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Kayes

Kayes

Kayes (Bambara Kayi, Soninké Xaayi) is a city in western Mali on the River Senegal, holding roughly 90,000 people. Kayes is the capital of the administrative region of the same name. The name "Kayes" comes from the Soninké word "karré," which describes a low humid place that floods in rainy season. The city is located at latitude 14°27' North, longitude 11°26' West. Kayes is nicknamed the "pressure cooker of Africa" due to its extreme heat; the town is surrounded by iron-rich mountains which contribute to the temperature. Kayes is often described as the hottest continuously-inhabitated town in Africa. The average daily high temperature in the city is 35°C (95°F), with temperatures usually peaking in April and May at an average 40°C (104°F). In 1892, Kayes became the capital of the French Sudan; Bamako replaced it as the capital first of the state of Haut Sénégal-Niger on October 17, 1899, then as the capital of all of French Sudan in 1908. The town has an international airport and lies on the Dakar-Niger Railway, in an area rich in gold and iron. Different sites found in and around Kayes include:
- Medina Fort
- the falls of Félou (4 km)
- the falls of Goulina, 100 km to the southeast on the Senegal river
- the tata (fortification) of Koniakari, constructed by El Hadj Umar Tall, 70 km to the northeast
- Lake Magui and Lake Doro
- the Manantali dam Category:Cities in Mali

Mali

:See also the Empire of Mali and the town of Mali, Guinea. MLI is the IATA airport code for Quad City International Airport in Moline, Illinois. The Republic of Mali (République du Mali) is a landlocked nation in West Africa. It is the second largest country among West African nations. It borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its straight borders on the north stretch into the centre of the Sahara desert, while the country's south, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. Formerly French Sudan, the country is named after the Empire of Mali.

History

Main article: History of Mali The Mandé peoples settled the Sahel (including present-day Mali), and formed a succession of Sahelian kingdoms, including the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. Timbuktu was a key city in these empires as an outpost for trans-Saharan trade and a center for scholarship. The Songhai Empire declined under a Moroccan invasion in 1591. Mali was invaded by France starting in 1880, which annexed it as an overseas department of France. The colony, which at times also included neighbouring countries, was known as French Sudan or the Sudanese Republic. In early 1959, the union of Mali and Senegal became the Mali Federation, which gained independence from France on June 20, 1960. Senegal withdrew from the Mali Federation after a few months. The Republic of Mali, under Modibo Keïta, withdrew from the French Community on September 22, 1960. Mali was ruled by a series of dictators from independence until 1991. Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a new constitution. In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election. Upon his reelection in 1997, President Konaré pushed through political and economic reforms and fought corruption. In 2002 he was succeeded in democratic elections by Amadou Toumani Touré, who had been a key figure in the 1991 democratic uprising.

Politics

Main Article: Politics of Mali Mali's constitution provides for a multi-party democracy, with the only restriction being a prohibition against parties based on ethnic, religious, regional, or gender lines. The National Assembly is the sole legislative arm of the government. It currently consists of 147 members. Representation is apportioned according to the population of administrative districts. The government has a 5 year term.

Regions

Politics of Mali Main article: Regions of Mali Mali is divided into nine regions, including the capital district of Bamako:
- Bamako Capital District
- Gao
- Kayes
- Kidal
- Koulikoro
- Mopti
- Ségou
- Sikasso
- Tombouctou

Geography

Tombouctou Main article: Geography of Mali Mali is landlocked and has a subtropical to arid climate. It is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by sand, with savanna around the Niger River in the south. The hills of the Air Massif and Djado Plateau lie in the northeast. Most of the country lies in the Sahara Desert, which produces a hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons and leads to recurring droughts. The nation has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolin, salt and limestone being most widely exploited. See List of cities in Mali

Economy

List of cities in Mali List of cities in Mali] List of cities in Mali List of cities in Mali] List of cities in Mali Main article: Economy of Mali Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger River. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export. In 1997, the government continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform, and the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January 1994, has pushed up economic growth. Several multinational corporations increased gold mining operations in 1996-1998, and the government anticipates that Mali will become a major Sub-Saharan gold exporter in the next few years.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Mali

Culture

Main article: Culture of Mali
- Architecture of Mali- Great Mosque of Djenné
- List of writers from Mali
- Languages of Mali
- Music of Mali

Miscellaneous topics


- Communications in Mali
- Foreign relations of Mali
- Military of Mali
- Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2002: Rank 43 out of 139 countries (2 way tie)
- Transportation in Mali

External links

Government


- [http://www.maliembassy.us/ The Embassy of Mali in Washington DC] government information and links

News


- [http://allafrica.com/mali/ allAfrica.com - Mali] news headline links

Overviews


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021454.stm BBC News Country Profile - Mali]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ml.html CIA World Factbook - Mali]
- [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/897ce24a48d43c82802565f700407640?Opendocument United Nations Human Rights - Mali] dating from 1997
- [http://www.malifolkecenter.org/lowersection/mali-context.html Mali Folkecenter - Mali] from an organisation aiming to promote the sustainable management of natural resources

Directories


- [http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us559898/us559899/us10065674/us559933/ LookSmart - Mali] directory category
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Mali/ Open Directory Project - Mali] directory category
- [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/mali.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Mali] directory category
- [http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Mali/ The Index on Africa - Mali] directory category
- [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Mali.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: Mali] directory category
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Mali/ Yahoo! - Mali] directory category

Music


- [http://www.coraconnection.com/ Cora Connection] West African music resources

Tourism


-
- [http://www.officetourisme-mali.com/ official tourism site] Category:African Union member states Category:Landlocked countries zh-min-nan:Mali ko:말리 ms:Mali ja:マリ共和国

Kayes Region

Kayes is a region in Mali. It is the first administrative area of Mali and covers an area of km². Its capital is the town of Kayes.

