Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Kennebunkport, Maine

Kennebunkport, Maine

Kennebunkport is a town located in York County, Maine. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 3,720. It is perhaps best known as the location of the summer home of former president George H. W. Bush. The town center located along the Kennebunk River, approximately one-half mile (1 km) from the mouth of the river on the ocean. Historically a fishing village, in recent decades the town has become a popular seaside tourist destination with a small district of souvenir shops, art galleries, seafood restaurants, and bed and breakfasts. Its reputation as a upscale community comes from the numerous large seaside estates along Ocean Avenue and other coastal thoroughfares. The famous "Bush Compound" is located on Walker's Point, a peninsula visible from Ocean Avenue. During the fall, Kennebunkport is a frequent stop for tour buses showing visitors the famous New England fall colors. Just outside Kennebunkport, in Arundel, is the Seashore Trolley Museum. For beating tourist traffic, Rt. 35 is an excellent route to and from Interstate 95. Kennebunkport and neighboring Kennebunk comprise Maine School Administrative District 71.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 56.9 km² (22.0 mi²). 53.4 km² (20.6 mi²) of it is land and 3.5 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.19% water.

Demographics

mi² As of the census2 of 2000, there are 3,720 people, 1,615 households, and 1,091 families residing in the town. The population density is 69.7/km² (180.4/mi²). There are 2,555 housing units at an average density of 47.8/km² (123.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.49% White, 0.22% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. 0.62% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,615 households out of which 24.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% are non-families. 27.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 2.78. In the town the population is spread out with 20.5% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 46 years. For every 100 females there are 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.3 males. The median income for a household in the town is $54,219, and the median income for a family is $66,505. Males have a median income of $43,125 versus $34,028 for females. The per capita income for the town is $36,707. 4.4% of the population and 1.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 4.4% of those under the age of 18 and 1.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. See also: Kennebunkport (CDP), Maine Category:Towns in Maine Category:York County, Maine Category:Bush family

York County, Maine

York County is a county located in the state of Maine. As of 2000, the population is 186,742. Its county seat is Alfred6.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3,293 km² (1,271 mi²). 2,566 km² (991 mi²) of it is land and 726 km² (280 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 22.06% water.

Adjacent Counties


- Oxford County, Maine - north
- Cumberland County, Maine - northeast
- Rockingham County, New Hampshire - southwest
- Strafford County, New Hampshire - west
- Carroll County, New Hampshire - northwest

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 186,742 people, 74,563 households, and 50,851 families residing in the county. The population density is 73/km² (188/mi²). There are 94,234 housing units at an average density of 37/km² (95/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 97.56% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. 0.70% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 74,563 households out of which 32.20% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.00% are married couples living together, 9.50% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% are non-families. 24.90% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.70% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.47 and the average family size is 2.96. In the county the population is spread out with 24.80% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 30.00% from 25 to 44, 24.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 94.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.40 males. The median income for a household in the county is $43,630, and the median income for a family is $51,419. Males have a median income of $36,317 versus $26,016 for females. The per capita income for the county is $21,225. 8.20% of the population and 5.90% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 9.90% of those under the age of 18 and 8.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns


- Acton
- Alfred
- Arundel
- Berwick
- Biddeford
- Buxton
- Cape Neddick
- Cornish
- Dayton
- Eliot
- Hollis
- Kennebunk
- Kennebunkport
- Kittery Point
- Kittery
- Lake Arrowhead
- Lebanon
- Limerick
- Limington
- Lyman
- Newfield
- North Berwick
- Ogunquit
- Old Orchard Beach
- Parsonsfield
- Saco
- Sanford
- Shapleigh
- South Berwick
- South Eliot
- South Sanford
- Springvale
- Waterboro
- Wells
- West Kennebunk
- York Harbor
- York Category:Maine counties ja:ヨーク郡 (メイン州)

George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). Previously, he had served as U.S. congressman from Texas (1967–1971), ambassador to the United Nations (1971–1973), Republican National Committee chairman (1973–1974), Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1976–1977), and the 43rd Vice President of the United States under President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989). A decorated naval aviator, he is the last World War II veteran to have served as President. Bush is the father of the 43rd and current president, George Walker Bush.

Youth, education

George Herbert Walker Bush was born to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker. His father served as a U.S. Senator from Connecticut and was a partner in the prominent investment banking firm Brown Brothers Harriman. George Bush began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich, Connecticut. Bush attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts from 1936 to 1942, where he demonstrated early leadership, captaining the baseball team, and was a member of an exclusive fraternity called the A.U.V, or "Auctoritas, Unitas, Veritas" – Latin for "Authority, Unity, Truth". His roommate at the boarding school was a young man named Edward G. Hooker. It was at Phillips Academy that Bush learned of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

World War II: decorated naval aviator

1941 After graduating from Phillips Academy in June, 1942, he joined the U.S. Navy on his 18th birthday to become an aviator. After completing the 10-month course, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 9 1943, several days before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date. After finishing flight training he was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as photographic officer in September 1943. As part of Air Group 51, his squadron was based on U.S.S. San Jacinto in the spring of 1944. San Jacinto was part of Task Force 58 that participated in operations against Marcus and Wake Islands in May, and then in the Marianas during June. On June 19 the task force triumphed in one of the largest air battles of the war. On his return from the mission Bush's aircraft made a forced water landing. A submarine rescued the young pilot, although the plane was lost as well as the life of his navigator. On July 25 Bush and another pilot received credit for sinking a small cargo ship off Palau. After Bush's promotion to Lieutenant Junior Grade on August 1, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. On September 2, 1944, Bush piloted one of four aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichi Jima. For this mission his crew included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White, who substituted for Bush's regular gunner. During their attack four TBM Avengers from VT-51 encountered intense antiaircraft fire. While starting the attack, Bush's aircraft was hit and his engine caught on fire. He completed his attack and released the bombs over his target, scoring several damaging hits. With his engine on fire, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft. However, the other man's parachute did not open, and he fell to his death. It was never determined which man bailed out with Bush. Both Delaney and White were killed in action. While Bush waited four hours in his inflated raft, several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine U.S.S. Finback. For this action Bush received the Distinguished Flying Cross. During the month he remained on Finback Bush participated in the rescue of other pilots. Bush subsequently returned to San Jacinto in November 1944 and participated in operations in the Philippines. When San Jacinto returned to Guam, the squadron, which had suffered 50 percent casualties of its pilots, was replaced and sent to the United States. Through 1944 he had flown 58 combat missions for which he received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Presidential Unit Citation awarded aboard the San Jacinto. Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk Navy Base and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153. With the surrender of Japan, he was honorably discharged in September 1945 and then entered Yale University. allon, who became a close family friend. Dresser Industries, decades later, merged with Halliburton, whose former CEOs include Dick Cheney, George H. W. Bush's Secretary of Defense and, as of 2005, Vice President of the United States.

