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Little Joe 1B
Little Joe 1B
Mercury program . The mission also carried a female Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) named Miss Sam in the Mercury spacecraft. The mission was launched January 21 , 1960 , from Wallops Island, Virginia. The Little Joe 1B flew to an apogee of 9.3 statute miles (15.0 km) and a range of 11.7 miles (18.9 km) out to sea. Miss Sam survived the 8 minute 35 second flight in good condition. The spacecraft was recovered by a Marine helicopter and returned to Wallops Island within about 45 minutes. Maximum speed was 2,055 mph (3,307 km/h) and acceleration was 4.5 g (44 m/s²). Miss Sam was one of many Monkeys in space . Payload 1,007 kg.
Category:Mercury program
Rhesus monkey
The Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta ), often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys . It is a typical macaque , common throughout Afghanistan to northern India and southern China . Rhesus Macaques grow to a length of 64 centimetres, with tails reaching 30 centimetres. Males may weigh up to 6 kilograms, while females are around half the weight. They are brownish to grey in colour with pinkish faces.
In science
The Rhesus Monkey is well known to science owing to its relatively easy upkeep in captivity, having been used extensively in medical and biological research. It has given its name to the Rhesus factor , one of the elements of a person's blood group . Rhesus Monkeys were also used in the well-known experiments on maternal deprivation carried out in the 1950s by comparative psychologist Harry Harlow . NASA launched Rhesus Macaques into space during the 1950s and 60s .
In January of 2000 , the Rhesus Macaque became the first cloned primate with the birth of Tetra . January 2001 saw the birth of ANDi , the first transgenic primate; ANDi carries foreign gene s originally from a jellyfish .
Much of our knowledge of the natural behaviour of Rhesus Macaques comes from studies carried out on a colony established by the Caribbean Primate Research Center of the University of Puerto Rico on the island of Cayo Santiago , off Puerto Rico . There are no predators on the island, and humans are not permitted to land except as part of the research programmes. The colony is provisioned to some extent, but about 50% of its food comes from natural foraging.
In nature
Inhabiting arid, open areas, Rhesus Macaques may be found in grasslands, woodlands, and in mountainous regions up to 2,500 metres in elevation. They are good swimmers and are said to enjoy the activity. Rhesus Macaques are noted for their tendency to move from rural to urban areas, coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans. They have become pests in some areas, perceived as a possible risk to public health and safety.
Diurnal animals, Rhesus Macaques are both arboreal and terrestrial; they are mostly herbivorous and feed on leaves and pine needles, roots, and the occasional insect or small animal. The monkeys have specialized pouch-like cheeks, allowing them to temporarily horde their food. The gathered morsels are eaten sometime later, in safe surroundings.
Behaviour and reproduction
Like other macaques, the Rhesus troop comprises a mixture of males and females. The troop may contain up to 180 individuals, but 20 is the average. Females may outnumber the males by a ratio of 4:1. The social hierarchy is also matriarchal, rank dependent on lineage to the lead female. Care of young and territory surveillance duties are shared amongst the troop. While females are more or less placid, males are typically rowdy between themselves. Rhesus Macaques are characterised as vociferous monkeys. Monkeys that discover food will normally advertise the fact by specific calls, though it has been claimed that young or subordinate monkeys will sometimes seek to avoid doing so if their discovery has gone unobserved.
Mating is not confined to a specific season. Gestation may last from 135-194 days. Females are mature by three years of age, and males at four. They may live for 30 years or more.
Classification
There are several subspecies of Rhesus Macaque:
Macaca mulatta mulatta
Macaca mulatta villosa
Macaca mulatta vestita
Macaca mulatta lasiota
Macaca mulatta sanctijohannis
Macaca mulatta brevicauda
External links
Macaca mulatta Factsheet]
Category:Old World monkeys
January 21
January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar . There are 344 days remaining (345 in leap year s).
Events
1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade .
1276 - Innocent V becomes Pope .
1506 - The first contingent of 150 Swiss Guard s entered the Vatican .
1525 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel , Felix Manz , George Blaurock , and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse , Zürich , breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
1643 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga .
1720 - Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Stockholm .
1789 - The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth , is printed in Boston, Massachusetts .
1793 - After being found guilty for treason by the French Convention , Louis XVI of France is guillotine d.
1793 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland .
1853 - Russell L. Hawes patents the envelope -folding machine.
1861 - American Civil War : Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate .
1864 - The Tauranga Campaign starts during the Maori Wars .
1887 - The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) is formed.
Brisbane receives a daily rainfall of 465 millimetres - a record for any Australia n capital city.
1899 - Opel Motors opens for business.
1908 - New York City passes a law, the Sullivan Ordinance , making it illegal for women to smoke in public only to be vetoed by the mayor.
