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Kevin O'Higgins

Kevin O'Higgins

Kevin Christopher O'Higgins (Irish name Caoimhín Críostóir Ó hUiginn; June 7, 1892-July 10, 1927). Kevin O'Higgins was born on June 7, 1892, in Laois. He was educated at the Jesuit Clongowes Wood, St. Patrick's Seminary at Maynooth, and at University College Dublin. He joined Sinn Féin and was imprisoned in 1918. While he was imprisoned he became MP for Laois. In 1919 O'Higgins was appointed Assistant Minister for Local Government. He was strongly in favour of accepting the Treaty in 1921. In 1922 he was elected TD for Laois-Offaly. In the first government he became Minister for Justice and External Affairs, as well as Vice-President of the Executive Council (Deputy Prime Minister). Sinn Féin split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In the debate that took place in the Dáil on the Treaty, O'Higgins outlined the reasons for his support thus:

Last October the Minister of Local Government W.T. Cosgrave and myself came deliberately to the decision that we would not recommend any settlement involving allegiance to the king of England. That is true, but I am not ashamed to plead guilty to the fact that I consider political realities and the consequence of my vote... I would have gone back to war rather than recommend a settlement involving allegiance if the Treaty had not been signed. But I face the political situation and realise that some of the biggest personalities in our movement ... have considered this is the last ounce [that] could be got from England, and who, knowing the situation better than I do, attached their names to that document.

When running for election in 1922, he told a crowd:

I have not abandoned any political aspirations to which I have given expression in the past, but in the existing circumstances I advise the people to trust to evolution rather than revolution for their attainment.

When the Irish Civil War broke out he tried to restore law and order by introducing tough measures. He feared, as did many of his colleagues, that a prolonged civil conflict would give the British an excuse, in the eyes of the world, to reassert their control in the Free State. Between 1922 and 1923 seventy-seven republican prisoners of war were executed by order of O'Higgins. He was given a nominal posting to the Irish Army during the early stages of the war, which he described as "very short, though very brilliant". General Richard Mulcahy was less impressed, recalling that "O'Higgins' personal presence in the Adjutant-General's office at that time (July-August 1922) was the personal presence of a person who didn't understand what was going on". O'Higgins also set up An Garda Síochána (an unarmed police force). As Minister for External Affairs he successfully increased Ireland's autonomy within the Commonwealth of Nations. O'Higgins was seen very much as the "strong man" of the Cabinet. He once described himself as one of "the most conservative-minded revolutionaries that ever put through a successful revolution". Though many of his opponents characterised him as having fascist tendencies, O'Higgins was to the fore in resisting the small wing of Cumann na nGaedheal who looked to Italy for inspiration. He was not a strong proponent of gender equality and when asked by Labour Party (Ireland) leader Thomas Johnson in the Dáil whether he believed giving women the vote had been a success, O'Higgins replied, "I would not like to pronounce an opinion on it in public." He famously derided the Democratic Programme of the First Dáil as "mostly poetry". Before his death, he toyed with Arthur Griffith's idea of a dual monarchy in order to end the Partition of Ireland. On July 10, 1927 O'Higgins was assassinated at the age of 35 in Dublin by three "irregular" members of the Irish Republican Army, Timothy Coughlin, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle.

Political Career

O'Higgins, Kevin O'Higgins, Kevin O'Higgins, Kevin

Irish name

A formal Irish Gaelic name consists of a given name and a surname, as in English. Surnames in Irish are generally patronymic in etymology, although they are no longer literal patronyms, as is the case in Icelandic. The form of a surname varies according to whether its bearer is male or female, and in the case of a married woman, whether she chooses to adopt her husband's surname. An alternative traditional naming convention, not used for official purposes but generalised in Irish-speaking areas, consists of the first name followed by a double patronym. Sometimes the name of the mother or grandmother may be used instead of that of the father or grandfather.

Epithets

A first name may be modified by an adjective to distinguish its bearer from other people with the same name. Óg "young" and Mór "great" are used to distinguish father and son, like English junior and senior, but are placed between the given name and the surname: Seán Óg Ó Súilleabháin corresponds to "John Sullivan, Jr." Adjectives denoting hair color may also be used, especially informally: Pádraig Rua ("red-haired Patrick"), Máire Bhán ("fair-haired Mary"). In former times the word Beag/Beg, meaning "little", would sometimes be used in place of Óg. For example, the grandfather of Cardinal James Gibbons (1834-1921) of Baltimore was Luke Mor Gibbons; one of his sons, an uncle of Cardinal James, was known as Luke Beg (1804-1867). This did not necessarily indicate that the younger Luke was small in stature, merely younger than his father. Sometimes beag would be used to imply a baby was small at birth, particularly when the baby was born less than 9 months after marriage.

