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Little Kanawha River

Little Kanawha River

] The Little Kanawha River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 160 mi (257 km) long, in western West Virginia in the United States, on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Via the Ohio, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. The Little Kanawha is generally slow-moving and is often muddy. It has served as an important commercial water route in the history of West Virginia, particularly in the logging and petroleum industries.

Course

The Little Kanawha rises in southern Upshur County, approximately 25 mi (40 km) south of Buckhannon. It follows a meandering course generally west and northwest, through Braxton, Gilmer, Calhoun, Wirt and Wood Counties, past the towns of Burnsville, Sand Fork, Glenville, Grantsville, Palestine and Elizabeth. It flows into the Ohio River at Parkersburg.

Dams

Upstream of Burnsville, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam causes the river to form Burnsville Lake, which was completed in 1976 at a cost of $56.2 million[http://www.dailymail.com/static/specialsections/lookingback/lb06151.htm].

Tributaries

The Little Kanawha receives its largest tributaries in Wirt County: the West Fork Little Kanawha River joins it at the community of Creston and the Hughes River joins it near the community of Newark, approximately 12 mi (19 km) southeast of the Little Kanawha's confluence with the Ohio. Additionally, a very minor tributary near Grantsville is known as Bull River; despite being named as a "river", it is no larger than dozens of other small streams that enter the Little Kanawha.

Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Little Kanawha River has also been known as:
- Fishing Creek
- Little Canawha River
- Little Canhawa River
- Little Conaway River
- Little Cunnaway River
- Little Kanahaway River
- Little Kanahwa River
- Little Kanahway River
- Little Kanawah River
- Little Kanhaway River
- Little Kanhawey River
- Little Kawahwa River
- Little Kenawah
- Little Kenhawa
- Little Kenhaway
- Little Kennaway River
- Nau-mis-sip-pia
- Newmissipi
- O-mom-go-how-ce-pe
- O-nim-go-how

External links

- [http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~bradytrilogy/memories/images/bibliography/little-kanawha-river.htm Little Kanawha River history]
- [http://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/projects/lakes/bus/ Burnsville Lake (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)]
-

Ohio River

The Ohio River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River, 1,579 km (981 mi) long in the eastern United States.

United States
The Ohio River viewed from Liberty Hill in Ripley, Ohio.

Of great significance in the history of North America dating from the time of the Native Americans, the river was a primary transportation route during the westward expansion of the early U.S. It flows through or along the border of six states, and its watershed encompasses 14 states, including many of the states of the southeastern U.S. through its largest tributary, the Tennessee. During the eighteenth century it was the southern boundary of the Northwest Territory, thus serving as the border between free and slave territory.

Description

Northwest Territory Northwest Territory The river is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in downtown Pittsburgh. From Pittsburgh, it flows to the northwest through western Pennsylvania, before making an abrupt, almost 180 degree, turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia state line where it then forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio. The river then follows a roughly southwestern and then western course between Kentucky and Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois until it joins the Mississippi from the east at Cairo, Illinois. At its mouth, the Ohio is wider than the Mississippi itself. [http://terraserver.microsoft.com/map.aspx?t=1&s=14&lon=-89.1538398279652&lat=36.9976844072984&w=750&h=500&opt=0&f=Tahoma,Verdana,Arial&fs=8&fc=ffffff99] Major tributaries of the river, indicated by the location of their mouth, include:
- Allegheny River — Pennsylvania
- Monongahela River — Pennsylvania
- Beaver River— Pennsylvania
- Little Muskingum River — Ohio
- Duck Creek — Ohio
- Muskingum River — Ohio
- Little Kanawha River — West Virginia
- Hocking River — Ohio
- Kanawha River — West Virginia
- Guyandotte River — West Virginia
- Big Sandy River — Kentucky-West Virginia border
- Scioto River — Ohio
- Little Miami River — Ohio
- Licking River — Kentucky
- Great Miami River — Ohio-Indiana border
- Kentucky River — Kentucky
- Green River — Kentucky
- Wabash River — Indiana-Illinois border
- Saline River — Illinois
- Cumberland River — Kentucky
- Tennessee River — Kentucky

Watershed

The Ohio's watershed covers 490,603 square kilometers (189,422 square miles), including the eastern-most regions of the Mississippi Basin. States drained by the Ohio include: Mississippi Basin with Ohio River and Scioto River tributary on right.]]
- Illinois (the southeast corner of the state),
- Indiana (all but the northern area of the state),
- Ohio (the southern half of the state),
- New York (a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny River),
- Pennsylvania (a corridor from the southwestern corner to north central border),
- Maryland (a small corridor along the Youghiogheny River on the state's western border),
- West Virginia (all but the eastern border of the state),
- Kentucky (all but a tiny part in the extreme west of the state drained directly by the Mississippi River),
- Tennessee (all but a small part in the extreme west of the state drained directly by the Mississippi River),
- Virginia (the western border of the state),
- North Carolina (the western border of the state),
- Georgia (the northwest corner of the state),
- Alabama (the northern fringe of the state), and
- Mississippi (the northeast corner of the state). See [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=393&theme=2] for a map and information on the Ohio's watershed.

Pre-history

The Ohio River was formed by glacial meltwater from the last stage of this ice age, the Wisconsin glaciation. During the glacial retreat, the river was temporarily dammed just southwest of Louisville, Kentucky, creating a large lake until the dam burst. The Ohio River largely supplanted the former Teays River drainage system, which was disrupted by the glaciers. Today, the river still follows a significant portion of the old Teays River course in southernmost Ohio.