1911 - The first Monte Carlo Rally .
1915 - Kiwanis International founded in Detroit, Michigan .
1919 - Meeting in the Mansion House Dublin , the Sinn Féin adopts Ireland 's first constitution.
1924 - Vladimir Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin begins to purge his rivals to clear way for his leadership.
1925 - Albania declares itself a republic.
1941 - World War II : Australia n and British forces attack Tobruk , Libya .
1950 - Alger Hiss is convicted of perjury .
1954 - The first nuclear-powered submarine , the USS Nautilus , is launched in Groton, Connecticut by Mamie Eisenhower , then the First Lady of the United States .
1968 - Simon & Garfunkel release the Original Soundtrack to The Graduate Simon a Grammy for Best Original Score .
1969 - An experimental underground nuclear reactor at Lucens Vad , Switzerland , released radiation into a cavern, which was then sealed.
1976 - The first commercial service Concorde 1977 - President Jimmy Carter pardons nearly all Vietnam War draft evaders.
1994 - Lorena Bobbitt is found not-guilty by reason of temporary insanity for severing the penis of her husband John Bobbitt .
1997 - Newt Gingrich becomes the first leader of the United States House of Representatives to be internally disciplined for ethical misconduct.
1999 - War on Drugs : In one of the one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds (4,300 kg) of cocaine on board.
2002 - Canadian Dollar sets all-time low against the US Dollar (US$0.6179).
2003 - The terms of Kevin Mitnick 's parole allow him to use a computer again.
2004 - Canada : The residence of reporter , Juliet O'Neill was searched by the RCMP investigating leaks concerning the deportation of Maher Arar .
2004 - NASA 's MER-A (the Mars Rover Spirit ) ceased communication with mission control. The problem was with Flash Memory management and fixed remotely from Earth on Feb 6th.
2005 - In Belize's capital city , the unrest over the government's new taxes erupts into riot s.
Births
1738 - Ethan Allen , American patriot (d. 1789 )
1804 - Eliza Roxcy Snow , American poet (d. 1887 )
1824 - Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson , American Confederate Army general (d. 1863 )
1829 - King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907 )
1848 - Henri Duparc , French composer (d. 1933 )
1855 - John Moses Browning , American inventor (d. 1926 )
1867 - Ludwig Thoma , German writer (d. 1921 )
Maxime Weygand , French general (d. 1965 )
1883 - Olav Aukrust , Norwegian poet (d. 1929 )
1884 - Roger Baldwin , American social activist (d. 1981 )
1885 - Umberto Nobile , Italian politician and airship designer (d. 1978 )
1895 - Cristóbal Balenciaga , Spanish couturier (d. 1972 )
1905 - Christian Dior , French fashion designer (d. 1957 )
Karl Wallenda , German acrobat (d. 1978 )
1912 - Konrad Emil Bloch , German-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2000 )
1921 - Howard Unruh , American mass murderer
1922 - Paul Scofield , English actor
1924 - Telly Savalas , American actor (d. 1994 )
1926 - Steve Reeves , American actor (d. 2000 )
1936 - Koji Hashimoto , Japanese film director (d. 2005 )
1938 - Altair Gomes de Figueiredo , Brazilian football player
1939 - Wolfman Jack , disk jockey and actor (d. 1995 )
1940 - Jack Nicklaus , American golfer
1941 - Plácido Domingo , Spanish-born tenor
Richie Havens , American musician
1942 - Mac Davis , American musician
Edwin Starr , American singer (d. 2003 )
1946 - Johnny Oates , baseball player and manager (d. 2004 )
1950 - Billy Ocean , West Indian musician
1953 - Paul Allen , American entrepreneur
1955 - Jeff Koons , American artist
1956 - Robby Benson , American actor
Geena Davis , American actress
1962 - Marie Trintignant , French actress (d. 2003 )
1963 - Hakeem Olajuwon , Nigerian-born basketball player
Detlef Schrempf , German basketball player
1965 - Jam Master Jay , American disc jockey (d. 2002 )
1968 - Charlotte Ross , American actress
1971 - Alan McManus , Scottish snooker player
1975 - Nicky Butt , English footballer
1976 - Emma Bunton , English singer (Spice Girls )
1977 - Philip Neville , English footballer
1979 - Brian O'Driscoll , Irish rugby player
1981 - Dany Heatley , German hockey player
Deaths
304 - Saint Agnes (martyred)
1118 - Pope Paschal II
1519 - Vasco Núñez de Balboa , Spanish explorer
1527 - Juan de Grijalva , Spanish conquistador
1546 - Azai Sukemasa , Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1491 )
1609 - Joseph Justus Scaliger , French protestant scholar (b. 1540 )
1638 - Ignazio Donati , Italian composer
1683 - Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury , British politican (b. 1621 )
1699 - Obadiah Walker , English writer (b. 1616 )
