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Kansas Cosmosphere And Space Center

Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center

The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center is a museum and educational facility in Hutchinson, Kansas that is best known for the display and restoration of space artifacts. Founded by Patricia Carey as the Hutchinson Planetarium, the Cosmosphere began in 1962 as a planetarium on the Kansas State Fair grounds. In 1966, the Hutchinson Planetarium moved to the campus of Hutchinson Community College to the newly constructed Science and Arts Building. Due to growing popularity, initial expansion started in 1976 and was completed in 1980, with further expansion taking place in the second half of the 1990's. The current facility includes an IMAX Dome theatre (originally OMNIMAX), the Justice Planetarium, and the 2nd largest collection of US space artifacts in the world (second only to the National Air and Space Museum). Dr. Goddard's Lab is now housed in the original planetarium and presents daily shows on how rockets work. The Cosmosphere also has the largest collection of Russian space artifacts outside of Moscow. The Cosmosphere is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution. Educational programs include the Future Astronaut Training Program, a 5-day summer camp for middle school and high school students, an Elderhostel program, and several 1-day or single overnight camp options for elementary school students based on grade level. Adults can also attend the 3-day Adult Astronaut Experience program. Included in the collection at the Cosmosphere are an SR-71 Blackbird, the Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft from Mercury 4 and the Odyssey command module from Apollo 13, as well as replica Redstone and Titan II launch vehicles used in the Mercury and Gemini programs. Restored versions of World War II V-1 and V-2 rockets are also on display. Other notable artifacts include the Emmy Award won by the Apollo 8 mission and numerous prototype spacesuits. Additionally, the Cosmosphere's Space Works built much of the replicated spacecraft hardware seen in the movies Apollo 13, "From the Earth to the Moon", and Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D.

External link

- [http://www.cosmo.org/ Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center official site] Category:Museums in Kansas Category:Science museums Category:Aerospace museums
- Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center

Hutchinson, Kansas

Hutchinson is the largest city and county seat of Reno County, Kansas. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 40,787. Hutchinson's nickname is The Salt city.

Geography

Salt Hutchinson is located at 38°3'56" North, 97°55'25" West (38.065503, -97.923519). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 54.9 km² (21.2 mi²). 54.7 km² (21.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.33% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 40,787 people, 16,335 households, and 10,340 families residing in the city. The population density is 746.0/km² (1,932.6/mi²). There are 17,693 housing units at an average density of 323.6/km² (838.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 88.57% White, 4.28% African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.65% from other races, and 2.21% from two or more races. 7.67% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 16,335 households out of which 28.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% are married couples living together, 10.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% are non-families. 31.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.31 and the average family size is 2.91. In the city the population is spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.5 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,645, and the median income for a family is $40,094. Males have a median income of $30,994 versus $21,190 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,964. 12.7% of the population and 9.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 16.5% of those under the age of 18 and 9.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

History

Hutchinson was incorporated on August 15, 1872. On Jan 17, 2001, 143 million cubic feet of compressed natural gas leaked from the nearby [http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/Hutch/GasStorage/yaggy.html Yaggy storage field]. It migrated underground, then rose to the surface through old brine wells creating around 15 gas blowholes. An explosion in the downtown area at 10:45 a.m. destroyed two businesses and damaged 26 others. An explosion the next day in a mobile-home park killed two people. [http://www.accesskansas.org/ksadjutantgeneral/News%20Releases/2001/01-012.htm] [http://www.fema.gov/emanagers/2001/nat020101.shtm] [http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/Hutch/]

Industry

Salt was discovered in Reno County by Sam Blanchard on September 26, 1887. This gave rise to the first salt processing plants west of the Mississippi River. Salt was originally extracted using the evaporation method by pumping water into brine wells. In 1923, the [http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1918ks/bioc/careye.html Carey Salt] Company opened the first and only salt mine in Hutchinson, which then produced rock salt. That mine is still in use today and is now operated by Cargill. Excavated portions of the mine are used for archival storage of movie and television masters and permanent business records. [http://www.uvsinc.com/ Underground Vaults & Storage] currently houses the masters for The Wizard of Oz (1939), Gone with the Wind (1939) and Star Wars (1977) amongst many others.[http://www.bellaonline.com/Article.asp?id=1616] The world's largest and longest grain elevator was built in Hutchinson in 1961. The bakery and dairy for Dillons grocery stores are located in Hutchinson.

Points of Interest

- Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center
- Kansas State Fair
- Kansas Underground Salt Museum
- Hutchinson Correctional Facility, state prison
- Prairie Dunes Country Club, host of the 2002 U.S. Women's Open and 2006 U.S. Senior Open golf championships.

Notable Natives

- Jamie Carey, basketball star
- William Stafford, poet

External links

;Official websites :
- [http://www.ci.hutchinson.ks.us/ Hutchinson]
- [http://www.undergroundmuseum.org/home.html Kansas Underground Salt Museum]
- [http://www.prairiedunes.com/ Prairie Dunes]
- [http://www.ku.edu/heritage/towns/hutchinson.html City of Hutchinson] from Kansas Community Networks
- [http://www.ku.edu/heritage/towns/hutchist.html Hutchinson, Kansas History] ;Maps, photos, and other images Category:Cities in Kansas Category:Reno County, Kansas Category:Edible salt

Planetarium

A planetarium is a theater built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky, or for training in celestial navigation. The plural of planetarium is planetariums or planetaria. The term "planetarium" is sometimes used generically to describe other devices which illustrate the solar system, such as a computer simulation or an orrery. orrery orrery] orrery orrery