History

Since it was considered by pre-Columbian inhabitants of eastern North America to be part of a single river continuing on through the lower Mississippi, it is perhaps an understatement to characterize the Ohio as a mere tributary of the Mississippi. The river is 981 miles (1579 km) long and carries the largest volume of water of any upper tributary of the Mississippi. In fact, the Ohio typically carries a much greater volume of water than the upper Mississippi. On May 19, 1749 King George II of Great Britain granted the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River. Louisville, Kentucky was founded at the only major natural navigational barrier on the river, the Falls of the Ohio. These were a series of rapids where the river flowed over hard, fossil-rich beds of limestone. The first locks on the river were built at Louisville to circumnavigate the falls. Today, this is the site of McAlpine Locks and Dam. Because the Ohio River flowed westwardly, it became the convenient means of westward movement by pioneers travelling from western Pennsylvania. After reaching the mouth of the Ohio, settlers would travel north on the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri. There, some continued on up the Missouri River, some up the Mississippi, and some further west over land routes. In these early days, in the early 19th century, pirates set up shop at Cave-in-Rock in southern Illinois, waylaid travellers on their way down the river, killed them, stole their goods, and scuttled their boats. The folktales of Mike Fink recall the keelboats used for commerce in the early days of European settlement. Because of its significant role as the southern border of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the Ohio River is historically famous as the border dividing free states and slave states. As depicted in several novels by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Toni Morrison, the Ohio River was the barrier which, by crossing by boat or 'on ice floes', slaves were freed. Today, the Ohio River generally separates Midwestern and Great Lakes states from Southern border states. Interestingly, by an accident of history, the charter for Virginia went not to the middle of the Ohio River, but to its far shore so the entire river was included. Wherever the river serves as a boundary between states—Illinois, Indiana and Ohio on the north, and Kentucky and West Virginia on the south, the river essentially belongs to the two states on the south that were divided from Virginia. Kentucky brought suit against Indiana in the early 1980s because of the building of the Marble Hill nuclear power plant in Indiana, which would have discharged its waste water into the river. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Kentucky's jurisdiction (and, implicitly, that of West Virginia) extended only to the low water mark of 1793, important because the river has been extensively dammed for navigation, so that the present river bank is north of the old low water mark. Similarly in the 1990s, Kentucky disputed Illinois' right to collect taxes on a riverboat casino docked in Metropolis, citing their control of the entire river. In the early 1980s, the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area was established at Louisville, Kentucky.

Cities along the Ohio

For a full listing, see List of cities and towns along the Ohio River. Besides Pittsburgh and Cairo, other cities along the Ohio include:
- Steubenville, Marietta, Belpre, Pomeroy, Gallipolis, Ironton, Portsmouth, Ripley and Cincinnati in Ohio
- Weirton, New Martinsville, Wheeling, Paden City, Parkersburg and Huntington in West Virginia
- Ashland, Newport, Covington, Louisville, Owensboro, Henderson and Paducah in Kentucky
- Madison, Jeffersonville, Clarksville, New Albany, Tell City, Evansville and Mount Vernon in Indiana.
- Cairo, Metropolis, Brookport, Old Shawneetown, Cave-In-Rock, Elizabethtown and Golconda in Illinois

External links

- [http://www.kyinbridges.com/Features.aspx The Ohio River Bridges Project] (note: site uses Flash) Ohio River Category:Rivers of Illinois Category:Rivers of Indiana Category:Rivers of Kentucky Category:Rivers of Ohio Category:Streams of Pennsylvania Category:Rivers of West Virginia simple:Ohio River

West Virginia

West Virginia, known as The Mountain State, is a state of the United States. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and was admitted to the Union as a separate state on June 20, 1863. The Census Bureau considers West Virginia part of the South because of its location below the Mason-Dixon Line, while the USGS designates it as a Mid-Atlantic state. Many in the state's Northern Panhandle, with the nothernmost point of the state about the same latitude as central New Jersey, feel a greater affinity for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, while those in the Eastern Panhandle feel a greater connection with the Washington, D.C. suburbs in western Maryland and Virginia. Lastly, southern West Virginia, in which many West Virginians consider themselves southern, is less than 100 miles north of Tennessee and North Carolina. The state is noted for its coal mining heritage, and labor union organizing mine wars in particular. The state has a rich, stark beauty reflecting its topography. Tourist sites include the New River Gorge Bridge (where on [http://www.wvbridgeday.com/ Bridge Day] the federal government, which controls the landing site, allows BASE jumping [http://www.wvbridgeday.com/bridge-day-BASE-jumping.php] from the bridge), as well as many national and state parks. It is also home to the Green Bank Telescope at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The U.S. Navy has named a series of ships USS West Virginia in honor of this state.

Information about West Virginia

- Counties and Important Towns in West Virginia
- Economics of West Virginia
- Education in West Virginia
- History of West Virginia
- Miscellaneous information on West Virginia
- West Virginia State Highways
- West Virginia Law and Government
- List of West Virginia state parks

Geography

See: List of West Virginia counties It is bordered by Pennsylvania and Maryland to the north, by Ohio to the north and west, by Kentucky to the west, and by Virginia to the east and south. The Ohio and Potomac rivers form parts of the boundaries. river The state is referred to as The Mountain State, and it is the only state in the nation in which all areas are mountainous. About 75% of the state is within the Cumberland/Allegheny Plateaus region which is not true mountains but rather a dissected plateau. Though the relief is not high, the plateau region is extremely rugged in most areas. (The two plateaus are essentially the same, the difference being only the naming convention of north and south, with West Virginia happening to be in the middle.) On the southeastern state line with Virginia, high peaks in the Monongahela National Forest region give rise to an island of colder climate and ecosystems similar to those of New England and eastern Canada. The native vegetation for most of the state was originally mixed hardwood forest of oak, chestnut, maple, beech, and white pine, with willow along the waterways. Many of the coves are rich in biodiversity and scenic beauty, a fact that is appreciated by native West Virginians, who refer to their home as almost Heaven. The underlying rock strata are sandstones, shales, bituminous coal beds, and limestones laid down in a near shore environment from sediments derived from mountains to the east, in a shallow inland sea on the west. Some beds illustrate a coastal swamp environment, some river delta, some shallow water. Sea level rose and fell many times during the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian eras, giving a variety of rock strata.