Surnames and prefixes

A man's surname generally takes the form Ó (originally "grandson") or Mac ("son") followed by the genitive case of a name, as in Ó Dónaill ("grandson of Dónall") or Mac Gearailt ("son of Gerald"). A son has the same surname as his father. A daughter's surname replaces Ó with Ní (reduced from Iníon Uí "daughter of the grandson of") and Mac with Nic (reduced from Iníon Mhic "daughter of the son of"); in both cases the following name undergoes lenition. Thus the daughter of a man named Ó Dónaill has the surname Ní Dhónaill and the daughter of a man named Mac Gearailt has the surname Nic Ghearailt. If, however, the second part of the surname begins with the letter C, it is not lenited after Nic: Nic Carthaigh. If a woman marries, she may choose to take her husband's surname. In this case, Ó is replaced by Bean Uí ("wife of the grandson of") and Mac by Bean Mhic ("wife of the son of"). In both cases bean may be omitted, in which case the woman uses simply Uí or Mhic. Again, the second part of the surname is lenited (unless it begins with C, in which case it is only lenited after Uí). Thus a woman marrying a man named Ó Dónaill may choose to be use Bean Uí Dhónaill or Uí Dhónaill as her surname; a woman marrying a man named Mac Gearailt may choose to use Bean Mhic Ghearailt or Mhic Ghearailt. If the second part of the surname begins with a vowel, the form Ó attaches an h to it, as in Ó hUiginn (O'Higgins) or Ó hAodha (Hughes). The other forms effect no change: Ní Uiginn, (Bean) Uí Uiginn; Mac Aodha, Nic Aodha, Mhic Aodha, and so forth. Mag is often used instead of Mac before a vowel or the silent fh. Ua is an alternative form of Ó.

Traditional Gaeltacht names

In Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking) areas it remains customary to use a name composed of the first name, followed by the father's name in the genitive case, followed by the name of the paternal grandfather, also in the genitive. Thus Seán Ó Cathasaigh, son of Pól, son of Séamus, would be known to his neighbours as Seán Phóil Shéamuis. Occasionally, if the mother or grandmother was a well-known person locally, her name may be used instead of that of the father or grandfather. If the mother's name is used, then that of the maternal grandfather (or potentially grandmother) follows it. These names are not used for official purposes. Often a nickname or English version of a name is used in their composition where the person would use a standard Irish form in formal circumstances. For example, the prominent sean-nós singer Seán Mac Dhonnchadha is perhaps better known as Johnny Mhairtín Learaí.

First or given names

The Irish have a traditional system for naming children: the first son is named after the father's father, the second son after the mother's father, the third son after the father. The first daughter after the mother's mother, the second daughter after the father's mother, the third daughter after the mother. Any further children are named by the parents' choice. This has led to some spectacular names being made more common, for example there are plenty of Assumptas and Perpetuas, and many girls were named after Saints Theresa and Bernadette in the 1950s shortly after they were canonised. Many families still adhere to this way of naming children, although it is becoming less common nowadays with the influx of more secular names from the world of TV and popular music. Traditional names or Irish versions of Anglicised names are also used, eg. Sean instead of John, and Grainne instead of Grace. Its possible for several cousins to have exactly the same name, eg. Daniel Murphy, if all their fathers were brothers, and they are named after the same grandfather. To avoid confusion a pet name may be used, or a middle name eg Daniel Patrick may be called Dan Pat, and Daniel John may be called Danny John.

Partial list of anglicized surnames

Many Irish people use English (or at least anglicized) forms of their names in English-language contexts and Irish forms in Irish-language contexts. The Irish names of some famous people include:

Partial list of Gaelic surnames

Other people are better known by their Irish name than by their English name:

Common equivalent forms of Christian names in Irish and English

Many Irish given names were replaced by English equivalents that sounded something like the original Gaelic form (at least to English ears) but were etymologically unrelated. Examples include
- Name Category:Names by culture

June 7

June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining.

