Early industry important to Charleston included salt and the first natural gas well.[http://www.wvexp.com/index.php/First_Natural_Gas_Well] Later, coal became central to economic prosperity in the city and the surrounding area. The first permanent settlement, Ft. Lee, was built in 1788. In 1791, Daniel Boone was a member of the Kanawha County Assembly. Charleston is the home of the West Virginia Power minor league baseball team, and the annual 15-mile Charleston Distance Run. Yeager Airport and the University of Charleston are also located in the city. Some say the area is under a curse from Chief Cornstalk, although that has never been proven.
History

Wild and Untamed Frontier
After the American Revolutionary War, pioneers began making their way out from the early settlements. Many slowly migrated into the western part of Virginia. A virtual wilderness, the land had to be tamed and made suitable for inhabitants. Capitalizing on its many resources made Charleston an important part of Virginia and West Virginia history. Today, Charleston is the largest city in the state and the state capital. Charleston's history is rich and vibrant, going back more than 200 years. The Bullitt family was deeded 1,250 acres of land near the mouth of the Elk River in 1774. The land was later sold to Col. George Clendenin in 1786. The first permanent settlement, Fort Lee, was built in 1788 by Col. Clendenin and his company of Virginia Rangers. This structure occupied the area that is now the intersection of Brooks Street and Kanawha Boulevard. Historical conjecture indicates that Charleston is named after Col. Clendenin's father, Charles. Charles Town was later shortened to Charleston to avoid confusion with another Charles Town in present day West Virginia. Six years later, the Virginia General Assembly officially established Charleston. On the 40 acres that made up the town in 1794, 35 people inhabited seven houses. Charleston is part of Kanawha County. The origin of the word Kanawha (pronounced "KAN-A-WA", or more commonly by locals "kan-AW") comes from a West Indian Arawak word for dugout. In fact, a two-story jail was the first county structure ever built, with the first floor literally dug into the bank of the Kanawha River. Daniel Boone, who was commissioned a lieutenant colonel of the Kanawha County militia, was elected to serve in 1791 in the Virginia House of Delegates. As told in historical accounts, Boone walked all the way to Richmond.
Early Industrial Boom
By the early 1800s, salt brines were discovered along the Kanawha River and the first salt well was drilled in 1806. This created a prosperous time and great economic growth for the area. By 1808, 1,250 pounds of salt were being produced a day. An area adjacent to Charleston, Kanawha Salines, now Malden, would become the top salt producer in the world. In 1818, Kanawha Salt Company, first trust in United States, went into operation. Captain James Wilson, while drilling for salt, would strike the first natural gas well in 1815. It was drilled at the site that is now the junction of Brooks Street and Kanawha Boulevard (near the present-day state capitol complex.) In 1817, coal was first discovered and gradually became used as the fuel for the salt works.
West Virginia Becomes a State
The town would continue to grow until the Civil War began in 1861. The state of Virginia seceded from the Union, and Charleston was divided between Union and Confederate loyalty. On September 13, 1862, the Battle of Charleston was fought. Although the Confederate Army was victorious, occupation of the city was short-lived. Union troops returned just six weeks later and stayed through the end of the war. By the time the Civil War ended, the salt industry in Kanawha Valley was virtually gone. The Northern hold on Charleston and most of the western part of Virginia created an even larger problem. Virginia already had seceded from the Union, but the western part was under Union control. The issue of statehood was raised. So amid the tumultuous Civil War, West Virginia officially became a state through Presidential Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln declared the northwestern portion of Virginia to be returned to the Union, and on June 20, 1863, West Virginia became the 35th state.
