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King Of Poland

King of Poland

Poland was ruled by dukes (ca 960-1025, 1032-1076, 1079-1295, 1296-1300 and 1306-1320) and kings (1025-1031, 1076-1079, 1295-1296, 1300-1306 and 1320-1795). The best-known dynasties are the Piast (ca 960-1370) and Jagiellon (1386-1572); intervening and subsequent monarchs were often rulers also of neighboring lands, or princes drawn from foreign dynasties. Polish kingship ended after the Third Partition in 1795, and independence was restored on a republican basis in 1918.

Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts

The first Piasts

Piast dynasty
- 9th c. Siemowit (disputable)
- 9th c.-10th c. Lestko (disputable)
- 10th c. Siemomysł (disputable)
- ca 960-992 Mieszko I (duke)
- 992-1025 Boleslaus I the Brave (king in 1025)
- 1025-1031 Mieszko II Lambert (king)
- 1031 Bezprym
- 1032-1034 Mieszko II Lambert (duke)
- 1039-1058 Casimir I the Restorer
- 1058-1079 Boleslaus II the Generous (king 1076-1079; deposed)
- 1079-1102 Wladislaus I Herman
- 1102-1107 Zbigniew
- 1102-1138 Boleslaus III the Wrymouth

Fragmentation

Piast dynasty
- 1138-1146 Wladislaus II the Exile (overlord; exiled by his brothers)
- 1146-1173 Boleslaus IV the Curly (overlord)
- 1173-1177 Mieszko III the Old (overlord)
- 1177-1194 Casimir II the Just (duke of Kraków)
- 1194-1202 Leszek I the White (duke of Kraków)
- 1202 Wladislaus III Spindleshanks
- 1202-1210 Leszek I the White (duke of Kraków)
- 1210-1211 Mieszko IV Plątonogi
- 1211-1227 Leszek I the White (assassinated)
- 1227-1229 Wladislaus III Spindleshanks
- 1229-1232 Konrad I of Masovia
- 1232-1238 Henry I the Bearded (duke of Kraków)
- 1238-1241 Henry II the Pious (duke of Kraków; killed in the Battle of Legnica)
- 1241-1243 Konrad I of Masovia (duke of Kraków)
- 1243-1279 Boleslaus V the Chaste (duke of Kraków)
- 1279-1288 Leszek II the Black
- 1288-1290 Henry IV Probus (duke of Kraków)
- 1290-1296 Przemysł II (duke of Kraków 1290-1291, king 1295-1296) Přemyslid dynasty
- 1291-1305 Wenceslaus II (king 1300-1305)
- 1305-1306 Wenceslaus III (king; assassinated before crowning)

The later Piasts

Piast dynasty
- 1306-1333 Wladislaus I the Elbow-high (duke of Kraków 1305-1320; king 1320-1333; all of his successors were kings)
- 1333-1370 Casimir III the Great

Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons

Angevin dynasty
- 1370-1382 Louis of Hungary
- 1384-1399 Jadwiga of Poland (crowned King of Poland; reigned together with her husband Wladislaus from 1386) Jagiellon dynasty
- 1386-1434 Wladislaus II Jagiełło (reigned together with his wife Jadwiga until 1399)
- 1434-1444 Wladislaus III of Varna (killed in the Battle of Varna)
- 1447-1492 Casimir IV the Jagiellonian
- 1492-1501 John I Olbracht
- 1501-1506 Alexander the Jagiellonian
- 1506-1548 Sigismund I the Old
- 1548-1572 Sigismund II Augustus