Events

- 1099 - The Siege of Jerusalem begins.
- 1494 - Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries.
- 1654 - Louis XIV is crowned King of France.
- 1692 - Port Royal, Jamaica, is hit by a catastrophic earthquake; in just three minutes, 1600 people are killed and 3000 are seriously injured.
- 1776 - Richard Henry Lee presents the "Lee Resolution" to the Continental Congress. See United States Declaration of Independence.
- American invaders skirmish with British at Trois-Rivières, Quebec.
- 1800 - David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Saskatchewan River in Manitoba.
- 1832 - Asian cholera brought to Quebec by Irish immigrants kills about 6,000 people in Lower Canada.
- 1862 - The United States and United Kingdom agree to suppress the slave trade.
- 1863 - Mexico City is captured by French troops.
- 1866 - 1800 Fenian raiders are repelled back to the United States after they loot and plunder around St-Armand and Frelighsburg, Quebec.
- 1880 - Assault and Take of Morro de Arica (Arica Tall Hill),it meant the end of the Campaign of Tacna and Arica during the War of the Pacific.
- 1905 - Norway dissolves its union with Sweden.
- 1914 - The first vessel passes through the locks of the Panama Canal.
- 1917 - World War I: Allied ammonal mines underneath German trenches in Mesen Ridge are detonated, killing 10,000 German troops.
- 1919 - Sette Giugno: Riot in Malta; four people killed.
- 1929 - Vatican City becomes a sovereign state.
- 1935 - Pierre Laval becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1938 - The Douglas DC-4 makes its first test flight.
- 1940 - King Haakon VII of Norway, Crown Prince Olav and the Norwegian government leave Tromsø and go into exile in London.
- 1942 - World War II: The Battle of Midway ends.
- Japanese troops land on the islands of Attu and Kiska in the Aleutian Islands.
- 1944 - Nazi Panzer SS troops execute 23 Canadian prisoners of war in Normandy.
- 1945 - King Haakon VII of Norway returns with his family to Oslo after five years in exile.
- 1948 - Edvard Beneš resigns as President of Czechoslovakia rather than signing a Constitution making his nation a Communist state.
- 1965 - The US Supreme Court decides Griswold v. Connecticut effectivly legalizing the use of contraception by married couples.
- 1977 - 500 million people watch on television as the high day of Jubilee gets underway for Queen Elizabeth II.
- 1981 - The Israeli Air Force destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor.
- 1982 - Priscilla Presley opens Graceland to the public; the bathroom where Elvis Presley died five years earlier is kept off-limits.
- 1989 - A Suriname DC-8 Super 62 crashes near Paramaribo Airport, Suriname, killing 168.
- 1993 - Prince changes his name to a symbol and comes to be referred to as "The Artist formerly known as Prince".
- 2004 - The Sikh leader Prem Singh Chandumajra launches the political party Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal).

Births

1529 to 1899

- 1529 - Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer and man of letters (d. 1615)
- 1761 - John Rennie, Scottish engineer (d. 1821)
- 1778 - Beau Brummell, English fashion leader (d. 1840)
- 1811 - James Young Simpson, British obstetrician (d. 1870)
- 1831 - Amelia Edwards, English author and Egyptologist (d. 1892)
- 1845 - Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist and composer (d. 1930)
- 1848 - Paul Gauguin, French painter (d. 1903)
- 1862 - Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
- 1868 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect, designer, and illustrator (d. 1928)
- 1877 - Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)
- 1879 - Knut Rasmussen, Greenland-born explorer (d. 1933)
- 1883 - Sylvanus Morley, U.S. archaeologist and spy (d. 1948)
- 1886 - Henri Coanda, Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (d. 1972)
- 1896 - Robert S. Mulliken, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- 1896 - Imre Nagy, Hungarian politician (d. 1958)
- 1896 - Douglas Campbell, American World War I flying ace (d. 1990)
- 1897 - George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970)
- 1899 - Elizabeth Bowen, Irish novelist (d. 1973)

1900 to 1999

- 1909 - Virginia Apgar, American physician and childbirth specialist (d. 1974)
- 1909 - Jessica Tandy, English-born actress (d. 1994)
- 1911 - Brooks Stevens, automotive designer (d. 1995)
- 1917 - Gwendolyn Brooks, American poet (d. 2000)
- 1917 - Dean Martin, American actor (d. 1995)
- 1920 - Georges Marchais, French politician (d. 1997)
- 1928 - James Ivory, American film director
- 1929 - John Turner, seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada
- 1931 - Malcolm Morley, English-born painter
- 1937 - Neeme Järvi, Estonian conductor
- 1938 - Goose Gonsoulin, American football player
- 1940 - Tom Jones, Welsh singer
- 1943 - Nikki Giovanni, American poet
- 1945 - Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor of Austria
- 1946 - Jenny Jones, Palestinian-born comedienne and talk show host
- 1952 - Liam Neeson, Irish actor
- 1954 - Louise Erdrich, American author
- 1955 - Tim Richmond, American race car driver (d. 1989)
- 1956 - L.A. Reid, American music producer
- 1958 - Prince, American musician
- 1961 - Peter Sterling, Australian rugby player
- 1964 - Judie Aronson, American actress
- 1965 - Mick Foley, American professional wrestler and author
- 1972 - Karl Urban, New Zealand actor
- 1974 - Mahesh Bhupathi, Indian tennis player
- 1975 - Allen Iverson, American basketball player
- 1981 - Anna Kournikova, Russian tennis player
- 1981 - Larisa Oleynik, Ukrainian-born actress
- 1985 - Charlie Simpson, Busted,Fightstar

Deaths

1329 to 1899

- 1329 - Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (b. 1274)
- 1358 - Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shogun (b. 1305)
- 1394 - Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (plague) (b. 1367)
- 1618 - Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English Governor of Virginia (b. 1577)
- 1676 - Paul Gerhardt, German hymnist
- 1711 - Henry Dodwell, Irish theologian (b. 1641)
- 1779 - William Warburton, English critic and Bishop of Gloucester (b. 1698)
- 1810 - Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (b. 1765)
- 1821 - Tudor Vladimirescu, Romanian rebellion-leader (b. cca. 1780)
- 1826 - Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist (b. 1787)
- 1854 - Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1792)
- 1859 - David Cox, English artist (b. 1783)
- 1866 - Chief Seattle, Native American leader