Overview

The most striking feature of most planetaria is their large dome shaped projection screens onto which scenes of stars, planets and other celestial objects can be made to appear and move realistically to simulate the complex 'motions of the heavens'. These domes can be anything from 3 to 30 m in diameter, accommodating from 1 to 500 people. Traditionally, planetaria domes were mounted horizontally, matching the natural horizon of the real night sky. However, because that configuration requires highly inclined chairs for comfortable viewing "straight up", increasingly domes are being built tilted from the horizontal by between 5 and 30 degrees to provide greater comfort. Tilted domes tend to create a favoured 'sweet spot' for optimum viewing, centrally about a third of the way up the dome from the lowest point. For this reason, tilted domes generally have seating arranged 'stadium-style' in rows as opposed to the traditional epicentric/circular arrangement of seating common in horizontal domes. The celestial scenes on the dome can be created using a wide variety of technologies, ranging from precision-engineered 'star balls' that combine optical and electro-mechanical technology, through slide projector, video and digital projector systems to lasers. Whatever technologies are used, the objective is normally to link them together to provide an accurate relative motion of the sky. Typical systems can be can be set to display the sky at any point in time, past or present, and often to show the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth. Since the early 1990s, fully featured 3-D digital planetaria have added an extra degree of freedom to a presenter giving a show because they allow simulation of the view from any point in space, not just the earth-bound view with which we are most familiar and to which traditional 'star-ball' planetarium technology is limited. This new virtual reality-capability to travel through the universe provides important educational benefits because it conveys the fact that space has depth vividly, helping audiences to leave behind the ancient misconception that the stars are stuck on the inside of a giant celestial sphere and instead to understand the true layout of the solar system and beyond. For example, a planetarium can now 'fly' the audience in the direction of one of the familiar constellations such as Orion, revealing that, in fact, the stars which appear to make up a co-ordinated shape from our earth-bound viewpoint are actually at vastly different distances from Earth and so not really connected at all, except in human imagination and mythology. For audiences with learning styles that are visual or kinesthetic, this can be a particularly memorable demonstration that delivers a learning outcome that would otherwise be hard to achieve.

History

Archimedes is attributed with possessing a primitive planetarium device that could predict the movements of the Sun, the Moon and the planets. The discovery of the Antikythera mechanism proved that such devices already existed during antiquity. The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built by Carl Zeiss in 1924 Germany, and have grown more complex. Smaller projectors include a set of fixed stars, Sun, Moon, and planets, and various nebulae. Larger machines also include comets and a far greater selection of stars. Additional projectors can be added to show twilight around the outside of the screen (complete with city or country scenes) as well as the Milky Way. Still others add coordinate lines and constellations, photographic slides, laser displays, and other images. The OmniMax movie system (now known as IMAX Dome) was originally designed to operate on planetarium screens. In recent years, planetariums — or dome theaters — have broadened their offerings to include wide-screen or "wraparound" films, all-sky video, and laser shows that combine music with laser-drawn patterns. The newest generation of planetariums such as Evans & Sutherland's Digistar 3 or Sky-Skan's DigitalSky, offer a fully digital projection system, in which a single large projector with a fish eye lens, or a system of digital video or laser video projectors around the edge of the dome, are used to create any scene provided to it from a computer. This gives the operator tremendous flexibility in showing not only the modern night sky as visible from Earth, but any other image they wish (including the night sky as visible from points far distant in space and time). A portable class of planetariums can be set up for programs at schools, for example, on a temporary basis. Easily transported and quickly erected inflatable structures have been used for this purpose.

Notable planetariums

- Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Illinois
- Artis Planetarium, Amsterdam [http://www.artis.nl/international/cultural/4.html]
- Cernan Earth and Space Center, Triton College, River Grove, Illinois
- Clark Planetarium, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Davis Planetarium [http://www.mdsci.org/shows/davis/index.cfm] at the Maryland Science Center [http://www.mdsci.org] 601 Light Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21230
- Eise Eisinga Planetarium, Franeker, 1774
- Ehime Prefectural Science Museum,Ehime,Japan has one of largest dome in the world (30m in diameter)
- Fels Planetarium at the Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California
- Charles Hayden Planetarium at the Museum of Science, (Boston, Massachusetts)
- Hayden Planetarium, at the Rose Center for Earth and Space, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, James Stewart Polshek, architect, 2000.
- London Planetarium, Marylebone Road, London (part of Madame Tussaud's)
- Minneapolis Planetarium, Minneapolis Public Library, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Montreal Planetarium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- H.R. MacMillan Space Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Särkänniemi Planetarium, Tampere, Finland
- Hamburg Planetarium [http://www.planetarium-hamburg.de], Hamburg, Germany

Planetarium computer software

- Aladin Sky Atlas (Java)
- Asynx Planetarium[http://www.free-planetarium.com] (Windows)
- Celestia (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X; successor of 3DPlanetarium, OpenUniverse)
- Digistar 3 (proprietary hardware, Windows XP Pro, Evans and Sutherland : Digital Theater Division
- KStars (Linux)
- StarStrider[http://www.starstrider.com] (Windows)
- Starry Night (Windows, Mac OS X)
- Stellarium (Linux, Windows, Mac OS X)
- Winstars (Windows)
- XEphem[http://www.clearskyinstitute.com/xephem/] (Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX , Windows with Cygwin)

External links

- [http://www.seds.org/billa/astrosoftware.html List of Planetarium Software]
- [http://www.ips-planetarium.org International Planetarium Society]
- [http://lochness.com/lpco/lpco.html List of planetariums worldwide]
- [http://www.vastbeyond.com/clickmap.htm List of American planetariums, by state] Category:Theatre Category:Observation ja:プラネタリウム

1966

1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar)

Events

January

- January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic.
- January 2 - Strike of public transportation workers in New York City - ends January 13
- January 3 - First Acid Test at the Fillmore, San Francisco
- January 4 - Military coup in Upper Volta (later Burkina Faso).
- January 4 - Prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in Moscow
- January 5 - Fire due to a gas leak in Feyzin oil refinery near Lyon, France - 12 dead, 80 injured
- January 10 - Pakistani-Indian peace negotiations end successfully in Moscow
- January 10 - French paper L'Express publishes a story of Georges Figon, who took part of the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka. January 18 French police announces that Figon has committed suicide just before he was about to be arrested
- January 11 - Conference about the situation in Rhodesia begins in Lagos
- January 11 - Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies
- January 12 - Lyndon Johnson states that the United States should stay in South Vietnam until Communist aggression there is ended.
- January 13 - Robert C. Weaver becomes the first African American Cabinet member by being appointed United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
- January 15 - A violent military coup in Nigeria
- January 15 - Moscow announces that Sergei Korolev is dead
- January 17 - The Nigerian coup is overturned
- January 17 - A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 jet tanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares and one into the sea
- January 17 - Carl Brashear, the first African American United States Navy diver, is involved in an accident on a routine mission which amputates his leg.
- January 18 - About 8000 US soldiers land in South Vietnam - numbers of US troops total 190.000
- January 19 - Indira Gandhi is elected Prime Minister of India - sworn in January 24
- January 19 - Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies resigns
- January 20 - Demonstrations against high food prices in Hungary
- January 21 - Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro resigns due to a power struggle in his party
- January 22 - Military government of Nigeria announces that ex-prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa has been killed during the coup
- January 26 - Harold Holt becomes Prime Minister of Australia when Robert Menzies retires
- January 26 - Three Beaumont chrildren disapper on their way to Glenelg Beach Adelaide SA, Australia. Never to be seen again
- January 27 - British government promises USA that British troops in Malaysia stay until more peaceful conditions in the region
- January 29 - The first of 608 performances of Sweet Charity opens at the Palace Theatre in New York City.
- January 31 - United Kingdom ceases all trade with Rhodesia
- January - First SR-71 spy plane goes into service.