Geography

The region of Kayes is bordered to the north by Mauritania, to the west by Senegal, to the south by Guinea and to the east by the region of Koulikoro. The region has a population of 1,506,299 inhabitants. Ethnic groups of the area include Soninkés, Khassonkés, Malinkés, and Peuls. Several rivers cross the region: the Baoulé, the Bafing, and the Bakoy which join at the town of Bafoulabé to form the Sénégal River. The Falls of Félou (4 km of Kayes), the Falls of Gouina (100 km to the south-east of Kayes on the Sénégal River), Lake Magui and Lake Doro are located in the region. At the Guinean border, the climate is rather wet, but becomes Sudanian and later Sahelian to the north. The large cities in the region are Kayes, Nioro du Sahel, Dièma, Yélimané, Sadiola, Bafoulabé, Kénébia and Kita. The National park of Bafing and the Boucle du Baoulé National Park are located in the region.

History

The region of Kayes is the cradle of the Kingdom of Khasso founded at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1855, Louis Faidherbe, Governor of Senegal, built a fort at Medina which would be besieged by El Hadj Omar Tall, in an 1857 war against the sovereign of Khasso. In 1892, the town of Kayes became the capital of French Sudan. The construction of the railway line of Dakar-Niger, inaugurated in 1904, made of Kayes a city-crossroads. Essential at the time, the railroad had an important place in the lives of the inhabitants, as described in Ousmane Sembène's novel God's Bits of Wood.



Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. In this scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees (this is written "32 °F"), and the boiling point is 212 degrees Fahrenheit, placing the boiling and melting points of water 180 degrees apart. Thus the unit of this scale, a degree Fahrenheit, is 5/9ths of a kelvin (which is a degree Celsius), and minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to minus 40 degrees Celsius.

History

There are several competing versions of the story of how Fahrenheit came to devise his temperature scale. One states that Fahrenheit established the zero (0 °F) and 100 °F points on his scale by recording the lowest outdoor temperatures he could measure, and his own body temperature. He took as his zero point the lowest temperature he measured in the harsh winter of 1708 through 1709 in his home town of Gdańsk (Danzig) (-17.8 °C). (He was later able to reach this temperature under laboratory conditions using a mixture of ice, ammonium chloride and water.) Fahrenheit wanted to avoid the negative temperatures which Ole Rømer's scale had produced in everyday use. Fahrenheit fixed his own body temperature as 100 °F (normal body temperature is closer to 98.6 °F, suggesting that Fahrenheit was suffering a fever when he conducted his experiments or that his thermometer was not very accurate), and divided his original scale into twelve divisions; later dividing each of these into 8 equal subdivisions produced a scale of 96 degrees. Fahrenheit noted that his scale placed the freezing point of water at 32 °F and the boiling point at 212 °F, a neat 180 degrees apart. Another holds that Fahrenheit established the zero of his scale (0 °F) as the temperature at which an equal mixture of ice and salt melts (some say he took that fixed mixture of ice and salt that produced the lowest temperature); and ninety-six degrees as the temperature of blood (he initially used horse blood to calibrate his scale). Initially, his scale only contained 12 equal subdivisions, but later he subdivided each division into 8 equal degrees ending up with 96. He then observed that plain water would freeze at 32 degrees and boil at 212 degrees. A third well-known version of the story, as described in the popular physics television series The Mechanical Universe, holds that Fahrenheit simply adopted Rømer's scale, at which water freezes at 7.5 degrees, and multiplied each value by 4 in order to eliminate the fractions and increase the granularity of the scale (giving 30 and 240 degrees). He then re-calibrated his scale between the freezing point of water and normal human body temperature (which he took to be 96 degrees); the freezing point of water was adjusted to 32 degrees so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times (since 64 is 2 to the sixth power). His measurements were not entirely accurate, though; by his original scale, the actual freezing and boiling points would have been noticeably different from 32 °F and 212 °F. Some time after his death, it was decided to recalibrate the scale with 32 °F and 212 °F as the exact freezing and boiling points of plain water. This resulted in the healthy human body temperature being 98.6 °F rather than 96 °F. That change was made to easily convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa, with a simple formula. This change could also explain why the body temperature once taken as 100 °F by Fahrenheit is today taken by many as 98 °F—because that is a nice, round 37 °C—but more accurately yet in the neighborhood of 98°F. A fourth, not so well-known version of the origin of the Fahrenheit scale depends on Fahrenheit himself being a Freemason (of which there is no definitive evidence). In Freemasonry, there are 32 degrees of enlightenment, 32 being the highest. The use of the 'degree' as well is said to have been derived from the degrees of masonry. This may well be coincidence, but there is no conclusive evidence to the contrary, so the thought persists. In addition, a more humorous but very possible rumor regarding just how Fahrenheit chose his higher temperature involves a not-so-scientific approach to measuring the temperature of a human body. Supposedly, having no human volunteers from which to take his measurement, and not wanting to test it on himself (possibly for lack of an average between several bodies), he decided that the anal temperature of a common pig would closely match the internal body temperature of a human. He proceeded to mark the temperatures of several swine on a mercury tube, found the average, and claimed it to be correct. While the idea of a fairly esteemed scientist taking such a chance with measurement is questionable, given the fact that the body temperature of a pig is very close to that of a human, the logic behind this hasty decision would at least be fairly well placed. It is possible that, in a rush to meet a deadline determined by a boast or otherwise, it was his only option. This is, of course, only a rumor, though it could also account for the slight inaccuracy of Fahrenheit's 100 degree mark being the supposed internal body temperature of a human.

Usage

The Fahrenheit scale was the primary temperature standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in most English-speaking countries until the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s the Celsius (formerly centigrade) scale was phased-in by governments as part of the standardizing process of metrication. Fahrenheit supporters claim this is due to Fahrenheit's user-friendliness. The unit of measure, being only 5/9 the size of the Celsius degree, permits more precise communication of measurements without resorting to fractional degrees. Also, the ambient air temperature in most inhabited regions of the world tends not to go far beyond the range of 0 °F to 100 °F: therefore, the Fahrenheit scale would reflect the perceived ambient temperatures, following 10-degree bands that emerge in the Fahrenheit system:
- 10s Deep Frost.
- 20s Light Frost.
- 30s Cold. Close to freezing.
- 40s Cold. Heavy clothing needed.
- 50s Very cool. Moderate Clothing required.
- 60s Cool. Light clothing.
- 70s Comfortable. Summer clothing.
- 80s Warm. Bearable. Minimal clothing.
- 90s Hot.
- 100s Very hot. Take precautions against overheating. However, such a correlation is largely the result of habit: in the same way, Celsius supporters might indicate that 0–10 °C indicates cold, 10–20 °C mild, 20–30 °C warm and 30–40 °C hot, with the minus sign indicating frost. In the United States and Jamaica, where metrication has encountered greater resistance from industry and consumers, the Fahrenheit system continues to be very widely used for this purpose. In most parts of the United Kingdom Celsius has been adopted, although Fahrenheit is still occasionally used by older generations for everyday measurement of higher temperatures, while lower temperatures are more often measured in degrees Celsius. Younger generations in the UK and most other countries have adopted Celsius as the primary scale in use. In Canada, although the media is required to report temperatures in degrees Celsius, many older Canadians still describe temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit. In the United States of America Fahrenheit is popular in medicine too, it is well known that the normal body temperature in Fahrenheit is 98.6 degrees, and easy to remember that a temperature in excess of 100 degrees Fahrenheit requires medical attention. In the rest of the world, body temperature is measured in Celsius as being 37 °C.

Curiosities

The fire point, or kindling point, of paper is 451 °F (233 °C). This is why the title of the book by Ray Bradbury, an American, is Fahrenheit 451.

External links


- [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a891215.html Alternate story at The Straight Dope] Category:Units of temperature Category:Imperial units Category:Customary units in the United States ko:화씨 ja:華氏

1892

1892 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-June


- January 1 - Ellis Island begins accepting immigrants to the United States.
- January 14 - Death of Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, second in line heir to the throne of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Next in line is his younger brother Prince George of Wales.
- January 15 - James Naismith publishes the rules for basketball.
- January 20 - At the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, the first official basketball game is played.
- February 12 - Former President Abraham Lincoln's birthday is declared a national holiday in the United States.
- March 1 - Theodoros Deligiannis ends his term as Prime Minister of Greece and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos takes office
- March 13 - Ernest Louis, a grandson of Queen Victoria becomes Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine on the death of his father, Grand Duke Louis IV.
- March 15 - Liverpool Football Club founded by John Houlding, the owner of Anfield. Houlding decided to form his own team after Everton left Anfield in an argument over rent.
- March 31 - The world's first fingerprinting bureau formally opened by the Buenos Aires Chief of Police; it had been operating unofficially since the previous year.
- April - Johnson County War in Wyoming
- April 15 - The General Electric Company is established through the merger of the Thomson-Houston Company and the Edison General Electric Company.
- May 7 - The Cook Islands issue their first postage stamps.
- May 19 - British troops defeat Ijebu infantry at the battle of Yemoja river, in modern-day Nigeria, using a maxim gun
- May 22 - British conquest of Ijebu-Ode marks major extension of colonial power into Nigerian interior.
- May 24 - Prince George of Wales becomes Duke of York.
- May 28 - In San Francisco, California, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.
- June 11 - The Limelight Department, one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in Melbourne, Australia.

July-December


- July 4-18 British general election: Unionist government loses its majority.
- July 6 - Dr. Jose Rizal, a Filipino writer, Philosopher, and political activist arrested by Spainish authorities in connection with La Liga Filipina.
- July 6 - Homestead Strike - the arrival of a force of 300 hundred Pinkerton detectives from New York and Chicago resulted in a fight in which about 10 men were killed
- July 12 - A hidden lake bursts out of a glacier on the side of Mont Blanc, flooding the valley below and killing around 200 villagers and holidaymakers in [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gervais-les-Bains Saint Gervais]
- August 4 - The family of Lizzie Borden is found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home.
- August 9 - Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph.
- August 18 - William Ewart Gladstone assumes British premiership at head of Liberal government with Irish Nationalist Party support.
- September 15 - Sergei Witte replaces Ivan Vishnegradksy as Russian finance minister.
- October 5 - Master criminal Adam Worth is captured in Liege, Belgium during an attempted robbery of a money delivery cart.
- October 12 - To mark 400 anniversary Columbus Day holiday, the "Pledge of Allegiance" was first recited in unison by students in US public schools.
- October 31 - Arthur Conan Doyle publishes The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.
- November 8 - U.S. presidential election, 1892: Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver to win the second of his non-consecutive terms.
- November 8 - Anarchist bomb kills six in police station in Avenue de l'Opera, Paris
- November 17 - French troops occupy Abomey, capital of kingdom of Dahomey.
- December 5 - John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister.

Unknown dates


- Last open land rush is held in Oklahoma.
- The Stanley Cup is donated by Sir Frederick Arthur.
- Pennsauken is incorporated.
- Rudolf Diesel patents the diesel engine.
- Oil fire rages in Oil City, Pennsylvania: 130 dead.
- Cholera in Hamburg, Germany
- Tortoise called Timothy is brought to the estate of Powderham Castle in England (allegedly alive as of 2001 - at least 148 years old).
- Abu Dhabi becomes a British protectorate.
- The Cadet Band (current day Highty-Tighties) of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanicla College (current day Virginia Tech) is established in the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets
- Abercrombie and Fitch, a now popular clothing brand, is established as an outdoor and sporting supply store.

Births

January-March


- January 1 - Artur Rodzinski, Croatian conductor (d. 1958)
- January 3 - J. R. R. Tolkien, South African-born author (d. 1973)
- January 14 - Hal Roach, American film and television producer (d. 1992)
- January 18 - Oliver Hardy, American comedian and actor (d. 1957)
- January 18 - Paul Rostock, German surgeon (d. 1956)
- January 28 - Ernst Lubitsch, German-born film director (d. 1947)
- January 31 - Eddie Cantor, American actor, singer (d. 1964)
- February 6 - William Parry Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1987)
- February 13 - Grant Wood, American painter (d. 1942)
- February 15 - James Forrestal, first United States Secretary of Defense (d. 1949)
- February 18 - Wendell Wilkie, U.S. Presidential candidate (d. 1944)
- February 22 - Edna St. Vincent Millay, American writer (d. 1950)
- February 27 - William Demarest, American actor (d. 1983)
- March 10 - Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (d. 1955)
- March 10 - Gregory La Cava, American director, producer, and writer (d. 1952)
- March 28 - Corneille Heymans, Belgian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
- March 30 - Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician (d. 1945)

April-September


- April 6 - Donald Wills Douglas, American industrialist (d. 1981)
- April 6 - Lowell Thomas, American journalist (d. 1981)
- April 8 - Mary Pickford, American actress and studio founder (d. 1979)
- April 12 - Johnny Dodds, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1940)
- April 19 - Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983)
- May 2 - Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron), German figher pilot (d. 1918)
- May 3 - George Paget Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
- May 7 - Archibald MacLeish, American poet (d. 1982)
- May 7 - Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (d. 1980)
- May 9 - Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria-Hungary (d. 1989)
- May 11 - Margaret Rutherford, English actress (d. 1972)
- May 12 - Fritz Kortner, Austrian-born director (d. 1970)
- May 18 - Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (d. 1957)
- May 31 - Michel Kikoine, Belarusian painter (d. 1968)
- June 21 - Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologist (d. 1971)
- June 26 - Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- July 8 - Richard Aldington, English poet (d. 1962)
- July 12 - Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (d. 1942)
- July 23 - Haile Selassie I, Ethiopian emperor (d. 1975)
- July 26 - Sad Sam Jones, baseball player (d. 1966)
- August 2 - Jack Warner, Canadian film producer (d. 1978)
- August 8 - Rafael Moreno Aranzadi, Spanish footballer (d. 1922)
- August 15 - Louis, 7th duc de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- September 4 - Darius Milhaud, French composer (d. 1974)
- September 5 - Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist (d. 1973)
- September 6 - Edward Victor Appleton, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
- September 10 - Arthur Compton, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- September 12 - Alfred A. Knopf, American publisher (d. 1984)

October-December


- October 9 - Ivo Andrić, Serbo-Croatian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.1975)
- October 9 - Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (d. 1941)
- October 23 - Gummo Marx, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
- October 28 - Dink Johnson, American jazz musician (d. 1954)
- October 31 - Alexander Alekhine, Russian chess champion (d. 1946)
- November 5 - J. B. S. Haldane, British geneticist (d. 1964)
- November 12 - Guo Moruo, Chinese author,poet (d. 1978)
- December 2 - Leo Ornstein, Russian-born composer and pianist (d. 2002)
- December 4 - Francisco Franco, Spanish dictator (d. 1975)
- December 6 - Osbert Sitwell, English writer (d. 1969)
- December 8 - Bert Hinkler, Australian pioneer aviator (d. 1933)
- December 12 - Herman Potočnik Noordung, Slovenian rocket engineer (d. 1929)

Deaths


- January 14 - Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, second in line for the throne of the United Kingdom (b. 1864)
- January 21 - John Couch Adams, English astronomer (b. 1819)
- January 31 - Charles Spurgeon, English preacher (b. 1834)
- March 13 - Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
- March 26 - Walt Whitman, American poet (b. 1819)
- April 22 - Edouard Lalo, French composer (b. 1823)
- April 25 - William Backhouse Astor, Jr., American businessman (b. 1830)
- April 26 - Sir Provo William Perry Wallis, British admiral and naval hero
- May 29 - Bahá'u'lláh, Persian founder of the Bahá'í Faith (b. 1817)
- June 9 - William Stairs, Canadian explorer (b. 1863)
- October 12 - Ernest Renan, French philologist and historian (b. 1823)
- October 23 - Emin Pasha, German doctor and Governor of Equatoria (b. 1840)
- December 2 - Jay Gould, American financier (b. 1836)
- December 6 - Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist (b. 1816)

Marriages


- January 10 - John C. Porter & Mattie Lee
- January 19 - Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu & Dagmar Therese Louise Lerche
- April 27 - Elinor Glyn & Clayton Glyn
- May 2 - Gustaf Mannerheim & Anastasia Mannerheim
- June 10 - Jean Sibelius & Aino Sibelius
- July 16 - Claude Monet & Alice Hoschedé
- September 8 - Minna Gale & Archibald Cushman Haynes
- November 6 - Joseph Stringer & Lucy Ann MacKinnon
- November 8 - Cy Young & Robba Miller
- December 2 - Grace Lutz & Rev. T. G. F. Hill Category:1892 ko:1892년 ms:1892 simple:1892 th:พ.ศ. 2435

Bamako

Bamako, population about 1,500,000 (2004), is the capital of Mali. It is located on the Niger River, in the southwestern part of the country. Bamako is the nation's administrative center, as well as a river port and a major regional trade center. Manufactures include textiles, processed meat, and metal goods. There is commercial fishing on the Niger River. Bamako is located at 12°39' North, 8° West (12.65, -8.0). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html] The area of the city has been continuously inhabited since the Palaeolithic, but the legendary founding of Bamako occurred in the seventeenth century by Seribadian Niaré and Soumba Coulibaly, or Bamba Sanago, before its chiefdom passed to Diaoussadian Niaré. The city was an important market town and a leading center of Muslim learning under the Mali Empire, but by the 19th century it had declined. In 1883 the region was occupied by French troops, and in 1908, Bamako became the capital of the French Sudan. Its population has grown rapidly; in 1960 Bamako's population was approximately 160,000. 1960 Notable landmarks in Bamako include the Tour BCEAO, Bamako Grand Mosque and the Pont du Roi Fahd. It is home to Mali's largest international airport, as well as the Dakar-Niger Railway, to Koulikoro in eastern Mali and Dakar in Senegal. Attractions include the Mali National Museum, the Muso Kunda Museum, the Bamako Regional Museum, Bamako Zoo, the Bamako Botanical Gardens and the Point G hill, containing caves with rock paintings. In 1988, Bamako was the location of a WHO conference known as the Bamako Initiative that helped reshape health policy of Sub-Saharan Africa.



Quartiers

Sub-Saharan Africa
- Hippodrome.
- Korofina.
- Badalabougou.
- Bamako Coura.
- Djicoroni.
- Baco Djicoroni (= behind the river).
- Missira.
- Médina Coura.
- Bankoni.
- Magnambougou.

External links


- [http://www.cites.tv/citesdumonde/destinations.php?idDest=11 Bamako at Cités du Monde (French language)] Category:Cities in Mali Category:Capitals in Africa ja:バマコ

October 17

October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. There are 75 days remaining.

Events


- 538 BC - King Cyrus of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost 70 years of exile and making the first Human Rights Declaration
- 1244 - Battle of La Forbie: Crusaders are defeated by Khwarezmians & Egyptians
- 1346 - Battle of Neville's Cross: King David II of Scotland is captured by Edward III of England at Calais, and imprisoned in the Tower of London for eleven years
- 1604 - Kepler's Star: German astronomer Johannes Kepler observes that an exceptionally bright star had suddenly appeared in the constellation Ophiuchus, which turned out to be the last supernova to have been observed in our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
- 1662 - Charles II of England sells Dunkerque to France for 40 000 pounds
- 1777 - American troops defeat the British in the Battle of Saratoga
- 1781 - General Charles Cornwallis offers his surrender to the American revolutionaries at Yorktown, Virginia
- 1800 - England takes control of the Dutch colony of Curaçao
- 1806 - Former leader of the Great Slave Rebellion of 1791, Emperor Jacques I of Haiti was assassinated after an oppressive rule
- 1860 - First The Open Championship (referred to in North America as the British Open)
- 1888 - Thomas Edison files a patent for the Optical Phonograph (the first movie).
- 1912 - Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declare war on the Ottoman Empire, joining Montenegro in the First Balkan War
- 1917 - First British bombing of Germany in World War I
- 1931 - Al Capone convicted of income tax evasion
- 1933 - Albert Einstein, fleeing Nazi Germany, moves to the US
- 1937 - Huey, Dewey and Louie, Donald Duck's three almost identical nephews, first appear in a newspaper comic strip.
- 1941 - For the first time in World War II, a German submarine attacks an American ship
- 1945 - A massive number of people gather in the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina to demand Juan Peron's release. This is known to the Peronists as the Día de la lealtad (day of loyalty) or San Perón (Saint Perón). It's considered the birthday of Peronism.
- 1965 - The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair closes after a two year run. More than 51 million people had attended the two-year event.
- 1961 - Approximately 200 Algerian protesters (some claim up to 400) are massacred by the Paris police
- 1966 - A fire at a building in New York, New York kills 12 firefighters.
- 1967 - The musical Hair opens at the Anspacher Theater on Broadway.
- 1970 - Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt
- 1970 - Montreal, Quebec: Quebec Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte murdered by members of the FLQ terrorist group.
- 1973 - OPEC starts an oil embargo against a number of western countries, considered to have helped Israel in its war against Syria
- 1979 - Mother Teresa awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1979 - The Department of Education Organization Act is signed into law creating the United States Department of Education and United States Department of Health and Human Services. Both replace the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
- 1984 - The New York Times runs an article titled "CIA primer tells nicaraguan rebels how to kill", which describes a secret "Psychological Operations in Guerilla Warfare" manual that the CIA supplied to the Contras and that gives instructions on how to kidnap and assassinate civil officials such as judges and policemen.
- 1989 - Loma Prieta earthquake (7.1 on the Richter scale) hits the San Francisco Bay Area.
- 1992 - The United Nations General Assembly declares October 17 as the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, to be observed beginning in 1993. Resolution [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r196.htm 47/196] of 22 December 1992.
- 1994 - Draft peace treaty between Israel and Jordan
- 1994 - Peace treaty between the government of Angola and UNITA rebels.
- 2003 - Carlos Mesa becomes President of Bolivia.
- 2003 - The pinnacle was fitted on the roof of Taipei 101, a 106-floor skyscraper in Taipei, allowing it to surpass the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur by 50 meters (165 feet) and become the World's tallest highrise.
- 2003 - Eunuchs in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh float the political party Jiti Jitayi Politics.
- 2005 The World begins shipping Shattered Union.
- 2005 - Peter Mayhew, better known in his film role as Chewbacca becomes an official U.S. citizen.
- 2005 - The Chicago White Sox clinch their first American League pennant since 1959, and their first World Series appearance, also since 1959, a span of 46 years.
- 2005 - Helicopters and warplanes bombed two villages near Ramadi in western Iraq on Sunday, killing about 70 people, the US military says.

Births


- 1253 - Ivo of Kermartin, French saint (d. 1303)
- 1563 - Jodocus Hondius, Flemish cartographer (d. 1611)
- 1577 - Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (d. 1621)
- 1582 - Johann Gerhard, German Lutheran leader (d. 1637)
- 1623 - Francis Turretin, Swiss theologian (d. 1687)
- 1688 - Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (d. 1726)
- 1711 - Jupiter Hammon, American writer
- 1719 - Jacques Cazotte, French writer (d. 1792)
- 1813 - Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837)
- 1864 - Elinor Glyn, British writer (d. 1943)
- 1865 - James Rudolph Garfield, American politician (d. 1950)
- 1886 - Spring Byington, American actress (died 1971)
- 1889 - Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Russian philosopher (b. 1828)
- 1890 - Roy Kilner, English cricketer (d. 1928)
- 1898 - Shinichi Suzuki, Japanese violin teacher (d. 1998)
- 1898 - Simon Vestdijk, Dutch writer (d. 1971)
- 1900 - Alfred Mirsky, Scientist (d. 1974)
- 1900 - Jean Arthur, American actress (d. 1991)
- 1902 - Irene Ryan, American actress (d. 1973)
- 1903 - Nathanael West, American writer (d. 1940)
- 1912 - Pope John Paul I (d. 1978)
- 1914 - Jerry Siegel, American cartoonist (d. 1998)
- 1915 - Arthur Miller, American playwright (d. 2005)
- 1918 - Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987)
- 1920 - Montgomery Clift, American actor (d. 1966)
- 1921 - Tom Poston, American actor and comedian
- 1930 - Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (d. 2003)
- 1930 - Jimmy Breslin, American writer
- 1936 - Hiroo Kanamori, Japanese seismologist
- 1938 - Evel Knievel, American daredevil
- 1940 - Peter Stringfellow, British nightclub owner
- 1942 - Gary Puckett, American musician
- 1946 - Sir Cameron Mackintosh, British stage producer and director
- 1946 - Adam Michnik, Polish activist
- 1946 - Bob Seagren, American athlete and actor
- 1947 - Gene Green, American politician
- 1947 - Michael McKean, American actor and comedian
- 1948 - Margot Kidder, Canadian actress
- 1948 - George Wendt, American actor
- 1950 - Howard Rollins, American actor (d. 1996)
- 1956 - Mae Jemison, astronaut
- 1957 - Steve McMichael, American football player and professional wrestler
- 1958 - Alan Jackson, American singer and songwriter
- 1962 - Mike Judge, Ecuadoran-born cartoonist and writer
- 1963 - Norm MacDonald, Canadian comedian and actor
- 1968 - Ziggy Marley, Jamaican musician
- 1969 - Ernie Els, South African golfer
- 1970 - Anil Kumble, Indian cricketer
- 1971 - Chris Kirkpatrick, American singer
- 1972 - Eminem, American rapper
- 1972 - Wyclef Jean, Haitian-born singer
- 1974 - John Rocker, baseball player
- 1979 - Kimi Räikkönen, Finnish race car driver

Deaths


- 532 - Pope Boniface II
- 1174 - Queen Petronila of Aragon (b. 1135)
- 1586 - Philip Sidney, English courtier, soldier, and writer (killed in battle) (b. 1554)
- 1660 - Adrian Scrope, English regicide (b. 1601)
- 1673 - Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, English statesman (b. 1630)
- 1757 - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French scientist (b. 1683)
- 1776 - Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (b. 1681)
- 1780 - William Cookworthy, English chemist (b. 1705)
- 1786 - Johann Ludwig Aberli, Swiss artist (b. 1723)
- 1806 - Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haitian independence leader (b. 1758)
- 1849 - Frederic Chopin, Polish-French musician and composer (b. 1810)
- 1887 - Gustav Kirchhoff, German physicist (b. 1824)
- 1910 - Julia Ward Howe, American composer and abolitionist (b. 1819)
- 1931 - Alfons Maria Jakob, German neurologist (b. 1884)
- 1934 - Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( b. 1852)
- 1958 - Charlie Townsend, English cricketer (b. 1876)
- 1967 - Henry Pu Yi, last Emperor of China (b. 1906)
- 1970 - Pierre Laporte, Vice-Premier of Quebec (assassinated) (b. 1921)
- 1973 - Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian writer (b. 1926)
- 1979 - S. J. Perelman, American writer (b. 1904)
- 1984 - Henri Michaux, French painter and poet (b. 1899)
- 1991 - Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer and television performer (b. 1919)
- 2001 - Rehavam Zeevi, Israeli politician (b. 1926)
- 2002 - Derek Bell, Irish harpist (The Chieftans)
- 2005 - Ba Jin, Chinese writer (b. 1904)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Saint Ignatius of Antioch; translation of Saint Audrey (Æthelthryth)
- Haiti - Death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1806), State holiday
- United States - Black Poetry Day
- UN International Day for the Eradication of Poverty

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17 BBC: On This Day] ----- October 16 - October 18 - September 17 - November 17 -- listing of all days ko:10월 17일 ms:17 Oktober ja:10月17日 simple:October 17 th:17 ตุลาคม

1908

1908 (MCMVIII) is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-February


- January 1 - British Harry Bensley leaves for his would-be trip around the world pushing a pram and wearing an iron mask, beginning from the Trafalgar Square
- January 1 - A ball signifying New Year's Day drops in New York City's Times Square for the first time
- January 8 - A train collision occurs in the Park Avenue Tunnel in New York City killing 17, injuring 38 and leading to increased demand for electric trains.
- January 11 - Grand Canyon National Monument is created
- January 12 - A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time.
- January 15 - Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, the first Greek-letter organization by and for Black college women is established.
- January 21 - New York City passes a law, the Sullivan Ordinance, making it illegal for aliens to smoke in public only to be vetoed by the mayor.
- January 24 - Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement
- February 1 - King Carlos I of Portugal and Crown Prince Luis shot in Lisbon
- February 11 - Australia regain The Ashes with a 308 run cricket victory over England.
- February 18 - Japanese immigration to USA forbidden
- February 25 - Los Angeles. The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now Biola University) founded.

April-June


- April 7 - Herbert Henry Asquith takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
- April 21 - Friedrich A Cook's claimed date to have reached North Pole
- April 27 - The 1908 Summer Olympics open in London.
- May 10 - Mother's Day is observed for the first time (Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia).
- May 26 - At Masjid-al-Salaman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil strike in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom.
- June 30 - The Tunguska impact event, also known as the "Russian explosion" occurs in Siberia.

July-December


- July 6 - Robert Peary sets sail for the Arctic North Pole.
- July 11-12 night - Explosion of a ship Amalthea in the Malmö harbor in Sweden, housing 80 British strikebreakers. 1 dead, 20 injured.
- July 13 - Women compete in modern Olympics for the first time.
- July 19 - Feyenoord Rotterdam was founded.
- July 22 - Albert Fisher establishes the Fisher Body Company to manufacture carriage and automobile bodies.
- July 26 - United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation).
- September 8 - Danish minister of Justice, Alberti, is revealed to be an embezzler
- September 27 - Henry Ford produces his first Model T automobile.
- October 5 - Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire - Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar
- October 14 - The Chicago Cubs win the World Series by defeating the Detroit Tigers 2-0 in the fifth game. They haven't won the World Series since.
- December 28 - An 7 Richter scale earthquake destroys Messina, Sicily and rocks Calabria killing over 75,000.
- November - William Howard Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan in the U.S. presidential election
- November 13 - Andrew Fisher becomes the 5th Prime Minister of Australia.

unknown dates


- First Zionist colony in Palestine
- British suffragettes begin a campaign for female suffrage
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson is the first woman in England to be elected mayor (of Aldeburgh)
- Due to the evidence collected by Roger Casement, Léopold II of Belgium is forced to make reforms in Congo, which is his personal colony
- The Children's Encyclopedia
- Bureau of Investigation, forerunner of FBI, founded
- Blackball coal miner strike in New Zealand lasts 11 weeks
- Isak Saba, the first Sami in the Norwegian parliament
- Henri Matisse open his own art academy
- Serial killer Belle Guinness disappears in Laporte
- Young Turks revolution in the Ottoman Empire
- Change of Emperor of Qing Dynasty from Guangxu Emperor of China (1875-1908) to Henry Puyi (1909-1911)
- A 40,000-year-old Neandertal boy skeleton is found at Le Moustier in southwest France.
- The Child Labour Act of Ontario is passed.
- The Irish Universities Act, 1908 is passed and creates the National University of Ireland at Dublin and the Queen's University of Belfast.
- First Ideal Home Exhibition held.
- De Meester's Dutch government resigns.
- Discovery of oil deposits near the Persian city of Abadan.
- Abd al-Aziz IV, sultan of Morocco is deposed and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafiz.
- The Young Turks rebel and force sultan Abd al-Hamid II to adhere to the constitution of 1876.
- The University of the Philippines is founded at Manila.
- The University of Alberta is founded in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- First year of Rugby League in Australia
- American Temperance University closes.

Births

January


- January 8 - William Hartnell, British actor (d. 1975)
- January 9 - Simone de Beauvoir, French feminist writer (d. 1986)
- January 12 - Jean Delannoy, French film director
- January 14 - Russ Columbo, singer, bandleader, and composer (d. 1934)
- January 15 - Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicist (d. 2003)
- January 22 - Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
- January 26 - Stéphane Grappelli, French jazz violinist and composer (d. 1997)
- January 27 - Oran "Hot Lips" Page, American jazz musician (d. 1954)

February


- February 1 - George Pál, Hungarian-born animator (d. 1980)
- February 5 - Daisy and Violet Hilton, English conjoined twin actresses (d. 1969)
- February 11 - Vivian Ernest Fuchs, English geologist and explorer (d. 1999)
- February 17 - Red Barber, baseball announcer and sports journalist (d. 1992)
- February 22 - John Mills, English actor (d. 2005)
- February 23 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)
- February 26 - Tex Avery, American cartoonist (d. 1980)
- February 26 - Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (d. 1949)
- February 29 - Balthus, French painter (d. 2001)
- February 29 - Dee Brown, American writer and historian (d. 2002)

March


- March 2 - Walter Bruch, German engineer (d. 1990)
- March 5 - Rex Harrison, English actor (d. 1990)
- March 7 - Anna Magnani, Italian actress (d. 1973)
- March 12 - Rita Angus, New Zealand painter (d. 1970)
- March 13 - Walter Annenberg, American publisher and philanthropist (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Brigitte Helm, German actress (d. 1996)
- March 20 - Sir Michael Redgrave, English actor (d. 1985)
- March 22 - Louis L'Amour, American author (d. 1988)
- March 25 - Helmut Käutner, German actor and director (d. 1980)
- March 25 - David Lean, English film director (d. 1991)
- March 29 - Arthur O'Connell, American actor (d. 1981)

April


- April 1 - Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (d. 1970)
- April 2 - Buddy Ebsen, American actor and dancer (d. 2003)
- April 5 - Bette Davis, American actress (d. 1989)
- April 5 - Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (d. 1989)
- April 5 - Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician (d. 1986)
- April 6 - John P. Davies, American diplomat (d. 1999)
- April 7 - Percy Faith, Canadian-born composer, musician (d. 1976)
- April 15 - Eden Ahbez, American musician (d. 1995)
- April 20 - Lionel Hampton, American musician and bandleader (d. 2002)
- April 25 - Edward R. Murrow, American journalist (d. 1965)

May


- May 5 - Kurt Böhme, German bass (d. 1989)
- May 7 - Max Grundig, German inventor and industrialist (d. 1989)
- May 8 - Cristian Vasile, Romanian singer (d. 1974)
- May 19 - Percy Williams, Canadian athlete (d. 1982)
- May 20 - Jimmy Stewart, American actor (d. 1997)
- May 23 - John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- May 25 - Theodore Roethke, American poet (d. 1963)
- May 28 - Ian Fleming, English writer (d. 1964)
- May 30 - Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
- May 30 - Mel Blanc, American voice actor (d. 1989)
- May 31 - Don Ameche, American actor (d. 1993)

June-July


- June 18 - Bud Collyer, American voice actor and game show host (d. 1969)
- June 21 - Yoon Bong-Gil, Korean resister against Japanese occupation of Korea (d. 1932)
- June 24 - Hugo Distler, German composer (d. 1942)
- June 29 - Leroy Anderson, American composer (d. 1975)
- June 30 - Winston Graham, English writer (d. 2003)
- July 12 - Milton Berle, American comedian (d. 2002)
- July 25 - Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
- July 27 - Joseph Mitchell, American writer (d. 1996)

August-September


- August 4 - Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (d. 1994)
- August 5 - Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
- August 5 - Mary Louise Miner, American Journalist (d. 1999)
- August 20 - Al Lopez, baseball player and manager (d. 2005)
- August 21 - M. M. Kaye, British writer (d. 2004)
- August 22 - Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (d. 2004)
- August 27 - Sir Donald Bradman, Australian cricketer (d. 2001)
- August 27 - Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States (d. 1973)
- August 28 - Roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist, artist, and educator (d. 1996)
- August 30 - Leonor Fini, Argentine artist (d. 1996)
- September 3 - Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (d. 1988)
- September 6 - Louis Essen, English physicist (d. 1997)
- September 6 - Korczak Ziolkowski, American sculptor (d. 1982)
- September 7 - Paul Brown, American football coach (d. 1991)
- September 7 - Michael E. DeBakey, American physician
- September 13 - Mae Questel, American actress (d. 1998)
- September 15 - Penny Singleton, American actress (d. 2003)
- September 29 - Eddie Tolan, American athlete (d. 1967)
- September 30 - David Oistrakh, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 1974)

October-December


- October 14 - Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (d. 2003)
- October 14 - Allan Jones, American actor and singer (d. 1992)
- October 15 - John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian economist
- October 16 - Enver Hoxha, dictator of Albania (d. 1985)
- October 19 - Sydney MacEwan, Scottish singer (d. 1990)
- October 19 - Geirr Tveitt, Norwegian composer (d. 1981)
-