1900 to 1999

- 1911 - Maurice Rouvier, French statesman (b. 1842)
- 1936 - Stjepan Seljan, Croatian explorer (b. 1875)
- 1937 - Jean Harlow, American actress (b. 1911)
- 1942 - Alan Blumlein, English electronics engineer (b. 1903)
- 1954 - Alan Turing, British mathematician and computer scientist (b. 1912)
- 1963 - Zasu Pitts, American actress (b. 1894)
- 1965 - Judy Holliday, American actress (b. 1921)
- 1966 - Jean Arp, Alsatian sculptor, painter, and poet (b. 1886)
- 1967 - Dorothy Parker, American writer (b. 1893)
- 1970 - E. M. Forster, English author (b. 1879)
- 1978 - Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- 1979 - Forrest Carter, American author (b. 1925)
- 1980 - Henry Miller, American writer (b. 1891)
- 1988 - Vernon Washington, American actor (b. 1927)
- 1993 - Dražen Petrović, Croatian basketball player (b. 1964)

2000 onwards

- 2002 - Mary Lilian Baels, Belgian princess (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Trevor Goddard, English actor (b. 1962)
- 2004 - Quorthon, Swedish musician (b. 1966)

Holidays and observances

- Roman Empire - first day of the Vestalia (penus vestae) in honor of Vesta
- Norway - Union Dissolution Day, observing the 1905 decision to dissolve the Union between Sweden and Norway
- Malta- Sette Giugno - Riot in Malta that began the road to self government and then independence.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/7 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 6 - June 8 - May 7 - July 7 – listing of all days ko:6월 7일 ms:7 Jun ja:6月7日 simple:June 7 th:7 มิถุนายน

July 10

July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining.

Events

- 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- 1584 - William I of Orange was assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland by Balthasar Gérard.
- 1778 - American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1789 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches Mackenzie River Delta.
- 1821 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain.
- 1832 - President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
- 1850 - Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th President of the United States.
- 1890 - Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.
- 1913 - Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States (as of 2003).
- 1925 - The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS), the official news agency of the Soviet Union , is established.
- 1925 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
- 1938 - Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.
- 1940 - World War II: Vichy France government established.
- 1940 - World War II: Battle of Britain - The German Luftwaffe begin to hit British convoys in the English Channel thus starting the battle (this start date is contested, though).
- 1943 - World War II: The launching of Operation Husky begins the Italian Campaign.
- 1951 - Korean War: At Kaesong, armistice negotiations begin.
- 1951 - Randy Turpin becomes the middleweight boxing champion after defeating Sugar Ray Robinson.
- 1962 - Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.
- 1967 - Uruguay becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1968 - Maurice Couve de Murville becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1973 - The Bahamas gain full independence within the British Commonwealth.
- 1978 - ABC News World News Tonight premieres.
- 1985 - Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland, New Zealand Harbor by French DGSE agents.
- 1985 - In response to market demand, Coca-Cola re-introduces it's old formula cola as "Coca-Cola Classic" (see New Coke).
- 1991 - Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected President of Russia.
- 1992 - In Miami, Florida, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.
- 1997 - London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neandertal skeleton which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
- 1998 - The remains of United States Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie are returned to his family in St. Louis, Missouri from the Tomb of the Unknowns upon identification through DNA analysis. The remains had been in the first tomb since 1984.
- 1998 - Catholic priests' sex abuse scandal: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claimed they were sexually abused by former priest Rudolph Kos.
- 2000 - A leaking southern Nigerian petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers scavenging gasoline.
- 2000 - EADS, the world's second largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.
- 2002 - At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens' painting "The Massacre of the Innocents" is sold for £49.5million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Kenneth Thomson.
- 2003 - A Neoplan bus, owned by Kowloon Motor Bus, collides with a truck, falls off a bridge on Tuen Mun Road, Hong Kong, and plunges into the underlying valley, killing 21 people. This is the deadliest bus accident to date in Hong Kong.