February

- February 1 - West Germany has purchased 2600 political prisoners from East Germany
- February 3 - The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft makes the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon
- February 4 - Japanese passenger jet crashes into Tokyo Bay - 133 dead
- February 6 - Fidel Castro blames China for spreading anti-Soviet propaganda among Cuban soldiers
- February 10 - Soviet writers Yuli Daniel and Andrei Sinjavski are sentenced for five and seven years, respectively, for anti-Soviet writings
- February 11 - Belgian government resigns
- February 14 - The Australian Dollar was introduced at a rate of two dollars per pound, or ten shillings per dollar.
- February 19 - Naval minister of United Kingdom, Christopher Mayhew, resigns
- February 20 - When Valeri Tarsis, Soviet author and translator is abroad, Soviet Union negates his citizenship
- February 23 - A military coup in Syria replaces the previous government with a Ba'athist regime.
- February 24 - A military coup in Ghana raises sacked general Ankrah to power while president Kwame Nkrumah is abroad.
- February 26 - Curfew in Jakarta
- February 28 - US astronauts Charles Bassett and Elliott See are killed in an aircraft accident in St. Louis, MO

March

- March 1 - Soviet space probe Venera 3 crashes on Venus, becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface.
- March 1 - The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria
- March 2 - Kwame Nkrumah arrives in Guinea and is granted an asylum
- March 4 - The Beatles: In an interview published in The Evening Standard, John Lennon comments, "We're more popular than Jesus now," eventually sparking a controversy in the United States.
- March 5 - Massive theft of nuclear materials revealed in Brazil
- March 7 - Charles De Gaulle asks US president Johnson for negotiations about the state of NATO equipment in France
- March 8 - Anti-communist demonstrations in Indonesian foreign ministry
- March 8 – Ronald Kray, one of the Kray twins, shoots rival gangster George Cornell; the incidents leads to brother's incarceration
- March 8 - Vietnam War: Australia announces it is going to substantially increase its number of troops in Vietnam
- March 8 - A IRA bomb destroys Nelson's Pillar in Dublin
- March 10 - Crown Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands marries Claus von Amsberg.
- March 10 - Wedding of Beatrix, the crown princess of Netherlands and Claus von Amsberg. Some spectators demonstrate against the groom, because he is German
- March 11 – Indonesian president Sukarno gives all executive powers to general Suharto
- March 11 - French president Charles De Gaulle states that French troops will be taken out of NATO and that all French NATO bases and HQ's must be closed within a year
- March 16 - Gemini 8 docks with Agena target satellite
- March 17 - More anti-communist demonstrations in Indonesia
- March 17 - Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the Alvin submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb.
- March 23 - Pope Paul VI and Dr Arthur Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, meet in Rome - the first official meeting for 400 years between the Catholic and the Anglican Churches
- March 26 - Demonstrations again the Vietnam War in USA
- March 27 - In South Vietnam, 20.000 Buddhists march in demonstrations against the policies of the military government
- March 28 - Indira Gandhi visits Washington DC
- March 29 - 23rd Communist party conference in Soviet Union - Leonid Brezhnev demands that US troops leave Vietnam and announces that Chinese-Soviet relations are not satisfying
- March 31 - The Labour Party under Harold Wilson win the British General Election
- March 31 - The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the moon

April

- April 2 - Indonesian army demands that the country rejoin the United Nations
- April 4 - Luna 10 enters orbit around the moon
- April 7 - The United Kingdom asks the UN Security Council authority to use force to stop oil tankers that violate oil embargo against Rhodesia. Authority is given April 10
- April 8 - Buddhists in South Vietnam protest against the fact that the new government has not set a date for free elections
- April 12 - Jan Berry of Jan & Dean suffers brain damage in a serious automobile accident in Beverly Hills, California
- April 14 - South Vietnamese government promises free elections in 3-5 months
- April 15 - anti-Nasser conspiracy exposed in Egypt
- April 18 - China declares that it stops economic aid to Indonesia
- April 21 - Artificial heart installed to the chest of Marcel DeRudder in Houston hospital
- April 21 - The opening of Parliament of the United Kingdom is televised for the first time
- April 27 - Pope Paul VI and Soviet premier Gromyko meet in the Vatican - the first meeting between representatives of the Catholic Church and Soviet Union
- April 28 - In Rhodesia, security forces kill 7 ZANLA men in combat- Chimurenga, ZANU rebellion begins
- April 29 - US troops in Vietnam total 250.000
- April 30 - regular hovercraft service begins over the English Channel (discontinued 2000 due to Channel Tunnel)

May

- May 1 - Floods in Finnish coast
- May 4 - Fiat signs a contract with Soviet government to build a car factory in Soviet Union
- May 6 - The Moors Murderers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley sentenced for life imprisonment
- May 12 - African members of the UN Security Council say that British army should blockage Rhodesia
- May 12 - Radio Peking claims that US planes have shot down a Chinese plane over Yunnan - US denies the story the next day
- May 14 - Turkey and Greece intend to start negotiations about the situation in Cyprus
- May 15 - Indonesia asks Malaysia for peace negotiations
- May 16-July 1 - Seamen's strike in Britain
- May 15 - South Vietnam army besieges Da Nang
- May 24 - Troops of Uganda army arrest Edward Mutesa II of Buganda and occupy his palace
- May 24 - Nigerian government forbids all political activity in the country (until the January 17 1969)
- May 25 - Explorer program: Explorer 32 launches
- May 25 - In St. Louis, Missouri, US Vice-President Hubert Humphrey and US Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall dedicate the Gateway Arch as part of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
- May 26 - Guyana achieves independence.
- May 28 - Fidel Castro announces a martial law in Cuba because of possible US attack
- May 28 – Indonesian and Malayan governments declare that Indonesian Confrontation is over. Treaty signed in August 11
- May 31 - Philippines reform diplomatic relations with Malaysia