Demographics

The population of West Virginia as of 2003 was 1,810,354. Only 1.1% of the state's residents were foreign-born, placing West Virginia last among the 50 states in that statistic. It has the lowest percentage of residents that speak a language other than English in the home (2.7%). The racial makeup of the state is:
- 94.6% White non-Hispanic
- 3.2% Black
- 0.7% Hispanic
- 0.5% Asian
- 0.2% Native American
- 0.9% Mixed race The five largest ancestry groups in West Virginia are: American (23.2%), German (17.2%), Irish (13.5%), English (12%), Italian (4.8%). Many West Virginians identify their ancestry as "American," it is the largest reported ancestry in most counties in the state, and the state has the highest percentage of residents of "American ancestry" in the nation. This choice often corresponds to Scots-Irish heritage. Large numbers of people of German ancestry are present in the northeastern counties of the state. 5.6% of West Virginia's population were reported as under 5, 22.3% under 18, and 15.3% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.4% of the population.

External links

- [http://www.wv.gov Government]
- [http://www.regiononepdc.org/ Southern WV PDC]
- [http://www.cahaltech.com/~roads Ohio Valley Roads]
- [http://www.wv-guide.com West Virginia Visitor's Guide]
- [http://www.westva.net WestVA.Net]
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/54000.html U.S. Census Bureau]
- [http://members.aol.com/jeff560/famoust.html Famous People of West Virginia]
- [http://photos.historical-markers.org/westvirginia/ West Virginia's Historical Markers]
- [http://www.dep.state.wv.us/ West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection]
- [http://www.wvexp.com/ West Virginia Wiki-Site]
- [http://wvblog.typepad.com raftblog.com]
- Category:States of the United States ko:웨스트버지니아 주 ja:ウェストバージニア州

Allegheny Plateau

The Allegheny Plateau is a large, dissected plateau area in southern New York, western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio. It is divided into the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau and the glaciated Allegheny Plateau. The plateau extends southward into Kentucky and Tennessee, where it is instead called the Cumberland Plateau. Cumberland Plateau]] The plateau terminates in the east at the Allegheny Mountains, which are the highest ridges just west of the Allegheny Front. The front extends from central Pennsylvania into eastern West Virginia. The plateau is bordered on the west by glacial till plains in the north, generally north of the Ohio River, and the Bluegrass region in the south, generally south of the Ohio River. Elevations vary greatly. In the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, relief may only reach one hundred feet or less. In the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in southeastern Ohio and westernmost West Virginia, relief is typically in the range of two hundred to four hundred feet. Absolute highest elevations in this area are often in the range of 900 to 1500 feet. By the Allegheny Front, however, elevations may reach well over 4000 feet, with relief of up to 2000 feet. One of the more notable geologic areas within the Allegheny Plateau is the Hocking Hills region of southeast Ohio. Category:Geography of New York Category:Geography of Ohio Category:Geography of Pennsylvania Category:Geography of West Virginia Category:Mineral County, West Virginia Category:Plateaus

Mississippi River

This page is about the river in the United States; there is also a Canadian Mississippi River (Ontario). The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning 'big river' (gichi-ziibi in the modern language), is the second-longest river in the United States; the longest is the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi. Taken together, they form the largest river system in North America. If measured from the head of the Missouri, the length of the Missouri/Mississippi combination is approximately 6,270 km (3,900 miles) long.

Geography

North America With its source Lake Itasca at 1475 feet (450 m) above sea level in Itasca State Park in northern Minnesota, the river falls to 725 feet (220 m) just below Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis. The Mississippi is joined by the Illinois River and the Missouri River near Saint Louis, and by the Ohio at Cairo, Illinois. The Arkansas River joins the Mississippi in the state of Arkansas. The Atchafalaya River in Louisiana is a major distributary of the Mississippi. The Mississippi drains most of the area between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains, except for the area drained by the Great Lakes. It runs through, or borders, ten states in the United States -- Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi and Louisiana -- before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles (160 km) downstream from New Orleans. Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary, but the EPA's number is 2,320 miles (3733 km). A raindrop falling in Lake Itasca would arrive at the Gulf of Mexico in about 90 days. [http://www.nps.gov/miss/features/factoids/] New Orleans The river is divided into the upper Mississippi, from its source south to the Ohio River, and the lower Mississippi, from the Ohio to its mouth near New Orleans. The upper Mississippi is further divided into three sections: the headwaters, from the source to Saint Anthony Falls; a series of man-made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis; and the middle Mississippi, a relatively free-flowing river downstream of the confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis. A series of 27 locks and dams on the upper Mississippi, most of which were built in the 1930s, is designed primarily to maintain a 9 foot (2.7 m) channel for commercial barge traffic. The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing. The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it. No flood control is intended. During periods of high flow, the gates, some of which are submersible, are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function. Below St. Louis the Mississippi is relatively free-flowing, although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous wing dams. Through a natural process known as deltaic switching the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the ocean every thousand years or so. This occurs because the deposits of silt and sediment raise the river's level causing it to eventually find a steeper route to the Gulf of Mexico. The abandoned distributary diminishes in volume and forms what are known as bayous. This process has, over the past 5,000 years, caused the coastline of south Louisiana to advance gulfward from 15 to 50 miles. (See: Mississippi River Delta) Other changes in the course of the river have occurred because of earthquakes along the New Madrid Fault Zone, which lies near the cities of Memphis and St. Louis. Three earthquakes in 1811 and 1812, estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter Scale, were said to have temporarily reversed the course of the Mississippi. These earthquakes also created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river. The faulting is related to an aulacogen (geologic term for a failed rift) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico. Davenport, Iowa is the only city over 20,000 people bordering the Upper Mississippi that has no permanent floodwall or levee.

