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Leo I Of Armenia

Leo I of Armenia

Leo I of Armenia (died February 14, 1140) was Lord of the Mountains 1129–1140. Leo, like his predecessors, continued to push the Armenian borders outward, expanding onto the Mediterranean littoral. He captured Korikos during the 1130s, and in 1132 he seized Tarsus, Adana, and Mamistra. This brought him into conflict with the Crusaders, particularly in 1135 when he seized Saravantikar, against the opposition of the Antiochenes. Raymond of Antioch coveted Saravantikar, and in 1136 he seized Leo by treachery and held him for a ransom: 60,000 gold pieces, the promise of help against John II Comnenus, and the surrender of Saravantikar, Mamistra, and Adana. In the ensuing chaos, there was infighting among Leo's sons, and Constantine was blinded by his brothers. Leo agreed to the terms, but quickly returned to the offensive. He recaptured those cities and attacked the Principality of Antioch and its allies from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but Joscelin II of Edessa mediated a peace and alliance against the Emperor in 1137. The invasion of John II Comnenus in that year resulted in the fall of Seleucia, Korikos, Tarsus, Mamistra, Adana, Til Hamdoun, and Anazarbe. Leo retreated into the Taurus Mountains with his second wife and their children, but Gaban and Vahka fell in 1138, and he was captured. (His sons by his first marriage had taken refuge in Edessa.) His wife and children were taken off with him to Constantinople, where he died in 1140. However, the Armenians were still active in resistance, and retook Vahka in 1139. On his death he was succeeded by his son Stephen I. He had four children by his first wife Beatrice de Rethel: # a daughter, married Vasil Dgha # Constantine (bef. 1109 – bef. 1144, Edessa) # Stephen (bef. 1110–1165) # Mleh (bef. 1120–1175) By his second wife, unknown but probably Armenian: # a daughter, mother of the Regent Thomas (tenure 1168–1169) # a daughter, married John Tzelepes Comnenus # Thoros II # Roupen (aft. 1120–1141, Constantinople), murdered in captivity # a daughter, mother of Fulk of Bullion, Lord of Bagras

References


- T.S.R. Boase, editor. The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia. Scottish Academic Press, 1978.

External links


- [http://rbedrosian.com/cssint.htm Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle]
- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/27
- .html The Barony of Cilician Armenia] (Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Ch. 27) Category:Monarchs of Armenia Category:1140 deaths

February 14

February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 320 days remaining, 321 in leap years.

Events


- 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty.
- 1014 - Pope Boniface I recognizes Henry of Bavaria as King of Germany.
- 1076 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1556 - Thomas Cranmer is declared a heretic.
- 1575 - Henry III of France marries Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont
- 1743 - Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister.
- 1779 - James Cook is killed by the natives of the Sandwich Islands.
- 1797 - John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent & Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson led the British Royal Navy to victory over a Spanish fleet in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent near Gibraltar.
- 1803 - Chief Justice John Marshall declares that any act of U.S. Congress which conflicts with the Constitution is void.
- 1804 - Karadjordje leads the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
- 1831 - Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats and kills Dejazmach Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay.
- 1849 - In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.
- 1854 - Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.
- 1859 - Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state.
- 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone,as does Elisha Gray.
- 1879 - The War of the Pacific breaks out when Chilean armed forces occupy the Bolivian port city of Antofagasta.
- 1895 - First performance of Oscar Wilde's last play The Importance of Being Earnest at the St James's Theatre in London).
- 1899 - Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections.
- 1900 - Russia responds to international pressure to free Finland by tightening imperial control over the country.
- 1900 - Second Boer War: In South Africa, 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State.
- 1903 - The United States Department of Commerce and Labor is established (later split into Dept. of Commerce and Dept. of Labor).
- 1912 - Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state.
- 1912 - In Groton, Connecticut, the first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.
- 1918 - The movie Tarzan of the Apes is released.
- 1918 - The Soviet Union adopts the Gregorian calendar (1 February according to the Julian calendar).
- 1920 - The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
- 1924 - IBM corporation founded.
- 1929 - St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangster rivals of Al Capone are murdered in Chicago, Illinois.
- 1943 - World War II:Rostov, Russia is liberated.
- 1943 - World War II: The Battle of the Kasserine Pass - German General Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps launch an offensive against Allied defenses in Tunisia.
- 1944 - World War II: Anti-Japanese revolt on Java.
- 1945 - Bombing of Dresden in World War II: The British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Force begin fire-bombing Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony.
- 1945 - Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru join the United Nations.
- 1945 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt meets with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia aboard the USS Quincy, officially starting the US-Saudi diplomatic relationship.
- 1946 - The Bank of England is nationalized.
- 1946 - ENIAC (for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer"), the first general-purpose electronic computer, is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania.
- 1949 - The Knesset (Israeli parliament) first convenes.
- 1949 - The Asbestos Strike begins in Canada. The strike marks the beginning of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec.
- 1952 - 1952 Winter Olympic Games open in Oslo, Norway.
- 1961 - Discovery of the chemical elements: Element 103, Lawrencium, is first synthesized at the University of California.
- 1962 - First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy takes television viewers on a tour of the White House.
- 1966 - Australian currency is decimalised.
- 1979 - In Kabul, Muslim extremists kidnap the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police.
- 1980 - 1980 Winter Olympic Games open in Lake Placid, New York.
- 1980 - Walter Cronkite announces his retirement from CBS Evening News.
- 1985 - CNN reporter Jeremy Levin is freed from captivity in Lebanon.
- 1989 - Union Carbide agrees to pay $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal Disaster.
- 1989 - Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini issues a fatwa encouraging Muslims to kill the author of The Satanic Verses, Salman Rushdie.
- 1989 - The first of 24 satellites of the Global Positioning System is placed into orbit.
- 1998 - Authorities in the United States announce that Eric Robert Rudolph is a suspect in an Alabama abortion clinic bombing.
- 2000 - The spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker enters orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.
- 2002 - The Tullaghmurray Lass sinks off the coast of Kilkeel, County Down, Northern Ireland killing three members of the same family on board.
- 2004 - In a suburb of Moscow, Russia, the roof of the Transvaal water park collapses, killing more than 25 people, and wounding more than 100 others.
- 2005 - Lebanon's former Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri, is assassinated, prompting the Cedar Revolution (Intifada of Independence).