June

- June 2 - Eamon de Valera re-elected as Irish president
- June 2 - Surveyor program: Surveyor 1 lands in Oceanus Procellarumon the Moon, becoming the first spacecraft to soft land on another world
- June 2 - Four former cabinet ministers executed in Zaire for alleged involvement in a plot to kill Mobutu Sese Seko
- June 3 - Joaquín Balaguer elected president of Dominican Republic
- June 5 - Gene Cernan completes second U.S. spacewalk (which lasted 2 hours, 7 minutes) on the Gemini 9 mission.
- June 6 - James Meredith, civil rights activist, is shot while trying to march across Mississippi
- June 13 - The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Miranda v. Arizona that the police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning them
- June 14 - The Vatican announces the abolition of Index Librorum Prohibitum index of banned books
- June 17 - Air France personnel strike begins
- June 18 - CIA chief William F. Raborn resigns - Richard Helms will be his successor
- June 20-July 1 - Charles De Gaulle visits Soviet Union
- June 21- Opposition leader Arthur Calwell injured when shot after attending a political meeting in Mosman, Sydney, Australia
- June 28 - In Argentina a Junta deposes president Arturo Umberto Illia in a coup and appoints general Juan Carlos Ongania to lead
- June 29 - Sailors' strike, organised by the National Union of Seamen ends in the United Kingdom
- June 29 - Vietnam War: US planes begin bombing Hanoi and Haiphong
- June 30 - France formally leaves NATO

July

- July 1 - Joaquin Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic.
- July 3 - Rene Barrientos elected president of Bolivia
- July 4 - North Vietnam declares general mobilization
- July 4 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into law. The act goes into effect the following year.
- July 6 - Malawi becomes a republic
- July 7 - Conference of Warsaw Pact ends with a promise to support North Vietnam
- July 12 - Indira Gandhi visits Moscow
- July 12 - Zambia threatens to leave British Commonwealth because of British peace overtures to Rhodesia
- July 12 - US lieutenant major W.H. Whalen arrested for spying
- July 14 - Israeli and Syrian jet fighters fight over the Jordan River
- July 14 - In Chicago, Illinois, Richard Speck murders eight student nurses in their dormitory
- July 14 - Gwynfor Evans becomes member of Parliament for Carmarthen, the first Plaid Cymru MP in the UK.
- July 16 - British Prime Minister Harold Wilson flies to Moscow to try to start peace negotiations about Vietnam War - Soviet Government refutes his ideas
- July 17 - Richard Speck arrested - he tries to commit suicide but fails
- July 18 - Gemini X lifts off for earth orbit with astronauts John Young and Michael Collins, setting a world altitude record of 474 miles.
- July 18 - The Hough Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio, the city's first race riot.
- July 19 - Chinese delegate in Netherlands, Liu en-Tsiu, is declared persona non grata because of death of a Chinese engineer in unclear circumstances; there are claims that he was kidnapped and taken to the delegate's office
- July 22 - Chinese government announces Dutch delegate G. J. Jongejans persona non grata but tells him not to leave the country before group of Chinese engineers has left the Netherlands
- July 23 - Katangese troops in Stanleyville, Congo, revolt in support of the exiled minister Moise Tschombe. Mutiny lasts several weeks
- July 24 - U Thant visits Moscow
- July 26 - Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords stating that the House is not bound to follow its own previous precedent
- July 28 - USA announces that U-2 reconnaissance plane has disappeared over Cuba
- July 29 - Nigerian army rebels and execute the head of state general Irons, Richard Steven Horvitz is born.
- July 30 - England beat West Germany 4-2 to win the World Cup at Wembley

August

- August 1 - Sniper Charles Whitman kills 13 from the University of Texas at Austin Main Building.
- August 1 - Military coup in Nigeria - general Yakubu Gowon takes over
- August 2 - Spanish government forbids overflights of British military aircraft
- August 5 - Martin Luther King leads a civil rights march in Chicago
- August 6 - Rene Barrientos takes office as the president of Bolivia
- August 6 - Bridge over the Tagus River in Lisbon, Portugal, is opened
- August 7 - Race riots occur in Lansing,Michigan.
- August 10 - East German court sentences Günter Laudahn to life imprisonment for espionage for USA
- August 10 - Lunar Orbiter 1, the first US spacecraft to orbit another world, is launched
- August 12 - In the Massacre of Braybrook Street, Harry Roberts, John Duddy and Jack Witney shoot dead three plain clothes policemen in London - they are later sentenced to life imprisonment
- August 13 - China begins Cultural Revolution
- August 13 - An earthquake in Turkey - 2394 dead, 10000 injured
- August 15 - Syrian and Israeli troops clash over Lake Genesaret for three hours
- August 15 - New York Herald Tribune stops publication
- August 16 - Vietnam War: The House Un-American Activities Committee begins investigations of Americans who have aided the Viet Cong with the intent to introduce legislation making these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 are arrested.
- August 17 - Saudi Arabia and United Arab Republic begin negotiations in Kuwait to end the war in Yemen
- August 18 - Vietnam War: D Company, 6th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment meets and defeats a Viet Cong force estimated to be four times larger, at the Battle of Long Tan in Phuoc Tuy Province, Republic of Vietnam
- August 19 - Earthquake in eastern Turkey destroys whole cities
- August 21 - Seven men sentenced to death in Egypt for anti-Nasser agitation
- August 22 - Formation of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), predecessor of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW)
- August 26 - Riots in French Somaliland
- August 30 - France offers independence to French Somaliland