Deciding on a Permanent Capital
Abraham Lincoln Although the state now existed, settling on a state capital location proved to be difficult. For several years, the capital of West Virginia intermittently traveled between Wheeling and Charleston. In 1877, however, state citizens voted on the final location of their capital. Charleston was chosen and eight years later, the first capitol building was opened. After a fire in 1921, a hastily built structure was opened but burned down in 1927. However, a Capitol Building Commission, created by the Legislature in 1921, authorized construction of the present capitol. Architect Cass Gilbert designed the buff limestone structure that was to have a final cost of just under $10 million. After the three stages of construction were completed, Governor William G. Conley dedicated the capitol on June 20, 1932.
The Early 1900s
Charleston was now the center for state government. Natural resources, such as coal and gas, along with railroad expansion also contributed to growth. New industries, such as chemical, glass, timber and steel migrated to the state, attracted by the area's natural resources. There was a huge amount of new construction in Charleston. A number of those buildings, including churches and office buildings, still stand in the heart of downtown along and bordering Capitol Street.
Mid Century Progress
During World War II, the first and largest synthetic rubber plant in the U.S. opened near Charleston, providing vital products to the war effort. After the war ended, Charleston was on the brink of some significant construction. One of the first during this period was Kanawha Airport (now Yeager Airport, named after General Charles Yeager), which was perhaps one of the most phenomenal engineering accomplishments of its time. Built in 1947, the construction encompassed clearing 360 acres on three mountaintops moving more than nine million cubic yards of earth. In 1959, the Charleston Civic Center opened its door. It stands today, totally renovated and providing the largest meeting and exhibit space available in the Charleston area. In 1956, President Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act. Charleston became part of that system in the 1960s when three major interstate systems—I-64, I-77 and I-79 were constructed, all converging in the heart of Charleston. These roads provide convenient access to Midwestern, Eastern and Southern cities. Charleston is within a day's drive of 60 percent of the U.S. population.
80s and 90s
In 1983, the Charleston Town Center Mall opened its doors. It was the largest urban mall east of the Mississippi River, boasting three stories of shops and eateries. Downtown revitalization began in earnest in the 1980s as well. Funds were set aside for streetscaping and many small businesses began to open. Today, Capitol Street, Hale Street, and other bordering streets are an eclectic mixture of restaurants, shops, businesses and services that is many call the centerpiece of downtown. The new Robert C. Byrd Federal Building, Haddad Riverfront Park and Capitol Market are just a few new developments that have helped growth in the downtown area during the 1990s. Charleston also became known as one of the premiere healthcare spots in the state. Along with ambitious thinking, plans for even new entertainment and business venues kept Charleston moving along at a steady pace. Many festivals and events were also incorporated into the calendar, including Multifest, Vandalia Festival and the already popular Sternwheel Regatta, which was founded in 1970, provided a festive atmosphere for residents to enjoy.
People from Charleston (and vicinity)