Births


- 1404 - Leone Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher (d. 1472)
- 1483 - Zahir al-Din Mohammed Babur Shah, founder of the Moghul dynasty (d. 1530)
- 1602 - Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (d. 1676)
- 1680 - John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (d. 1737)
- 1692 - Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée, French writer (d. 1754)
- 1701 - Enrique Florez, Spanish historian (d. 1773)
- 1763 - Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (d. 1813)
- 1766 - Thomas Malthus, English economist (d. 1834)
- 1812 - Alfred Thomas Agate, American artist (d. 1846)
- 1819 - Joshua A. Norton, Emperor Norton I of the United States of America and Protector of Mexico (d. 1880)
- 1847 - Anna Howard Shaw, American women's suffrage leader (d. 1919)
- 1848 - Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (d. 1934)
- 1856 - Frank Harris, Irish author and editor (d. 1931)
- 1869 - Charles Wilson, Scottish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
- 1884 - Hezekiah M. Washburn, missionary (d. 1972)
- 1890 - Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (d. 1956)
- 1894 - Jack Benny, American actor and comedian (d. 1974)
- 1895 - Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (d. 1973)
- 1898 - Fritz Zwicky, Swiss-American physicist and astronomer (d. 1974)
- 1903 - Stu Erwin, American actor (d. 1967)
- 1905 - Thelma Ritter, American actress (d. 1969)
- 1912 - Tibor Sekelj, Croatian explorer (d. 1988)
- 1913 - Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)
- 1913 - Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987)
- 1913 - Jimmy Hoffa, American labor union leader (disappeared 1975)
- 1916 - Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese director
- 1916 - Edward Platt, American actor (d. 1974)
- 1917 - Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- 1921 - Hugh Downs, American game show host
- 1927 - Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress
- 1929 - Vic Morrow, actor (d. 1982)
- 1931 - Brian Kelly, American actor (d. 2005)
- 1932 - Alexander Kluge, German actor and film director
- 1934 - Michel Corboz, Swiss conductor
- 1934 - Florence Henderson, American actress
- 1936 - Fanne Foxe, Argentine dancer
- 1936 - Andrew Prine, American actor
- 1941 - Donna Shalala, American politician, educator
- 1941 - Paul Tsongas, U.S. Senator (d. 1997)
- 1942 - Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City
- 1943 - Maceo Parker, American musician (P-Funk)
- 1944 - Carl Bernstein, American journalist
- 1944 - Alan Parker, British film director and writer
- 1945 - Frank Welker, American actor
- 1946 - Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (d. 2003)
- 1946 - Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (d. 2003)
- 1948 - Pat O'Brien, American sportscaster and television host
- 1948 - Teller, American magician (Penn and Teller)
- 1959 - Renee Fleming, Canadian soprano
- 1960 - Jim Kelly, American football player
- 1960 - Meg Tilly, Canadian actress
- 1962 - Kevyn Aucoin, American cosmetologist
- 1963 - Enrico Colantoni, Canadian actor
- 1963 - Zach Galligan, American actor
- 1967 - Manuela Maleeva, Bulgarian tennis player
- 1968 - Jules Asner, American model and television personality
- 1970 - Simon Pegg, English comedian, writer, and actor
- 1971 - Noriko Sakai, Japanese singer
- 1972 - Drew Bledsoe, American football player
- 1972 - Rob Thomas, American musician (matchbox twenty)
- 1973 - Steve McNair, American football player
- 1978 - Richard Hamilton, American basketball player
- 1979 - Antonio Chatman, American football player
- 1980 - Fatima Leyva, Mexican footballer
- 1985 - Philippe Senderos, Swiss footballer
- 1992 - Freddie Highmore, British actor
- 1994 - Paul Butcher, actor from Zoey 101

Deaths


- 1317 - Marguerite of France, queen of Edward I of England (b. 1282)
- 1400 - King Richard II of England (murdered) (b. 1367)
- 1405 - Timur, Mongol conqueror (b. 1336)
- 1523 - Pope Adrian VI
- 1676 - Abraham Bosse, French engraver and artist
- 1737 - Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1685)
- 1744 - John Hadley, inventor (b. 1682)
- 1779 - James Cook, British naval captain and explorer (b. 1728)
- 1780 - William Blackstone, English jurist (b. 1723)
- 1808 - John Dickinson, American lawyer and delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention (b. 1732)
- 1831 - Vincente Guerrero, Mexican revolutionary hero (b. 1782)
- 1831 - Henry Maudslay, English inventor (b. 1771)
- 1929 - Tom Burke, American runner (b. 1875)
- 1943 - Dora Gerson, German actress, cabaret singer, and Holocaust victim (b. 1899)
- 1943 - David Hilbert, German mathematician (b. 1862)
- 1959 - Baby Dodds, American jazz drummer (b. 1898)
- 1969 - Vito Genovese, American gangster (b. 1897)
- 1970 - Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer (b. 1880).
- 1974 - Stewie Dempster, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1903)
- 1975 - Julian Huxley, British biologist (b. 1887)
- 1975 - P. G. Wodehouse, English writer (b. 1881)
- 1979 - Adolph Dubs, American diplomat (b. 1920)
- 1983 - Lina Radke, German athlete (b. 1903)
- 1987 - Dmitri Borisovich Kabalevsky, Russian composer (b. 1904)
- 1988 - Frederick Loewe, Austrian-American composer (b. 1901)
- 1989 - James Bond, American ornithologist (b. 1900)
- 1994 - Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer (executed) (b. 1936)
- 1994 - Michael Gazzo, American actor (b. 1923)
- 1999 - John Ehrlichman, American presidential advisor (b. 1925)
- 2002 - Nándor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (b. 1996)
- 2003 - Johnny Longden, English jockey (b. 1907)
- 2004 - Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
- 2005 - Najai Turpin, American boxer
- 2005 - Rafik Hariri, Lebanese politician and billionaire businessman (b. 1944)

Holidays and observances


- Denmark - Gaekkebrev - gift exchange by school kids
- Mexico - Day of National Mourning (1831)
- Arizona - Admission Day (1912)
- Oregon - Admission Day (1859)
- Western World - Valentine's Day
- Catholicism - Feast day of Saint Valentine
- Catholicism - Feast day of Saints Cyril and Methodius

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050214.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 13 - February 15 - January 14 - March 14 -- historical anniversaries ko:2월 14일 ms:14 Februari ja:2月14日 simple:February 14 th:14 กุมภาพันธ์

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was located in what is today southeastern Turkey, in the region of Cilicia. The country was independent from around 1078 to 1375. The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Roupenid dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia. Their capital was Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign occupation at the time. Major cities and castles of the kingdom included the port of Korikos, Lampron, Partzerpert, Vahka (modern Feke), Hromgla, Tarsus, Anazarbe, Til Hamdoun, Mamistra (mod. Misis: the classical Mopsuestia), Adana and the port of Ayas (Aias).