Watershed

levee The Mississippi River has the third largest drainage basin in the world, exceeded in size only by the watersheds of the Amazon River and Congo River. It drains 41 percent of the 48 contiguous states of the United States. The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles (3,225,000 km²), including all or parts of 31 states and two Canadian provinces.
- [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=390&theme=2 Information and a map of the Mississippi's watershed]

History

The word Mississippi comes from the Ojibwe name for the river, "Messipi" (or Misi-ziibi), which means great river, or from the Algonquin Missi Sepe, "great river," literally, "father of waters." The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca, the source lake of the Mississippi River, Omashkoozo-zaaga'igan (Elk Lake) and the river flowing out of it as Omashkoozo-ziibi (Elk River). After flowing into Lake Bemidji, the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaa-ziibi (River from the Traversing Lake). After flowing into Cass Lake, the river again changes its name to Miskwaawaakokaa-ziibi (Red Cedar River), only to change its name again after flowing into Lake Winnibigoshish as Gichi-ziibi (Big River). The Ojibwe name Misi-ziibi applied only to the portion below the Crow Wing River, but the ever-changing names of the river seemed illogical to the English speakers, so after the expedition by Henry Schoolcraft, the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi-ziibi was named "Mississippi River". On May 8, 1541 Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River, which he called "Rio de Espiritu Santo" (River of the Holy Spirit). French explorers Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi, which they knew by the Sioux name "Ne Tongo" (which, like the Ojibwe name, means big river), on May 17, 1673. In 1682, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonty claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France, calling it Louisiana, for King Louis XIV. In 1718, New Orleans was established by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. France lost all its territories on the North American mainland as a result of the French and Indian War. The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Great Britain rights to all land in the valley east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi. Spain also ceded Florida to England to regain Cuba, which the English occupied during the war. Britain then divided the territory into East Florida and West Florida. In the second Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolution, Britain ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain The Bahamas, which Spain had occupied during the war. Spain then had control over the river south of 32°30' north latitude, and, in what is known as the Spanish Conspiracy, hoped to gain greater control of Louisiana and all of the west. These hopes ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney's Treaty in 1795. France reacquired 'Louisiana' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800. The United States bought the territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The river was noted for the number of bandits which called its islands and shores home, including John Murrell who was a well-known murderer, horse stealer and slave "re-trader". His notoriety was such that author Mark Twain devoted an entire chapter to him in his book Life on the Mississippi, and Murrell was rumored to have an island headquarters on the river at Island 37. Twain's book also extensively covered the thrilling steamboat races which took place from 1830 to 1870 on the river before more modern boating methods replaced the steamer. It was published first in serial form in Harper's Weekly in seven parts in 1875 and was intended to chronicle the rapidly disappearing steamboat culture. The full version, including a passage from the unfinished Huckleberry Finn and works from other authors, was published by James R. Osgood & Co. in 1885. The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Mississippi from the Ohio River to the city of New Orleans, Louisiana was the New Orleans in December 1811. Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of New Madrid earthquakes in 1811–1812. In 1815, America retained control over the Mississippi by scoring a decisive victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans, part of the War of 1812. The River was also a decisive part of the American Civil War. The Union's Vicksburg Campaign called for Union control of the lower Mississippi River. The Union victory at the Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 was pivotal to the Union's final victory of the Civil War. In 1900, Chicago built the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to link the Great Lakes to the Mississippi. The canal allowed Chicago to flush its waste down the Mississippi rather than having it pollute its own Lake Michigan waterfront. The canal also provided a shipping route between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi. The sport of water skiing was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as Lake Pepin. Ralph Samuelson of Lake City, Minnesota created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July of 1922. He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 miles per hour (128 km/h) by a Curtiss flying boat later that year. In the spring of 1927 the river broke out of its banks in 145 places during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and inundated 27,000 square miles (70,000 km²) to a depth of up to 30 feet (10 m). The Great Flood of 1993 is considered the most devastating flood to occur in the U.S. in modern history. In 2002 Martin Strel swam the entire length of the river.