1706 - Adrien Baillet , French scholar and critic (b. 1649 )
1710 - Johann Georg Gichtel , German mystic (b. 1638 )
1722 - Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton , English supporter of William III of England (b. 1661 )
1731 - Thomas Woolston , English theologian (b. 1669 )
1766 - James Quin , English actor (b. 1693 )
1773 - Alexis Piron , French writer (b. 1689 )
1774 - Mustafa III , Ottoman Sultan (b. 1717 )
1793 - King Louis XVI of France (executed) (b. 1754 )
1795 - Samuel Wallis , English navigator
1831 - Achim von Arnim , German poet (b. 1781 )
1851 - Albert Lortzing , German composer (b. 1801 )
1870 - Alexander Herzen , Russian writer (b. 1812 )
1872 - Franz Grillparzer , Austrian writer (b. 1791 )
1881 - Wilhelm Matthias Naeff , Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1802 )
1891 - Calixa Lavallée , Canadian composer (b. 1842 )
1901 - Elisha Gray , American inventor (b. 1835 )
1914 - Theodor Kittelsen , Norwegian artist (b. 1857 )
1919 - Gojong of Joseon , Emperor of Korea (b. 1852 )
1924 - Vladimir Lenin , Russian Revolutionary (b. 1870 )
1926 - Camillo Golgi , Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1843 )
1928 - George Goethals , American army engineer (b. 1858 )
1931 - Felix Blumenfeld , Russian composer and conductor (b. 1863 )
1932 - Giles Lytton Strachey British writer (b. 1880 )
1933 - George A. Moore , Irish novelist (b. 1852 )
1948 - Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari , Italian composer (b. 1876 )
1950 - George Orwell , British writer (b. 1903 )
1955 - Archie Hahn , American athlete (b. 1880 )
1959 - Cecil B. DeMille , American director (b. 1881 )
Carl Switzer , American actor (b. 1927 )
1961 - Blaise Cendrars , Swiss writer (b. 1887 )
1967 - Ann Sheridan , American actress (b. 1915 )
1984 - Jackie Wilson , American musician (b. 1934 )
1985 - James Beard , American chef and author (b. 1903 )
1987 - Charles Goodell , American politician (b. 1926 )
1989 - Billy Tipton , American musician (b. 1914 )
1993 - Charlie Gehringer , baseball player (b. 1903 )
1997 - Colonel Tom Parker , American manager of Elvis Presley (b. 1909 )
1998 - Jack Lord , American actor (b. 1920 )
1999 - Susan Strasberg , American actress (b. 1938 )
2001 - Byron De La Beckwith , American white supremacist (b. 1921 )
Chung Ju-yung , Korean industrialist (b. 1915 )
2002 - Peggy Lee , American singer (b. 1920 )
2004 - Yordan Radichkov , Bulgarian writer (b. 1929 )
2005 - Parveen Babi , Indian actress (b. 1955 )
John L. Hess , American journalist (b. 1917 )
Theun de Vries , Dutch writer (b. 1907 )
Holidays and observances
Catholicism - Feast day of Saint Agnes
Mauritius - Thaipoosam Cavadee
National Hugging Day
External links
January 20 - January 22 - December 21 - February 21 — listing of all days
ko:1월 21일
ms:21 Januari
ja:1月21日
simple:January 21
th:21 มกราคม
1960
1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar).
Events
January-February
January - State of emergency is lifted in Kenya - Mau Mau Rebellion is officially over
January 1 - Independence of Cameroon
January 9 -11 - Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt
January 14 - Reserve bank and Commonwealth Bank are created
January 21 - Mine collapses at Coalbrook , South Africa - 437 dead
January 22 - In France , president Charles de Gaulle fires Jacques Massun , commander-in-chief for the French troops in Algeria
January 22 -23 - Jacques Piccard and Donald Walsh descend into the Marianas Trench in the bathyscape Trieste January 23 - Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh in the bathyscaphe USS Trieste Challenger Deep 35,820 feet (10,750 meters ) below sea level in the Pacific Ocean
January 24 - A major insurrection in Algiers against French colonial policy
January 25 - The National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the Payola scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockey s who accepted money for playing particular records
February 1 - In Greensboro, N.C. , four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter . Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the South, and six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same counter.
February 5 - Particle accelerator of CERN inaugurated in Geneve, Switzerland
February 8 -February 9 - Adolph Coors II killed during an attempt to kidnap him in Colorado . Joseph Corbett Jr is arrested next October
February 9 - Joanne Woodward receives the first star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
February 9 - Adolph Coors III , chairman of the board of the Coors Brewing Company , is kidnapped and captors demand $500,000. Coors is later found dead and Joseph Corbett Jr is indicted.