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Valois dynasty
- 1573-1574 Henry Valois (abandoned the throne) Jagiellon dynasty
- 1575-1586 Anna the Jagiellonian (reigned together with her husband Stephen from 1576) House of Báthory
- 1576-1586 Stephen Báthory (reigned together with his wife Anna) Vasa dynasty
- 1587-1632 Sigismund III Vasa
- 1632-1648 Wladislaus IV Vasa
- 1648-1668 John II Casimir (abdicated) House of Wiśniowiecki
- 1669-1673 Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki House of Sobieski
- 1674-1696 John III Sobieski Wettin dynasty
- 1697-1706 Augustus II the Strong (abdicated) House of Leszczyński
- 1704-1709 Stanislaus I Leszczyński (emigrated) Wettin dynasty
- 1709-1733 Augustus II the Strong House of Leszczyński
- 1733-1736 Stanislaus I Leszczyński (abdicated) Wettin dynasty
- 1734-1763 Augustus III House of Poniatowski
- 1764-1795 Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski (abdicated)

Partitions

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria

Habsburg dynasty
- 1792-1835 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
- 1835-1848 Ferdinand I of Austria
- 1848-1916 Franz Joseph I of Austria
- 1916-1918 Karl I of Austria

Duchy of Warsaw

Wettin dynasty
- 1807-1815 Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (the Duchy was abolished at the Congress of Vienna)

Congress Kingdom

Romanov dynasty
- 1815-1825 Alexander I of Russia
- 1825-1831 Nicholas I of Russia (deposed)

Grand Duchy of Poznań

Hohenzollern dynasty
- 1815-1840 Frederick William III of Prussia (represented by Duke-Governor Antoni Radziwiłł until 1831)
- 1840-1849 Frederick William IV of Prussia (the autonomy of the Grand Duchy was abolished in 1849)

Poland

The Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north. The Polish state was formed over 1,000 years ago under the Piast dynasty, and reached its golden age near the end of the 16th century under the Jagiellonian dynasty, when Poland was one of the largest, wealthiest, and most powerful countries in Europe. In 1791 the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth voted for the Constitution of May 3, Europe's first modern codified constitution, and the second in the world after the Constitution of the United States. Soon afterwards, the country ceased to exist after being partitioned by its neighbours Russia, Austria, and Prussia. It regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of the First World War as the Second Polish Republic. Following the Second World War it became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union known as the People's Republic of Poland. In 1989 the first partially-free elections in Poland's post-World War II history concluded the Solidarity (Solidarność) movement's struggle for freedom and resulted in the defeat of Poland's communist rulers. The current Third Polish Republic was established, followed a few years later by the drafting of a new constitution in 1997. In 1999 Poland acceded to NATO, and in 2004 it joined the European Union.

Name

:See the name 'Poland' in other languages, in Wiktionary. Poland's official name in Polish is Rzeczpospolita Polska. The names of the country, Polska, and of the nationality, the Poles, are of Slavic origin. Their name derives from the tribal name Polanie - people living around Lake Gopło - the cradle of Poland mentioned as Glopeani having 400 strongholds circa 845 (Bavarian Geographer). Common opinion holds that the name Polska comes from the Slavic Polanie tribe who established the Polish state in the 10th century (Greater Poland). The conventional etymology of the ethnic name of the Poles relates it to these Polish Polanie, "dwellers of the field"; pole, "field", analogous to Russian polyî, "open land", from Indo-European pelè-, "flat" + -anie, "inhabitants", analogous to Latin -anus, "originating from" (please compare Yuriev-Polsky). In old Latin chronicles the terms terra Poloniae (land of Poland) or Regnum Poloniae (kingdom of Poland) appear. Parallel to this terminology, another one, Lechia, came into use, thought to derive from the tribe name Lędzianie. It gave rise to an alternative name for "Pole": Lęch, Lęchowie in Old Church Slavonic, Lechia, Lechites in Latin, Lach in Ruthenian, Lyakh in Russian, as well as to old German Lechien, Hungarian Lengyelorszag, Lengyel, Lithuanian Lenkija, lenkas and Turkish Lechistan (from Persian Lehestan).