Rise in politics

as of 2005 In 1964, Bush ventured into conventional politics by running against Texas' Democratic Senator Ralph Yarborough, making an issue of Yarborough's support of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. At the time many Southern politicians (including the Republican Sen. John Tower of Texas) opposed the legislation. Bush called Yarborough an "extremist" and a "left wing demagogue" while Yarborough said Bush was a "carpetbagger" trying to buy a Senate seat "just as they would buy a seat on the New York Stock Exchange". Bush lost in the 1964 Democratic landslide. He was later elected in 1966 and 1968 to the House of Representatives from the 7th District of Texas. He later lost his second attempt at a Senate seat in 1970 to Democrat Lloyd Bentsen who defeated the incumbent Yarborough in the Democratic primary. Bentsen later became the Democratic Party nominee for Vice President in the 1988 presidential election, and in 1993, Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton Administration. Throughout the 1970s, under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, Bush briefly served in a number of positions, including Chairman of the Republican National Committee, United States Ambassador to the United Nations (1971-1973), US Envoy to Communist China, Director of Central Intelligence, and board member of the Committee on the Present Danger. Bush has since commented that he did not particularly enjoy this string of jobs, saying he never wanted to be a "career bureaucrat." However, had Bush not received this succession of appointments after his Senate defeat in 1970, it is unlikely he would have risen to a level of national prominence in politics.

Vice President

In 1980, Bush ran for President, losing the Republican Party nomination to Ronald Reagan, the former Governor of California. After some preliminary discussion of choosing former President Gerald Ford as his running mate, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice President, placing him on the winning Republican Presidential ticket of 1980. Bush had declared he would never be Reagan's VP. Bush was many things Reagan had not been - a life-long Republican, a combat veteran, and an internationalist with UN, CIA, and China experience. Bush was also more moderate in his economic positions and political philosophy than Reagan. In the nomination fight against Reagan, Bush had referred to Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts as "voodoo economics." The Reagan/Bush ticket won again in 1984, against the Democrats' Walter Mondale/Geraldine Ferraro ticket. During his second term as Vice President, Bush had the distinction of becoming the first Vice President to become Acting President when, on July 13, 1985, President Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. Bush served as Acting President for approximately eight hours, most of which he passed playing tennis.

Presidential Campaign

Acting President. January 20, 1989.]] In 1988, after 8 years as Vice President, Bush ran for President. Though considered the early frontrunner for the nomination, Bush came in third in Iowa, beaten by winner U.S. Senator Bob Dole and runner-up televangelist Pat Robertson. However, Bush went on to win New Hampshire and the nomination. Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention, there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running mate. In a move anticipated by few and later criticized by many, Bush chose little-known U.S. Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana. On the eve of the convention, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Massachusetts governor, by double digits in most polls. Bush, often criticized for his lack of eloquence compared to Reagan, surprised many by giving possibly the best speech of his public career, widely known as the "Thousand points of light" speech[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgehbush1988rnc.htm] for his use of that phrase to describe his vision of American community. Bush's acceptance speech and a generally well-managed Convention catapulted him ahead of Dukakis in the polls, and he held the lead for the rest of the race. The campaign was noted as particularly bitter compared to recent ones and became famous for its highly negative advertisements. One advertisement run by the Bush campaign showed Dukakis awkwardly riding in a U.S. Army tank. Another, produced and placed by an independent group supporting Bush, referred to murderer Willie Horton who committed a rape and assault while on a furlough from a life sentence being served in Massachusetts. The Horton case, and Dukakis's unconditional opposition to the reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States, played a role in creating the impression that Dukakis was "soft on crime." These images helped enhance Bush's stature as a possible Commander-in-Chief compared to the Massachusetts governor.

Victory

The Bush-Quayle ticket beat Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen soundly in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Lloyd Bentsen received one vote). Bush performed very strongly among suburban voters, perhaps owing to his campaign themes of law and order, puncutated by his criticisms of the Massaschuetts furlough program. This was a boon in several swing states. In Illinois, Bush won 69% in DuPage County and 63% out of Lake County, suburban areas which adjoin Chicago's Cook County. In Pennsylvania, Bush swept the group of suburban counties that surround Philadelphia, including Bucks, Delaware, Chester and Montgomery. Bush also won most of the counties in Maryland, perhaps fallout from the fact that Willie Horton committed his infamous criminal acts there. New Jersey, known at the time for its many suburban voters and its moderate Republicanism, went easily for Bush. Contrary to the suburbs was the decrease among rural counties, easily falling below the support they gave Reagan in 1980 and 1984. In Illinois, Bush lost a number of downstate counties that previously went for Reagan. He lost the state of Iowa by a surprisingly wide margin, losing counties all across the state even in Republican areas. The rural state of West Virginia remained handily in the Democratic column. Bush also performed weaker in the northern counties of Missouri, making the state a close win. Three typically solid Republican states, Kansas, South Dakota, and Montana, came much closer than usual. Bush's greatest area of strength was in the south, winning most states by wide margins. He also performed very well in the northeast, winning Maine (where he has a residence), New Hampshire (at the time a Republican stronghold), Vermont (a bastion of moderate Republicanism that has since waned), and Connecticut (where his father was a senator). He lost New York, but by a fairly slim margin. He also won Delaware, at the time a swing state. He lost the Pacific northwestern states but kept California in the Republican column for the sixth straight time. Although his victory was a landslide, Bush in 1988 was the last Republican to carry certain states which have since gained the reputation as "blue states" that favor the Democratic Party in presidential elections. These states are California, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Vermont, Maryland, New Jersey, Illinois, Connecticut, Maine, and Michigan. New Mexico and Iowa used to be in this category, but George W. Bush won both states in 2004, making him the first Republican to carry them since 1988.