Births

- 1419 - Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
- 1452 - King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
- 1509 - John Calvin, French religious reformer (d. 1564)
- 1592 - Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (d. 1660)
- 1614 - Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
- 1625 - Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)
- 1638 - David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)
- 1666 - John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (d. 1711)
- 1682 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (d. 1716)
- 1723 - William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780)
- 1830 - Camille Pissarro, French painter (d. 1903)
- 1832 - Alvan Graham Clark, American telescope maker and astronomer (d. 1897)
- 1834 - James McNeil Whistler, American painter (d. 1903)
- 1835 - Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (d. 1880)
- 1842 - Adolphus Busch, German-born brewer (d. 1913)
- 1856 - Nikola Tesla, Croatian physicist (d. 1943)
- 1871 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
- 1888 - Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)
- 1899 - John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936)
- 1902 - Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- 1903 - John Wyndham, British author (d. 1969)
- 1914 - Joe Shuster, Canadian-born cartoonist
- 1920 - David Brinkley, American television reporter (d. 2003)
- 1920 - Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1921 - Harvey Ball, American inventor (d. 2001)
- 1921 - Jake LaMotta, American boxer
- 1921 - Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist
- 1923 - Earl Hamner Jr., American author and television producer
- 1923 - Jean Kerr, American author (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Mahathir bin Mohamad, Malaysian fourth Prime Minister
- 1926 - Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
- 1928 - Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli Bible scholar
- 1931 - Nick Adams, American actor (d. 1968)
- 1931 - Alice Munro, Canadian writer
- 1934 - Olga Sebenik, Slovenian economist
- 1938 - Paul Andreu, French architect
- 1939 - Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Turkish politician, journalist, and educator (d. 1999)
- 1940 - Helen Donath, American soprano
- 1942 - Ronnie James Dio, American musician
- 1942 - Pyotr Klimuk, cosmonaut
- 1943 - Arthur Ashe, American tennis player (d. 1993)
- 1945 - Virginia Wade, British tennis player
- 1946 - Sue Lyon, American actress
- 1947 - Arlo Guthrie, American musician
- 1951 - Cheryl Wheeler, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Neil Tennant, British musician
- 1959 - Janet Julian, American actress
- 1968 - Hassiba Boulmerka, Algerian athlete
- 1969 - Gale Harold, American actor
- 1980 - Thomas Ian Nicholas, American actor
- 1980 - Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)
- 1980 - Jessica Simpson, American singer
- 1982 - Alex Arrowsmith, American musician

Deaths

- 138 - Hadrian, Roman Emperor (b. 76)
- 1099 - El Cid, of Castile (b. 1044)
- 1103 - King Eric I of Denmark
- 1298 - King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
- 1460 - Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)
- 1480 - King René I of Naples (b. 1410)
- 1559 - King Henry II of France (b. 1519)
- 1584 - William I of Orange (b. 1533)
- 1590 - Archduke Charles II of Austria (b. 1540)
- 1594 - Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (b. 1554)
- 1621 - Karel Bonaventura Buquoy, French soldier (b. 1571)
- 1653 - Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b. 1600)
- 1680 - Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist (b. 1643)
- 1683 - François-Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (b. 1610)
- 1686 - John Fell, English churchman (b. 1625)
- 1776 - Richard Peters, English-born clergyman (b. 1704)
- 1806 - George Stubbs, British painter (b. 1724)
- 1884 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
- 1908 - Phoebe Knapp, American hymn writer (b. 1839)
- 1920 - Jackie Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841)
- 1941 - Jelly Roll Morton, American musician (b. 1890)
- 1978 - John D Rockefeller III, American businessman (b. 1906)
- 1978 - Joe Davis, English snooker player (b. 1901)
- 1979 - Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (b. 1894)
- 1987 - John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)
- 1989 - Mel Blanc, American voice actor (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Hartley Shawcross, British prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (b. 1902)
- 2005 - A.J. Quinnell, English writer (b. 1940)
- 2005 - Freda Wright-Sorce, American radio performer (b. 1955)
- 2005 - Freddy Soto, American comedian and actor (b. 1970)

Holidays and observances

- Bahamas - Independence Day
- Silence Day - celebrated by followers of Meher Baba
- Mauritania - Armed Forces Day
- Ancient Latvia - Septinu Bralu Diena observed
- New Zealand - Rainbow Warrior Commemmoration

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/10 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 9 - July 11 - June 10 - August 10 -- listing of all days ko:7월 10일 ms:10 Julai ja:7月10日 simple:July 10 th:10 กรกฎาคม

June 7

June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining.

Events

Births

1529 to 1899

1900 to 1999

Deaths

1329 to 1899

1900 to 1999

2000 onwards

- 2002 - Mary Lilian Baels, Belgian princess (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Trevor Goddard, English actor (b. 1962)
- 2004 - Quorthon, Swedish musician (b. 1966)

Holidays and observances

External links

Laois

County Laois (pronounced Leash), also spelt Laoighis or Leix (Irish: Contae Laoise) , is a county in the midlands of Ireland. Situated in the province of Leinster, this small county is the only one in Ireland not bordered by another county with a coastline. Area: 1719 km² (664 square miles).

History

Created in 1556 by Mary I of England as Queen's County, Laois received its present Irish language name following the War of Irish Independence. Portlaoise (previously Maryborough) is the county town. Laois was the subject of two Planations or colonisations by English settlers. The first occurred in 1556, when the Earl of Sussex dispossessed the O'Moore clan from the area and attempted to replace them with English settlers. However, this only led to a long drawn out guerilla war in the county and left a small English community clustered around garrisons. There was a more successful plantation in the county in 17th century, which expanded the existing English settlement with more landowners and tenants from England. Finally, the county became home to a community of French Huguenots in the 1690s, who were settled in Ireland after their service to William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland. In addition to this, large numbers of Quakers settled in Mountmellick and developed the area. The county was renamed in the early 1920s, following a competition.