History

Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of reunified Poland. His son Kazimierz Wielki repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Russian dukedom (Lwow become a Polish City). Under the Jagiellon dynasty, Poland forged an alliance with its neighbour Lithuania. A golden age occurred in the 16th century during its union (Lublin Union) with Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and parliamentary system, although the Szlachta monopolised most of the benefits. Since that time Poles have regarded freedom as their most important value. Poles often call themselves the nation of the free people. freedom In the mid-17th century a Swedish invasion rolled through the country in the turbulent time known as "The Deluge" (potop). Numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ultimately came to an end in 1699. During the following 80 years, the waning of the central government and deadlock of the institutions weakened the nation, leading to anarchistic tendencies and a growing dependency on Russia. In Polish Democracy every member of parliament was able to break any work or project by shouting 'Liberum Veto' during the session. Russian tsars took advantage of this unique political vulnerability by offering money to Parliamentary traitors, who in turn would consistently and subversively block necessary reforms and new solutions. The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in the first written constitution in Europe, the Constitution of May 3 in 1791. The process of reforms ceased with the partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793 and 1795 which ultimately dissolved the country. Poles resented their shrinking freedoms and several times rebelled against their oppressors (see List of Polish Uprisings). Napoleon recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the Allies at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar as a Congress Kingdom, and possessed a liberal constitution. However, the tsars soon reduced Polish freedoms and Russia eventually de facto annexed the country. Later in the 19th century, Austrian-ruled Galicia became the oasis of Polish freedom. During World War I all the Allies agreed on the restitution of Poland that United States President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in point 13 of his Fourteen Points. Shortly after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). A new threat, Soviet aggression, arose in the 1919 (Polish-Soviet War), but Poland succeeded in defending its independence. Polish-Soviet War The Second Polish Republic lasted until the start of World War II when Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland. Poland surrendered on September 28 1939 and suffered greatly in the period that followed as a General Government. Of all the countries involved in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: over 6 million perished, half of them Polish Jews. In its conclusion, Poland's borders shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line and the western border to the Oder-Neisse line. After the shift, Poland emerged 20% smaller by 77,500 km² (29,900 mi²); although the important cities of Gdańsk, Szczecin and Wrocław were all incorporated into its post-war borders. The shift also involved the migration of millions of people – Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews. As a result of these events, Poland became, for the first time in history, an ethnically unified country. A Polish minority is still present in neighbouring countries of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in other countries (see Poles article for the population numbers). The largest number of ethnic Poles outside of the country can be found in the United States. The Soviet Union instituted a new communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War was also part of this change. In 1948 a turn towards Stalinism brought in the beginning of the next period of totalitarian rule. The People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. In 1956 the régime became more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. In 1970 the government was changed. It was a time when the economy was more modern, and the government had large credits. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union, "Solidarity", which over time became a political force. It eroded the dominance of the Communist Party; by 1989 it had triumphed in parliamentary elections, and Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement greatly contributed to the soon-following collapse of Communism all over Eastern Europe. A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Despite a regression in social and economic standards, there were numerous improvements in other human rights (free speech, functioning democracy and the like). Poland was the first post-communist country to regain pre-1989 GDP levels. Poland joined the NATO alliance in 1999 along with the Czech Republic and Hungary. Polish voters then said yes to the EU in a referendum in June 2003. Poland joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.