February 10 - In Brussels , conference about Congo independence begins
February 11 - 12 India n soldiers die in clashes with Chinese troops at the border
February 11 - The airship ZPG-3W is destroyed in a storm in Massachusetts
February 13 - Nuclear testing : France tests its first atomic bomb in Sahara
February 18 - 1960 Winter Olympics open in Squaw Valley , California .
February 29 -March 1 night - Earthquake totally destroys Agadir , Morocco .
March-April
Morocco
March 6 - Vietnam War : The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers are going to be sent to Vietnam
March 6 - Canton of Geneve in Switzerland gives women the right to vote
March 21 - Apartheid : Massacre in Sharpeville , South Africa : Afrikaner police open fire on a group of unarmed black South African demonstrators, killing 69 and wounding 180.
March 22 - Arthur Leonard Schawlow & Charles Hard Townes receive the first patent for a laser .
April 1 - Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad , 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia dies in office. He is replaced by Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah , Sultan of Selangor .
April 1 - The United States launches the first weather satellite , TIROS-1
April 4 - First three female priests ordained in Sweden
April 9 - Gunman attacks South Africa n Prime Minister Verwoerd in Johannesburg and wounds him seriously
April 12 - Eric Peugeot , youngest son of founder of Peugeot is kidnapped in Paris . Kidnappers release him April 15 in exchange for $300,000 ransom
April 13 - USA launches navigation satellite Transat I-b
April 21 - In Brazil , The Country's capital (Federal District ) is shifted from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília . The Estado da Guanabara (State of Guanabara) is founded to succeed Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian Federal District .
April 27 - Togo gains independence from French -administered UN trusteeship
May
May 1 - Soviet missile shoots down the US U2 spy plane; the pilot Gary Powers is captured
May 4 - West German refugee minister Theodor Oberländer is fired because of his nazi past
May 9 - Reproductive rights : The Food and Drug Administration approves sale of the birth control pill
May 10 - The nuclear submarine USS Nautilus completes the first under water circumnavigation of the Earth
May 11 - In Buenos Aires four Mossad agents abduct fugitive Nazi Adolf Eichmann who was using the assumed name "Ricardo Klement"
May 13 - First ascent of Dhaulagiri , world's 7th highest mountain
May 14 - Kenyan African National Congress party is founded in Kenya when three political parties join forces
May 15 - Sputnik 4 is launched into Earth orbit
May 16 - Nikita Khrushchev demands an apology from US President Dwight D. Eisenhower for U-2 spy plane flights over the Soviet Union thus ending a Big Four summit in Paris
May 16 - Theodore Maiman operates the first laser .
May 20 - In Japan , police carries away socialist members of the diet . Parliament then approves a security treaty with the USA
May 22 - Great Chilean Earthquake : Chile 's subduction fault ruptures from Talcahuano to Península de Taitao , loosing a tsunami and one of the greatest earthquake s on record
May 23 - Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion announces that Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann has been captured
May 27 - In Turkey , a bloodless military coup d'état removes President Celal Bayar and the government and invites General Cemal Gürsel as the head of state.
June-July
June 4 - Lake Bodom murders in Finland .
June 9 - Typhoon Mary kills 1600 in Fukien province of China
June 15 - Violent demonstration s in Tokyo University - police arrests 182, 589 are injured
June 15 - BC Ferries , the second largest ferry operator in the world starts service between Tsawwassen and Swartz Bay .
June 20 - Independence of Mali and Senegal
June 22 - Erin Brockovich is born.
June 23 - Japan ese prime minister Kishi announces his resignation
June 24 - Joseph Kasavubu elected the first president of independent Congo
June 24 - Avro 748 first flight at Woodford , UK
June 26 - British Somaliland gains independence from UK - 5 days later it united with the former Italian Somaliland to create modern Somali Republic
June 30 - Belgian Congo gains independence from Belgium - civil war follows
June 30 - The Mali Federation between Senegal and Sudanese Republic (modern-day Mali ) gains independence from France
July 1 - A Soviet MiG fighter north of Murmansk in the Barents Sea shot down a six-man RB-47 . Two United States Air Force officers survived and were imprisoned in Moscow 's dreaded Lubyanka prison . (see RB-47H shot down )
July 4 - Following the admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state the previous year, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
July 10 - The Soviet Union beat Yugoslavia 2-1 to win the first European Football Championship
July 11 - Moise Tshombe declares the Congolese province of Katanga independent; he receives Belgian help
July 12 - Orlyonok , the main Young Pioneer camp of the Russian SFSR , is founded
July 14 - United Nations decides to send troops to Katanga to oversee Belgian troops withdrawal
July 20 - Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) elects Sirimavo Bandaranaike Prime Minister, the world's first female head of government.