Maintaining a navigation channel

The task of maintaining a navigation channel on the Mississippi is the responsibility of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which began as early as 1829 removing snags, closing off secondary channels and excavating rocks and sandbars. In 1829 the Corps surveyed the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi, the Des Moines Rapids and the Rock Island Rapids, where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock. The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles (18 km) long and just above the mouth of the Des Moines River at Keokuk. The Rock Island Rapids were between Rock Island and Moline. Both rapids were considered virtually impassable. Moline The Corps recommended excavation of a 5 foot (1.5 m) channel at the Des Moines Rapids, but work didn't begin until after Lieutenant Robert E. Lee endorsed the project in 1837. The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids. By 1866 it had become evident that excavation was impractical, and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids. The canal opened in 1877, but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle. In 1878, Congress authorized the Corps to establish a 4½ foot (1.4 m) channel, to be obtained by building wing dams which direct the river to a narrow channel causing it to cut a deeper channel, closing secondary channels, and by dredging. The 4½ (1.4 m) foot channel project was complete when the Moline Lock, which bypassed the Rock Island Rapids, opened in 1907. To improve navigation between St. Paul and Prairie du Chien, the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area, including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama. The dams, which were built beginning in the 1880s, stored spring run-off, which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, was completed in 1900. This provided a link between the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes and replaced the smaller Illinois and Michigan Canal (1848). In 1907, Congress authorized a 6 foot (1.8 m) channel project on the Mississippi, which wasn't complete when it was abandoned in the late 1920s in favor of the 9 foot (2.7 m) channel project. In 1913, construction was complete on a dam at Keokuk, Iowa, the first dam below St. Anthony Falls. Built by a private power company to generate electricity, the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro-electric plants in the world at the time. The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids. Keokuk, Iowa Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis in 1917 and Lock and Dam No. 2 at Hastings, Minnesota, was completed in 1930. Prior to the 1927 flood, the Corps' primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river. It was thought that the river's velocity would scour off bottom sediments, deepening the river, and decreasing the possibility of flooding. The 1927 flood proved this so wrong that communities threatened by the flood began to make their own levee breaks to relieve the tension of the rising river. The Corps now actively creates floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes. The main floodways are the Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway; the Morganza Floodway, which directs floodwaters down the Atchafalaya River; and the Bonnet Carré Spillway which directs water to Lake Pontchartrain. The Old River Control structure also serve as a major floodgates that can be opened to prevent flooding. Some of the pre-1927 strategy is still in use today; the Corps actively cuts the necks of horseshoe bends, allowing the water to move faster, and thus lower flood heights. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorized the 9-foot (2.7 m) channel project, which called for a navigation channel 9 feet (2.7 m) deep and 400 feet (120 m) wide to accommodate multiple-barge tows. This was achieved by a series of locks and dams, and by dredging. Twenty-three new locks and dams were built on the upper Mississippi in the 1930s in addition to the three already in existence. Two new locks were built north of Lock and Dam No. 1 at Saint Anthony Falls in the 1960s, extending the head of navigation for commercial traffic several miles, but few barges go past the city of Saint Paul today. head of navigation Until the 1950s, there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton, Illinois. Lock and Dam 27, which consists of a low-water dam and an 8.4 mile (14 km) long canal, was added in 1953 just below the confluence with the Missouri River, primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis, but also to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water. Dam 26 at Alton, Illinois, which had structural problems, was replaced by the Mel Price Lock and Dam in 1990. The original Lock and Dam 26 was demolished.

Major cities along the river

- Minneapolis, Minnesota
- St. Paul, Minnesota
- Davenport, Iowa
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Memphis, Tennessee
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- New Orleans, Louisiana

Notable bridges

- Stone Arch Bridge - a former Great Northern Railroad (now pedestrian) bridge in Minneapolis and National Historic Engineering Landmark.
- Washington Avenue Bridge - connects the East Bank and West Bank portions of the University of Minnesota's Minneapolis campus.
- Black Hawk Bridge, connecting Lansing, Allamakee County, Iowa to rural Crawford County, Wisconsin, locally referred to as the Lansing Bridge.
- Julien Dubuque Bridge - A bridge connecting Dubuque, Iowa and East Dubuque, Illinois that is a National Historic Landmark.
- Interstate 74 Bridge connecting Moline, Illinois to Bettendorf, Iowa is a twin suspension bridge, also known historically as the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge.
- Rock Island Centennial Bridge connecting Rock Island, Illinois to Davenport, Iowa.
- Santa Fe Bridge - in Fort Madison, Iowa, the largest double-deck swing-span bridge in the world; also listed as a National Historic Landmark.
- Chain of Rocks Bridge - A bridge on the northern edge of St. Louis, Missouri; famous for a 22-degree bend halfway across and the most famous alignment of Historic US 66 across the Mississippi.
- Eads Bridge - A bridge connecting St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois; the first major steel bridge in the world, and also a National Historic Landmark.
- Poplar Street Bridge - A bridge connecting downtown St. Louis, Missouri with East St. Louis, Illinois that carries three interstates and a U.S. highway; the bridge is one of the busiest on the river.
- U.S. Highway 82 Bridge connecting Greenville, Mississippi with Arkansas.
- Interstate 20 Bridge connecting Vicksburg, Mississippi, with Tallulah, Louisiana.
- U.S. Highway 84 Bridge connecting Natchez, Mississippi, with Vidalia, Louisiana.
- Mississippi River Bridge in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
- Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge near New Orleans, a cable-stayed bridge carrying Interstate 310 across the Mississippi, connecting the towns of Luling and Destrehan, Louisiana.
- Huey P. Long Bridge in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.
- Crescent City Connection in New Orleans, LA.

Popular culture

Nicknames

Due to its size and historical significance, the Mississippi probably has more nicknames than any other river. Among these are:
- The Father of Waters
- The Gathering of Waters
- The Big Muddy (more commonly associated with the Missouri River)
- Big River
- Old Man River
- The Great River
- Body of a Nation
- The Mighty Mississippi
- El Grande (de Soto)
- The Muddy Mississippi

Literature & Music

Many of the works of Mark Twain deal with or take place near the Mississippi River. One of his first major works, Life on the Mississippi, is in part a history of the river, in part a memoir of Twain's experiences on the river, and a collection of tales that either take place on or are associated with the river. Twain's most famous work, Huckleberry Finn, is largely a journey down the river. The novel works as an episodic meditation on American culture with the river as the central metaphor. Herman Melville's novel The Confidence-Man portrayed a Canterbury Tales-style group of steamboat passengers whose interlocking stories are told as they travel up the Mississppi River. The novel is written both as cultural satire and a metaphysical treatise. Like Huckleberry Finn, it uses the Mississippi River as a metaphor for the larger aspects of American and human identity that unify the otherwise disparate characters. The river's fluidity is reflected by the often shifting personalities and identities of Melville's "confidence man." The stage and movie musical Show Boat's central musical piece is the Blues-influenced ballad Ol' Man River. Ferde Grofe composed a set of movements based on the lands the river travels through in his Mississippi Suite. The song 'When the Levee Breaks', made famous in the version performed by Led Zeppelin on the album Led Zep IV, was composed by Memphis Minnie McCoy in 1929 after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927.