Byzantine Cilicia

Cilicia was conquered from the Arabs by the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas around 965. He expelled the Muslims living there, and Christians from Syria and Armenia were encouraged to settle in the region. The Armenian immigration increased with the formal annexation of Greater Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and the following Seljuk conquest 19 years later, giving two new waves of migration. The Armenians also spread eastward from Cilicia into the mountainous areas of northern Syria and Mesopotamia.

Foundation of Armenian power in Cilicia

The Armenians came to serve the Byzantines, as military officers and governors, and when Imperial power in the region weakened in the chaotic years after the Battle of Manzikert, some of these seized the opportunity to set themself up as sovereign Lords, while others remained, at least in name, loyal. The most successful of these early warlords was Philaretus Brachamus, a former Armenian general of Romanus IV Diogenes. Between 1078 and 1085, Philaretus built a principality stretching from Cilicia to Edessa, but after his death his dominion disintegrated into local lordships again. By the end of the 11th century, there were six important principalities in the area:
- Lampron (after Namrun, now Camliyayla) and Babaron (Candir Kale), located at the southern end of the Cilician Gates, were controlled by the former Byzantine general Oshin, the founder of the important Hethoumid dynasty.
- To the north east was the principality of Constantine I of Armenia, the son of prince Roupen I. His power was based around the fortresses of Partzapert and Vahka.
- Further to the north east, and outside of Cilicia, was the principality of Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş). It was ruled by Tatoul, a former Byzantine official.
- East of Maraş, the Armenian Kogh Vasil held the fourtresses of Raban (modern Altınaşkale) and Kesoun as a Seljuk vassal.
- To the north of these, on the Upper Euphrates, lay the principality of Malatya (Melitene), held by Gabriel, one of Philaretus' former officers, under Seljuk overlordship.
- Finally, beyond Malatya, was Edessa, controlled by Thoros, another of Philaretus' officers, and son-in-law of Gabriel of Malatya.

The First Crusade and the Roupenid principality

With the First Crusade, the Armenians in Cilicia gained powerful allies among the Frankish crusaders. With their help they helped securing Cilicia from the Turks both by direct military actions in Cilicia, and by establishing Crusader states in Antioch and Edessa. The Armenians and crusaders were partly allied, partly rivals for two centuries to come. Eventally, there emerged some sort of centralized government in the area with the rise of the Roupenid princes. During the 12th century they were the closest thing to a ruling dynasty, and wrestled with the Byzantines for the power over the region. Prince Leon I was defeated by the Emperor John II in 1137, and was imprisoned with several other family members. He died in prison three years later. Leon's son and successor, Thoros II, was also imprisoned, but escaped in 1141. He returned to lead the struggle with the Byzantines. Initially he was successful, but eventually, in 1158, he paid homage to the Emperor Manuel I. The Roupenid princes continued to rule Cilicia. Manuel I

The Kingdom of Armenia

In 1198 the Roupenid prince Leon II managed to secure his crown, becoming the first King of Armenian Cilicia. The crown later passed to the rival Hethoumid dynasty through Leon's daughter Zabel and her second marriage to prince Hethoum. Their descendants ruled Cilicia until the murder of Leon V in 1341, when his cousin Guy Lusignan was elected king. In the late 14th century, Cilicia was invaded by the Mameluks. The fall of Sis in April, 1375 put an end to the kingdom; its last King, Leon VI, was granted safe passage and died in exile in Paris in 1393. The title was claimed by his cousin, James I of Cyprus, uniting it with the titles of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

External links


- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/27
- .html Barony and Kingdom of Cilicia] (Kurkjian's History of Armenia, Chs. 27‑31) See also: Monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Category:History of Armenia

1129

Events


- Emperor Toba begins his cloistered rule, sharing power with Sutuku, ex-emperor Emperor Shirakawa's son.
- Castle of Burgsteinfurt built in what is now Steinfurt, Germany.
- Henry of Blois becomes bishop of Winchester.

Births


- Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria

Deaths


- March 8 - Queen Urraca of Castile (born 1082)
- July 24 - Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (born 1053)
- Prince Álmos, of Hungary
- Constantine II of Armenia
- Thoros I of Armenia
- Ranulph le Meschin, 1st Earl of Chester
- Symeon of Durham, English chronicler
- Margrave Leopold of Styria Category:1129 ko:1129년

Korikos

Corycus (or Corycos, Korykos) was an ancient city in Cilicia, located on the mouth of the river Calycadnus (now Göksu). In antiquity Corycus was an important harbour and commercial town. Today we see at its site extensive ruins and a necropolis. Nearby there is the so called Corycian Cave (now Cennet ve Cehennem), where Typhon lived according to Greek mythology. At the beginning of the 12th century the Byzantine Emperors developed the fortress of Corycus and built a supplementary castle on a small island. This castle was later called "maidens castle" (Kız kalesi), because it was told that a king held his daughter here in captivity until she was killed by a venomous snake. Today the whole region is known as Kızkalesi. The town Corycus has to be distinguished from the Greek mountain Corycus near the ancient town Erythrai. Category:Byzantine Empire Category:Roman sites in Turkey Category:Roman colonies

1130s

Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Decades: 1080s 1090s 1100s 1110s 1120s - 1130s - 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s Years: 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 ---- Events and Trends
- Romanesque church at Vezelay - carving completed
- 1130 Innocent II is elected pope
- 1139
  - Alphonso I becomes first king of Portugal
  - Second Council of the Lateran Category:1130s ko:1130년대

1132

Events


- Diarmaid Mac Murrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped. He becomes king of the province of Leinster.
- St Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish church.
- Foundation of Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey, in Yorkshire
- Basingwerk Abbey founded
- Start of the Japanese era 長承 (Choushou)

Births


- Joachim of Fiore, Italian mystic and abbot. (died 1201)
- Rhys ap Gruffydd, ruler of Deheubarth (died 1197)

Deaths


- April 14 - Prince Mstislav of Kiev (born 1076)
- Hugh of Grenoble, French saint (born 1052) Category:1132 ko:1132년

Tarsus

Tarsus may refer to:
- Tarsus (skeleton): The skeletal region between the tibia and fibula and the metatarsus.
- Tarsus (city): An ancient and modern city in Turkey
- Deus Ex: Invisible War characters#Tarsus Academy/ApostleCorp, a school for nanotech modification in the computer game Deus Ex: Invisible War.