July 21 - Francis Chichester , English navigator and yachtsman, arrives in New York aboard Gypsy Moth II - he has made a record solo Atlantic crossing in 40 days
July 27 - OECD founded
August
Stanley Clifford Weyman , US impostor, is killed when he tries to prevent a robbery
August 5 - Burkina Faso declares independence from France
August 6 - Cuban Revolution : In response to a United States embargo, Cuba nationalizes American and foreign-owned property in the nation.
August 6 - In Congo , Albert Kalonji declares independence of Autonomous State of South Kasai
August 7 - Côte d'Ivoire becomes independent.
August 11 - Chad becomes independent.
August 16 - Joseph Kittinger parachutes from a balloon over New Mexico at 102,800 feet (31,333 m). He sets unbeaten (as of 2005 ) world records for: high-altitude jump; free-fall by falling 16 miles (25.7 km) before opening his parachute ; and fastest speed by a human without motorized assistance, 982 km/h (614 mi/h).
August 16 - Cyprus gains its independence from the United Kingdom
August 17 - Gabon gains independence from France
August 17 - Trial of U-2 pilot Gary Powers begins in Moscow
August 18 - Enovid , the first commercially produced oral contraceptive , is launched in Skokie, Illinois
August 19 - Cold War : In Moscow , downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to ten years imprisonment by the Soviet Union for espionage
August 19 - Sputnik program : The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 5 with the dog s Belka and Strelka (Russian for "Squirrel" and "Little Arrow"), 40 mice , 2 rat s and a variety of plant s. The spacecraft return to earth the next day and all animals are recovered safely.
August 20 - Senegal breaks from the Mali federation, declaring independence.
August 25 - 1960 Summer Olympics open in Rome . USS Seadragon (SSN-584) surfaces at the north pole where the crew plays softball.
August 29 - September 13 - Hurricane Donna kills 50 in Florida -New England area
September-October
September 1 - Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah , Sultan of Selangor and 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia , dies in office. He is replaced by Tuanku Syed Putra , Raja of Perlis .
September 1 - Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad , marking the first shutdown in the history of the company (event lasted 2 days)
September 5 - Cassius Clay wins the gold medal in boxing at the Rome Olympic Games .
September 5 - Congo president Joseph Kasavubu fires Patrice Lumumba 's government and places him under house arrest
September 8 - In Huntsville, Alabama , US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA had already activated the facility on July 1 )
September 14 - Colonel Joseph Mobutu takes power in Congo in a military coup
September 14 - Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela form OPEC
September 26 - The two leading US presidential candidates, Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy , participate in the first televised presidential debate.
October 1 - Nigeria gains independence - Nnamdi Azikiwe is the first native Governor General
October 3 - Jânio Quadros , elected president of Brazil , for a five-year term.
October 5 - White South Africa ns vote to make country a republic.
October 7 - Second notable flood in Horncastle
October 12 - Cold War : Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a table at a General Assembly of the United Nations meeting to protest discussion of Soviet Union policy toward Eastern Europe .
October 12 - Otoya Yamaguchi asassinates Inejiro Asanuma , chairman of Japanese Socialist Party
October 14 - US presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps
October 24 - Rocket explodes in Baikonur space center during fueling - 91 dead
October 29 - In Louisville, Kentucky , Cassius Clay (who later took the name Muhammad Ali ) wins his first professional fight
November
Muhammad Ali
November 1 - While campaigning for President of the United States , John F. Kennedy announces his idea of the Peace Corps .
November 2 - Penguin Books is found not guilty of obscenity in the Lady Chatterley's Lover November 8 - U.S. presidential election, 1960 : In a close race, John F. Kennedy is elected over Richard M. Nixon , becoming the youngest man elected to that office.
November 13 - Sammy Davis, Jr. marries Swedish actress May Britt . Interracial marriage is still illegal in 31 US states out of 50.
November 15 - The Polaris missile is test launched
November 22 - United Nations supports government of Joseph Kasa Vubu and Joseph Mobutu in Congo
November 28 - Mauritania becomes independent of France
November 30 - Production of the De Soto automobile brand ceases
December
December 1 - Patrice Lumumba , the deposed premier of the Congo was arrested by troops of Col. Joseph Mobutu .
December 1 - A 5-ton Soviet space ship containing animals, insects and plants was launched into orbit. The spacecraft burned up upon re-entry.
December 2 - The Archbishop of Canterbury , the Most Rev. Geoffrey Francis Fisher, talked with Pope John XXIII for about an hour in the Vatican . It was the first time in more than 500 years that a head of the Anglican church had visited the Pope.