Slang

The Mississippi is probably the river meant in the phrase sold down the river, as a reference to slavery. Down the Mississippi was farther into the Deep South and plantation country.

Notes

¹ Median of the 7,305 daliy mean streamflows recorded by the USGS for the period 1978-1998. ² Median of the 7,305 daily mean streamflows recorded by the USGS for the period 1978-1998 at Vicksburg. The discharge is probably even higher further downstream at Natchez, but data for Natchez were not recorded. Further downstream from Natchez, approximately 25 percent of the water discharge of the Mississippi is diverted into the Atchafalaya River, and further discharge is lost as the river becomes a delta in Louisiana. ³ Median of the 1,826 daily mean streamflows recorded by the USGS for the period 1978-1983 at Baton Rouge.

Sources

-
-

External links

- [http://www.nps.gov/miss/features/factoids/ General Information about the Mississippi River]
- [http://www.davidestrada.com/river/ Life on the River with David Estrada] - a view of the river from a modern day towboater's perspective
- [http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/ms137.htm Geography and biology of the Mississippi River]
- [http://www.archive.org/details/mississippi_flood_1927 National Archives footage of the 1927 flood] ko:미시시피 강 ja:ミシシッピ川 simple:Mississippi River

Logging

:For another article about a different type of logging, see data logging. (Logging sometimes also refers to a technique used in the oilfield business to measure geological parameters of an oil or gas well. See well logging.) well logging Logging is the practice of cutting down trees, then cutting out their central boles (the clear trunk or central stem) and possibly branches in order to use the wood as an economic resource or to clear forest land for conversion to another use. Standing trees viewed as a potential economic resources are termed timber. Most conventional logging is either for pulpwood production for the manufacture of paper products or for sawlogs for lumber production. In the United States, standard sawlogs are sixteen feet long. Trees may be referred to as "two-saw-log-trees", for instance, meaning that they have a clear bole for at least 34 or so feet (allowing for the remaining stump). A significant amount of logging is also done for firewood production, and, today, a very large and growing amount of logging is being done for chipwood production.

Logging activites

- Felling and delimbing trees - done using a chain saw or a feller buncher
- Yarding - Transporting the trees from the stump to a landing can be done with a skidder or a forwarder
- bucking - Cutting the tree into logs is done at the landing, again using a chain saw. In cut-to-length logging felling, delimbing and bucking are all done with a harvester
- Loading the logs onto trucks - done with a loader equiped with a grapple
- Hauling the logs to a mill - done with a log truck
- Preparing the site for regeneration - includes managing slash and rehabilitating the site

Silviculture systems

harvester harvester

Clearcutting

The most common and most criticized method of timber harvest in industrial operations is clearcutting, a practice that removes essentially all the trees in a selected area. In the case of a pure-age stand, such as a plantation, or in certain even-aged mature forests, such as some of the virgin Douglas-fir stands of the West, virtually all trees are cut. . Clearcutting is also the most economically-efficient way to remove timber but treatment following a clearcut can lead to higher costs. Large poorly planned clearcuts are far more destructive than cuts that take into consideration natural topography, and bioregions. There are supportable claims that clearcutting can be an ecologically healthy forestry practice, mimicking the effects of a natural disturbance. The effects of sustainable clearcutting can mimic the effects of a forest fire or other natural disturbance in a number of important ways. Conscientious logging will leave standing snags and a mosic of small "residual patches" for wildlife, and organic matter such as "slash piles" of unusable material are left on-site as ash to fertilize the soil or as partly-burnt wood that will quickly decay into the soil. If logged on frozen ground with low ground pressure machinery, or even horses, the ground can be left generally undisturbed and unbroken which can let groundcover regenerate quickly. In the case of a poorly planned larger (over 1 km²) clearcut, there are few or no residual patches or wildlife snags left behind and the ground will be highly disturbed and compacted; erosion and poor forest regeneration will result. Most forest managers do not consider large clearcuts to be appropriate in an forest managed for multiple uses. Some forest types are especially intolerant of clearcutting exposing soils to direct sun and winter rains, which damages soil nutrients and fungi required for healthy forests.

Selection cut

Selection cutting is the practice of removing mature timber or thinning to improve the a timber stand. This system is used to maintain uneven-aged stands to protect forest soils and to maintain wildlife habitat. A particular type of selective cutting that targets only the highest-quality trees of certain species is termed high-grading, which ultimately results in much lower-quality woodlands. If the best trees are cut removing them from the seedstock, an evolutionary pressure towards lower quality results. Selection cutting may include opening up areas to allow tree species that require large amount of light to grow but that are not large enough to meet the legal defination of a clearcut.

Overstory removal

Overstory removal or sheltwood cutting is a variation of select cutting. In this method all the large trees are taken and the understory of saplings and smaller trees are left for regeneration. Overstory removal requires care be used to avoid residual stand damage. seedstock. This photo demonstrates extreme soil disturbance typical of poor forestry practices.]] seedstock seedstock

Logging and the environment

Harvesting on steep slopes can lead to erosion. Harvesting adjacent to streams can decrease water quality and increase water tempertures. Logging on wetlands or saturated soils can cause ruts, change drainage patterns. These problems can be mitagated by using best management practices. These practices set standards for building roads reducing erosion and establishment of riparian strips. Harvesting in high value ecologically sensitive lands can lead to habitat loss. Ecologically important lands should be set aside as reserves. A problem with poorly operated forestry practices, especially in the eastern North American hardwood forests, is the problem of colonization of the forest area by invasive exotics. In a normal, intact forest, or even in a carefully-managed woodlot, such species find it very difficult to gain a toe-hold.