Presidency

Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency from its first days. In his January 20, 1989 Inaugural Address upon taking the Presidency, Bush said: :"I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken."

Tiananmen Square

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Invasion of Panama

Operation Just Cause was the U.S. military invasion of Panama that deposed Manuel Noriega in December 1989.

Gulf War

December 1989 As President, Bush is perhaps best known for leading the United Nations coalition in the 1990–1991 Gulf War despite his strong support for Saddam Hussein's regime against Congress over the latter's response to the Halabja affair, when he was Vice President and in his early days as President. In 1990, led by Saddam Hussein, Iraq invaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, Kuwait. The broad coalition sought to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait and ensure that Iraq did not invade Saudi Arabia. Bush's position was summed up succinctly when he said, "This aggression will not stand," and "this is not a war for oil. This is war against aggression." In a foreign policy move that would later be questioned, President Bush achieved his stated objectives of liberating Kuwait and forcing Iraqi withdrawal, then ordered a cessation of combat operations —allowing Saddam Hussein to stay in power. His Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney noted that invading the country would get the United States "bogged down in the quagmire inside Iraq." [http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/pubs/soref/cheney.htm] Bush later explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred incalculable human and political costs... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq". [http://www.thememoryhole.org/mil/bushsr-iraq.htm][http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/gulfwar.asp] In explaining to Gulf War veterans why he chose not to pursue the war further, he said, "whose life would be on my hands as the commander-in-chief because I, unilaterally, went beyond the international law, went beyond the stated mission, and said we're going to show our macho? We're going into Baghdad. We're going to be an occupying power — America in an Arab land — with no allies at our side. It would have been disastrous." [http://www.fas.org/news/iraq/1999/03/a19990303bush.htm fas.org] President Bush's popularity rating in America soared during and immediately after the apparent success of the military operations, but later fell due to an economic recession.

Fall of the Soviet Union, "New World Order"

As the Soviet Union was unraveling, President Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev declared a U.S.-Soviet strategic partnership at the summit of July 1991, decisively marking the end of the Cold War. President Bush declared that U.S.-Soviet cooperation during the Persian Gulf War in 1990-1991 had laid the groundwork for a partnership in resolving bilateral and world problems.
- Malta Summit [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/24/documents/malta/]
- Arms control: START I, Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction

NAFTA

Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Bush's government, along with the Conservative Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, spearheaded the negotiatons of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which Bill Clinton signed in 1993.

Failed re-election

1993 The tail end of the late 1980s recession, that had dogged most of Bush's term in office, was a contributing factor to his defeat in the 1992 Presidential election. Several other factors were key in his defeat, including siding with Congressional Democrats in 1990 to raise taxes despite his famous "Read my lips: No new taxes" pledge not to institute any new taxes. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their support for his re-election. Another major factor, which may have helped Bill Clinton defeat Bush in the 1992 election was the candidacy of Ross Perot. Perot won 19% of the popular vote, and Clinton, still a largely unknown quantity in American politics, won the election. Ross Perot Bush's last controversial act in office was his pardon of six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal on December 24, 1992, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Weinberger had been scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993 for allegedly lying to Congress regarding his knowledge of arms sales to Iran and concealing 1700 pages of his personal diary detailing discussions with other officials about the arms sales. As Weinberger's private notes contained references to Bush's endorsement of the secret shipments to Iran, some believe that Bush's pardon was an effort to prevent an order for Bush to appear before a grand jury or possibly to avoid an indictment. Weinberger's indictment stated that Weinberger's notes contradicted Bush's assertions that he had only peripheral knowledge of the arms for hostages deal. Lawrence Walsh, the Independent Counsel assigned to the case, charged that "the Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed." Walsh likened the pardons to President Nixon's Saturday Night Massacre. Bush responded that the Walsh probe constituted an attempt to criminalize a policy dispute between the legislative and executive branches. In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Clarridge, Clair E. George, Robert C. McFarlane, Elliott Abrams, and Alan G. Fiers Jr., all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of charges by the Independent Counsel. Despite his defeat, George H.W. Bush left office in 1993 with a 56 percent job approval rating. [http://abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/poll%5Fclintonlegacy010117.html]

Cabinet


Supreme Court appointments

Bush appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- David Souter – 1990
- Clarence Thomas – 1991, making Bush the first Republican president to appoint an African American supreme court justice.

Post-presidency

Clarence Thomas attended the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994, in Nixon's hometown of Yorba Linda, California. From left: Bill and Hillary Clinton, George H.W. and Barbara Bush, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, Gerald and Betty Ford.]] Betty Ford in 2005.]] Since his final election campaign, Bush has largely retired from public life. The Bushes live in Houston and their summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine. He holds his own fishing tournament in Islamorada, an island in the Florida Keys. In April 1993, the Iraqi Intelligence Service attempted to assassinate former President Bush via car bomb during a visit to Kuwait. However, Kuwaiti security foiled the car bomb plot. On June 26, 1993, the U.S. launched a missile attack targeting Baghdad intelligence headquarters in retaliation for the attempted attack against Bush. Bush has never written a memoir of his political life, and says he does not plan to. He has, however, published a book containing a series of collected letters (All The Best, George Bush, 1999), and co-authored a book on recent foreign policy issues with his former National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft (A World Transformed, 1998). He has given a number of paid speeches and participated in business ventures with the Carlyle Group. The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on the Southwest corner of the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas was renamed after the former president in 1997. The tenth Nimitz-class aircraft carrier will be named USS George H. W. Bush when it is launched in 2009. In 2001, he became the first president since John Adams to be father of another president when his son George W. Bush, previously Governor of Texas, took office as President of the United States. During his term of office, George H. W. Bush was simply known as President George Bush, since his son had never held elective office and was not especially well-known to the public. He is now referred to by various nicknames and titles, including "Former President Bush," "Bush the Elder," "the first President Bush," "Bush 41," "Papa Bush," and simply "41", in order to avoid confusion between his presidency and that of his son. Although the names of the two men are similar, they are not identical—George W. Bush lacks his father's middle name Herbert—so they are not known as "senior" and "junior." Governor of Texas, and another former president, Bill Clinton, pay their respects to Pope John Paul II before the pope's funeral.]]
- On June 12, 2004, he went skydiving in honor of his 80th birthday. It was his third parachute jump since World War II. He also made a jump on June 9, 1999, before his 75th birthday, and told reporters then he had also parachuted in Arizona two years earlier. The day before his 80th birthday jump, he and his son both took part in eulogizing his predecessor, Ronald Reagan, at the latter's state funeral.
- On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Bush and the other living former presidents (Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.