December 2 - U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the use of $1M for the relief and resettlement of Cuban refugees in Florida . Cuban refugees have been arriving in Florida at the rate of 1,000 a week.
December 2 - Congolese soldiers arrest Patrice Lumumba .
December 4 - Admission to the United Nations of Mauritania was vetoed by the USSR .
December 5 - Pierre Lagaillarde , who led 1958 and 1960 insurrections in Algeria , failed to appear in a Paris court. He was reported to have fled with 4 fellow defendants to Spain en route to Algeria.
December 7 - The United Nations Security Council was called into session by the USSR to consider the Soviet demands that the U.N. seek the immediate release of former Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba .
December 9 - French President Charles de Gaulle 's visit to Algeria was marked by bloody riots by European and Muslim mobs in Algeria's largest cities, killing 127 people.
December 12 - A Federal Court ruling that Louisiana 's anti-integration laws were unconstitutional was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court .
December 13 - While the Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was on a visit to Brazil , an unsuccessful revolt against his rule is carried out by his Imperial Guard. The rebels proclaim the emperor's son, Crown Prince Asfa Wossen .
December 13 - Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua and Honduras found the Central American Common Market .
December 14 - Antione Gizenga proclaims in Stanleyville in the Congo that he has assumed the premiership.
December 14 - OECD formed in Paris .
December 15 - King Mahendra of Nepal deposes the government and takes power into his own hands.
December 15 - Royal wedding in Belgium : King Baudouin of Belgium marries Doña Fabiola de Mora y Aragon .
December 16 - U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter announced that the United States would commit five atomic submarines and 80 Polaris missiles to NATO by the end of 1963 .
December 16 - The midair collision between a United Airlines DC-8 and a TWA Super-Constellation over New York City kills all 128 on both planes and 6 persons on the ground.
December 17 - Troops loyal to Haile Selassie I in Ethiopia suppress the revolt that started on December 13 and give power back to their leader upon his return from Brazil . Haile Selassie absolves his son of any guilt.
December 19 - Fire sweeps through the USS Constellation , the U.S. 's largest aircraft carrier, while it is under construction at a Brooklyn Navy Yard pier, injuring 150 and killing 50.
December 20 - Discoverer XIX is launched into polar orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base , to measure radiation .
December 27 - France sets off its third nuclear test blast at its atomic proving grounds at Reggane , Algeria .
Births
January-February
January 2 - Christian Bartolf , German political scientist and writer
January 4 - Michael Stipe , American singer (R.E.M. )
January 6 - Nigella Lawson , British chef and writer
January 6 - Howie Long , American football player
January 12 - Oliver Platt , Canadian actor
January 13 - Kevin Anderson , American actor
January 22 - Michael Hutchence , Australian musician (INXS ) (d. 1997 )
January 28 - Robert von Dassanowsky , American cultural historian, writer, and producer
January 29 - Greg Louganis , American diver
January 29 - Gia Carangi , American model (d. 1986 )
January 29 - Sean Kerly , British field hockey player
February 4 - Adrienne King , American actress
February 7 - James Spader , American actor
February 10 - Robert Addie , British actor (d. 2003 )
February 11 - Richard Mastracchio , astronaut
February 13 - Pierluigi Collina , Italian football referee
February 14 - Jim Kelly , American football player
February 19 - Prince Andrew, Duke of York
February 25 - Stefan Blöcher , German field hockey player
February 27 - Kara Kennedy , daughter of Edward Kennedy and Virginia Joan Bennett
February 29 - Tony Robbins , American motivational speaker and writer
March-May
March 4 - Mykelti Williamson , American actor
March 7 - Joe Carter , baseball player
March 7 - Ivan Lendl , Czech tennis player
March 13 - Adam Clayton , Irish bassist (U2 )
March 18 - Richard Biggs , American actor (d. 2004 )
March 21 - Ayrton Senna , Brazilian race car driver (d. 1994 )
March 23 - Nicol Stephen , Deputy First Minister of Scotland
March 24 - Nena Kerner , German singer
March 26 - Marcus Allen , American football player
March 29 - Marina Sirtis , British actress
April 2 - Linford Christie , British athlete
April 3 - Elizabeth Gracen , American beauty queen, actress, and model
April 4 - Jane Eaglin , English soprano
April 4 - Hugo Weaving , Australian actor
April 11 - Jeremy Clarkson , English television show host
April 14 - Brad Garrett , American actor
April 18 - Neo Rauch , German painter
April 19 - Frank Viola , baseball player