September

- September 1 - United Nations Secretary-General U Thant declares that he is not going to seek re-election because UN efforts in Vietnam have failed.
- September 6 - In Cape Town, the South African architect of Apartheid, Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd is stabbed to death by Dimitri Tsafendas during a parliamentary meeting
- September 7 - The final new episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show airs (the first episode aired on October 3, 1961).
- September 8 - "The Man Trap", the first episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek airs.
- September 9 - NATO decides to move SHAPE headquarters to Belgium.
- September 13 - Balthazar Johannes Vorster becomes new South African prime minister
- September 13 - TASS reports about clashes between members of the Chinese Communist Party and the Red Guard
- September 16 - In South Vietnam, Thich Tri Quang begins a 100-day hunger strike
- September 16 - Metropolitan Opera house opened in New York City
- September 18 - Valerie Percy, the 21 year old daughter of Senator Charles Percy, is stabbed and bludgeoned to death in the family mansion on Chicago's North Shore.
- September 19 - Scotland Yard arrests Ronald Edwards suspected of being involved of the great train robbery
- September 30 - October 1 (midnight) - Baldur von Schirach and Albert Speer released from Spandau Prison
- September 30 - Botswana achieves independence.

October

- October 3 - Tunisia severs its diplomatic relations to United Arab Republic
- October 4 - Israel applies for the outer membership of EEC
- October 4 - Basutoland becomes independent and takes the name Lesotho
- October 5 - UNESCO signs the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers. This even is now celebrated as World Teachers' Day.
- October 7 - Soviet Union declares that all Chinese students must leave the country before the end of October
- October 11 - France and Soviet Union sign a treaty about cooperation in nuclear research
- October 14 - The city of Montreal inaugurates its metro system (see Montreal Metro)
- October 15 - US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs a bill creating the United States Department of Transportation.
- October 17 - Lesotho and Botswana accepted to join United Nations
- October 21 – Aberfan disaster in South Wales, United Kingdom
- October 22 - British spy George Blake escapes from HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs prison; he is next seen in Moscow
- October 22 - Spain demands that United Kingdom stop military flights to Gibraltar - Britain says no the next day
- October 24 - Negotiations about the Vietnam War begin in Manila, Philippines
- October 25 - Military court in Jakarta sentences ex-foreign minister Subandrio to death
- October 25 - Spain closes its Gibraltar border against non-pedestrian traffic
- October 26 - NATO moves its HQ from Paris to Brussels
- October 27 - United Nations takes Namibia from South Africa
- October 28 - US artist Lynne Seemayer paints the Pink Lady, a 60-feet tall picture of a naked woman, above a tunnel on Malibu Canyon Road. Authorities have it painted over in November 3 (see [http://www.snopes.com/autos/hazards/pinklady.asp])
- October 29 - Guinean delegation en route to OAU meeting in Ethiopia is made hostages of Ghana government in Accra

November

- November 2 - The Cuban Adjustment Act enters force, allowing 123,000 Cubans the opportunity to apply for permanent residence in the United States
- November 4 - The Arno river floods Florence, damaging many art treasures
- November 5 - 38 African states demand that United Kingdom use force against Rhodesian government
- November 6 - Lunar Orbiter 2 is launched.
- November 8 - Former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke becomes the first African American elected to the United States Senate.
- November 11 - A mine kills three Israeli paratroopers on the West Bank border.
- November 11 - Spain declares general amnesty about crimes committed during the Spanish Civil War (effectively only for Falangists side)
- November 12 - Birthdate of Stuart King, popular American TV actor beginning in the 1990's.
- November 15 - Gemini program: Gemini 12, carrying astronauts James A. Lovell and Buzz Aldrin, splashes down safely in the Atlantic Ocean 600 km east of the Bahamas.
- November 15 - Harry Maurice Roberts, who had killed three policemen in August, is caught near London
- November 16 - US doctor Samuel Sheppard is acquitted in his second trial of murder of his pregnant wife in 1954
- November 17 - UN General Assembly decides to found United Nations Industrial Development Organization
- November 17 - Spectacular meteor shower of Leonids passes over Arizona at the rate of 2300 a minute for 20 minutes
- November 21 - Army crushes an attempted coup in Togo
- November 28 - Truman Capote's Black and White Ball - dubbed The Party of the Century - is held in New York City.
- November 30 - Barbados achieves independence.

December

- December 1 - Kurt Georg Kiesinger is elected Chancellor of West Germany
- December 1 - British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Rhodesian Prime minister Ian Smith negotiate on HMS Tiger in Mediterranean
- December 2 - U Thant agrees to serve a second term as UN Secretary general
- December 3 - Anti-Portuguese demonstrations in Macau. Curfew declared the next day
- December 7 - Syria offers weapons to rebels in Jordan
- December 7 - Barbados is accepted into United Nations
- December 16 - UN Security council approves oil embargo against Rhodesia
- December 17 - South Africa does not join the trade embargo against Rhodesia
- December 20 - Harold Wilson withdraws all his previous offers to Rhodesian government and announces that he agrees to the independence only after the founding of black majority government
- December 22 - Rhodesian Prime minister Ian Smith declares that he considers that Rhodesia is already a republic
- December 26 - The first Kwanzaa is celebrated by Maulana Karenga, the chair of Black Studies at California State University, Long Beach
- December 31 - Walter Ulbricht talks about negotiations about German unification
- December 31 - Thieves steal millions worth of paintings from Dulwich Art Gallery in London
- December 31 - Congolese government takes over the Union Minière du Haut Katanga.

Unknown dates

- Cultural Revolution declared in mainland China.
- In Burundi, King Mwambutsa IV is deposed by his son Ntare V, who is in turn deposed by prime minister Michel Micombero.
- Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton found Black Panther Party.
- Haile Selassie visits Jamaica for the first time, meeting with Rastafarian leaders
- Konstantin Chernenko, later leader of Soviet Union, becomes candidate member of the Central Committee.
- Surrealist Movement in the United States founded by Franklin and Penelope Rosemont.
- Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn are awarded the Fermi Prize.
- Congress of the United States creates National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development.
- Martin Richards designs the BCPL programming language.
- The DKW automobile goes out of production.
- World Buddhist Sangha Council convened by Theravadins in Sri Lanka with the hope of bridging differences and working together.
- Long-term potentiation (LTP), the putative cellular mechanism of learning and memory, is first observed by Terje Lømo in Oslo, Norway.
- Actress Saira Banu marries actor Dilip Kumar.