Humanitarian efforts

On January 3, 2005, President George W. Bush named his father and Bill Clinton to lead a nationwide campaign to help the victims of Asian tsunamis. They both appeared on the Super Bowl XXXIX pregame show on Fox in support of their effort to raise money for relief of the 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps, an action which Bush described as "transcending politics." Thirteen days later, they both traveled to the affected areas to see how the relief efforts were going. Despite their history as political opponents in the 1992 United States Presidential Election, the two former presidents have become friends. In June 2005 Bush had Clinton over as a guest, and the two even spent a weekend together in Maine boating. [http://www.boston.com/news/local/maine/articles/2005/06/17/former_president_hosts_another_former_president_at_walkers_point?mode=PF] This new friendship has drawn much media attention and many pundits and journalists have commended them for putting partisanship behind them. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina and the devastation it wrought over the Gulf coast, Bush and Clinton have again teamed up to respond to this disaster.

Trivia

Bush was nearly 6 feet, 4 inches tall in his prime, making him one of the tallest U.S. presidents to date. He was the first President to have two middle names, and the first President to be born in June. On January 8, 1992, Bush vomited on the lap of the Prime Minister of Japan, Kiichi Miyazawa, during a state dinner. He then fainted. The incident, which Bush claimed was nothing more than the flu, was caught on camera and raised questions about his health, in addition to being a major source of embarrassment. The Japanese named a verb for this incident: "bushusuru", meaning "to commit an instance of embarrassing public vomiting", or literally "to do the Bush thing". [http://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/01.05.05/open-mic-0501.html] Bush is one of three former presidents to be given the honorary title Knight Grand Cross (GCB) by Queen Elizabeth II.

References


- O'Brien, Cormac. Secret Lives of the U.S. Presidents. Quirk Books (2004). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 1-931686-57-2. pp. 251-255.

Further reading


- Tarpley, Webster G. and Chaitkin, Anton. 2004. George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography. Tree of life publications.
- Barilleaux, Ryan J. and Mary E. Stuckey, eds. Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1992.
- Stephen J. Ducat. 2004. The Wimp Factor. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Bush, George H. W., 1999. All the Best: George Bush: My Life and Other Writings. New York: Scribner.
- Duffy, Michail & Dan Goodgame 1992. Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Green, John Robert. 2000. The Presidency of George Bush. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
- Hyams, Joe. 1991. Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic Publishers.
- Podhoretz, John. 1993. Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989-1993. New York: Simon and Schuster.

See also


- Bush family
- U.S. presidential election, 1980
- U.S. presidential election, 1984
- U.S. presidential election, 1988
- U.S. presidential election, 1992
- George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas
- History of the United States (1980–1988)
- History of the United States (1988–present)
- USS George H. W. Bush (CVN-77)
- Bush family conspiracy theory
- Conspiracy of Silence

External links


- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/bush.htm Inaugural Address]
- [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=BushGHW Audio recordings of Bush's speeches]
- [http://www.snopes.com/history/american/bushscan.htm Page discussing the scanner story]
- [http://www.tarpley.net/bushb.htm George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography] by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin
- [http://www.newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/George_HW_Bush.php George Bush's political donations]
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gb41.html White House biography]
- [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g41.htm Medical and Health History of George H. W. Bush]
- Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H.W. Bush, George H.W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H.W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. Bush, George H. W. ko:조지 H. W. 부시 ms:George H. W. Bush ja:ジョージ・H・W・ブッシュ simple:George H. W. Bush th:จอร์จ บุช

Kennebunk River

] The Kennebunk River is a short river, approximately 15 miles (24 km), in southwestern Maine in the United States. It drains a settled rural area southwest of Portland, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. It rises in central York County, issuing from Kennebunk Pond. It flows generally southeast, passing under Interstate 95 and U.S. Highway 1. It flows past the town center of Kennebunkport, where it becomes navigable, and enters the Atlantic in Kennebunkport, approximately one-half mile (1 km) downstream from the town center. Category:Rivers of Maine

Souvenir

Souvenir is also the name of a Broadway play about Florence Foster Jenkins' A souvenir (from French, for memory) is an object that is treasured for the memories associated with it. This is analogous to the psychological exploitation of classical conditioning. For example, if a traveller buys a souvenir on a memorable vacation, he or she will most likely associate the souvenir with the vacation. Every time he or she looks at the souvenir, it reminds them of the vacation. The term is used for items brought home from places visited. Such items are sometimes marked or engraved to indicate that their value is sentimental rather than practical (e.g., "A Souvenir from Clacton-on-Sea"). Souvenirs can include household items such as mugs and bowls, ashtrays, spoons and notepads, or clothing such as T-shirts or hats.

Memorabilia

Similar to a souvenir, memorabilia (from Latin, for "memorable") is an object that is treasured for its memories; however, unlike souvenirs, memorabilia are valued for a connection to a historical event, culture or entertainment. Such items include cigarette cards, publicity photographs, posters, entertainment-related merchandise and other, often-licensed, items.