Economy

Agriculture is the largest sector of the economy, with 70 % of the area (1,200 km²), farmed every year. The county is home to over 230,000 cattle, that is four cows for every person. The county has a small industrial base, with industrial parks at Portlaoise and Mountmellick. Over 1500 people work in the industrial sector in County Laois. However, unemployment is higher than other Irish counties in County Laois and annual income is lower than the national average, at about 88% of the average. The county makes up part of the Border Midlands and West region for the purposes of EU funding.

Population

The population of County Laois is expanding rapidly, given its easy commute to Dublin and affordable housing in pleasant surroundings.

Towns and villages

- Abbeyleix, Aghaboe
- Ballaghmore, Ballickmoyler, Ballinakill, Ballybrittas, Ballyfin, Ballylynan, Ballyroan,Borris-in-ossory
- Clonaslee, Clonenagh
- Donaghmore, Durrow
- Emo
- Mountmellick, Mountrath
- Portarlington, Portlaoise
- Raheen, Rathdowney, Rosenallis
- Stradbally
- Timahoe
- Vicarstown

Places of interest

- Slieve Bloom Mountains
- Rock of Dunamase
- Emo Court
- Castle Durrow
- Stradbally House
- Mountmellick Quaker Museum
- Ballyfin House
- Dunamase Arts Centre, Portlaoise

List of notable Laois people

- Darina Allen (1953- ), TV chef
- John Barrett (1753-1821), Vice Provost, Trinity College, 1807-1821
- Charles Beale (1850-1930), founding president of the Federated Chambers of Manufactures of Australia
- Joseph Beale (1770-1815), Quaker industrialist
- Joshua Bewley, tea merchant
- Lisa Burke, Sky News weathercaster
- Rev. Dr. Patrick Collier (1882-1964), Bishop of Ossory, 1928-1964
- Evelyn Cusack, meteorologist
- William Dargan (1799-1867), responsible for the Industrial Exhibition, 1853
- Cecil Day-Lewis (1904-1972), British Poet-Laureate, 1967-1972
- Dr. Daniel Delaney (1747-1814), Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin
- Eileen Dunne (1958- ), TV newscaster
- Oliver Flanagan (1920-1987), Minister for Defence, 1976-1977
- Hon. William Russell Grace (1832-1904), mayor of New York 1880-1885
- James A. Graves (1827-1910), Australian commissioner of trade and customs, 1881-1883
- Rt. Hon. Joseph Hutchinson (1852-1928), Lord Mayor of Dublin 1904-1906
- Peter Burrowes Kelly, (1811-1883), author "The Manor of Glenmore"
- James Fintan Lalor (1807-1849), Young Irelander
- Peter Lalor (1827-1887), leader of the Eureka Stockade miners revolt, Melbourne
- John Lalor-Fitzpatrick (1875-1949), Nationalist MP for Ossory, 1916-1818
- Dr. Bartholomew Mosse (1712-1759), founder, Rotunda Maternity Hospital, Dublin
- Kevin O'Higgins, former Irish Free State Minister for Justice
- James Pim, railway engineer, "Quaker father of Irish railways"
- Kivas Tully (1820-1905), architect, Trinity College, Toronto, the Custom House and the Bank of Montreal

External link

- [http://www.laois.ie Official website of Laois County Council] Laois

Clongowes Wood

Clongowes Wood College is a prestigious boys-only secondary school in County Kildare, Ireland run by the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) since 1814, making it one of Ireland's oldest Catholic schools. The school featured prominently in James Joyce's semiautobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. It currently has 450 students. 2004 is Clongowes' 190th academic year. A history of the college was written by Fr. Roland Burke Savage S.J. and published in 1987. Aspects of life at Clongowes include the following:
- there are six class or year forms, namely Rudiments Grammar, Syntax, Humanities, Poetry and Rhetoric. These are grouped into three Lines - Third, Lower and Higher.
- the ditch at the front of the Castle is called the Golly Mocky;
- the medieval castle, which is the residence of the religious community, was improved by a "chocolate box" type restoration in the 19th century (fashionable at the time); it is situated astride the Ramparts, which are the ditch and wall constructed for the defense of the Pale in the 14th century;
- the castle is connected to the modern buildings by an elevated corridor hung with portraits, the Serpentine Gallery referred to by James Joyce;
- the Boys' Chapel has an elaborate reredos, a large pipe-organ in the gallery, and an interesting sequence of Stations of the Cross painted by Sean Keating. The Stations are framed only by the arches in which they sit, and it is said that Keating avenged the Rector's refusal to pay for proper frames by painting a Pontius Pilate who looked suspiciously like the Rector.
- the kick-off chant used by supporters at Leinster Senior Cup rugby games is the Wumba (spelling disputed), which is probably a war chant from the sub-continent of colonial India;
- there is a nine-hole golf course, and pupils have to climb an enormous hill to reach the second tee and light their cigarettes;
- one of the rugby pitches is called the Cabbage Patch;
- Rhetoric block, where final year pupils are housed, was built in the nineteen seventies and is said to have a structural fault ("a giant crack") running through it.