April 26 - Roger Taylor , English musician (Duran Duran )
April 28 - John Cerutti , baseball player and announcer (d. 2004 )
May 6 - John Flansburgh , American musician (They Might Be Giants )
May 10 - Bono , Irish singer U2
May 18 - Jari Kurri , Finnish hockey player
May 18 - Yannick Noah , French tennis player
May 20 - John Billingsley , American actor
May 21 - Jeffrey Dahmer , American serial killer and murder victim (d. 1994 )
June-December
June 6 - Gary Graham , American actor
June 6 - Steve Vai , American guitarist
June 8 - Mick Hucknall English singer and songwriter (Simply Red )
June 17 - Michael Monroe , Finnish singer (Hanoi Rocks )
June 20 - John Taylor , English musician (Duran Duran )
June 28 - John Elway , American football player
June 29 - Paul Degner , Canadian Tax Reformer
July 3 - Vince Clarke , English songwriter (Depeche Mode , Yazoo , and Erasure )
July 5 - Pruitt Taylor Vince , American actor
July 17 - Jan Wouters , Dutch football player and manager
July 18 - Anne-Marie Johnson , American actress
July 21 - Ezequiel Viñao , Argentine-born composer
August 4 - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero , Prime Minister of Spain
August 7 - David Duchovny , American actor
August 10 - Antonio Banderas , Spanish actor
August 14 -Sarah Brightman , English soprano singer and actress
August 17 - Sean Penn , American actor
August 19 - Morten Andersen , American football player
August 24 - Cal Ripken, Jr. , baseball player
August 26 - Branford Marsalis , American musician
September 4 - William Kennedy Smith son of Jean Kennedy Smith and nephew of John F Kennedy and Robert F Kennedy and Edward M Kennedy
September 6 - Bob Stoops , American football coach
September 6 - Michael Winslow , American actor and comedian
September 9 - Hugh Grant , English actor
September 10 - Colin Firth , English actor
September 16 - John Franco , baseball player
September 17 - Damon Hill , English race car driver
October 5 - Daniel Baldwin , American actor
October 7 - Kyosuke Himuro , Japanese singer
October 24 - Jaime Garzón , Colombia n journalist and comedian (d. 1999 )
October 30 - Diego Maradona , Argentine footballer
November 3 - Karch Kiraly , American volleyball player
November 10 - Neil Gaiman , English author
November 11 - Peter Parros , American actor
November 11 - Stanley Tucci , American actor and film director
November 25 - Amy Grant , American musician
November 25 - John F. Kennedy, Jr. , American lawyer and journalist and son of President John F. Kennedy (d. 1999 )
November 26 - Harold Reynolds , Major League Baseball player and ESPN analyst
November 27 - Yulia Tymoshenko , Prime Minister of Ukraine
December 2 - Rick Savage , English bassist (Def Leppard )
December 4 - Glynis Nunn , Australian athlete
December 10 - Kenneth Branagh , Irish-born actor and film director
December 18 - Kazuhide Uekusa , Japanese economist
December 19 - Mike Lookinland , American actor
December 27 - Maryam d'Abo , British actress
December 31 - John Allen Muhammad , American serial killer
Deaths
January 4 - Albert Camus , French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (automobile accident) (b. 1913 )
January 12 - Nevil Shute , English writer (b. 1899 )
January 24 - Edwin Fischer , Swiss pianist and conductor (b. 1886 )
February 3 - Fred Buscaglione , Italian singer and actor (b. 1921 )
February 10 - Aloysius Stepinac , Catholic prelate (b. 1898 )
February 11 - Ernö Dohnányi , Hungarian conductor (b. 1877 )
February 29 - Walter Yust , American encyclopædia editor (b.1894 )
March 2 - Stanisław Taczak , Polish general (b. 1874 )
April 1 - Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad , King of Malaysia (b. 1895 )
April 17 - Eddie Cochran American Singer (b. 1938 )
April 24 - Max von Laue , German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879 )
May 8 - J. H. C. Whitehead , British mathematician (b. 1904 )
May 30 - Boris Pasternak , Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (declined) (b. 1890 )
May 31 - Walther Funk , German Nazi politician (b. 1890 )
humans were launched into space , several animal s, including numerous monkey s, were used to investigate the biological effects of space travel . The United States launched monkey flights primarily between 1948 and 1961 with one flight in 1969 and one in 1985. France launched two monkey space flights in 1967. The Soviet Union and Russia launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996. Most monkeys were anesthetized before lift-off. Thirty-two monkeys flew in the space program, each had only one mission. Numerous back-up monkeys also went through the programs but never flew. Monkeys from several species were used, including rhesus , cynomolgus , squirrel , and Philippine monkey s as well as pigtailed macaque s.
United States
The first monkey astronaut was Albert, a rhesus monkey , who on June 11 , 1948 rode to over 63 km (39 miles) on a V2 rocket . Albert died of suffocation during the flight.