See also


- Gift shop
- Mitchell & Ness Category:Tourism ja:土産

Bed and breakfast

:B&B is also an acronym used for the American CBS soap opera The Bold and The Beautiful or the MTV cartoon Beavis and Butthead, or as a nickname used by star trek fans for producers Rick Berman and Brannon Braga. A bed and breakfast, often referred to as a B&B, is a lodging typically operated out of a large single family residence where guests can be accommodated at night in private bedrooms (which may or may not be equipped with private baths) and where breakfast, sometimes Continental and sometimes the full English variety, is served in the morning. In Ireland, most B&Bs serve a traditional Irish breakfast as a point of pride. The business may be operated either as a primary occupation or as a secondary source of income, and the staff often consists of the house's owner(s) and members of their family who live there. It is possible for guests to stay more than one night, but in some cases they will be expected to be away from the house during the main part of the day. This arrangement however is generally found to be convenient, for many of the more popular B&Bs are located in beach and mountain areas, such as Hawaii and Colorado where daytime recreation and tourism activities are popular. One advantage of staying at a B&B is readier access to popular locations off the beaten path which may not be convenient to the city center. Because most B&Bs are small, rarely with room for more than about 10-15 guests, it is advisable for anyone wanting to stay at a bed and breakfast to make reservations well in advance of their travel date. Consultation with a qualified travel agent knowledgeable in this type of accommodation is recommended; many B&Bs belong to associations, have a web presence, and are described in various books and travel guides. For example, the highly-regulated associated B&Bs of Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada are often completely sold out during the height of the Shaw Festival theatre season. The B&B arrangement is actually a very old one; before the 20th century, it was quite normal for country travelers to spend the night at a private house rather than an inn, and the custom persists in many parts of the world. However, this was strictly an informal arrangement constrained by acquaintance and social rank; a doctor might stay with a doctor or pharmacist, while a nobleman would only stay with the local gentry. Modern B&Bs often consciously seek to recall earlier days; they are frequently established in attractive older houses that have been renovated and filled with antique furniture. In some cases an existing inn will relabel itself as a "B&B" to improve business. See also: List of types of lodging

References


- Sakach, Deborah Edwards, Bed & Breakfasts and Country Inns (American Historic Inns, Inc., 16th edition, 2004) ISBN 1888050160
- Jan Stankus, How to Open and Operate a Bed & Breakfast (Globe Pequot Press, 7th edition 2003) ISBN 0762728132
- Martha Watson Murphy and Amelia Rockwell Seton, How to Start and Operate Your Own Bed-And-Breakfast/Down-To-Earth Advice from an Award-Winning B&B Owner (Owlet, 1994) ISBN 0805029036
- Mary Davis, So-You Want to Be an Innkeeper: The Definitive Guide to Operating a Successful Bed-And-Breakfast or Country Inn (Chronicle Books, 1996) ISBN 081181226X
- Susannah Craig and Park Davis, Complete Idiot's Guide to Running a Bed and Breakfast (Alpha Books, 2001) ISBN 0028640004 Category:Hotel types

Bush Compound

The Bush Compound is located near the Atlantic Ocean in southern Maine near the town of Kennebunkport. Called Walker's Point, the sprawling estate was purchased by Senator Prescott Bush in the early 20th century, and has remained in the family since. The Bush Compound was the place where President George H. W. Bush spent much of his childhood. As an adult, George H. W. Bush raised his own children, President George W. Bush, governor Jeb Bush, Marvin Bush, Neil Bush, Dorothy Bush, and Robin Bush on the Compound. The George H. W. Bush family spent most summers at the estate, as well as family weddings, holidays, and receptions. Currently, President George W. Bush visits the compound several times a year to gather with his family. Robin Bush The Compound includes a large central house on the strip of land called Walker's Point which juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. The house has nine bedrooms, four sitting rooms, an office, a den, a library, a dining room, a kitchen, and various patios and decks. Next to the main house are a four-car garage, a pool, tennis court, dock, boathouse, and guesthouse. There are spacious lawns on either side of the house. The entrance is gated, and guarded by Secret Service officers, though visitors can see the driveway leading up to the main house, and a circular driveway in the middle of which is a large flagpole flying the American flag.

Sources


- Bush, George H.W. All the Best
- Kelly, Kitty. Dynasty; the true story of the Bush Family
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov White House press reports] Category:Houses in the United States Category:Maine

Arundel, Maine

Arundel is a town located in York County, Maine. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 3,571.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 62.0 km² (23.9 mi²). 61.9 km² (23.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.13% water.

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 3,571 people, 1,363 households, and 999 families residing in the town. The population density is 57.7/km² (149.3/mi²). There are 1,415 housing units at an average density of 22.8/km² (59.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.26% White, 0.14% African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. 0.50% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,363 households out of which 35.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% are married couples living together, 8.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% are non-families. 19.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.01. In the town the population is spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $49,484, and the median income for a family is $50,709. Males have a median income of $35,517 versus $25,684 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,538. 5.4% of the population and 5.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 9.6% of those under the age of 18 and 4.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Category:Towns in Maine Category:York County, Maine

Kennebunk, Maine

Kennebunk is a town located in York County, Maine. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 10,476. Kennebunk claims to be "the only village in the world so named." To Abenaki inhabitants, Kennebunk meant "the long cut bank," presumably the long bank behind Kennebunk Beach. It is a popular tourist destination, with highlights including several beaches and the "Wedding Cake House," a Federal-style house extensively decorated with Gothic trim. Local industry includes tourism as well as natural health-care product manufacturer Tom's of Maine. In addition, many residents commute to Portland, Maine or Portsmouth, New Hampshire, or even to Boston, Massachusetts. Kennebunk and neighboring Kennebunkport comprise Maine School Administrative District 71.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 92.0 km² (35.5 mi²). 90.9 km² (35.1 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.18% water.

Demographics

mi²] As of the census2 of 2000, there are 10,476 people, 4,229 households, and 2,901 families residing in the town. The population density is 115.3/km² (298.5/mi²). There are 4,985 housing units at an average density of 54.9/km² (142.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.04% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. 0.51% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 4,229 households out of which 33.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% are married couples living together, 9.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% are non-families. 26.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.44 and the average family size is 2.97. married couples In the town the population is spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $50,914, and the median income for a family is $59,712. Males have a median income of $42,417 versus $25,788 for females. The per capita income for the town is $26,181. 4.2% of the population and 2.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 3.3% of those under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. See also: Kennebunk (CDP), Maine Category:Towns in Maine Category:York County, Maine

Maine School Administrative District 71

Maine School Administrative District 71 (MSAD 71 or SAD 71) is a school district containing the towns of Kennebunk, Maine and Kennebunkport, Maine. It currently (as of July 2005) provides 5 schools for the children within its boundaries:
- Kennebunk Elementary School - a new school building, replacing the older Cousins School and Park Street School. It provides classes for kindergarten through grade 3 for children from Kennebunk.
- Sea Road School - located in the lower village of Kennebunk, it provides classes for grade 4 and grade 5 for children from Kennebunk.
- Consolidated School - provides classes for kindergarten through grade 5 for children from Kennebunkport.
- Middle School of the Kennebunks - provides classes for grade 6 through grade 8 for all children in the district.
- Kennebunk High School - provides classes for grade 9 through grade 12 for all children in the district. It is also attended by many students from nearby Arundel, which has no high school.