Famous alumni

- John Bruton former Fine Gael TD and Taoiseach
- Brian Coffey
- Hugh Coveney, former Fine Gael TD and government minister
- Gordon D'Arcy
- James Joyce, author of Ulysses
- Thomas Francis Meagher, nationalist, revolutionary and Union general during the American Civil War
- Paul McGuinness
- Kevin O'Higgins
- Michael O'Leary, chief executive of the budget airline Ryanair
- George Noble Plunkett
- John Redmond, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party
- Michael Smurfit
- J.T. Walsh (American Actor)
- David Wheatley (Irish poet)
- John Charles McQuaid, former archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland

External link

- [http://www.clongowes.com Clongowes Homepage]
- [http://www.clongowesyc.com Clongowes Youth Club] Category:Irish secondary schools Category:Roman Catholic Church in Ireland Category:Jesuit secondary schools

Maynooth

Maynooth (Maigh Nuad in Irish) is a town located in north County Kildare, Ireland. It is located on the R148 road between Leixlip and Kilcock, with the M4 motorway bypassing the town. Other roads connect the town to Celbridge, Clane, and Dunboyne. Two third-level educational institutions -- the National University of Ireland, Maynooth and St Patrick's College -- are located in the town. Despite the lower figures quoted by census results, the true population of the town is anywhere from 6,000 to 12,000. The difficulty in measurement is due to the fact that much of the town's population is transient - students at NUI Maynooth or temporary employees at the nearby Intel and Hewlett Packard facilities (both located in Leixlip). The ancient name of Maynooth means the plain of Nuada. Nuada is referred to as the maternal grandfather of the legendary Fionn mac Cumhail in the 'Annals of the Four Masters'. The town is the main retail and other service centre for North Kildare and South Meath, with branches of SuperValu, Tesco Ireland, Aldi and Lidl, as well as a wide variety of non-chain stores. In October 2005, Dunnes Stores opened a major shopping centre off the town's main street, Manor Mills. This centre contains a number of other high street names, such as Easons, with a Bank of Scotland (Ireland) branch due to open soon. Both Tesco and Dunnes Stores open 24 hours. The town is the terminus of most Iarnrod Éireann western commuter rail services, as well as a being served by the Sligo InterCity service. Dublin Bus services also serve the town. It contains a fire station, in addition to the area's largest Garda station, a health centre and branch library. The town is a major historical centre, with Maynooth Castle and Carton House: two former homes of the Geraldine family who were the viceroys of Ireland. The town is just inside the western edge of The Pale. In the 1920s, the town was again home to the King's representative in Ireland, Domhnall Ua Buachalla, whose family still operate a hardware store in the town. which has now closed down. The famed Connolly's Folly is also in the town, although it is arguably in Celbridge, as it is much closer to it, but is covered by Maynooth's very large town boundaries. In the mid-1980s the town gained some minor fame for having the first callcard phones in Ireland; recently it has gained infamy for being home to the highest concentration of cannabis users in the state. The historic Bond Bridge, built in 1798, on the road to Rathcoffey is currently under demolition and replacement after a long campaign by some local residents for its improvement. This was due to claims that it was only a matter of time before a fatal accident, despite massive costs to Kildare County Council and no actual road traffic accident fatalities. The work was originally supposed to begin in 2000 and cost 1 million punts, but various delays (tenders withdrawn, disputes with Waterways Ireland) have meant that work did not start until November 2005. The opening of a relief road linking the housing estates on the Rathcoffey road to the Straffan road facilitated the start of the work by giving an alternative route to the motorway and village to the residents. This road also removed the majority of heavy vehicles that would normally cross the bridge for the short period of time between its construction and the closure of the bridge. It is estimated that the work will take forty weeks to complete and is expected to cost at least €5.6 million, equivalent to 20% of Kildare County Council's entire roads & road safety budget. Part of this cost (approximately €600,000) has been met through development levies on houses built in Maynooth. The bridge itself was demolished on the 14th of November. The contractor has undertaken to attempt to use as much of the original stone as possible. Maynooth is also the name of a very small town north of Bancroft in Ontario, Canada.

External links

- [http://www.maynooth.ie/ Maynooth]
- [http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/kildare/maynooth/index.html Architecture of Maynooth]
- [http://www.maynooth.org/index.php Maynooth news and forum]
- [http://www.industrialheritageireland.info/bondbridge/index.htm Bond Bridge photographs pre-demolition] Category:Towns in Kildare

University College, Dublin

University College Dublin - National University of Ireland, Dublin - more commonly University College Dublin (UCD) - is Ireland's largest university, with over 20,000 students, and located in Dublin. The university is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland. The terms of the Universities Act, 1997 were used to rename the university after resolution by the Senate of the National University of Ireland.

Origins

National University of Ireland The university was founded in December 2 1908 by Royal Charter, as University College, Dublin a constituent college of the National University of Ireland. The university college is the lineal successor of the earlier Catholic University of Ireland founded on 18 May 1854 and lead by its rector Cardinal John Henry Newman, which in 1882 first became known as University College Dublin as part of the Royal University of Ireland. Confusingly University College, Dublin was not part of the University of Dublin whose only college is University College Dublin's rival, Trinity College, Dublin. It was proposed during the late 1960s that the two colleges would merge under a newly reconstituted "University of Dublin", but this did not happen (see University of Dublin). Additionally in the early 1970s there was a proposal for university reorganisation to see the university college created as a university in its own right.

Move to Belfield

In the 1950s, University College, Dublin began a move from its Earlsfort Terrace campus, the previous headquarters of the Royal University of Ireland, to a new 350 acre (1.4 km²) park campus at Belfield in a suburb on the south side of Dublin, this was part of a plan which started in the mid 1930s which was to encourage the creation of a modern campus university style and took several decades to implement. By 2003, most of the university had moved out to Belfield. One of its previous locations, the Royal College of Science in Merrion Street is now the location of the renovated Irish Government Buildings, where the office of the Taoiseach (prime minister) is located. University College, Dublin also had a site in Glasnevin for much of the last century, the Albert Agricultural College, which is now part of Dublin City University.

Reputation

Dublin City University UCD is highly regarded internationally with many of its graduates going on to post-graduate studies at other top international universities, particularly in the United States and Britain. Among its most accomplished alumni are the writers James Joyce, Flann O Brien, Marina Carr, Conor McPherson, John McGahern, Frank McGuinness, Emma Donoghue, former Goldman Sachs chairman Peter Sutherland (who was also chairman of BP and was previously head of the WTO, European Union Commissioner and the Attorney-General of Ireland), Unilever chairman Niall Fitzgerald, former Heinz chairman Dr. Sir Tony O'Reilly, the fourth President of India V V Giri, and four of the last five taoisigh (Irish prime ministers): John Bruton, Albert Reynolds, Dr. Garret Fitzgerald and Charles Haughey. The current taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, attended UCD as a student but did not graduate. The Students' Union in the college has been an active part of campaigns run by the National Union, USI, and has played a highly significant role in the life of the college since its foundation in 1974. The Union has also taken significant stances on issues of human rights that have hit the headlines in Ireland and around the world, particularly in becoming the first institution in the world to implement a boycott of Coca-Cola products on the basis of alleged human and trade union rights in Colombia.

UCD Horizons

At the beginning of the 2005/2006 academic year, UCD introduced the Horizons [http://www.ucd.ie/horizons] programme, which completely semesterised and modularised all undergraduate courses for incoming first years. Previously, new students chose from a specific set of subjects in their individual programme courses. Under the Horizons programme, new undergraduate students have greater choice in what exactly they study in their programme. Under the new programme students choose ten modules from their specific subject area and two other modules, which can be choosen from any other course programme across the entire university system. For example, a student studying first year business as their primary degree programme can also choose one module (or two) from the first year law programme (subject to space available and timetable constraints, etc.). While the university authorities believe that Horizons and modularisation are the way forward for UCD, many students have raised their voices in criticism of the new system. In particular, continuing undergraduate students have called for more time and consultation into the feasability of complete modularisation (of all years) which is scheduled to take place by 2006 or 2007.

Related companies

The most prominent university-related company is the IE Domain Registry; many of the university's academics continue to sit on the board of directors. The university originally gained control of the .ie domain in the late 1980s. There are a number of related companies, many concentrated as the [http://www.ucd.ie/nova/ NovaUCD] initiative, to commercialise research results and opportunities; many of these reflect the university's expertise in the life sciences. These companies include [http://www.cytrea.ie Cytrea], a chemistry group that specialises in cyclodextrin formulations for pharmaceuticals. Analytical Drug and Data (ADD) has over 25 years experience in brain research. [http://www.celticcatalysts.com/ Celtic Catalysts] is involved in chiral chemistry research. Enzolve is a enzyme and protein commercialisation group; Ildana Biotech is a joint group with Dublin City University. [http://www.berand.ie/ Berand] concentrates on the development of new chemicals for disease treatment.

External links

- [http://www.ucd.ie Official site]
- [http://www.ucdsu.net Students' Union website] Category:National University of Ireland Category:Universities and colleges in Ireland

1918

1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January-February

- January 8 - President

Kevin O'Higgins

Political Career

Irish name

Epithets

Surnames and prefixes

Traditional Gaeltacht names

First or given names

Partial list of anglicized surnames

Partial list of Gaelic surnames

Common equivalent forms of Christian names in Irish and English

June 7

Events

Births

1529 to 1899

1900 to 1999

Deaths

1329 to 1899

1900 to 1999

2000 onwards

Holidays and observances

External links

July 10

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

June 7

Events

Births

1529 to 1899

1900 to 1999

Deaths

1329 to 1899

1900 to 1999

2000 onwards

Holidays and observances

External links

Laois

History

Economy

Population

Towns and villages

Places of interest

List of notable Laois people

External link

Clongowes Wood

Famous alumni

External link

Maynooth

See also

External links

University College, Dublin

Origins

Move to Belfield

Reputation

UCD Horizons

Related companies

See also

External links

1918

Events

January-February