Politics

Poland is a democratic republic. Its current constitution dates from 1997. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. The president appoints the cabinet according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the bicameral legislature's lower house (the Sejm). The president, elected by popular vote every five years, serves as the head of state. The current president is Aleksander Kwaśniewski. Polish voters elect a two house parliament, consisting of a 460 member lower house Sejm and a 100 member Senate (Senat). The Sejm is elected under a proportional representation electoral system similar to that used in other parliamentary political systems while the Senate is elected under a comparatively rare first past the post bloc voting. With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only political parties receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter Sejm. When sitting in joint session, members of Sejm and Senate form the National Assembly, (Polish Zgromadzenie Narodowe). The National Assembly is formed on three occasions: taking oath by the new president, bringing an indictment against the President of the Republic to the Tribunal of State, declaration of the President's permanent incapacity to exercise his duties due to the state of his health. The judicial branch plays an important role in decision-making. Its major institutions include the Supreme Court (Sąd Najwyższy), the Supreme Administrative Court (Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny) (judges appointed by the president of the republic on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period), the Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucyjny) (judges chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms) and the Tribunal of State (Trybunał Stanu) (judges chosen by the Sejm for for the current term of office of the Sejm, except for the position of chairperson which is held by the First President of the Supreme Court). The Sejm (on approval of the Polish Senate) appoints the Ombudsman or the Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) for a five-year term. The Ombudsman has the duty of guarding the observance and implementation of the rights and liberties of the human being and of the citizen, the law and principles of community life and social justice.

Geography

judicial branch The Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the lowlands of the North European Plain, at an average height of 173 metres (568 ft), though the Sudetes (including the Karkonosze) and the Carpathian Mountains (including the Tatra mountains, where one also finds Poland's highest point, Rysy, at 2,499 m [8,199 ft]) form the southern border. Several large rivers cross the plains; for instance, the Vistula (Wisła), Oder (Odra), Warta the (Western) Bug. Poland also contains over 9,300 lakes, predominantly in the north of the country. Masuria (Mazury) forms the largest and most-visited lake district in Poland. Remains of the ancient forests survive: see list of forests in Poland. Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunder showers.

Big Cities

climate climate climate climate] climate

Administrative division

climate climate Poland is subdivided into sixteen administrative regions known as voivodships (województwa, singular - województwo): Lower levels of administrative division are:
- powiats (counties)
- gminas (commune)

Economy

gmina gmina gmina] Since its return to democracy, Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open examples of the transition from a partially state-capitalist market economy to a primarily privately owned market economy. The privatisation of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms have allowed for the rapid development of an aggressive private sector, followed by a development of consumer rights organisations later on. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railways, and energy) has begun. The biggest privatisations so far were a sale of Telekomunikacja Polska, a national telecom to France Telecom (2000) and an issue of 30% shares of the biggest Polish bank, PKO BP, on the Polish stockmarket (2004). Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is a member. Challenges remain, especially under-investment. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Warsaw leads Central Europe in foreign investment and allegedly needs a continued large inflow. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1993 to 2000 with only a short slowdown from 2001 to 2002. The prospect of closer integration with the European Union has put the economy back on track, with growth of 3.7% annually in 2003, a rise from 1.4% annually in 2002. In 2004 GDP growth equalled 5.4%. Annual growth rates broken down by quarters:
- 2003: Q1 - 2.2% | Q2 - 3.8% | Q3 - 4.7% | Q4 - 4.7%
- 2004: Q1 - 6.9% | Q2 - 6.1% | Q3 - 5.8% | Q4 - 5.9%
- 2005: Q1 - 2.1% | Q2 - 2.8% | Q3 - 3.7% | Although the Polish economy is currently undergoing an economic boom there are many challenges ahead. The most notable task on the horizon is the preparation of the economy (through continuing deep structural reforms) to allow Poland to meet the strict economic criteria for entry into the European Single Currency. There is much speculation as to just when Poland might be ready to join the Eurozone, although the best guess estimates put the entry date somewhere between 2009 and 2013. For now, Poland is preparing to make the Euro its official currency (as other countries of the European Union), and the Złoty will eventually be abolished from the modern Polish economy. Since joining the European Union, many young Polish people have left their country to work in other EU countries becouse of high unemployment rate (about 17%). Poland produces: clothes, electronics, cars, buses (Autosan, Jelcz SA, Solaris, ) helicopters (PZL Świdnik), planes (PZL Mielec), ships, military engineering (including tanks), medicines (Polpharma, Polfa, etc), food, chemical products etc.