External links

[http://www.msad71.net/ Official District Website]

Square kilometer

Square metre

Census

A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). It can be contrasted with sampling in which information is only obtained from a subset of a population. As such it is a method used for accumulating statistical data, and it is also vital to democracy (voting).

Ancient and medieval censuses

Rome conducted censuses to determine taxes (see Censor). The Bible relates stories of several censuses. The Book of Numbers describes a divinely-mandated census that occurred when Moses led the Israelites from Egypt. A later census called by King David of Israel, referred to as the "numbering of the people," incited divine retribution (for being militarily motivated or perhaps displaying lack of faith in God). A Roman census is also mentioned in one of the best known passages of the Bible in the Gospel of Luke. The world's oldest extant census comes from China during the Han Dynasty. Taken in the fall of 2 AD, it is considered by scholars to be quite accurate. At that time there were 57.5 million living in Han China, the world's largest population. The second oldest preserved census is also from the Han, dating back to 140 AD, when only a bit more than 48 million people were recorded. Mass migrations into what is today southern China are believed to be behind this massive demographic decline. In the Middle Ages, the most famous census is the Domesday Book, undertaken in 1086 by William I of England "to find out ... what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth," so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered. In 1183, a census was taken of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, to ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria.

Modern censuses

Australia

The Australian census is run by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is carried out every five years, the last one being on August 7, 2001 and the next planned census is August 8, 2006.

Brazil

The Brazilian census is carried out by IBGE, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, every 10 years. The last one was in 2000.

Canada

The Canadian census is run by Statistics Canada. The first census conducted in Canada was conducted in 1666, by French intendant Jean Talon, when he took a census to ascertain the number of people living in New France. In 1871, Canada's first formal census was conducted, which counted the population of Nova Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Quebec. In 1918, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics was formed. In 1971, Statistics Canada was formed to replace the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, and consequently, took over its census job. Censuses in Canada are conducted in five year intervals. The latest census was conducted in 2001 and the next planned census is 2006. Censuses taken in mid-decade (e.g. 1976, 1986, 1996, etc.) are referred to as quinquennial censuses. Others are referred to as decennial censuses. The first quinquennial census was conducted in 1956. See also: Canada 2001 Census

Costa Rica

Costa Rica carried out its 9th population census in 2000. INEC, National Institute of Statistics and Census is in charge of conduct these census. Past Costa Rican censuses were realized in 1864, 1883, 1892, 1927, 1950, 1963, 1973 and 1984.

Denmark

The first Danish census was in 1700-1701, and contained statistical information about adult men. Only about half of it still exists. A census of school children was taken during the 1730s. Following these early undertakings, the first census to attempt completely covering all citizens (including women and children who had previously been listed only as numbers) of Denmark-Norway was taken in 1769 [http://www.rhd.uit.no/census/ft1769.html]. At that point there were 797 584 citizens in the kingdom. Georg Christian Oeder took a statistical census in 1771 which covered Copenhagen, Sjælland, Møn, and Bornholm. After that, censuses followed somewhat regularly in 1787, 1801, and 1834, and between 1840 and 1860, the censuses were taken every five years, and then every ten years until 1890. Special censuses for Copenhagen were taken in 1885 and 1895. In the 20th century, censuses were taken every five years from 1901 to 1921, and then every ten years from 1930. The last census was taken in 1950. Currently, Det Centrale Personregister is doing the censuses using their register of Danish citizens. It is possible to search a portion of the Danish censuses online at [http://ddd.dda.dk/ Dansk Demografisk Database], and also view scanned versions at [http://www.arkivalieronline.dk/ Arkivalier Online].

France

Napoleon Bonaparte began the census in France as a means of determining the number of potential soldiers under his rule. Today, the census in France is carried out by INSEE. Since 2004, a partial census is carried out every year, and the results published as averages over 5 years.

Germany

The first large-scale census in the German Empire took place in 1895. Attempts at introducing a census in Germany sparked strong popular resentment in the 1980s since many quite personal questions were asked. Some campaigned for a boycott. In the end the Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1980 and 1983. The last census was in 1987. Germany has since used population samples in combination with statistical methods, in place of a full census.

Greece

Census takes place every 10 years and is carried out by the National Statistical Service of Greece [http://www.statistics.gr]. Last census was in 2001.

India

The decennial census of India is the primary source of information about the demographic characteristics of the population of India which is the second biggest country of the world in terms of population. The first census in India is dated 1872. It started as far back as in 1860 and was finished in 1871. Starting from there, a population census has been carried out every 10 years, latest being the fourteenth in February - March 2001. Census is carried out by the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, Delhi under the Census of India Act, 1948. The act gives Central Government many powers like to notify a date for Census, power to ask for the services of any citizen for census work. The law makes it compulsory for every citizen to answer the census questions truthfully. The Act provides penalties for giving false answer or not giving answers at all to the census questionnaire. One of the most important provisions of law is the guarantee for the maintenance of secrecy of the information collected at the census of each individual. The census records are not open to inspection and also not admissible in evidence. Census happens in two phases, first House Listing and House Numbering Operations and second actual population enumeration phase. Census is carried out by the canvassing method. In this method, each and every household is visited and the information is collected by a specially trained enumerator. 9th February 2001, the first day of the 2001 census was celebrated as the census day.

Source


- [http://www.censusindia.net/ Website of the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]
- [http://www.unfpa.org/sustainable/docs.htm Banthia J.K., Ex Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "Mobilising Support for India’s Census - Constraints and Challenges"]

Italy

The census in Italy is carried out by ISTAT every 10 years. The last four were in 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001.

Japan

Japan collects census information every five years. The figures show the English translation of the 2005 census form. The form solicits information on name, sex, relationship to head of household, year and month of birth, marital status, nationality, number of members of household, type and nature of dwelling, floor area of dwelling, number of hours worked during the week prior to October 1, employment status, name of employer and type of business, and kind of work. Image:CensusSide1.png|Explanation of census form, side 1 Image:CensusSide2.png|Explanation of census form, side 2

Latvia

The most recent census in Latvia was in 2000. Before that, it was about 6 censuses, most part of these previous censuses was in the USSR time. The census in Latvia is carried out by Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde (Central Statistical Bureau).

New Zealand

The census in New Zealand is carried out by Statistics New Zealand (Te Tari Tatau), every five years. The last was in 2001, the next will be in 2006. See New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings.

Poland

The census in Poland is carried out by GUS every circa 10 years. The last one occurred in 2002.

Portugal

The census in Portugal is carried out by INE every 10 years. The last one occurred in 2001.

Romania

The first census in Romania was carried out in 1859. Nowadays it is carried every ten years by the Institutul Naţional de Statistică (INSSE). The last one occurred in 2002.

Russia/USSR

In Russia, the first All-Russia Population Census was carried out in 1897. All-Union Population Censuses were carried out in the USSR (which included RSFSR and the other republics) in 1920, 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989). The first (post-Soviet) All-Russia Population Census was carried out in 2002. Next census is tentatively planned for 2010. Currently, the census is the responsibility of the [http://www.gks.ru Federal State Statistics Service.]

South Africa

The census in South Africa is carried out every 5 years by Statistics South Africa. The only two to date were in 1996 and 2001.

Ukraine

The first post-soviet census in Ukraine was carried out by [http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/ State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] in 2001, 12 years after the last All-Union census in 1989.

United Kingdom

In the 7th century, Dalriada (now Scotland) was the first territory in what is now the UK to conduct a census, with what was called the "Tradition of the Men of Alba" (Senchus fer n'Alba'). England took its first Census when the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086 for tax purposes. The UK census as we know it today started in 1801 (championed by John Rickman who managed the first four up to 1831), partly to ascertain the number of men able to fight in the Napoleonic wars. Rickman's 12 reasons - set out in 1798 and repeated in Parliamentary debates - for conducting a UK census included the following justifications:
- 'the intimate knowledge of any country must form the rational basis of legislation and diplomacy'
- 'an industrious population is the basic power and resource of any nation, and therefore its size needs to be known'
- 'the number of men who were required for conscription to the militia in different areas should reflect the area's population'
- 'there were defence reasons for wanting to know the number of seamen'
- 'the need to plan the production of corn and thus to know the number of people who had to be fed'
- 'a census would indicate the Government's intention to promote the public good' and
- 'the life insurance industry would be stimulated by the results.' The census has been conducted every ten years since 1801 and most recently in 2001. The first four censuses (1801-1831) were mainly statistical (that is, they were mainly headcounts and contained virtually no personal information). The 1841 Census was the first to record names of all individuals in a household or institution. Because of World War II, there was no census in 1941. However, following the passage into law (on 5 September 1939) of the National Registration Act a population count was carried out on 29 September 1939, which was, in effect, a census. The census is undertaken by the government for policy and planning purposes, and the (statistical) information is also sold to interested parties. Public access to the census returns is restricted under the terms of the 100-year rule and the most recent returns made available to researchers are those of the 1901 Census. The census is usually very accurate, and with a fine of up to £1,000 for those who do not complete it, filled in by a high percentage of the population. An exception may have been the census conducted during the years of the poll tax (1991), when some people avoided it in case it was used for enforcing the tax. The 2001 census was the first year in which the government asked about religion. Perhaps encouraged by a chain letter that started in New Zealand, 390,000 people entered their religion as Jedi Knight (more than either Sikhs, Buddhists or Jews), with some areas registering up to 2.6% of people as Jedi.

United States

The United States Constitution mandates that the census be taken at least once every ten years (U.S. Congress could require a more frequent census by legislation), and that the number of members of the House of Representatives from each state be determined accordingly. In addition, Census Bureau statistics are used for apportioning Federal funding for many social and economic programs. But there is not a federal census legislation (nor for federal voting). The first U.S. Census was taken in 1790 by the local U.S. Marshals. Census-takers went door-to-door and recorded the number of people in each household, and the name of the head of the household. Slaves were counted, but for apportionment purposes each counted as only three-fifths of a citizen. American Indians being neither taxed nor considered during apportionment, were not counted. The first census counted 3.9 million people, less than half the population of New York City in 2000. The 2000 census counted over 281 million people. In 1902, a Public Law established the Census Bureau as a permanent Federal agency. Until the 2010 census, there were two forms of questionnaire – long and short. Currently, the plan is to replace the Long form in 2010 with the American Community Survey (ACS), but funding for ACS is not assured, in which case there may be a long form in the 2010 census. Computer algorithms (based on complex sampling rules) determine which form was mailed to a given household (in practice, of those households whose locations are on the Census Master Address List), one in six receiving the long form. This was supplemented by census workers who go door-to-door to talk to people who fail to return the forms. In addition to a simple count of residents, the Census Bureau collects a variety of statistics, on topics ranging from ethnicity to the presence of indoor plumbing. While some critics claim that census questions are an invasion of privacy, the data collected by every question is either required to enforce some federal law (such as the Voting Rights Act) or is required to administer some federal program. Congress gives approval to every question asked on the Census. Despite a massive effort, the Census Bureau has never been able to count every individual, leading to controversy about whether to use statistical methods to supplement the numbers for some purposes, as well as arguments over how to improve the actual head count. The Supreme Court has ruled that only an actual head count can be used to apportion Congressional seats; however, cities and minority representatives have complained that urban residents and minorities are undercounted. In several cases, the Census Bureau will recount an area with disputed figures, provided the local government pays for the time and effort. The State of Utah protested the figures of the 2000 decennial census because it lost a seat in the House of Representatives to North Carolina. Had the Census Bureau been able to count the numbers of Utahns living overseas, including many Mormon missionaries, Utah would have retained the seat. To minimize the burden on individuals and to provide improved data, the Bureau is preparing several alternative methods for gathering economic, demographic, and social information, including the American Community Survey and record linking of depersonalized administrative records with other administrative records and Census Bureau surveys. By law (92 Stat. 915, Public Law 95-416, enacted on October 5, 1978), census records are sealed for 72 years; in an era when life expectancy was under 60 years, this attempts to protect individual's privacy by prohibiting the release of such information during their expected lifetimes. Thus, the most recent Census released to the public was the 1930 Census, released in 2002. Indexes to some of the U.S. Censuses have been produced over the years, making the process of searching old census records much easier. Some indexes of census records have been produced by amateur volunteer genealogists. Due to the sheer volume of information, and the manual methodologies involved, the indexing used to be limited to the head-of-household. These indexes were published in bound volumes and are often available in regional libraries along with microfilm rolls that can be researched. While valuable, indexes produced from these censuses can be problematic to use. The original census records from this era were completed by hand by census enumerators; this leads to problems in handwriting recognition and variations in spelling of surnames within the original documents. The 1880 to 1920 censuses have indexes of last names, produced using the Soundex system; the indexing project was performed by the Works Progress Administration. The Soundex system is tolerant of variations in spelling; names with similar sounds but different spellings have the same encoding. The chief motivation in producing the Soundex name indexes was to assist citizens in finding census records to provide evidence of age, especially for those born before the advent of governmentally-approved birth certificates. (Verification of age was needed to establish eligibility for old-age benefits such as Social Security). Partial Soundex indexes of the 1930 census are available; resources from the Works Progress Administration were diverted towards support of World War II efforts before the project was completed. With the advent of computers, and more recently, the Internet, expanded indexes including all family members are beginning to appear on genealogy websites. These are accompanied with hypertext links that take the researcher directly to an image of the original census page, without having to travel to a regional library and scroll through endless rolls of microfilm. Genealogists view censuses as secondary sources of information; primary sources of information such as birth certificates are viewed as more reliable. Still, census information often provides useful information for genealogists and clues on where to proceed to find further primary source documents.