- The classical composer George Crumb was born in Charleston.
- Alias star Jennifer Garner was born in Houston, but moved with her family to Charleston as a young child and grew up there, graduating from the city's George Washington High School.
- For a time, Booker T. Washington, the writer, educator, and early civil rights leader, lived in Malden, just upriver from Charleston.
- NFL superstar Randy Moss grew up in Rand, adjacent to Malden.
- Former Major League Baseball player and current sportscaster John Kruk was born in Charleston, but grew up in Keyser in the state's Eastern Panhandle.
Education
Charleston hosts a branch campus of West Virginia University which serves as a clinical campus for WVU's medical and dental schools. Students at either school complete their class work at the main campus in Morgantown, but may do their clinical rotations either in Morgantown or Charleston. The city is also home to a small private college, the University of Charleston. In the immediate area are West Virginia State University in Institute and the Marshall University Graduate College, a postgraduate-only branch of Marshall University located in South Charleston. The city proper hosts three high schools:
- Capital High School [http://www.capitalhigh.org school website], a public school located near Yeager Airport and Coonskin Park, a county park
- George Washington High School, a public school in the South Hills neighborhood
- Charleston Catholic High School, a Catholic school at the eastern edge of the city's downtown

Geography
Charleston is located at (38.349497, -81.633294). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 84.7 km² (32.7 mi²). 81.8 km² (31.6 mi²) of it is land and 2.8 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.36% water.
Demographics
mi² As of the census of 2000, there are 53,421 people, 24,505 households, and 13,624 families residing in the city. The population density is 652.7/km² (1,690.4/mi²). There are 27,131 housing units at an average density of 331.5/km² (858.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 80.63% White, 15.07% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 1.83% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.91% from two or more races. 0.81% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 24,505 households out of which 23.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% are married couples living together, 13.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% are non-families. 38.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.11 and the average family size is 2.82. The age distribution is 20.7% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $34,009, and the median income for a family is $47,975. Males have a median income of $38,257 versus $26,671 for females. The per capita income for the city is $26,017. 16.7% of the population and 12.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 24.5% of those under the age of 18 and 11.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
External links

- [http://www.cityofcharleston.org City of Charleston, WV]
- [http://www.charlestonwv.com Charleston Convention and Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.wvgazette.com The Charleston Gazette] Category:Cities in West Virginia Category:Kanawha County, West Virginia Category:U.S. state capitals

Confluence

A confluence is the merger or meeting of two or more objects (or subjects) that seem to inseparably bind their respective forces or attributes into a point of junction.

Geography

The word is typically used in geography to describe the point where two rivers meet and become one, usually when a tributary joins a more major river. It is also used to describe a location where integer latitude and integer longitude lines cross (i.e. the point in extreme northeastern New Jersey that is at 41° north latitude and 74° west longitude is such a confluence point).

Etymology

The word is comprised of the prefix con (from the Latin "com"), meaning "with" or "together", and joined with the suffix fluence from the Latin "fluere" meaning "to flow". The resulting meaning literally translates as "to flow together". It is interesting to note that the joining of both prefix and suffix to make the word confluence is a confluence in and of itself; both word parts join to form something that flows in the phenomenal river of language. The German city name Koblenz indicates, in Germanicized form, its site at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle.

HDL

Confluence is a modern functional hardware description language (HDL, but not to be confused with high density lipoproteins (HDL)).

Computer science

Confluence, given a rewrite system

\mathcal

in computer science, refers to the property, that a term may be rewritten in several ways, according to

\mathcal

, yet may be resolved to the same term after enough reduction steps. For example, in the lambda calculus confluence is shown via the Church-Rosser theorem. Confluent rewrite systems are very useful for analyzing provable equality in equational logic. This is because in a confluent system, an equation is provable precisely when both terms reduce to the same single term. This idea holds in many rewrite systems, including the typed and untyped lambda calculus. If

\mathcal

is a set of rewrite rules, we can show that if two terms

M

and

N

are reduced to the term

P

then the following equational axiom holds, :

\mathcal_\vdash M=N[\Gamma]\ \iff\ M\hookrightarrow_P\hookleftarrow_N,

given the set of equational hypotheses

\mathcal

, the rewrite relation

\hookrightarrow

defined as the reflexive, symmetrical and transitive closure of the single rewrite step

\rightarrow

and

\Gamma

a function mapping variables to types.

Local and global confluence

We can further characterize a rewrite system by the following properties:
- global confluence or just confluence holds if two terms

M

and

N

rewrite to

P

under the rewrite relation

\hookrightarrow_

as opposed to,
- local confluence which is a strictly weaker system because we imply that the two terms

M

and

N

are provable equal, only if term

M

rewrites to P by an initial rewrite step over the relation

\rightarrow_

. That is M rewrites to P only if

L\leftarrow M\rightarrow O

implies

L\hookrightarrow_P\hookleftarrow_O

. The same applies for the rewrite relation over term

N

. It is important to distinguish the two because a system can be locally confluent, yet not globally confluent, shown in the example below.