Adana

Adana is the fourth largest city in Turkey and the capital of the Adana Province. It has a population of 1 130 710 (2000). NATO's Incirlik Air Base is located 12 km east of Adana. One of the large towns of Asia Minor, about nineteen miles from the sea, Adana derives its importance from its situation as the gateway to the Cilician plain, that great flat stretch of fertile land, possibly the most productive in this part of the world, (on east side of Taurus Mountains). In Adana all the houses are flat-topped and the roofs serve as the bedrooms for the inhabitants during the hot summers. Adana was more important for its agriculture while Tarsus was the metropolis of the area. Several types of fruit are native to this area, the apricot being an example. From Adana, crossing the Cilician plain going west, the road from Tarsus enters the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. With every foot of ascent the coolness increases, reaching an altitude of nearly 4000 feet. Then through the famous Cilician Gates, that rocky pass through which armies have coursed since history's dawn, and the caravan has arrived on the Anatolian plain. Adana is the marketing and distribution center for an agricultural region in which cotton, wheat, barley, grapes, citrus fruits, olives, and tobacco are produced. The chief industries in the city are textile manufacturing, tanning, and the processing of wool and various foods. It is also famous for its kebab and turnip juice.

History

Adana, a modern-day city located on the right bank of the Seyhan River in the Cilician plain, was a caravan stop, river crossing, and frontier outpost protecting Asia Minor from incursions from Syria. (Tarsus was closer to the Cilician Gate.) The history of Adana is mixed with that of Tarsus; they seem to often be the same city, moving as the river changed position and the name changing over time. Adana was of little importance in ancient history; Tarsus, Ayas/Issus (today Yumurtalik), and Kozan (formerly Sis) have usually been the major population and administrative centers, especially during the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia. Adana was probably founded in 63 BC by the Roman statesman Pompey the Great.Adana is the only city,whose name stays the same for centuries in the world. For several centuries thereafter it was a way station on a Roman military road leading to the East. The city declined in importance after the fall of the Roman Empire in AD476 but was rebuilt in the 8th century by Harun al-Rashid, caliph of Baghdad. Adana was held by Egypt from 1832 to 1840, when it was restored to Turkish rule.

Places to visit

Local points of interest include a great stone bridge, built in part during the reign (6th century) of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and the ruins of a castle dating from 782. Stone Bridge is the oldest bridge in the world,which is still being used.

Buildings and monuments


- Stone Bridge
- Seyhan Dam
- Adana Ulu Camii
- New Mosque
- Butter mosque
- Adana Ataturk museum
- Eski Camii
- Clock Tower
- Adana Museum
- Adana Etnography Museum
- Adana Archeological Museum
- Adana Atatürk Museum
- Misis Mosaic Museum

Historical Sites and Ruins


- Yumurtalık Ruins - Yumurtalık
- Anavarza Ruins - Kazan/Dilekkaya
- Şar Ruins - Tufanbeyli/Şar
- Mağarsus Ruins - Karataş
- Karatepe - Aslantaş (Domuztepe-Pınarözü) - Kadirli/Düziçi

Festivals


- Karakucak Wrestling Festival - Kadirli (25-26 May)
- Altın Koza (Golden Cocoon) Film Festival - Provincial Center (14-25 September)
- İmamoğlu Peach Festival - İmamoğlu (In June)
- Kızıldağ Karakucak Wrestling Festival - Karaisalı
- Cherry Festival - Saimbeyli (20-22 June)

Education


- Cukurova University - Çukurova Üniversitesi
- Cag University - Çağ Üniversitesi

Transportation

Airport


- Adana Şakirpaşa Airport

See Also

Football Teams


- Adanaspor
- Adana Demirspor

Famous Person


- Yaşar Kemal
- Yılmaz Güney
- Fatih Terim
- Hasan Şaş

External links


- [http://www.adana.gov.tr/ingilizce/index.asp Governor's Office]
- [http://ozhanozturk.com/content/view/86/45/ Encyclopaedia of Turkey Adana article]
- [http://www.turkishclass.com/turkey_pictures_gallery_15 Pictures of Adana]
- [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/adana Pictures of the city]
- [http://www.adana.gov.tr Official web site of the city]
- [http://www.turkeyforecast.com/weather/adana/ Adana Weather Forecast Information] Category:Cities along the Silk Road Category:Cities in Turkey Category:Adana ja:アダナ

Crusader

The word Crusade or Crusader could represent:
- The Crusades refers to the nine historical European-Christian military expeditions to the Muslim-controlled Holy Land. The term "crusaders" refers to those taking part in those campaigns or in the Northern Crusades.
- The Northern Crusades refers to the Catholic Western European military expeditions along the shores of the Baltic Sea to convert pagans and Orthodox Christians.
  - In English, the term "crusade" has come to refer to any type of campaign that is conducted with an emphasis on zeal and persistence. Compare with Muslim "jihad."
- A contemporary attack against Islam, whether perceived or real, asserted to be of similar nature or basis as the historic Crusades:
  - The Tenth Crusade, a name applied to the "War on Terror"
  - The New Crusade - a book on U.S. policy post-9/11
  - Imperial Hubris - a book on U.S. policy post-9/11
- An American self propelled artillery project, XM2001 Crusader
- A British Cruiser tank of WWII, the Crusader tank
- Operation Crusader was a British attack in North African campaign in World War II
- A US Navy fighter jet, F-8 Crusader
- United States Marine Corps fixed wing fighter-attack squadron 122 (VMFA-122) Crusaders
- Television series, Crusade (TV series)
- The computer game series, Crusader (computer game).
- The Crusaders Christian Youth Movement
- The comic book character Batman is known as the Caped Crusader
- The Crusaders, a jazz and R&B group popular in the 1970s
- Crusader (album), the debut album by New Zealand rapper Scribe
- The Crusade, a serial from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
- The Crusader jet speedboat in which John Cobb crashed fatally.
- The Canterbury Crusaders are a rugby team from New Zealand.
- The Celtic Crusaders are a rugby league team from Wales.
- Athletes at Valparaiso University are referred to as the Crusaders, and the school's mascot is a caricaturized version of a crusader knight.
- Campus Crusade for Christ is an interdenominational Christian mission organization.
- The Last Crusade is an Indiana Jones movie starring Harrison Ford, Sean Connery and whoever played Sallah.