Births

January-April

- January 1 - Michael Imperioli, American actor
- January 12 - Rob Zombie, American musician, artist, and writer
- January 13 - Patrick Dempsey, American actor
- January 17 - Shabba Ranks, Jamaican singer
- January 19 - Floris Jan Bovelander, Dutch field hockey player
- January 20 - Tracii Guns, American guitarist
- January 29 - Romário, Brazilian footballer
- February 1 - Michelle Akers, American soccer player
- February 6 - Rick Astley, British singer
- February 9 - Ellen van Langen, Dutch athlete
- February 11 - Stephen Gregory, American actor
- February 11 - Anthony Parker, American football player
- February 20 - Cindy Crawford, American model
- February 22 - Brian G

IMAX

]] IMAX (for Image Maximum) is a film projection system that has the capacity to display images of far greater size and resolution than conventional film display systems. A standard IMAX screen is 22 m wide and 16 m high (72.6 x 52.8 ft), but can be larger. IMAX is the most successful large-format special-venue film presentation system. A variation of IMAX, IMAX Dome (originally called OMNIMAX), is designed for projection on tilted dome screens.

Precursors

The desire to increase the visual impact of film has a long history. Cinemascope and VistaVision widened the projected image from 35 mm film, and there were multi-projector systems such as Cinerama for even wider presentations. While impressive, Cinerama was cumbersome, difficult to set up and the joins between the screens were difficult to hide.

Technical aspects

Cinerama Cinerama Cinerama The intent of IMAX is to dramatically increase the resolution of the image by using much larger film stock at a resolution of 38720 x 24120. To do this, 70 mm film stock is run "sideways" through the cameras. While traditional 70 mm film has an image area that is 48.5 mm wide and 22.1 mm tall (for Todd-AO), in IMAX the image is 69.6 mm wide and 48.5 mm tall. In order to expose at standard film speed of 24 frames per second, three times as much film needs to move through the camera each second. Drawing the large-format film through the projector was a difficult technical problem to solve; conventional 70 mm systems were not steady enough for the 586x magnification. IMAX projection involved a number of innovations. William Shaw of IMAX adapted an Australian patent for film transport called the "rolling loop" by adding a compressed-air "puffer" to accelerate the film, and put a cylindrical lens in the projector's "gate" for the film to be vacuumed up against during projection (called the "field flattener" because it served to flatten the image field). IMAX projectors are pin-stabilized, meaning 4 registration pins engage the sprockets at the corners of the projected frame to ensure perfect alignment. Mr. Shaw added cam-controlled arms to decelerate each frame to eliminate the microscopic shaking as the frame "settled" onto the registration pins. The projector's shutter is also open for around 20% longer than in conventional equipment and the light source is brighter, the largest 12-18 kW xenon arc lamps have hollow, water-cooled electrodes. An IMAX projector is therefore a substantial piece of equipment, weighing up to 1.8 tonnes. IMAX uses a stronger "ESTAR" (Kodak's tradename for DuPont's Mylar) base. The reason is not for strength, but precision. Estar does not change size due to the chemicals used to develop the image, and IMAX's pin-registration (esp. the cam mechanism) is intolerant of either sprocket-hole or film-thickness variations. The IMAX format is generically called "15/70" film, the name referring to the 15 sprockets per frame of 70 mm stock. The bulk of the film requires large platters rather than conventional film reels. IMAX film does not include an embedded soundtrack in order to use more of the image area. Instead the IMAX system specifies a separate six-channel 35mm magnetic tape synchronized to the film. (This original system--35mm mag tape locked to a projector--was commonly used to "dub" or insert studio sound into the mixed soundtrack of conventional films.) By the early 90's, a separate digital 6-track source was synchronized using a more precise pulse-generator as a source for a conventional SMPTE timecode synchronization system. This development presaged conventional theatrical multichannel sound systems such as Dolby Digital and DTS. Further improvements and variations on IMAX include several 3-D presentation methods and the possibility of a faster 48 frames per second rate. Improvements in the sound systems have included sample-synchronized CD sound, a 3D sound system, and the elliptical-pattern speaker-clusters. IMAX theater construction also differs significantly from conventional theaters. The increased resolution allows the audience to be much closer to the screen, typically all rows are within one screen-height. (Conventional theaters seating runs 8 to 12 screen-heights) Also, the rows of seats are set at a steep angle (Up to 23 degrees in some domed theaters) so that the audience is facing the screen directly.

IMAX Dome/OMNIMAX

frames per secondIn the late 1960s the San Diego Hall of Science (now known as the San Diego Space and Science Foundation) began searching North America for a large-format film system to project on the dome of their planned 76-foot tilted-dome planetarium. One of the front-running formats was a double-frame 35mm system, until they saw IMAX. The IMAX projector was unsuitable for use inside a dome because it had a 12-foot-tall lamphouse on top. However, IMAX was quick to cooperate and was willing to redesign their system. IMAX designed an elevator to lift the projector to the center of the dome from the projection booth below. Spectra Physics designed a suitable lamphouse that took smaller lamps (about 18 inches long) and placed the bulb behind the lens instead of above the projector. Lights of Canada developed a fisheye lens that would project the image onto a dome instead of a flat screen. The new system, that the San Diego Hall of Science called OMNIMAX, uses a fisheye lens on the camera that squeezes a highly distorted 180 degree field of view onto the 70mm IMAX film. The lens is aligned below the center of the frame and most of the bottom half of the circular field falls beyond the edge of the film. The part of the field that would fall below the edge of the dome is masked-off. When filming, the camera is aimed upward at an angle that matches the tilt of the dome. When projected through a matching fisheye lens onto a dome the original panoramic view is recreated. OMNIMAX wraps 180 degrees horizontally, 100 degrees above the horizon and 22 degrees below the horizon for a viewer at the center of the dome. It premiered in 1973 at the Reuben H. Fleet Space Theater and Science Center in San Diego's Balboa Park. IMAX has since renamed the system IMAX Dome. Even though the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center – which coined the original name – now uses the new name, many theaters still call it OMNIMAX.