Example

Consider the following, taken from [1]. Given the rewrite system,

a\rightarrow b, b\rightarrow a,

a\rightarrow a_0, b\rightarrow b_0

we can show that the system while locally confluent is not confluent in general. We show local confluence by noticing that the term

a

can rewrite to

b

and

b

can rewrite to

a

a

can then be rewritten to

b

. We don't have confluence because

a

can be rewritten to

a_0

b

rewritten to

b_0

. But since neither

a_0

b_0

can be reduced to the other, confluence fails. Thus intuitively, local confluence only guarantees that within a single reduction step we can rewrite one term to the other. While strong confluence not only guarantees the above, but also that for n steps of reduction we have local confluence, therefore by induction, the whole system is globally confluent. It is helpful to note that in a terminating rewrite system local confluence is the same as global confluence.

Critical pairs

An important notion is the critical pair. A critical pair is of terms representing an interaction between rewrite rules.

Left-linear rewrite system

To Do r2=6 x=2-1(8).

References

[1] Mitchel J. C., Foundations for Programming Languages, ISBN 0-262-13321-0, 1996, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Category:Physical geography Category:Theory of computation

Gauley River

The Gauley River is one of the most popular advanced whitewater runs in the Eastern United States and is the chief feature of the Gauley River National Recreation Area. It is a tributary of the Kanawha River in central West Virginia.

Headwaters and course

The Gauley rises in the Monongahela National Forest on Gauley Mountain in Pocahontas County as three streams, the North, Middle, and South Forks, each of which flows across the southern extremity of Randolph County; they converge in Webster County. The river then flows generally west-southwestwardly through Webster, Nicholas and Fayette Counties, past the towns of Camden-on-Gauley and Summersville, to the town of Gauley Bridge, where it joins the New River to form the Kanawha River. Via the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

Tributaries

The Gauley's largest tributaries are the Cranberry River and the Williams River, which join it in Webster County; the Cherry River, which joins it in Nicholas County; and the Meadow River, which joins it at the Fayette-Nicholas County border.

Dams

In Nicholas County, the Gauley is impounded by a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam to form Summersville Lake. The Gauley River National Recreation Area is downstream of the dam.

Whitewater rafting

In the Fall, recreational water releases are scheduled from the Summersville Dam on five successive weekends. These releases are thanks to an act of the U.S. Congress, the first law passed in the U.S. to specifically mandate recreational whitewater dam releases. The releases bring millions of dollars annually to the local economy, as paddlers travel from all over the United States and overseas for the events. The Gauley has two commonly-run sections: the more difficult 9.8 mile (16 km) Upper Gauley (Class IV-V), and the easier 11-mile Lower Gauley (Class IV). There are dozens of rapids on the Upper Gauley; the most notable are the Big Five:
- Insignificant (ironically so named because the first expedition reported "nothing significant before Pillow")
- Pillow Rock (accessible via a steep trail from Carnifax Ferry Battleground Site)
- Lost Paddle (a long, treacherous rapid consisting of four sub-rapids: First Drop, Second Drop, Third Drop, and...Tumblehome)
- Iron Ring (so named for a ring which had been driven into a rock; the ring was cut and removed by vandals in the 1980's), and
- Sweet's Falls (named for John Sweet, a kayaking pioneer of the Gauley). For the Upper Gauley, a significant issue regarding legal access at the takeout has arisen. The owners of the land at Mason Branch, who for a long time allowed paddlers to exit the river and hike their boats up the mountain to a parking area, are denying access as of summer 2005. Paddlers who run the Upper Gauley will have to take out several miles downstream, at Woods Ferry.

Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Gauley River has also been known as:
- Chin-que-ta-na
- Chinquetanacepewe
- Falling Creek
- Gaul River
- Gawly River
- Gualey River
- River of Gauls
- The Falling Creek
- The Falls Creek
- To-ke-be-lo-ke
- To-ke-bel-le-ke
- To-ke-bel-lo-ke
- Tokobelloke

External links

- [http://www.nps.gov/gari/ Gauley River National Recreation Area]
- [http://www.americanwhitewater.org/rivers/id/2378/ National Whitewater River Inventory: Gauley River (Upper)]
- [http://www.americanwhitewater.org/rivers/id/2379/ National Whitewater River Inventory: Gauley River (Lower)]
- [http://www.lrh-wc.usace.army.mil/wc/whitewater.html US Army Corps of Engineers: Southern WV]
- [http://wvblog.typepad.com/rafting/gauley_river_/index.html raftblog,com] Category:Rivers of West Virginia Category:Kanawha River