Antioch

:This article is about the largest city named Antioch in Asia Minor (now Turkey), for other places see Antioch (disambiguation). Antioch (disambiguation) The city of Antioch on the Orontes (modern Antakya; Greek Αντιοχεια ἡ επι Δαφνη) is located in what is now Turkey. Located on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River about 20 miles from the sea and its port, Seleucia of Pieria (Suedia, now Samandagi), it was founded as a Greek city near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, who made it the capital of his empire in Syria. Seleucus I had served as one of Alexander the Great's generals, and the name Antiochus occurred frequently amongst members of his family. Alexander the Great Antioch was destined to rival Alexandria in Egypt as the chief city of the nearer East and to be the cradle of gentile Christianity. The geographical character of the district north and north-east of the elbow of Orontes makes it the natural centre of Syria, so long as that country is held by a western power; and only Asiatic, and especially Arab, dynasties have neglected it for the oasis of Damascus. The two easiest routes from the Mediterranean, lying through the Orontes gorge and the Beilan Pass, converge in the plain of the Antioch Lake (Balük Geut or El Bahr) and are met there by # the road from the Amanic Gates (Baghche Pass) and western Commagene, which descends the valley of the Kara Su, # the roads from eastern Commagene and the Euphratean crossings at Samosata (Samsat) and Apamea Zeugma (Birejik), which descend the valleys of the Afrin and the Kuwaik, and # the road from the Euphratean ford at Thapsacus, which skirts the fringe of the Syrian steppe. Travellers by all these roads must proceed south by the single route of the Orontes valley. Alexander is said to have camped on the site of Antioch, and dedicated an altar to Zeus Bottiaeus, which lay in the northwest of the future city. But the first western sovereign practically to recognize the importance of the district was Antigonus, who began to build a city, Antigonia, on the Kara Su a few miles north of the situation of Antioch; but, on his defeat, he left it to serve as a quarry for his rival Seleucus. The latter is said to have appealed to augury to determine the exact site of his projected foundation; but less fantastic considerations went far to settle it. To build south of the river, and on and under the last east spur of Casius, was to have security against invasion from the north, and command of the abundant waters of the mountain. One torrent, the Onopniktes ("donkey-drowner"), flowed through the new city, and many other streams came down a few miles west into the beautiful suburb of Daphne. The site appears not to have been found wholly uninhabited. A settlement, Meroe, boasting a shrine of Anait, called by the Greeks the "Persian Artemis," had long been located there, and was ultimately included in the eastern suburbs of the new city; and there seems to have been a village on the spur (Mt. Silpius), of which we hear in late authors under the name Io, or Iopolis. This name was always adduced as evidence by Antiochenes (e.g. Libanius) anxious to affiliate themselves to the Attic Ionians--an anxiety which is illustrated by the Athenian types used on the city's coins. At any rate, Io may have been a small early colony of trading Greeks (Javan). John Malalas mentions also a village, Bottia, in the plain by the river. The original city of Seleucus was laid out in imitation of the "gridiron" plan of Alexandria by the architect, Xenarius. Libanius describes the first building and arrangement of this city (i. p. 300. 17). The citadel was on Mt. Silpius and the city lay mainly on the low ground to the north, fringing the river. Two great colonnaded streets intersected in the centre. Shortly afterwards a second quarter was laid out, probably on the east and by Antiochus I, which, from an expression of Strabo, appears to have been the native, as contrasted with the Greek, town. It was enclosed by a wall of its own. In the Orontes, north of the city, lay a large island, and on this Seleucus II Callinicus began a third walled "city," which was finished by Antiochus III. A fourth and last quarter was added by Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BC); and thenceforth Antioch was known as Tetrapolis. From west to east the whole was about 4 miles in diameter and little less from north to south, this area including many large gardens. Of its population in the Greek and Classical Roman period we know nothing, but it is generally estimated at around 500,000 people living in 15 square kilometers by the 1st century A.D.. In the 4th century A.D. it was about 200,000 according to Chrysostom, who probably did not reckon slaves. About 4 miles west and beyond the suburb, Heraclea, lay the paradise of Daphne, a park of woods and waters, in the midst of which rose a great temple to the Pythian Apollo, founded by Seleucus I. and enriched with a cult-statue of the god, as Musagetes, by Bryaxis. A companion sanctuary of Hecate was constructed underground by Diocletian. The beauty and the lax morals of Daphne were celebrated all over the western world; and indeed Antioch as a whole shared in both these titles to fame. Its amenities awoke both the enthusiasm and the scorn of many writers of antiquity. Antioch became the capital and court-city of the western Seleucid empire under Antiochus I, its counterpart in the east being Seleucia on the Tigris; but its paramount importance dates from the battle of Ancyra (240 BC), which shifted the Seleucid centre of gravity from Asia Minor, and led indirectly to the rise of Pergamum. Thenceforward the Seleucids resided at Antioch and treated it as their capital par excellence. We know little of it in the Greek period, apart from Syria, all our information coming from authors of the late Roman time. Among its great Greek buildings we hear only of the theatre, of which substructures still remain on the flank of Silpius, and of the royal palace, probably situated on the island. It enjoyed a great reputation for letters and the arts (Cicero pro Archia, 3); but the only names of distinction in these pursuits during the Seleucid period, that have come down to us, are Apollophanes, the Stoic, and one Phoebus, a writer on dreams. The mass of the population seems to have been only superficially Hellenic, and to have spoken Aramaic in non-official life. The nicknames which they gave to their later kings were Aramaic; and, except Apollo and Daphne, the great divinities of north Syria seem to have remained essentially native, such as the "Persian Artemis" of Meroe and Atargatis of Hierapolis Bambyce. We may infer, from its epithet, "Golden," that the external appearance of Antioch was magnificent; but the city needed constant restoration owing to the seismic disturbances to which the district has always been peculiarly liable. The first great earthquake is said by the native chronicler John Malalas, who tells us most that we know of the city, to have occurred in 148 BC, and to have done immense damage. The inhabitants were turbulent, fickle and notoriously dissolute. In the many dissensions of the Seleucid house they took violent part, and frequently rose in rebellion, for example against Alexander Balas in 147 BC, and Demetrius II in 129. The latter, enlisting a body of Jews, punished his capital with fire and sword. In the last struggles of the Seleucid house, Antioch turned definitely against its feeble rulers, invited Tigranes of Armenia to occupy the city in 83, tried to unseat Antiochus XIII in 65, and petitioned Rome against his restoration in the following year. Its