Albert was followed by Albert II who survived the V2 flight but died on impact on June 14 , 1949 . Albert II became the first monkey in space as his flight reached 134 km (83 miles). Albert III died at 35,000 feet (10.7 km) in an explosion of his V2 on September 16 , 1949 . Albert IV on the last monkey V2 flight died on impact on December 8 that year. Albert II and Albert IV were rhesus monkeys while Albert III was a cynomolgus monkey .
Monkeys later flew on Aerobee rocket s. On April 18 , 1951 , a monkey, possibly called Albert V died due to parachute failure. Yorick, also called Albert VI, along with 11 mice crewmates became the first animals to survive spaceflight but he died 2 hours after landing. Patricia and Mike, two Philippine monkey s, flew on May 21 , 1952 and survived but their flight was only to 26 kilometers, below the definition of space at 100 kilometers.
On December 13 , 1958 Gordo, also called Old Reliable, a squirrel monkey , survived being launched aboard JUPITER AM-13 by the USA Army . He died because of a mechanical failure of the parachute recovery system in the rocket nosecone.
On May 28 , 1959 Able, a rhesus monkey , and Baker, a squirrel monkey, became the first living beings to successfully return to Earth after traveling in space aboard the JUPITER AM-18 . They travelled in excess of 16,000 km/h , and withstood 38 g (373 m/s²). Able died June 1 , 1959 while having surgery to remove electrodes from the mission. Baker died November 29, 1984 at the age of 27 and is buried on the grounds of the Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. It is believed that Able is buried at this location as well.
In 1959, Sam, a rhesus monkey flew on the Little Joe 2 flight in the Mercury program followed in 1960 by Miss Sam, also a rhesus monkey on Little Joe 1B (Ham and Enos also flew in the Mercury program but they were chimpanzee s not monkeys).
Goliath, a squirrel monkey died in the explosion of his Atlas rocket on November 10 , 1961 . A rhesus monkey called Scatback flew a sub-orbital flight on December 20 , 1961 but was lost at sea after landing.
Bonny, a pigtailed macaque , flew on Biosatellite 3 , a mission which lasted from 29 June to 8 July , 1969 . This was the first multi-day monkey flight - but came after longer human spaceflights were common. He died within a day of landing.
Spacelab 3 on the Space Shuttle flight STS-51B featured two squirrel monkeys named No. 3165 and No. 384-80. The flight was from 29 April - 6 May , 1985 .
France
France launched a pigtailed macaque named Martine on a Vesta rocket on March 7 , 1967 and another named Pierette on March 13 . Both survived their trips.
Soviet Union/Russia
The Soviet/Russian space program in the Bion program satellites used only the rhesus species.
The first Soviet monkeys, Abrek and Bion, flew on Bion 6 . They were aloft from December 14 , 1983 - December 20 , 1983 .
Next came Bion 7 with monkeys Verny and Gordy from July 10 , 1985 - July 17 , 1985 . Then Drema and Yerosha on Bion 8 from September 29 , 1987 - October 12 , 1987 .
Bion 9 with monkeys Zhakonya and Zabiyaka followed from September 15 , 1989 to September 28 , 1989 . They hold the monkey in space endurance record at 13 days, 17 hours in space. Monkeys Krosh and Ivasha flew on Bion 10 from December 29 , 1992 to January 7 , 1993 . Lapik and Multik are the last space monkeys to date. They flew aboard the Bion 11 mission from December 24 , 1996 to January 7 , 1997 . Multik died soon after landing.
See also
Russian space dogs
Animals in space
Space exploration
Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys
External link
Category:Animals in space
Category:Monkeys Île de Planier Planier
L'île de Planier est une île située sur la commune de Marseille . C'est la plus éloignée de toutes les îles maseillaises, à environ 8 km au sud-ouest de la côte.
L'île de Planier, assez petite, est entourée de récifs qui affleurent et furent responsables de nombreux naufrages (notamment le Liban (bateau) en 1914 .
Un phare dont les premières constructions datent de 1774 avait pour rôle de guider les navires. Depuis 1959 , il fait 72 m de haut et guide les bateaux par radio.
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University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou , the capital city of Burkina Faso . The university was founded in 1974 with only 374 students and is Burkina Faso's first institution of higher education. After its foundation, the total number of students increased rapidly.
It opened a second campus for professional education in Bobo-Dioulasso in 1995 and aMagic Valley Idaho consisting of Blaine , Camas , Cassia , Gooding , Jerome , Lincoln , Minidoka and First Nation in Canada , living in the area in and around Bella Coola, British Columbia . Their language is also called Nuxálk . The name Bella Coola , often used in academic writing, is not preferred by the Nuxálk.
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Duty to retreat court , if self defence has been claimed as a defence in that court. It places the onus on the person claiming self defence to prove that they had first avoided conflict and second taken reason able steps to escape a conflict prior to the eventual use of force . It is