Allegheny Plateau

The Allegheny Plateau is a large, dissected plateau area in southern New York, western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio. It is divided into the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau and the glaciated Allegheny Plateau. The plateau extends southward into Kentucky and Tennessee, where it is instead called the Cumberland Plateau. Cumberland Plateau]] The plateau terminates in the east at the Allegheny Mountains, which are the highest ridges just west of the Allegheny Front. The front extends from central Pennsylvania into eastern West Virginia. The plateau is bordered on the west by glacial till plains in the north, generally north of the Ohio River, and the Bluegrass region in the south, generally south of the Ohio River. Elevations vary greatly. In the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, relief may only reach one hundred feet or less. In the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in southeastern Ohio and westernmost West Virginia, relief is typically in the range of two hundred to four hundred feet. Absolute highest elevations in this area are often in the range of 900 to 1500 feet. By the Allegheny Front, however, elevations may reach well over 4000 feet, with relief of up to 2000 feet. One of the more notable geologic areas within the Allegheny Plateau is the Hocking Hills region of southeast Ohio. Category:Geography of New York Category:Geography of Ohio Category:Geography of Pennsylvania Category:Geography of West Virginia Category:Mineral County, West Virginia Category:Plateaus

Kanawha County, West Virginia

Kanawha County is a county located in the state of West Virginia. As of 2000, the population is 200,073. Its county seat is Charleston ⁶. During 1974, Kanawha County became known because of the so-called schoolbook controversy. Conservatists wanted to purge material they considered unsuitable from school textbooks, leading to John D. Maurice writing his Pulitzer Prize winning editorials.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,359 km² (911 mi²). 2,339 km² (903 mi²) of it is land and 20 km² (8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.87% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 200,073 people, 86,226 households, and 55,960 families residing in the county. The population density is 86/km² (222/mi²). There are 93,788 housing units at an average density of 40/km² (104/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 90.46% White, 6.97% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. 0.59% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 86,226 households out of which 26.50% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.00% are married couples living together, 12.30% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.10% are non-families. 30.80% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.50% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.28 and the average family size is 2.84. In the county, the population is spread out with 21.30% under the age of 18, 8.40% from 18 to 24, 28.10% from 25 to 44, 25.60% from 45 to 64, and 16.50% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 90.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.10 males. The median income for a household in the county is $33,766, and the median income for a family is $42,568. Males have a median income of $33,842 versus $24,188 for females. The per capita income for the county is $20,354. 14.40% of the population and 11.20% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 20.60% of those under the age of 18 and 10.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns

- Belle
- Cedar Grove
- Charleston
- Chesapeake
- Clendenin
- Dunbar
- East Bank
- Glasgow
- Handley
- Jefferson
- Marmet
- Montgomery (part)
- Nitro (part of city also in Putnam County)
- Pratt
- South Charleston
- St. Albans

Unincorporated communities

- Coal Fork
- Cross Lanes
- Elkview
- Pinch
- Sissonville
- Tornado

External links

- [http://www.kanawha.us/ Kanawha County Commission]
- [http://kanawha.lib.wv.us/ Kanawha County Public Library]
- [http://kcs.kana.k12.wv.us/ Kanawha County Schools]
- [http://www.rootsweb.com/~wvkanawh/ WVGenWeb Kanawha County] Category:West Virginia counties