wish prevailed, and it passed with Syria to the Roman Republic in 64 BC, but remained a civitas libera. The Romans both felt and expressed boundless contempt for the hybrid Antiochenes; but their emperors favoured the city from the first, seeing in it a more suitable capital for the eastern part of the empire than Alexandria could ever be, thanks to the isolated position of Egypt. To a certain extent they tried to make it an eastern Rome. Caesar visited it in 47 BC, and confirmed its freedom. A great temple to Jupiter Capitolinus rose on Silpius, probably at the instance of Octavian, whose cause the city had espoused. A forum of Roman type was laid out. Tiberius built two long colonnades on the south towards Silpius. Agrippa and Tiberius enlarged the theatre, and Trajan finished their work. Antoninus Pius paved the great east to west artery with granite. A circus, other colonnades and great numbers of baths were built, and new aqueducts to supply them bore the names of Caesars, the finest being the work of Hadrian. The Roman client, King Herod, erected a long stoa on the east, and Agrippa encouraged the growth of a new suburb south of this. Agrippa.]] Under the empire we chiefly hear of the earthquakes which shook Antioch. One, in AD 37, caused the emperor Caligula to send two senators to report on the condition of the city. Another followed in the next reign; and in 115, during Trajan's sojourn in the place with his army of Parthia, the whole site was convulsed, the landscape altered, and the emperor himself forced to take shelter in the circus for several days. He and his successor restored the city; but in 526, after minor shocks, the calamity returned in a terrible form; the octagonal cathedral which had been erected by the emperor Constantius II suffered and thousands of lives were lost, largely those of Christians gathered to a great church assembly. We hear also of especially terrific earthquakes on November 29 528 and October 31 588. At Antioch Germanicus died in AD 19, and his body was burnt in the forum. Titus set up the Cherubim, captured from the Jewish temple, over one of the gates. Commodus had Olympic games celebrated at Antioch, and in 266 the town was suddenly raided by the Persians, who slew many in the theatre. In 387 there was a great sedition caused by a new tax levied by order of Theodosius, and the city was punished by the loss of its metropolitan status. Zeno, who renamed it Theopolis, restored many of its public buildings just before the great earthquake of 526, whose destructive work was completed by the Persian Chosroes twelve years later. Justinian I made an effort to revive it, and Procopius describes his repairing of the walls; but its glory was past. The chief interest of Antioch under the empire lies in its relation to Christianity. Evangelized perhaps by Peter, according to the tradition upon which the Antiochene patriarchate still rests its claim for primacy (cf. Acts xi.), and certainly by Barnabas and Paul, who here preached his first Christian sermon in a synagogue, its converts were the first to be called Christians (Acts 11:26). They multiplied exceedingly, and by the time of Theodosius were reckoned by Chrysostom at about 100,000 souls. Between 252 and 300 A.D. ten assemblies of the church were held at Antioch and it became the seat of one of the four original patriarchates, along with Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome (see Pentarchy). Today Antioch remains the seat of a patriarchate of the Oriental Orthodox churches. One of the canonical Eastern Orthodox churches is still called the Antiochian Orthodox Church, although it moved its headquarters from Antioch to Damascus, Syria, several centuries ago (see list of Patriarchs of Antioch), and its prime bishop retains the title "Patriarch of Antioch," somewhat analogous to the manner in which several Popes, heads of the Roman Catholic Church remained "Bishop of Rome" even while residing in Avignon, France in the 14th Century of the Common Era. When Julian visited the place in 362 the impudent population railed at him for his favour to Jewish and pagan rites, and to revenge itself for the closing of its great church of Constantine, burned down the temple of Apollo in Daphne. The emperor's rough and severe habits and his rigid administration prompted Antiochene lampoons, to which he replied in the curious satiric apologia, still extant, which he called Misopogon. His successor, Valens, who endowed Antioch with a new forum having a statue of Valentinian on a central column, reopened the great church, which stood till the sack of Chosroes in 538. Antioch gave its name to a certain school of Christian thought, distinguished by literal interpretation of the Scriptures and insistence on the human limitations of Jesus. Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia were the leaders of this school. The principal local saint was Simeon Stylites, who performed his penance on a hill some 40 miles east. His body was brought to the city and buried in a building erected under the emperor Leo. Leo In 638, during the reign of Heraclius, Antioch passed into Saracen hands, and (as Arabic أنطاكيّة Antākiyyah) decayed apace for more than 300 years; but in 969 it was recovered for the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas by Michael Burza and Peter the Eunuch. In 1084 the Seljuk Turks captured it but held it only fourteen years, yielding place to the Crusaders, who besieged it for nine months during the First Crusade, enduring frightful sufferings. Being at last betrayed, it was given to Bohemund, prince of Tarentum, and it remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries. It fell at last to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baibars, in 1268, after a great destruction and slaughter. Together with the fact that large ships could no longer enter the Orontes because too much sand had accumulated in the river bed over the centuries, that meant it was never to become a major city again, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta (Iskenderun). Little remains now of the ancient city, except colossal ruins of aqueducts and part of the Roman walls, which are used as quarries for modern Antakia; but no scientific examination of the site has been made. A statue in the Vatican and a silver statuette in the British Museum perpetuate the type of its great effigy of the civic Fortune of Antioch--a majestic seated figure, with Orontes as a youth issuing from under her feet. Antakya, the modern town, is still of considerable importance. It is still the centre of a large district, growing in wealth and productiveness with the draining of its central lake, undertaken by a French company. In 1822 (as in 1872) Antakia suffered by earthquake, and when Ibrahim Pasha made it his headquarters in 1835, it had only some 5000 inhabitants. Its hopes, based on a Euphrates valley railway, which was to have started from its port of Suedia (Seleucia), were doomed to disappointment, and it suffered repeatedly from visitations of cholera; but it did nevertheless grow rapidly and resumed much of its old importance when a railway was made down the lower Orontes valley. Antakya is the capital of the province Hatay. Many other cities within the Seleucid empire were also named Antioch, most of them founded by Seleucus I Nicator. It is said of Seleucus I Nicator that "few princes have ever lived with so great a passion for the building of cities. He is reputed to have built in all nine Seleucias, sixteen Antiochs, and six Laodiceas". For instance Pisidian Antioch in Central-West Turkey is where Saint Paul gave his first sermon to the Gentiles (Acts 13:13-52{{{

Raymond of Antioch

Raymond of Poitiers (c.1105 – June 27, 1149) was prince of Antioch 1136–1149. He was the youngest son of William IX, duke of Aquitaine and his wife Philippa, countess of Toulouse. Following the regencies of Baldwin II of Jerusalem (1130–1131) and Fulk of Jerusalem (1131–1136), Raymond assumed the control of the principality of Antioch by his marriage in 1136 with the heiress of Bohemund II of Antioch, Constance, a child of ten years of age. The marriage had the blessing of the Patriarch of Antioch, but not of Alice of Antioch, the mother of the bride, who believed that Raymond was intended to be her husband. The first years of Raymond and Constance's joint rule were spent with conflicts with the Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus, who had come south partly to recover Cilicia from Leo of Armenia, and to reassert his rights over Antioch. Raymond was forced to do homage, and even to promise to cede his principality as soon as he was recompensed by a new fief, which John promised to carve for him in the Muslim territory to the east of Antioch. The expedition of 1138, in which Raymond joined with John, and which was to conquer this territory, naturally proved a failure: Raymond was not anxious to help the emperor to acquire new territories, when their acquisition only meant for him the loss of Antioch. John Comnenus returned unsuccessful to Constantinople, after demanding from Raymond, without response, the surrender of the citadel of Antioch. There followed a struggle between Raymond and the patriarch. Raymund was annoyed by the homage which he had been forced to pay to the patriarch in 1135 and the dubious validity of the patriarch's election offered a handle for opposition. Eventually Raymond triumphed, and the patriarch was deposed (1139). In 1142 John Comnenus returned to the attack, but Raymond refused to recognize or renew his previous submission; and John, though he ravaged the neighborhood of Antioch, was unable to effect anything against him. When, however Raymond demanded from Manuel, who had succeeded John in 1143, the cession of some of the Cilician towns, he found that he had met his match. Manuel forced him to a humiliating visit to Constantinople, during which he renewed his oath of homage and promised to acknowledge a Greek patriarch. In the last year of Raymond's life Louis VII and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine (Raymond's niece) visited Antioch. Raymond sought to prevent Louis from going south to Jerusalem, and to induce him to stay in Antioch and help in the conquest of Aleppo and Caesarea. Raymond was also suspected of having an incestuous affair with his beautiful niece Eleanor. According to John of Salisbury, Louis became suspicious of the attention Raymond lavished on Eleanor, and the long conversations they enjoyed. William of Tyre claims that Raymond seduced Eleanor to get revenge on her husband, who refused to aid him in his wars against the Saracens, and that "contrary to [Eleanor's] royal dignity, she disregarded her marriage vows and was unfaithful to her husband." At any rate Louis hastily left Antioch and Raymond was balked in his plans. In 1149 he was killed in the battle of Inab during an expedition against Nur ad-Din. He was beheaded by Shirkuh, the uncle of Saladin, and his head was placed in a silver box and sent to the caliph of Baghdad as a gift. Raymond is described by William of Tyre (the main authority for his career) as "a lord of noble descent, of tall and elegant figure, the handsomest of the princes of the earth, a man of charming affability and conversation, open-handed and magnificent beyond measure"; pre-eminent in the use of arms and military experience; litteratorum, licet ipse illiteratus esset, cultor ("although he was himself illiterate, he was a cultivator of literature" - he caused the Chanson des chétifs to be composed); a regular churchman and faithful husband; but headstrong, irascible and unreasonable, with too great a passion for gambling (bk. xiv. c. xxi.). For his career see Rey, in the Revue de l'orient latin, vol. iv. With Constance, Raymond had three children, a son and heir Bohemund III of Antioch and daughters Maria of Antioch and Philippa of Antioch.

Sources


- Maalouf, Amin. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984 Raymond of Antioch Raymond of Antioch Category:Princes of Antioch

1136

Events


- Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris
- Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise
- People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him.
- Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans at Crug Mawr.

Births


- Amalric I of Jerusalem
- William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198)

Deaths


- November 15 - Margrave Leopold III of Austria (born 1073)
- Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, Spanish mathematician and astronomer (born 1070)
- Al-Jurjani, Persian physician
- Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare (born 1094)
- William de Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Hughes de Payens, first Grand Master of the Knights Templar
- Boleslaus III of Poland (born 1086) Category:1136 ko:1136년

Principality of Antioch

The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade.

Foundation

First Crusade While Baldwin of Boulogne and Tancred headed east from Asia Minor to set up the County of Edessa, the main army of the First Crusade continued south to besiege Antioch. Bohemund of Taranto led the siege, beginning in October, 1097. With over four hundred towers, the city was almost impenetrable. The siege lasted throughout the winter, with much suffering among the Crusaders, who were often forced to eat their own horses, or, as legend has it, the bodies of their fellow Christians who had not survived. However, Bohemund convinced a guard in one of the towers, a former Christian named Firouz, to let the Crusaders enter the city. He did so on June 3, 1098, and a massacre of the Muslim inhabitants followed. Only four days later, a Muslim army from Mosul led by Kerbogha arrived to besiege the Crusaders themselves. Alexius I Comnenus, the Byzantine emperor, was on his way to assist the Crusaders, but turned back when he heard the city had already been retaken. However, the Crusaders were withstanding the siege, with help from a mystic named Peter Bartholomew. Peter claimed he had been visited by St. Andrew, who told him that the Holy Lance, which had pierced Christ's side as he was on the cross, was located in Antioch. The cathedral of St. Peter was excavated, and the Lance was discovered by Peter himself. Although Peter most likely planted it there himself (even the papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy believed this to be the case), it helped raise the spirits of the Crusaders. With the newly discovered relic at the head of the army, Bohemund marched out to meet Kerbogha, who was miraculously defeated — miraculously, according to the Crusaders, because an army of saints had appeared to help them on the battlefield. There was a lengthy dispute over who should control the city. Bohemund and the other Italian Normans eventually won, and Bohemund named himself prince. Bohemund was already prince (allodial lord) of Taranto in Italy, and he desired to continue such independence in his new lordship; thus he did not attempt to receive the title of Duke from his Byzantine enemy, nor any other title with deep feudal obligations, such as count. Meanwhile, an unknown epidemic spread throughout the Crusader camp; Adhemar of Le Puy was one of the victims.

Early history

Bohemond was captured in battle with the Danishmends in 1100, and his nephew Tancred became regent. Tancred expanded the borders of the Principality, taking the cities of Tarsus and Latakia from the Byzantine Empire. Bohemund was released in 1103, but left Tancred as regent again when he went to Italy to raise more troops in 1105. He used these troops to attack the Byzantines in 1107, and when he was defeated at Dyrrhachium in 1108 he was forced by Alexius I to sign the Treaty of Devol, which would make Antioch a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire upon Bohemund's death; Bohemund had actually promised to return any land that was reconquered when the Crusaders passed through Constantinople in 1097. Bohemund also fought Aleppo with Baldwin and Joscelin of the County of Edessa; when Baldwin and Joscelin were captured, Tancred became regent in Edessa as well. Bohemund left Tancred as regent once more and returned to Italy, where he died in 1111. Alexius wanted Tancred to return the Principality entirely to Byzantium, but Tancred was supported by the County of Tripoli and the Kingdom of Jerusalem; Tancred, in fact, had been the only Crusade leader who did not swear to return conquered land to Alexius (though none of the other leaders, including Bohemund, kept their oaths anyway). Tancred died in 1112 and was succeeded by Bohemund II, under the regency of Tancred's nephew Roger of Salerno, who defeated a Seljuk attack in 1113. However, on June 27, 1119, Roger was killed at the Ager Sanguinis (the Field of Blood), and Antioch became a vassal state of Jerusalem with King Baldwin II as regent until 1126 (although Baldwin spent much of this time in captivity in Aleppo). Bohemund II, who married Baldwin's daughter Alice, ruled for only four short years, and the Principality was inherited by his young daughter Constance; Baldwin II acted as regent again until his death in 1131, when Fulk of Jerusalem took power. In 1136 Constance, still only 10 years old, married Raymond of Poitiers, who was 36. Raymond, like his predecessors, attacked the Byzantine province of Cilicia. This time, however, Emperor John II Comnenus fought back. He arrived in Antioch in 1138 and forced Raymond to swear fealty to him, but a riot instigated by Joscelin II of Edessa forced him to leave. John had plans to reconquer all the Crusader states, but he died in 1142.

Antioch in the Byzantine Empire

After the fall of Edessa in 1144, Antioch was attacked by Nur ad-Din during the Second Crusade. Much of the eastern part of the Principality was lost, and Raymond was killed at the battle of Inab in 1149. Baldwin III of Jerusalem was technically regent for Raymond's widow Constance until 1153 when she married Raynald of Chatillon. Raynald, too, immediately found himself in conflict with the Byzantines, this time in Cyprus; he made peace with Manuel I Comnenus, however, in 1158, and the next year Manuel arrived to take personal control of the Principality. Henceforth, the Principality of Antioch was to be a vassal of Byzantium until Manuel's death in 1180. Although this arrangement meant that the Principality had to provide a contingent for the Byzantine Army (troops from Antioch participated in an attack on the Seljuk Turks in 1176), it also safeguarded the City against Nur ad-Din at a time when it was in serious danger of being overun. Nur ad-Din Raynald was taken prisoner by the Muslims in 1160, and the regency fell to the Patriarch of Antioch (Raynald was not released until 1176, and never returned to Antioch). Meanwhile, Manuel married Constance's daughter Maria, but as Constance was only nominally in charge of Antioch, she was deposed in 1163 and replaced by her son Bohemund III. Bohemund was taken captive by Nur ad-Din the following year, and the Orontes River became the permanent boundary between Antioch and Aleppo. Bohemund returned to Antioch in 1165, and married one of Manuel's nieces; he was also convinced to install a Greek Orthodox patriarch in the city. The Byzantine alliance came to an end with the death of the Emperor Manuel in 1180. Suddenly, Antioch was deprived of the Empire's protection, which had been enough to frighten Nur ad-Din away from intervening in the area for the past twenty years. Nevertheless, with help from the fleets of the Italian city-states Antioch survived Saladin's assault on the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. Neither Antioch nor Tripoli participated in the Third Crusade, although the remnants of Frederick Barbarossa's army briefly stopped in Antioch in 1190 to bury their king. Bohemund III's son, also named Bohemund, had become count of Tripoli after the Battle of Hattin, and Bohemund III's eldest son Raymond married an Armenian princess in 1194. Bohemund III died in 1201. Bohemund's death resulted in a struggle for control between Antioch, represented by Bohemund of Tripoli, and Armenia, represented by Bohemund III's grandson Raymond-Roupen. Bohemund of Tripoli, as Bohemund IV, took control by 1207, but Raymond briefly ruled as a rival from 1216 to 1219. Bohemund died in 1233, and Antioch, ruled by his son Bohemund V, played no important role in the Fifth Crusade, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II's struggles to take back Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade, or Louis IX of France's Seventh Crusade.

Fall of the Principality

In 1254 Bohemund VI married Sibylla, an Armenian princess, ending the power struggle between the two states, although by this point Armenia was the more powerful of the two and Antioch was essentially a vassal state. Both, however, were swept up by the conflict between the Mameluks and the Mongols; when the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Baibars began to threaten Antioch, which (as a vassal of the Armenians) had supported the Mongols. Baibars finally took the city in 1268, and all of northern Syria was quickly lost; twenty-three years later, Acre was taken, and the Crusader states ceased to exist. The empty title of "Prince of Antioch" passed, with the extinction of the Counts of Tripoli, to the Kings of Cyprus, and was sometimes granted as a dignity to junior members of the royal house.

Geography and demographics

The Principality of Antioch was, even at its greatest extent, much smaller than Edessa and Jerusalem. It extended around the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea, bordering on the County of Tripoli to the south, Edessa to the east, and the Byzantine Empire or the Kingdom of Armenia to the northwest, depending on the date. It probably had about 20 000 inhabitants in the 12th century, most of whom were Armenians and Greek Orthodox Christians, with a few Muslims outside the city itself. Most of the crusaders who settled there were of Norman origin and/or from southern Italy, as were the first rulers of the principality who surrounded themselves with their own loyal subjects. There were few Roman Catholics apart from the Crusaders who set up the Principality, even though the city was turned into a Latin Patriarchate in 1100.

Princes of Antioch, 1098–1268


- Bohemund I 1098–1111
  - Tancred, Prince of Galilee, regent, 1100–1103; 1105–1112
- Bohemund II 1111–1130
  - Roger of Salerno, regent, 1112–1119
  - Baldwin II of Jerusalem, regent, 1119–1126; 1130–1131
- Constance 1130–1163
  - Fulk of Jerusalem, regent, 1131–1136
- Raymond of Poitiers 1136–1149 (by marriage)
- Raynald of Chatillon 1153–1160 (by marriage)
- Bohemund III 1163–1201
- Bohemund IV 1201–1216
- Raymond-Roupen 1216–1219
- Bohemund IV (restored) 1219–1233
- Bohemund V 1233–1251
- Bohemund VI 1251–1268

Titular Princes of Antioch 1268–1457


- Bohemund VI 1268–127