IMAX 3D

Balboa Park To create the illusion of 3 dimensions, the IMAX 3D process uses two camera lenses to represent the left and right eyes. The two lenses are separated by an interoccular distance of about 64 mm/2.5 in., the average distance between a human's eyes. By recording on two separate rolls of film for the left and right eyes and projecting them simultaneously, we can be tricked into seeing a 3D image on a 2D screen. The IMAX 3D camera is a very cumbersome camera, weighing over 113 kg/250 pounds. This makes it extremely difficult to film on-location documentaries such as the Space Station 3D film. (Space is a popular subject for the IMAX 3D format.) The IMAX screen, averaging at 8 stories tall, is the perfect medium for 3D movies to be shown on. Not only does the large negative format allow for pristine quality images, but the massive screen and close viewing distance provides a very immersive experience for the audience. There are two methods to creating the 3D illusion in the theatre. The first involves polarization. During projection, the left and right eye images are polarized perpendicular to one another as they are projected onto the IMAX screen. By wearing goggles with lenses polarized in their respective directions to match the projection, the left eye image can be viewed only in the left eye since the polarization of the left lens will cancel out that of the right eye projection. Another method for 3D projection involves headsets that contain electronic liquid-crystal shutter (E3D) lenses. The lenses are synced to the twin projectors that alternate rapidly between left and right eye images at 96 frame/s to project one image at a time on the screen that is momentarily viewed by the appropriate eye by allowing that eye's lens to become transparent while the other remains opaque. One particular problem that 3D movies face is that the 3D effect does not extend past the boundaries of the physical screen. It is for this reason that the screen must be large enough to cover as much of the viewer's peripheral vision as possible. Another problem with IMAX 3D movies is due to an inherent difference between our eyes and the film format. Because of the large negative, depth of field is dramatically reduced, causing an often distracting depiction of the scene. Computer-generated imagery films do not have this problem as they are able to control the depth of field in the images to allow everything to be in focus. While some may argue that this is less artistic than regular 2D films that purposefully employ shallow depth of field for aesthetic reasons, the IMAX 3D experience is a much more immersive one than regular 2D films, and therefore the viewer can be disoriented by seeing images that are out of focus – a natural side-effect of the 3D experience.

Viewer experience

For the viewer, these technical differences result in a much more immersive, engaging experience than conventional film projection. The large screen and close seating mean that much of the viewer's field of vision is filled with the image, and the high resolution and positional stability of the film format imparts a sense of reality and detail. IMAX film can be overwhelming at times, with some viewers experiencing motion sickness during scenes with significant motion, especially if the action cuts between moving and still scenes.

History

The IMAX system was developed by three Canadians: Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, and Robert Kerr. During Expo 67 in Montreal, their multi-projector giant-screen system had a number of technical difficulties that lead them to design a single-projector/single-camera system. The first IMAX film was demonstrated at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX system was set up in Toronto, in the Ontario Place park in 1971. During Expo '74 in Spokane, Washington, USA, a very large IMAX screen that measured 90 x 65 ft (27.3 x 19.7 m) was featured in the US Pavilion (the largest structure in the expo). About 5 million visitors viewed the screen, which covered a person's total field of vision when looking directly forward. This easily created a sensation of motion for nearly everyone, and motion sickness in a few viewers. However, it was only a temporary screen for the six-month duration of the Expo. Several years later, a standard size IMAX screen was installed, and is still in operation at the renamed "Riverfront Park IMAX Theatre." The first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Reuben H. Fleet Space Theater and Science Center, opened in San Diego's Balboa Park in 1973. The first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in Vancouver, Canada for Expo '86, and is still very much in use, as it is situated at the tip of Canada Place, one of Vancouver and the world's most recognized structures. As of May 2003, there were 230 IMAX theatres in 34 countries around the world. Half of these are commercial theaters and half are in educational venues.

Content

Although IMAX is an impressive format from a technical perspective, its popularity as a motion picture format has traditionally been limited. The expense and logistics of producing and presenting IMAX films has dictated a shorter running time compared to conventional movies for most presentations (typically around 40 minutes). The majority of films in this format tend to be documentaries ideally suited for institutional venues such as museums and science centers. IMAX cameras have been taken into space aboard the Space Shuttle, to Mount Everest, to the bottom of the Atlantic ocean, and to the Antarctic to film such documentaries. Although IMAX documentaries have been praised for their technical quality critics have also complained that many have banal narration. Some IMAX theaters had shown conventional films (using conventional projection equipment) as a sideline to the native-IMAX presentations. In the late 1990s there was a wave of interest in broadening the use of IMAX as an entertainment format. A few pure-entertainment IMAX short films have been created, notably T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous, which had a successful run in 1998 and Haunted Castle, released in 2001 (both of these were IMAX 3-D films). In 1999, Disney produced Fantasia 2000, the first full-length animated feature released exclusively in the IMAX format (the film would later have a conventional-theatrical release). Disney would also release the first 2-D live-action native IMAX entertainment film, The Young Black Stallion, in late 2003. In the fall of 2002, IMAX and Universal Studios released a new IMAX-format of the 1995 theatrical film Apollo 13. This release marked the first use of the IMAX-proprietary "DMR" re-mastering process that allowed conventional films to be converted into IMAX format. Other theatrically-released films, including a Star Wars installment, would subsequently be re-released at IMAX venues using the DMR process. In 2003 a notable IMAX re-release, again using the DMR process, was The Matrix Reloaded. Later in 2003, the sequel The Matrix Revolutions was the first feature film to be released simultaneously in IMAX and conventional theaters. Because of a technical limitation on the size of the film reel, these early DMR releases were edited to conform to a two-hour length limitation. Reviewers have generally praised the results of the DMR blowup process, which have superior visual and auditory impact to the same films projected in 35 mm. A typical comment on Apollo 13 notes "The big effects moments, explosive sound mix, and James Horner's soaring score are all amazing in IMAX." Some large format film industry professionals claim, however, that DMR blowups are not comparable to films created directly in the 70mm 15-perf IMAX format. They note that the decline of Cinerama coincided roughly with the supersession of the original process with a simplified, reduced-cost, technically inferior version, and view DMR with alarm. IMAX originally reserved the phrase "the IMAX experience" for true 70 mm productions, but now allows its use on DMR productions as well. However, IMAX DMR versions of commercial Hollywood films are generally popular with audiences, with many people choosing to pay more than standard admission to see the IMAX version. Noted feature film director James Cameron filmed a movie about the Titanic in 3D IMAX format, Ghosts of the Abyss. Up to 2002, eight IMAX format films have received Academy Awards nomination with one win, the animated short, The Old Man and the Sea in 2000. Many IMAX films have been remastered into HDTV format for the INHD channels.