Local

In additional to the decennial federal census, more localized versions are often used. An example of this is Massachusetts, which takes a statewide census every fifth year. Likewise, each community in Massachusetts takes a municipal census each year. Category:Population

Sources


- [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/miscellaneous/000507.html U.S. Census Press Release on 1930 Census]
- [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/spring_2002_soundex_projects.html U.S. Census Press Release on Soundex and WPA]
- Bielenstein, Hans. "Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han." In The Cambridge History of China, vol. 1, eds. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, 223-90 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).

External links


- [http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/ Census at the U.S. National Archives]
- [http://www.censusfinder.com Census Finder - Links to census records online for the U.S., UK and Canada]
- [http://www.histpop.org Online Historical Population Reports Project (OHPR)]
- [http://statbel.fgov.be/census/links_en.asp Links to the official websites of various national censuses] Category:Data collection ko:인구 조사 ja:国勢調査 simple:Census

2000

This article is about the year 2000. For other uses of 2000, see 2000 (number) or 2000 (breakdancing move). 2000 (MM) is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, however, this distinction falls to the year 2001. This is due to the fact that the first century began with the year 1, and there does not exist a year zero. The first century (or first 100 years AD) was from January 1, in the year one (1 AD) through December 31, in the year one-hundred (100 AD). The second century began on January 1, in the year one-hundred and one (101 AD). The year 2000 is also marked as:
- The International Year for a Culture of Peace.
- The World Mathematical Year. See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.

Events

January


- January 1 - Millennium celebrations take place throughout the world. Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted.
- January 5-January 8 - The 2000 al-Qaida Summit
- January 6 - The last remaining Pyrenean Ibex is found dead.
- January 10 - America On-line announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion. This is the largest-ever corporate merger.
- January 11 - the armed wing of Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria.
- January 11 - The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
- January 14 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- January 16 - In Sacramento, California a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver.
- January 24 - God's Army, Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, take 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
- January 30 - St. Louis Rams 23 defeat the Tennessee Titans 16 to win the Super_Bowl_XXXIV
- January 30 - Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169. Within a day, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.
- January 31 - Dr. Harold Shipman in sentenced to life in prison for murder of at least 15 of his patients out of 365 suspected victims.

February


- February 4 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- February 6 - Tarja Halonen is elected the first Finnish female president.
- February 13 - Final original Peanuts comic strip is published.
- February 14 - The spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.

March


- March 1 - The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.
- March 2 - Hans Blix assumes the position of Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
- March 8 - Tokyo train disaster.
- March 9 - FBI arrests suspected purveyor of art forgeries, Ely Sakhai, in New York City.
- March 10 - The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5048. ([http://dynamic.nasdaq.com/dynamic/IndexChart.asp?symbol=IXIC&desc=NASDAQ+Composite&sec=nasdaq&site=nasdaq&months=84])
- March 18 - 2000 Taiwanese presidential election: Chen Shui-bian is elected President of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- March 20 - Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther, is captured after gun battle that left a sheriff's deputy dead.
- March 21 - Pope John Paul II began the first office visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
- March 21 - US Supreme Court ruled the goverment lacked authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton administration's main anti-smoking initiative.
- March 26 - Presidential elections in Russia: Vladimir Putin elected President.
- March 30 - America's Cup 2000 retained by Team New Zealand near Auckland. Prada Challenge 2000 lost 0-5 in a "best-of-9".

April

April.]]
- April 1 - Japanese prime minister Keizo Obuchi suffers a stroke and falls into a coma.
- April 3 - United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
- April 5 - Yoshiro Mori replaces Obuchi as prime minister of Japan.
- April 7 - Attack submarine ex-Trepang completes being recycled.
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, Raja of Perlis dies after a reign of 55 years. He was the longest reigning monarch in the world since the death of Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein.
- April 17 - Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.
- April 22 - In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC ending one of the most publicized custody battles in US history.
- April 25 - The State of Vermont passes HB847, legalizing Civil Unions for same-sex couples.

May


- May 3 - A rare conjunction occurs on the New Moon including all seven of the traditional celestial bodies known from ancient times up until 1781 with the discovery of Uranus. The May 2000 conjunction consisted of: the Sun and Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
- May 3 - Computer pioneer Datapoint Corporation files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- May 12 - The Tate Modern opens in London.
- May 13 - In Enschede a heavy fireworks explosion kills 20 and leaves an entire neighborhood in ruins.
- May 18 - Boo.com