Science, technology and education

The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of Kraków dating back to 1110 shows that already in the early 12th century Polish intellectuals had access to the European literature. In 1364, in Kraków, the Jagiellonian University, founded by King Kazimierz Wielki, became one of Europe's great early universities. In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established his Commission on National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), the world's first state ministry of education. Today, Poland has more than a hundred institutions of post-secondary education: technical, medical, economics, as well as the traditional universities to be found in its major cities; e.g., Gdańsk, Bydgoszcz, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów, Warsaw, Wrocław yielding over 61 thousand scientists. Furthermore, there are about 300 research and development institutes, with about 10 thousand more researchers. In addition, there is a number of smaller laboratories. In sum, there are 91 thousand scientists in Poland today.

Telecommunication and IT

The share of the telecom sector in the GDP is 4.4% (end of 2000 figure), compared to 2.5% in 1996. Nevertheless, despite high expenditures for telecom infrastructure (the coverage increased from 78 users per 1000 inhabitants in 1989 to 282 in 2000)
the coverage mobile cellular is 660 users per 1000 people (2005)
- Telephones - mobile cellular: 25.3 million (Raport Telecom Team 2005)
- Telephones - main lines in use: 12.5 million (Raport Telecom Team 2005)

Transportation

- Rail: The Polish State Railways (PKP) is one of the larger railway systems of central and western Europe, with 23,420 kilometres (14,552 mi) in its network (1998). Refurbishment of the network has commenced to bring standards into line with western European railway networks. [http://www.plk-sa.pl/]
- Road: By Western European standards, Poland has a relatively poor infrastructure of expressways/highways. The Government has undertaken a programme to improve the standard of a number of significant national highways by 2013. The total length of expressways/highways is 364,657 kilometres (226,587 mi). There are a total of 9,283,000 registered passenger automobiles, as well as 1,762,000 registered trucks and buses (2000). PKP
- Air: Poland has eight major airports (in decreasing order of traffic: Warsaw, Kraków, Katowice, Gdańsk, Poznań, Wrocław, Szczecin and Rzeszów), a total of 123 airports and airfields, as well as three heliports. The number of passenger at Polish airports has consistently increased since 1991.
- Marine: The total length of navigable rivers and canals is 3,812 kilometres (2,369 mi). The merchant marine consists of 114 ships, with an additional 100 ships registered outside the country. The principal ports and harbours are: Port of Gdańsk, Port of Gdynia, Port of Szczecin, Port of Swinoujscie, Port of Ustka, Port of Kolobrzeg, Gliwice, Warsaw, Wroclaw.

Tourism and holidays

Wroclaw
- Tourism in Poland
- Holidays in Poland
- [http://wikitravel.org/en/Poland Poland on Wikitravel]

Demographics

Poland formerly played host to many languages, cultures and religions. However, the outcome of World War II and the following shift westwards to the area between the Curzon line and the Oder-Neisse line gave Poland an appearance of homogeneity. Today 36,983,700 people, or 96.74% of the population considers itself Polish (Census 2002), 471,500 (1.23%) declared another nationality. 774,900 people (2.03%) didn't declare any nationality. The officially recognised ethnic minorities include: Germans, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Jews and Belarusians. The Polish language, a member of the West Slavic branch of the Slavic languages, functions as the official language of Poland. Most Poles adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, and 75% count as practising Catholics. The rest of the population consists mainly of Eastern Orthodox (about 509 500), Jehovah's Witnesses (about 123 034) and various Protestant (about 86 880 in the largest Evangelical-Augsburg Church and about as many in smaller churches) religious minorities. [http://www.stat.gov.pl/opracowania_zbiorcze/maly_rocznik_stat/2003/rocznik4/relig.htm]

Culture

Evangelical-Augsburg Church]] Polish culture has more then 1000 years of history. Poland situated between Western and Eastern cultural spaces and got influences from both. For example the traditional costumes include also Islamic influences. Polish culture developed actively and always been as part of western (Western Europe) culture. We can see that today - architecture, folklore, art etc. Also Poland influenced to near situated countries.

UNESCO World Heritage in Poland

- Warszawa (Old Town)
- Kraków (Old Town)
- Wieliczka (Salt mine)
- Malbork (Biggest Brick Stone Castle)
- Zamość (Renaissance Town)
- Toruń (Gothic Town)
- Oświęcim (Auschwitz concentration camp)
- Jawor (Baroque Peace Church)
- Świdnica (Baroque Peace Chruch)
- Kalwaria Zebrzydowska (Pilgrim´s Place)
- Białowieża Forest (National Park - largest remaining primeval forest in Europe)
- Dębno (Gothic Wooden Chruch)
- Słowiński Park Narodowy (highest sand hills)

International rankings

- Human Development Index 2005: Rank 36th out of 177 countries.
- Reporters Without Borders world-wide press freedom index 2004: Rank 32nd out of 167 countries.
- Index of Economic Freedom 2005: Rank 41st out of 155 countries.

External links

Governmental websites

- [http://www.sejm.gov.pl/english.html Sejm] - Sejm - lower chamber of the Parliament
- [http://www.senat.gov.pl/indexe.htm Senat] - Senate - upper chamber of the Parliament
- [http://www.president.pl/x.node?id=479 Prezydent] - President of the Republic of Poland
- [http://www.kprm.gov.pl/english/index.html KPRM] - Prime Minister's Office
- [http://www.sn.pl/english/index.html Sąd Najwyższy] - Supreme Court
- [http://www.trybunal.gov.pl/eng/index.htm Trybunał Konstytucyjny] - Constitutional Tribunal
- [http://www.nbp.pl/Home.aspx?f=srodeken.htm National Bank of Poland]
- [http://www.poland.pl/ The Poland.pl portal]
- [http://www.wse.com.pl/ Warsaw Stock Exchange]
- [http://www.stat.gov.pl/english/index.htm GUS] - Central Statistical Office
- [http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm Constitution of Poland]

Poland Tourism

- [http://www.poland-tourism.pl/start.asp?tf=US Polish National Tourist Office (from pot.gov.pl)]

English-language websites on Poland

- [http://www.poland.gov.pl Polska /page about Poland]
- [http://polblog.pl/ PolBlog - Polish News Site]
- [http://www.polishforums.com Poland and Polish Community Online]
- [http://www.centreurope.org/pl/poland.htm Centreurope.org: Poland section]
- [http://www.warsawvoice.pl Warsawvoice]
- [http://www.wbj.pl Warsaw Business Journal]
- [http://www.parks.it/world/PL/Eindex.html Parks in Poland] National parks, wetlands, biosphere reserves and other protected areas Category:European Union member states Category:Republics People of Poland zh-min-nan:Polska als:Polen ko:폴란드 ms:Poland ja:ポーランド simple:Poland th:ประเทศโปแลนด์ fiu-vro:Poola

960

Events

- Edgar the Peaceable crowned King of England. Dunstan became Archbishop of Canterbury and Edgar's chief adviser. He reformed monasteries and enforced the rule of St Benedict: Poverty, Chastity and Obedience for monks. He attempted to impose celibacy on the secular clergy without noticeable success. Dunstan actively encouraged the Danes to integrate with the English.

Births

- Aimoin, French chronicler (d. 1010)
- Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1028)

Deaths

- Saint Eadburga Category:960 ko:960년

1032

Events

- February 2 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy.

Births

- February 16 - Emperor Yingzong of China (d. 1067)
- King Vratislav II of Bohemia (d. 1092)

Deaths

- October - Pope John XIX ko:1032년

1079

Events

- Persian astronomer, Omar Khayyám, computed the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days which has been the most accurate calculation of old times. Khayyam also, in Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produced a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions.
- Halsten and Ingold I succeed Haakon the Red in Sweden.
- Ladislaus Herman succeeds Boleslaus II in Poland.
- William I of England establishes the New Forest.
- Constance of Burgundy founds a monastery in Burgos.
- Abbess Hildegarde of St. Ruprechtsberg makes the first surviving reference to the use of hops in brewing. (or 1067?)

Births

- August 8 - Emperor Horikawa of Japan (d. 1107)
- Pierre Abélard, French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142)
- Kilij Arslan I

Deaths

Category:1079 ko:1079년

1296

Events

- March 30 - Edward I stormed Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking the then Scottish border town with much bloodshed. He slaughtered almost everyone who resided there, even if they fled to the churches.
- April 27 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England.
- 'Ala al-Din Khalji succeeds to the Delhi Sultanate, as a member of the Khilji dynasty.

Births

- August 10 - John I, Count of Luxemburg (died 1346)
- Marjorie Bruce, only daughter of Robert I of Scotland (died 1316)
- Shi Nai'an, Chinese author (died 1370)
- Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica (died 1359)

Deaths

- February 8 - King Przemysł II of Poland (b. 1257)
- May 19 - Pope Celestine V (born 1215)
- June 5 - Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III of England (born 1245)
- August 8 - Hugh of Brienne, French crusader
- November 1 - Guillaume Durand, French canonist and writer
- Butvydas, Grand Prince of Lithuania
- Dnyaneshwar, Hindu saint and poet (born 1275)
- Floris V, Count of Holland (born 1254)
- Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji, founder of the Khilji dynasty in India
- Isabella of Mar, wife of Robert I of Scotland
- William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke Category:1296 ko:1296년

1306

Events

- March 25 - Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland
- June 19 - Forces of Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruce's Scottish rebels at the Battle of Methven
- Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property
- In London, a city ordinance decrees that heating with coal is forbidden when parliament is in session - the ordinance is not particularly effective

Births

Deaths

- February 10 - John "the Red" Comyn, Scottish nobleman
- March 21 - Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (born 1248)
- August 4 - King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (born 1289)
- Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
- Roger de Flor, German soldier
- Adam de la Halle, French troubadour
- Richard of Middleton, Norman theologian and philosopher of the Franciscan Order (born 1249)
- Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (born 1270) Category:1306 ko:1306년

1320

Events

- January 20 - Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland
- April 6 - The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.
- Ghiyas al-Din Tughlaq founds the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
- The Venetian Arsenal is rebuilt as the Arsenal Nuovo.
- Second Shepherds' Crusade.

Births

- April 8 - King Peter I of Portugal (died 1367)
- John Hawkwood, English mercenary (died 1394)
- Ukhaatu Khan, Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire (died 1370)
- Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine (died 1346)
- Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China (died 1329)
- Nissim of Gerona, talmudist and authority in Jewish law (died 1380)
- Michael Panaretos, chronicler of Trebizond (died 1390)
- Louis of Taranto (died 1362)
- William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (died 1404)

Deaths

- July 11 - Robert II of Artois, French soldier (b. 1250)
- July 20 - King Oshin of Armenia (b. 1282)
- Geoffrey of Paris, French chronicler
- Emperor Renzong of Yuan China
- Farsi, Persian mathematician and physicist (born 1260) Category:1320 ko:1320년

1031

Events

- Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba.
- Byzantine general George Maniaces captures Edessa.
- Henry I becomes King of France
- Bezprym seizes the throne of Poland from Mieszko II

Births

- King Malcolm III of Scotland (d.1093)

Deaths

- July 20 - King Robert II of France (b. 972)
- September 2 - Saint Emeric of Hungary Category:1031 ko:1031년

1076

Events

- February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
- Anselm of Canterbury completes Monologion
- The Almoravids capture the Ghanan capital of Kumbi.

Births

- June 1 - Prince Mstislav of Kiev (d. 1132)

Deaths

- March 21 - Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1011)
- December 27 - Prince Svyatoslav II of Kiev (b. 1027) Category:1076 ko:1076년 simple:1076

1079

Events

Births

- August 8 - Emperor Horikawa of Japan (d. 1107)
- Pierre Abélard, French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142)
- Kilij Arslan I

Deaths

Category:1079 ko:1079년

1296

Events

Births

Deaths

1300

Events

- Beginning of the Renaissance.
- Abacus first used in China.
- Money from Florence, Italy becomes the first International Currency.
- Philip IV of France begins attempt to annex Flanders.
- Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland.
- Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII.
- The Tuareg establish a state centered on Agadez.
- 10 March - Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of England (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called creag being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. It is generally agreed that creag was an early form of cricket.
See also: History of cricket to 1696.

Births

- June 1 - Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, son of Edward I of England (died 1338)
- John III, Duke of Brabant (died 1355)
- Jean Buridan, French philosopher and religious skeptic (died 1358)
- Qutugtu Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (died 1329)
- Laurence Minot, English poet (died 1352)
- Andrea Tafi, Italian artist (died 1325)
- Chihab Addine Abul-Abbas Ahmad ben Fadhl Al-Umari, Arab historian (died 1384)

Deaths

- May 2 - Blanche of Artois, regent of Navarre
- Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet (born 1250)
- Tsar Chaka, Mongol ruler of Bulgaria
- Tran Hung Dao, Vietnamese general
- William of Nangis, French chronicler
- Munio de Zamora, General of the Dominican Order Category:1300 ko:1300년

1320

Events

Births

Deaths

Piast dynasty

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The Piast dynasty is a line of Kings and dukes that ruled Poland from its beginnings as an independent state up to 1370. The branches of the Piasts continued to rule Polish splinter duchies in Masovia until 1526 and Silesia until 1675. Piast was the legendary ancestor of these nobles. His name was first mentioned in the Chronicle of the Polish dukes by Gallus Anonymous, written in ca 1113. Although the early dukes and kings considered themselves Piast's descendants, the term "Piast Dynasty" was invented in the 17th century by the historians, working for a number of rulers who governed their duchies in Silesia. See Rulers of Poland for identification of kings.
- Siemowit/Ziemowit 9th - 10th century.
- Lestko/Leszek 9th - 10th century.
- Siemomysł/Ziemomysł 9th - 10th century.
- Mieszko I see Dagome Iudex, first ruler 960-992
- Boleslaus I of Poland(the Brave) 992-1025
- Mieszko II Lambert 1025-1034
- Bezprym 1031
- Casimir I of Poland the Restorer 1034-1058
- Boleslaus II the Bold 1058-1079
- Ladislaus Herman of Poland 1079-1102
- Zbigniew and Boleslaus III of Poland (the Wrymouthed) 1102-1107
- Boleslaus III of Poland the Wrymouthed 1107-1138
- Ladislaus the Exile 1138-1146
- Boleslaus the Curly 1146-1173 right
- Mieszko the Old 1173-1177
- Casimir the Just 1177-1194
- Leszek the White and Ladislaus Spindleshanks 1194-1202
- Ladislaus Spindleshanks 1202
- Leszek the White 1202-1210
- Mieszko I the Tanglelegs 1210-1211
- Leszek the White 1211-1227
- Ladislaus Spindleshanks 1228
- Konrad of Masovia 1229-1232
- Henry the Bearded 1232-1238
- Henry the Pious 1238-1241
- Konrad of Masovia 1241-1243
- Boleslaus the Bashful 1243-1279
- Leszek the Black 1279-1288
- Henry IV Probus 1288-1290
- Przemysl II 1290-1291
- Ladislaus the Short 1306-1333
- Casimir the Great 1333-1370 See also: :Boleslaus of Masovia :Guidelines for the spelling of names of Polish rulers :List of Polish rulers :Dukes of Silesia :Dukes of Masovia :Dukes of Greater Poland :Dukes of Little Poland :Dukes of Cuiavia :Dukes of Leczyca :Dukes of Sieradz ----

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The 17th century list starts out with the legendary forefathers of the first historical ruler Mieszko I.