Controversy

In late March 2005, some IMAX theaters in the United States chose not to show a documentary film, Volcanoes of the Deep Sea about undersea volcanoes, because they feared that the mention of evolution would provoke a negative reaction from those Christian fundamentalist patrons who believe in creationism. In particular, the film discussed the similarities in bacterial and human DNA. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/23/volcano.movie.ap/index.html]

List of notable IMAX films

- Tiger Child (1970) first IMAX film
- Garden Isle (1973) first IMAX Dome (OMNIMAX) film
- To Fly! (1976) second top-grossing IMAX with a box office of $82,500,000
- Hail Columbia! (1982) first IMAX space film
- The Dream is Alive (1985)
- Everest (1998) top-grossing IMAX with a box office of $120.6 million in the world ($84.4 million in the US and Canada alone); see Mount Everest
- Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure (2001): see Ernest Shackleton
- Space Station 3D (2002)
- Cirque du Soleil - Journey of Man (2000): see Cirque du Soleil
- Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets: see Grand Canyon
- NASCAR 3D: The IMAX Experience (2004)
- T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous: see Tyrannosaurus rex
- Mysteries of Egypt, narrated by Omar Sharif: see Ancient Egypt for relevant articles
- Chronos
- Cyberworld 3D
- Haunted Castle
- The Old Man and the Sea (1999) Oscar winning
- Journey into Amazing Caves (2001)
- Pulse: a STOMP Odyssey (2002)
- Dolphins (2000) Oscar nominated
- Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D (2005) widest initial release of an IMAX film ever (85 IMAX theatres worldwide)
- Godzilla 3D to the MAX, currently in the works

List of feature films released on IMAX screens

- Apollo 13(DMR)
- Fantasia 2000
- Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (DMR)
- Treasure Planet
- The Lion King
- Beauty and the Beast
- The Matrix Reloaded (DMR)
- The Young Black Stallion
- The Matrix Revolutions (DMR)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (DMR)
- Spider-Man 2 (DMR)
- The Polar Express (re-rendered in 3D)
- Robots
- Batman Begins (DMR, June 15, 2005)
- Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (DMR, July 15, 2005)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (DMR, Nov 18, 2005) - currently holds the record for opening weekend in an IMAX theater with an estimated $2.93M in grosses over a three day period.
- The Ant Bully (DMR, Aug 4, 2006)
- Happy Feet (DMR, Nov 17, 2006)
Technical specifications
IMAX (15/70)
- spherical lenses
- 15 perforations per frame
- horizontal pulldown, from right to left (viewed from base side)
- 24 frames per second
- camera aperture: 2.772" (70.41 mm) by 2.072" (52.63 mm)
- projection aperture: at least 0.80" (20.32 mm) less than camera aperture on the vertical axis and at least 0.016" less on the horizontal axis IMAX Dome/OMNIMAX Same as IMAX except
- special fisheye lenses
- lens optically centered 0.37" (9.40 mm) above film horizontal center line
- projected elliptically on a dome screen, 20 degrees below and 110 degrees above perfectly centered viewers
Notable IMAX venues

- The Cinesphere at Ontario Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada — the first permanent IMAX theatre in the world
- The IMAX Theatre at Canada Place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada — the first permanent IMAX 3D theatre in the world
- The IMAX/IMAXDome at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada — the first dual IMAX/IMAXDome installation in the world
- Futuroscope, France — theme park, only place containing all versions of IMAX theatres (normal, dome, 3D, 3D dome ("Solido") and IMAX Magic Carpet)
- The Reuben H. Fleet Science Center in San Diego, California, USA — First IMAX Dome (OMNIMAX) installation in 1973.
- The Rap ADLabs at The Pacific Mall In Ghaziabad which is in New Delhi's NCR. It is funded by India's famous entrepeneur Anil Ambani and designed by Hafeez Contractor. See also the list of all IMAX venues worldwide
Corporate information
IMAX Corporation is the company that designs and manufactures IMAX cameras and projectors as well as handling film production and distribution to the various IMAX affliated theatres worldwide. Founded in 1971 after the demo at Expo '67 in Montreal and was co-headquartered in New York NY and Toronto ON. It is now based outside of Toronto in Mississauga, Ontario. IMAX Theatre Network operates 250 theatres (IMAX, IMAX 3D and IMAX DOME) and affiliates in 36 countries. One hundred are equipped for IMAX 3D. As well DKP 70MM Incorporated is an award-winning post-production image and quality control facility.
External links

- [http://www.imax.com/ IMAX Website]
- [http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/records/IMAX.html IMAX box office numbers] Category:Movie film formats Category:Movie theatre chains in Canada Category:Movie theatre chains in the United States Category:Lists of companies Category:Companies traded on NASDAQ Category:3D imaging

National Air And Space Museum

The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the United States' Smithsonian Institution maintains the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world. It is also a vital center for research into the history, science, and technology of aviation and space flight, as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics.

Museum on the Mall

spacecraft Originally called the National Air Museum when it was formed on 12 August 1946, the National Air and Space Museum collection dates back to the closing of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia when the Smithsonian received a group of kites from the Chinese Imperial Commission. In 1889, the Stringfellow engine became the first object accessioned into the collection. The collections of the Museum were housed in the Arts and Industries Building, in a shed in the south yard known as the "Air and Space Building" and outdoors in "Rocket Row." The beginning of the conquest of space in the 1950s and 1960s helped to drive the renaming of the Museum to the National Air and Space Museum, and finally congressional passage of appropriations for the construction of the new Museum, which opened 1 July 1976. The main exhibit hall of the museum is on the National Mall in Washington, DC, and is one of the most popular tourist destinations of the city. In addition to the rooms crowded with