Logging roads

As most logging is done far from developed areas, roads must be constructed for access. These are narrow, unpaved, and usually have no hard shoulder or guardrails. Bridges, if any, are invariably only wide enough for one vehicle. The most common traffic on these roads will be logging trucks, which, when loaded, can carry up to 4,500 kg of wood. As such, drivers on logging roads generally follow one simple rule: A loaded logging truck has the right of way. This is regardless of what the local motor vehicle code may actually say. In areas where this practice is regulated (or is supposed to be) non-highway roads with heavy logging traffic may be "radio-controlled", which is to say a CB on board any vehicle on the road is advised for safety reasons. Construction of these roads, especially on steep slopes, increases the risk of erosion and landslides which can lead to increases in downstream sedimentation. The major source of sediment, (estimated to be about 90 % ) from erosion in logging operations is from logging roads, which continues long after operations are completed in the area. The decommissioning of these roads involves the restoring of natural habitat, which can be quite expensive, usually as much as it cost to construct the road in the first place. However, a new alternative, mycofiltration, which is the use of mushrooms to prevent erosion, has been developed at a far lesser expense. The cost to the public (in public forests) of such road-building varies with each jurisdiction and the type of logging licence. Although many roads are justified to the public as providing access for recreational and other non-logging users, they are often quickly "decommissioned" after their use to log extraction is at an end, and become relatively useless to other vehicular users. Mountainbikers and hikers and others still can access these roads, but they are not maintained.

Forest regeneration, silviculture and biodiversity

mushroom In clearcuts where natural regeneration is poor, sound forestry legislation will demand that a logging company plant seedlings to aid the natural regeneration of the forest. Some argue that treeplanting leads to a "monoculture" forest which destroys the biodiversity of the area. Most seedlings used in reforestation come from the seeds found in the recently cut forest as these trees are naturally adapted to the area. In many areas multiple species will be planted according to the smaller ecoregions of the cutblock ie) lodgepole pine, white or black spruce, cedar, etc. However, clearcutting exposes previously shaded forest soils to direct sun and rainstorms which damage the microbiol diversities required for healthy forest growth. Riparian strips or zoning is an important forest management practice in which trees are left standing along waterways to protect the banks and water quality. Failure to do so has historically exacerbated flooding, erosion and siltation, and caused local extirpations of sensitive plant and animal species. Some of the most marked effects of large-scale clearcutting, including the stream corridors, has been seen in the American Pacific Northwest, where salmon streams have lost their salmon-supporting capability, and local populations of salmon and even subspecies have become extinct as a result. salmon

The negative portrayal of logging by the media and popular culture

The logging industry is often portrayed in the media and popular culture as one of the most ecologically destructive corporate practices on earth. However, logging companies contend that despite some notable cases of severe environmental degradation by large, multinational logging operations, agriculture, livestock grazing, mineral mining, the petroleum industry and urban sprawl are even greater contributors to deforestation and ecological degradation. As an example, they cite that a house built out of steel, plastic and concrete requires more energy and non-renewable resources to produce than a house built with wood products.

External links

- [http://www.greenpeace.ca/boreal Boreal forests]
- [http://www.kleercut.net Consumers companies linked to forest destruction]
- [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Deforestation NASA Earth Observatory]
- [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/papr:@FILREQ(@field(TITLE+@od1(Logging+in+Maine++))+@FIELD(COLLID+workleis)) Movie of logging in Maine, 1906] Category:Forestry Category:Resource extraction

Upshur County, West Virginia

Upshur County is a county located in the state of West Virginia. As of 2000, the population is 23,404. Its county seat is Buckhannon ⁶.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 919 km² (355 mi²). 919 km² (355 mi²) of it is land and 0 km² (0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.03% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 23,404 people, 8,972 households, and 6,352 families residing in the county. The population density is 25/km² (66/mi²). There are 10,751 housing units at an average density of 12/km² (30/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 98.19% White, 0.62% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. 0.59% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 8,972 households out of which 31.10% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.20% are married couples living together, 9.10% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.20% are non-families. 25.20% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.80% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.45 and the average family size is 2.92. In the county, the population is spread out with 22.60% under the age of 18, 12.60% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 14.70% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.40 males. The median income for a household in the county is $26,973, and the median income for a family is $32,399. Males have a median income of $29,020 versus $18,087 for females. The per capita income for the county is $13,559. 20.00% of the population and 16.00% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.30% of those under the age of 18 and 10.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns

- Buckhannon Category:West Virginia counties

Buckhannon, West Virginia

Buckhannon is a city located in Upshur County, West Virginia, along the Buckhannon River. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 5,725. It is the county seat of Upshur County.

Geography

Upshur County Buckhannon is located at 38°59'21" North, 80°13'27" West (38.989237, -80.224254). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.4 km² (2.5 mi²). 6.4 km² (2.5 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 5,725 people, 2,159 households, and 1,180 families residing in the city. The population density is 894.9/km² (2,314.2/mi²). There are 2,424 housing units at an average density of 378.9/km² (979.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 96.16% White, 2.01% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.84% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,159 households out of which 22.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% are married couples living together, 10.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 45.3% are non-families. 40.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 19.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.08 and the average family size is 2.78. In the city the population is spread out with 15.5% under the age of 18, 28.1% from 18 to 24, 19.2% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 81.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 78.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $23,421, and the median income for a family is $36,975. Males have a median income of $30,691 versus $18,041 for females. The per capita income for the city is $12,959. 24.8% of the population and 15.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 32.7% of those under the age of 18 and 11.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Notable persons born in Buckhannon