Mason County, West Virginia

Mason County is a county located in the state of West Virginia. As of 2000, the population is 25,957. Its county seat is Point Pleasant ⁶.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,152 km² (445 mi²). 1,118 km² (432 mi²) of it is land and 34 km² (13 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.91% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 25,957 people, 10,587 households, and 7,569 families residing in the county. The population density is 23/km² (60/mi²). There are 12,056 housing units at an average density of 11/km² (28/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 98.37% White, 0.50% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. 0.47% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 10,587 households out of which 30.60% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.60% are married couples living together, 10.10% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.50% are non-families. 25.50% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.50% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size is 2.89. In the county, the population is spread out with 22.70% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 27.70% from 25 to 44, 26.10% from 45 to 64, and 15.20% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.10 males. The median income for a household in the county is $27,134, and the median income for a family is $32,953. Males have a median income of $32,382 versus $17,074 for females. The per capita income for the county is $14,804. 19.90% of the population and 16.60% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.30% of those under the age of 18 and 14.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns

- Hartford City
- Henderson
- Leon
- Mason
- New Haven
- Point Pleasant Category:West Virginia counties Category:Ohio River counties

Point Pleasant, West Virginia

Point Pleasant is a city located in Mason County, West Virginia, at the confluence of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 4,637. It is the county seat of Mason County. Point Pleasant is most famous for a series of local legends centered on the 1967 collapse of the Silver Bridge, which killed 46 people. According to these legends, a moth-like humanoid was seen by several Point Pleasant residents in the weeks leading up to the disaster. The creature is said to have predicted the collapse. This is the source of the book and movie, The Mothman Prophecies. The town is also noted for the October 10, 1774, Battle of Point Pleasant, in which Virginia militiamen led by Colonel Andrew Lewis defeated a force of American Indians under Chief Cornstalk. It was the final home of Confederate Brigadier-General John McCausland, the next-to-last Confederate General to die. He died in his farm at Grimm's Landing on January 23, 1927. John McCausland Point Pleasant is located at 38°51'27" North, 82°7'43" West (38.857527, -82.128571).

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.0 km² (3.1 mi²). 6.2 km² (2.4 mi²) of it is land and 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 22.73% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 4,637 people, 2,107 households, and 1,310 families residing in the city. The population density is 752.3/km² (1,945.6/mi²). There are 2,313 housing units at an average density of 375.2/km² (970.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 96.57% White, 1.90% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.54% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,107 households out of which 26.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% are married couples living together, 14.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% are non-families. 34.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.18 and the average family size is 2.80. In the city the population is spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 43 years. For every 100 females there are 83.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 75.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $27,022, and the median income for a family is $33,527. Males have a median income of $31,657 versus $16,607 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,692. 24.2% of the population and 22.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 37.9% of those under the age of 18 and 13.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Cities in West Virginia Category:Mason County, West Virginia Category:Kanawha River

Natural gas

Natural gas (commonly refered to as gas in many countries, but note that gas is also an American and Canadian shortening of gasoline) is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane. It is found in oil fields and natural gas fields, as well as—in smaller quantities—in coal beds. When methane-rich gasses are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic material, these are referred to as biogas. Sources of biogas include swamps (swamp gas), marshes (marsh gas), landfills (landfill gas),

Kanawha River

Tributaries

List of cities and towns along the Kanawha River

Variant names

Highways

See also

U.S. state

Legal relationship

List of states

Trivia

Names

Geography

Grouping of the states in regions

State lists

See also

References

External links

19th century

Europe

Americas

Other countries

Events

Wars

Significant people

Anthropology

Painters

Music

Literature

Science

Philosophy and Religion

Politics

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Decades and years

Gauley Bridge, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

External links

Charleston, West Virginia

History

Wild and Untamed Frontier

Early Industrial Boom

West Virginia Becomes a State

Deciding on a Permanent Capital

The Early 1900s

Mid Century Progress

80s and 90s

People from Charleston (and vicinity)

Education

Geography

Demographics

External links

Confluence

Geography

Etymology

HDL

Computer science

Local and global confluence

Example

Critical pairs

Left-linear rewrite system

See also

References

Gauley River

Headwaters and course

Tributaries

Dams

Whitewater rafting

Variant names

See also

External links

Allegheny Plateau

Kanawha County, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

Cities and towns

Unincorporated communities

External links

Mason County, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics