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Karad

Karad

Karad is a town in Satara district of western Maharashtra state of India. This is the place of the confluence of Koyna River and Krishna River. This place is one of the main educational centers in Maharashtra. It is called the "sugar-bowl" of Maharashtra owing to the presence of many sugar factories in and around Karad. Sahyadri Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd,Yeshwantnagar,Biggest & online computerised sugar plant in maharashtra (7500 TCD) is located near shirwade railway station in karad taluka. Yashwantrao Chavhan, an eminent Congress party politician, apart from being the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, alos served as defence minister, finance minister and home minister , Foreign Minister, and Deputy Prime Minister of India, hailed from Karad.

External links

- [http://www.sahyadrisakhar.com] Sahyadri Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd,Yeshwantnagar.
- [http://www.educationinfoindia.com/medical/m_indexkrishnainsttmedi.html] Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences.

Satara

Satara is a town located in the Satara District of Maharashtra state of India. The name is derived from the seventeen walls, towers and gates which the town was supposed to possess. The town is 2320 ft. above sea-level, near the confluence of the Krishna River (Kistna) and its tributary the Venna, 56 mi south of Pune.

History

The city of Satara was the seat of the former Maratha Maharajas, the nominal rulers of the Maratha empire until its conquest by Britain in 1818. The Maratha empire was founded by Shivaji in the 17th century. His descendants had lost effective control of the Maratha state by the mid-18th century, which had passed to the Peshwas, who moved the capital to Pune in 1749. After their victory in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, the British annexed most of the Maratha territory to Bombay Presidency, but restored the titular raja Pratap Singh, and assigned to him the principality of Satara, with an area much larger than the present district. As a result of political intrigues, he was deposed in 1839, and his brother Shahji Raja was placed on the throne. This prince, dying without male heirs in 1848, Satara was annexed by the British government, and added to Bombay Presidency.

External links

- [http://satara.nic.in/ Welcome to Satara]
- [http://tosic.interfree.it/Asia/In-Satara.htm History]
- [http://www.educationinfoindia.com/medical/m_indexkrishnainsttmedi.html Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences]
- [http://www.sahyadrisakhar.com Sahyadri Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd,Yeshwantnagar]

Maps

- [http://www.educationinfoindia.com/maharashtra.gif Map of] Maharashtra.
- [http://satara.nic.in/htmldocs/distmap_roads.htm Satara District Main Roads and Railways]
- [http://satara.nic.in/images/sat_map_phyi_new2.jpg Physical Map of Satara District]

Pictures

- [http://www.craveservices.com/photos/index.htm?satara.htm&right Satara Fort, Shiva Temple, Old Palace]
- [http://www.spanconsult.com/IMGS/pune-satara%20road_1.jpg Road from Pune to Satara]
- [http://geocities.com/ascpoona/sahyadri/satarabutte.jpg Butte South of Satara (NH-4). Looking west]
- [http://www.michaelmcfadyenscuba.info/articles/satara%20underway.jpg Cargo Steamer] "SS Satara"

Watercolors

- [http://home.comcast.net/~gayatri.vasudevan/images/Road_To_Satara1.jpg Gayatri Vasudevan: "Road to Satara"]
- [http://home.comcast.net/%7Egayatri.vasudevan/images/Home.jpg Gayatri Vasudevan "Home"]
- [http://home.comcast.net/%7Egayatri.vasudevan/images/The_Verandah.jpg Gayatri Vasudevan "The Verandah"]

References

- Paul H. von Tucher: Nationalism: Case and crisis in Missions - German Missions in British India 1939 - 1946. Diss. Erlangen 1980. Author's edition Erlangen/Germany 1980. [http://christoph-gaebler.de/tucher.htm] Contains an account of the Parole Settlement and Internment Camp in Satara 1940-1946.
- Wilhelm Filchner: Life of a Researcher (chapter XXIII). Wilhelm Filchner was interned from September 1941 until November 1946 in the Parole Camp in Satara. Later on he lived in Poona in the Maharashtra state of India. Category:Cities and towns in Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra (महाराष्ट्र in Devanagari) is India's third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. It is bordered by the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. Mumbai (Bombay), India's largest city, is the capital of Maharashtra.

Origin of the name

Maharashtra was known as "Rashtra" in the Rig Veda, "Rashtrik" in Ashoka's inscriptions, and "Maha rashtra" afterwards, as attested by Huein-Tsang and other travellers. The name appears to be derived from "Maharashtri" in an old form of Prakrit, an ancient Indian language. However, there are other theories put forward by different schools of thought: one version suggests the derivation of the name from "land of the Mahars and the Rattas". Another possible derivation is believed to be the corruption of the term "Maha Kantara", which means "Great Forest". Both these theories did not carry much weight, as can be seen from the name of Maharashtra.

History

Archaeological evidence indicates that Maharashtra was inhabited since the Palaeolithic era. Not much is known about Maharashtra's early history, and its recorded history dates back to the 3rd century BC, with the use the Maharastri language, a Prakrit corruption of Sanskrit. Later, Maharashtra became a part of the Magadha empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka. The port town of Sopara, just north of present day Mumbai, was the centre of ancient India's commerce, with links to Eastern Africa, Mesopotamia, Aden and Cochin. With the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahanas between 230 BC and 225 AD. During the reign of the Vakatakas (250 AD–525 AD), Vidarbha, the eastern region of Maharashtra, come under their rule. During this period, development of arts, religion and technology flourished. By the 6th century, Maharashtra came under the reign of the Chalukyas. Later, in 753, the region was governed by Rashtrakutas, an empire that spread over most of peninsula India. In 973, the Rashtrakutas were overthrown by the Chalukayas, who ruled parts of Maharashtra until 1189 when it came under the hands of the Yadavas of Deogiri. Maharashtra came under Islamic influence for the first time after the Delhi Sultanate rulers Ala-ud-din Khalji, and later Muhammad bin Tughluq appropriated parts of the Deccan in the 13th century. After the collapse of the Tughlaqs in 1347, the Bahmani Sultanate took over, governing the region for the next 150 years. By the 16th century, central Maharashtra was ruled by numerous autonomous Islamic kingdoms that owed allegiance to the Mughals, while coastal region was annexed by the Portuguese, in their quest to seize control of the spice trade. By the early 17th century the Maratha Empire began to take root. The Marathas, native to western Maharashtra, were led by Raje Shivaji Bhosle, who was crowned king in 1674. Under his successors, the Maratha Empire reached their zenith, encompassing almost the entire Deccan, central India and extending into parts of modern day Pakistan and Bangladesh . After defeating the Mughals in 1707, the Marathas became the dominant rulers of India. With death of Shahu in 1749, Peshwa became head of Maratha empire. After suffering a heavy defeat to the Afghan chieftain Ahmad Shah Abdali, in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Maratha Confederacy broke into regional kingdoms like Gwalior, Poona, Indore etc. With the arrival and subsequent involvement of the British East India Company in Indian politics, the two were involved in three major battles, culminating in the annexation of Peshwa ruled territory in Maharashtra in 1819, which heralded the end of the Maratha empire. The British governed the region as part of the Bombay Presidency, which spanned an area from Karachi in Pakistan to most of the northern Deccan. The British rule was marked by social reforms, an improvement in infrastructure as well revolts due to their discriminatory policies. At the beginning of the 20th century, a non-violent struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi began to take shape. In 1942, the Quit India Movement was called by Gandhi which was marked by a non-violent civil disobedience movement and strikes. After India's independence in 1947, independent princely states in central India joined the Indian Union. In 1956, Bombay state came into existence which merged the princely states of central India into Bombay Presidency. On 1960-05-01, the state of Maharashtra came into existence, carved out of the Marathi-speaking territory of Bombay state. Favourable economic policies in the 1970s led to Maharashtra becoming India's leading industrial state. See also:
- Timeline of Maharashtra history
- History of India
- Social Reform Movement in Maharashtra

Geography

Maharashtra encompasses an area of 308,000 km² (119,000 mi²), the third largest in India after Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra is bordered by the states of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, Karnataka to the south and Goa to the southwest. The state of Gujarat lies to the northwest, with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli sandwiched between the borders. The Arabian Sea makes up Maharashtra's west coast. The Western Ghats are a hilly range which runs parallel to the coast at an average elevation of 1,200 metres (4,000 feet)). To the west of these hills lie the Konkan coastal plains which are 50–80 kilometres in width. To the east of the Ghats lies the flat Deccan Plateau. The Western Ghats form one of the three watersheds of India of which many South Indian rivers originate from. To the north of the state, near the Madhya Pradesh border, lies the Satpura Range. The Western Ghats form the source major rivers of South India, notable the Godavari and the Krishna, two major rivers of Deccan India. The rivers, along with their tributaries flow eastwards, irrigating most of central and eastern Maharashtra emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The Ghats are also the source of numerous small rivers which flow westwards emptying into the Arabian Sea. To the north of the state, the rivers Tapi and Narmada flow westwards, irrigating most of northern Maharashtra. The plateau is composed of black basalt soil, rich in humus.

Economy

Maharashtra's is India's leading industrial state contributing 23% of India's industrial output. 64.14% of the people are employed in agriculture and allied activities. Major industries in Maharashtra include chemical and allied products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum and allied products. Other important industries include metal products, wine, jewellery, pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, machine tools, steel and iron castings and plastic wares. Food crops include mangoes, grapes, bananas, oranges, wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and pulses. Cash crops include groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, turmeric, and tobacco. The net irrigated area totals 33,500 square kilometres. Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra houses the headquarters of almost all major banks, financial institutions, insurance companies and mutual funds. Within Mumbai is located Bollywood, the epicentre of India's Hindi film and television industry. The Bombay Stock Exchange, India's oldest and largest stock exchange is located in the city. After successes in the information technology in the neighbouring states, Maharashtra has set up software parks in Pune, Mumbai, and Nashik.

Government

Like all states in India, the head of state is the governor, appointed by the Central government. His or her post is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Maharashtra's capital is Mumbai, home to the Vidhan Sabha – the state assembly and Mantralaya, the administrative offices of the government. It is also home to the Bombay High Court which has jurisdiction over Maharashtra, Goa, and the Union Territory of Daman and Diu. The legislature convenes its budget and monsoon sessions in Mumbai, and the winter session in Nagpur, which was designated as the state's auxiliary capital. Maharashtra's legislature is bicameral, one of the few states in India to have a bicameral type. The Legislative Assembly – the Vidhan Sabha is the lower house consisting of directly elected members. The Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) is the upper house, whose members are indirectly voted through an electoral college. Maharashtra is allocated nineteen seats in the Rajya Sabha and forty-eight in the Lok Sabha, India's national parliament. After India's independence, most of Maharashtra's political history was dominated by the Congress party. Maharashtra became a bastion of the Congress party producing stalwarts such as Y.B. Chavan, one of its most prominent Chief Ministers. The party enjoyed near unchallenged dominance of the political landscape until 1995 when the right wing Shiv Sena and BJP secured an overwhelming majority in the state to form a coalition. The Shiv Sena with its pro-Marathi stance renamed Bombay to Mumbai and also many other colonial institutions after historic local appellations. After a split in the Congress party, former chief minister Sharad Pawar formed the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), but formed a coalition with the Congress to keep out the BJP-SS combine. The 2004 elections saw the NCP gaining the largest number of seats to become the state's largest party, eroding much of the Shiv Sena's base. Under a pre-poll power sharing agreement, the Chief Minister would be from the Congress while the deputy Chief Minister would be from the NCP.

Demographics

A person native to the state is called a Maharashtrian. As per the 2001 census, Maharashtra has a population of 96,752,247 inhabitants making it the second most populous state in India, and the second most populous subnational entity in existence. Only eleven countries of the world have a population greater than Maharashtra. Its density is 322.5 inhabitants per square kilometre. Males constitute 50.3 million and females, 46.4 million. Maharashtra's urban population stands at 42.4%. Its sex ratio is 922 females to 1000 males. 77.27% of its population is literate, broken into 86.2% males and 67.5% females. Its growth rate between 1991-2001 was pegged at 22.57%. Marathi is the official state language. Marathi is spoken by a vast majority of its populace. In Mumbai however, due to its cosmopolitan nature, Hindi, Gujrati and English, along with a variety of other languages are widely spoken along with Marathi. Marathi, English and sometimes Hindi are used for official purposes. In the northwest portion of Maharashtra, Gujarati is spoken by a minority. The state has a Hindu majority of 80.2% with minorities of Muslims 10.6%, Buddhists 6%, and Christians 1%.

Divisions

Maharashtra is divided into thirty-five districts, which are grouped into six divisions: Aurangabad, Amravati, Konkan, Nagpur, Nashik, and Pune. These are official revenue divisions of government of Maharashtra. Geographically, historically and according to political sentiments Maharashtra has five main regions: Vidarbha or Berar (Nagpur and Amravati divisions), Marathwada (Aurangabad Division), Kandesh or Northern Maharashtra (Nashik Division), Desh or Western Maharashtra (Pune division), and Konkan (Konkan Division). Maharashtra has a long standing dispute with Karnataka on the sovereignty of the Belgaum district in northwest Karnataka. When India's states were drawn on linguistic grounds, Belgaum was merged into Karnataka, despite having a large Marathi-speaking population. Recently, the Maharashtra government took the matter to the Supreme Court. The verdict is still pending. Nonetheless, Maharashtra considers Belgaum to be a part of the state and recognises its residents as its own. Historically having been ruled by the emperors of the ancient kingdom of Karnataka, the present Maharastra also has a major Kannada-speaking population-group in its southern districts, as well as in the major cities of Bombay and Pune.

Transport

The Indian Railways covers most of the Maharashtra and is the preferred mode of transport over long distances. Almost the entire state comes under the Central Railways branch which is headquartered in Mumbai. Most of the coast south of Mumbai comes under the Konkan Railway. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation buses, popularly called ST or MSRTC, link most of the towns and villages and have a large network of operation. These buses, run by the state government are the preferred mode of transport for much of its populace. In addition to the government run buses, private run luxury buses are also a popular mode of transport between major towns. Mumbai and Pune have Maharashtra's only international airports and large towns such as Aurangabad, Nagpur, Ratnagiri, Kolhapur and Solapur have domestic airports. Ferry services also operate near the capital, linking the city to neighbouring coastal towns. Other modes of public transport such as a seven-seater tempo have gained popularity in semi-urban areas. Maharashtra has a large highway network and recently built the Mumbai-Pune Expressway, the first fully concretised, limited access expressway in India. Maharashtra has three ports, the largest being the state capital, Mumbai which handles half of India's passenger traffic. JNPT lying opposite Mumbai is another port run by the Central government. In the southern part of the state, Ratnagiri handles the export of ores mined in the Maharastra hinterland.

External links

- [http://goidirectory.nic.in/maha.htm Govt. of India directory] – A directory of websites of the Government of Maharashtra
- [http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/index.php Official site of the Maharashtra govt]
- [http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/ Maharashtra tourism official site]
- [http://www.indtravel.com/maha/maharash.html Indtravel] – An overview of the state.

References

# [http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/community/community_geo_profileShow.php Geographic Profile] — Govt of Maharashtra # [http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/Default.aspx?strpage=gethistory.html Maharashtra tourism] — Govt of Maharashtra (tourism) # [http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/Default.aspx?strpage=gethistory.html History of Maharashtra] # [http://www.mumbainet.com/cityinfo/histmaha.htm Mumbainet] # [http://www.indtravel.com/maha/maharash.html History]
- Category:States and territories of India ja:マハラシュトラ州 simple:Maharashtra

Koyna River

The Koyna River is a tributary of the Krishna river in western Maharashtra, India. The Koyna River is famous for the Koyna Dam which is the largest hydroelectric project in Maharashtra. The reservoir — Shivaji Sagar Lake, is a huge lake of 50 km in length. The dam is situated in Koyna Nagar in the Western Ghats. The river meets the Krishna River, which is one of the three largest rivers in southern India in Karad. The river is just about 100 meters in width and is slow-flowing. It is an olive shade of green during the dry months and a bluish-brown in the monsoon months. This is because it contains a lot of algae and aquatic plant life. Category:Maharashtra Category:Rivers of India

Yashwantrao Chavan

Yashwantrao Chavan (12 March 1913 - 25 November 1984) was the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra. He was Chief Minister of Maharashtra since May 1, 1960 to November 19, 1962. Chavan, Yashwantrao Chavan, Yashwantrao Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan was born in the village of Devrashtre in Karad Taluka of Satara District of Maharashtra State of India. From a very humble beginnings, he rose to meteoric heights. Apart from being the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, he occupied the high positions of Defence Minister, Home Minister, Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, and Deputy Prime Minister of India.

External Links

[http://www.ycpait.org/ Yeshwantrao Chavan Pratishthan]

Deputy Prime Minister of India

The Deputy Prime Minister of India (DPM) is a member of the Indian cabinet in the Indian government. The post is not a constitutional post and seldom carries any specific powers. Generally a Deputy PM also holds other key portfolios like Home Minister or Finance Minister. Though the Indian Constitution does not specify the position and with the Prime Minister himself being treated as "first among equals" in the cabinet, the position of DPM is sometimes used by governments to bring political stability and strength by including a powerful individual, or in times of national emergency, when a proper chain of command is necessary. The first Deputy Prime Minister was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The last person to hold this post was Lal Krishna Advani of the previous government. The current government does not have a Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Prime Minister in reality has no power except chairing the Cabinet meetings in the absence of the PM. Only if the PM is taken ill seriously, incapacitated or in the event of his death, does the DPM take the same level of responsibility.

List of Deputy Prime Ministers of India in chronological order

#Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 1947 - 1950 #Morarji Desai 1967 - 1969 #Choudhary Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram (jointly) 1979 #Yashwantrao Chavan 1979-1980 (also spelt Yeshwantrao Balwantrao Chavan) #Chaudhari Devi Lal 1989-1990 (under Vishwanath Pratap Singh) #Chaudhari Devi Lal 1990-1991 (under Chandra Shekhar) #Lal Krishna Advani 2002-2004 (under Atal Bihari Vajpayee) Category:Government of India India

Prince of Brazil

Prince of Brazil (Portuguese: Principe do Brasil) was a title used in kingdom of Portugal, normally conferred on the heir of the royal house. The title was created by king John IV of Portugal in 1645, soon after Portugal had gotten rid of its Spanish rulers. When Brazil proclaimed its independence in 1822, the title was taken by the royal (= imperial) house of Brazil, and later was conferred to sons of Emperor Pedro II.

Princes of Brazil

Portuguese period # Teodósio, hereditary prince of Portugal (1634-1653), prince of Brazil 1645-53 # the future king Afonso VI of Portugal (1643-1683) # João de Bragança (1688) # the future king John V of Portugal (1689-1750) # Pedro de Bragança (1712-1714) # the future king José I of Portugal (1714-1777) # Pedro III, king consort (1717-1786) # José, hereditary prince of Portugal (1761-1788) # the future king John VI of Portugal (1767-1826) # the future emperor and king Pedro I of Brazil Brazilian independence Alfonso de Braganza, Prince Imperial Apparently the title has belonged to the heir of the deposed imperial dynasty of Brazil after 1888.

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Karad

External links

Satara

History

External links

Maps

Pictures

Watercolors

Further reading

References

Maharashtra

Origin of the name

History

Geography

Economy

Government

Demographics

Divisions

Transport

External links

References

Koyna River

Yashwantrao Chavan

External Links

Deputy Prime Minister of India

List of Deputy Prime Ministers of India in chronological order

Prince of Brazil

Princes of Brazil

de la geograf�a del