- Jayne Anne Phillips – (1952- ), author of short stories. She is the recipient of a Fels Award, two Pushcart Prizes, a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship and St. Lawrence Award for Fiction.
- Stephen Coonts – (1946- ), author of many novels, including FLIGHT OF THE INTRUDER, which won Author of the Year Award in 1986
- Jeremy McGowan – (1971- ),inventor of the WOUND DRESSING IMPERVIOUS TO CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS, winner of the Modern Marvels Invent Now (R) Challenge

External links

Category:Cities in West Virginia Category:Upshur County, West Virginia

Braxton County, West Virginia

Braxton County is a county located in the central part of the state of West Virginia. By the 2000 census its population reached 14,702. Braxton County was formed in 1836 from parts of Lewis, Kanawha, and Nicholas Counties and named for Carter Braxton, a Virginia statesman and signer of the Declaration of Independence. The county seat is Sutton. Important salt works were formerly located at Bulltown and here, in 1772, Captain Bull and his family and friendly Delaware Indians were massacred by frontiersman.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,337 km² (516 mi²). 1,330 km² (513 mi²) of it is land and 7 km² (3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.52% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 14,702 people, 5,771 households, and 4,097 families residing in the county. The population density is 11/km² (29/mi²). There are 7,374 housing units at an average density of 6/km² (14/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 98.02% White, 0.69% Black or African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. 0.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 5,771 households out of which 30.30% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.30% are married couples living together, 9.20% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% are non-families. 25.20% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.40% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.92. In the county, the population is spread out with 22.80% under the age of 18, 7.50% from 18 to 24, 28.10% from 25 to 44, 25.80% from 45 to 64, and 15.80% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 102.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.00 males. The median income for a household in the county is $24,412, and the median income for a family is $29,133. Males have a median income of $27,560 versus $17,778 for females. The per capita income for the county is $13,349. 22.00% of the population and 17.90% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.90% of those under the age of 18 and 13.70% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns

Incorporated cities and towns

- Town of Burnsville
- Town of Flatwoods
- Town of Gassaway
- Town of Sutton

Unincorporated communities

Category:West Virginia counties

Calhoun County, West Virginia

Calhoun County is a county located in the state of West Virginia. As of 2000, the population is 7,582. Its county seat is Grantsville ⁶. Calhoun County is named for South Carolina politician John C. Calhoun. Calhoun County is home to five public parks, The Upper West Fork Park in Chloe on WV 16, The West Fork Park in Arnoldsburg on US 33, Mt. Zion Park on WV 16, Calhoun County Park on WV 16, and Wayne Underwood Park in Grantsville. Calhoun is home to the annual West Virginia Wood Festival in June, and the annual West Virginia Molasses Festival in September. Calhoun is also home to Heartwood in the Hills, a school for the creative arts.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 727 km² (281 mi²). 727 km² (281 mi²) of it is land and 0 km² (0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.01% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 7,582 people, 3,071 households, and 2,201 families residing in the county. The population density is 10/km² (27/mi²). There are 3,848 housing units at an average density of 5/km² (14/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 98.91% White, 0.11% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. 0.55% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,071 households out of which 28.90% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.00% are married couples living together, 10.30% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.30% are non-families. 24.90% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.30% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.91. In the county, the population is spread out with 22.40% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 25.90% from 25 to 44, 27.10% from 45 to 64, and 16.70% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 99.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.30 males. The median income for a household in the county is $21,578, and the median income for a family is $26,701. Males have a median income of $25,609 versus $14,304 for females. The per capita income for the county is $11,491. 25.10% of the population and 19.10% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.40% of those under the age of 18 and 24.90% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Links to Calhoun County Web Sites

- [http://www.calhounchronicle.com The Calhoun Chronicle]
- [http://www.littlekanawha.com Little Kanawha Area Development Corporation]
- [http://www.calhounrealtyinc.com Calhoun Realty]
- [http://www.cafepress.com/impecunious/ Calhoun Proud T-shirts]
- [http://www.calhounchronicle.com/cache/ Calhoun County Geocaches]
- [http://www.geocities.com/mtziondrivein/ Mount Zion Drive-In theater]
- [http://www.woodfestival.com WV Wood Festival]
- [http://uwfvfd.tripod.com/ Upper West Fork Park & VFD]
- [http://www.heartwoodinthehills.com Heartwood in the Hills]

The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. The Corps' mission is to provide engineering services to the United States, including:
- Planning, designing, building and operating dams and other civil engineering projects
- Designing and managing the construction of military facilities for the Army and Air Force
- Providing design and construction management support for other Defense and federal agencies The Corps' history began in 1775 when the Con

Little Kanawha River

Course

Dams

Tributaries

Variant names

See also

External links

Ohio River

Description

Watershed

Pre-history

History

Cities along the Ohio

See also

External links

West Virginia

Information about West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

See also

External links

Allegheny Plateau

Mississippi River

Geography

Watershed

History

Maintaining a navigation channel

Major cities along the river

Notable bridges

Popular culture

Nicknames

Literature & Music

Slang

Notes

Sources

See also

External links

Logging

Logging activites

Silviculture systems

Clearcutting

Selection cut

Overstory removal

Logging and the environment

Logging roads

Forest regeneration, silviculture and biodiversity

The negative portrayal of logging by the media and popular culture

See also

External links

Upshur County, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

Cities and towns

Buckhannon, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

Notable persons born in Buckhannon

External links

Braxton County, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

Cities and towns

Incorporated cities and towns

Unincorporated communities

Calhoun County, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

Links to Calhoun County Web Sites

Cities and towns

Incorporated communities

Unincorporated communities

Wood County, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

Cities and towns

Unincorporated communities

Burnsville, West Virginia

Geography

Demographics

External links