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Little Miami River

Little Miami River

The Little Miami River (also called the Little Miami Scenic River) is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 160 mi (257 km) long, in southwestern Ohio in the United States. It joins the Ohio River east of Cincinnati, and is named for the Miami, an Algonquian-speaking Native American people who lived in the region during the early days of white settlement. The Little Miami River is a National Scenic River. A series of state and local parks and bike trails have been built along the river, including the Little Miami Bike Trail (of which the Loveland Bike Trail is a subsection), the Buckeye Trail, and Little Miami Scenic State Park. Most of these trails have been built along the abandoned rail grades that run along the river. The Ohio to Erie Trail project, under contruction, aims to link these trails to other trails statewide to create a single bike trail from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. It forms the eastern boundary of the Symmes Purchase and the western boundary of the Virginia Military District.

External links

- [http://www.buckeyetrail.org/ Buckeye Trail]
- [http://www.lovelandbiketrail.com/ Loveland Bike Trail]
- [http://www.ohiotoerietrail.org/ Ohio to Erie Trail] Category:Rivers of Ohio Category:Tributaries of the Ohio River Category:Warren County, Ohio

Ohio River

The Ohio River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River, 1,579 km (981 mi) long in the eastern United States.

United States
The Ohio River viewed from Liberty Hill in Ripley, Ohio.

Of great significance in the history of North America dating from the time of the Native Americans, the river was a primary transportation route during the westward expansion of the early U.S. It flows through or along the border of six states, and its watershed encompasses 14 states, including many of the states of the southeastern U.S. through its largest tributary, the Tennessee. During the eighteenth century it was the southern boundary of the Northwest Territory, thus serving as the border between free and slave territory.

Description

Northwest Territory Northwest Territory The river is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in downtown Pittsburgh. From Pittsburgh, it flows to the northwest through western Pennsylvania, before making an abrupt, almost 180 degree, turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia state line where it then forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio. The river then follows a roughly southwestern and then western course between Kentucky and Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois until it joins the Mississippi from the east at Cairo, Illinois. At its mouth, the Ohio is wider than the Mississippi itself. [http://terraserver.microsoft.com/map.aspx?t=1&s=14&lon=-89.1538398279652&lat=36.9976844072984&w=750&h=500&opt=0&f=Tahoma,Verdana,Arial&fs=8&fc=ffffff99] Major tributaries of the river, indicated by the location of their mouth, include:
- Allegheny River — Pennsylvania
- Monongahela River — Pennsylvania
- Beaver River— Pennsylvania
- Little Muskingum River — Ohio
- Duck Creek — Ohio
- Muskingum River — Ohio
- Little Kanawha River — West Virginia
- Hocking River — Ohio
- Kanawha River — West Virginia
- Guyandotte River — West Virginia
- Big Sandy River — Kentucky-West Virginia border
- Scioto River — Ohio
- Little Miami River — Ohio
- Licking River — Kentucky
- Great Miami River — Ohio-Indiana border
- Kentucky River — Kentucky
- Green River — Kentucky
- Wabash River — Indiana-Illinois border
- Saline River — Illinois
- Cumberland River — Kentucky
- Tennessee River — Kentucky

Watershed

The Ohio's watershed covers 490,603 square kilometers (189,422 square miles), including the eastern-most regions of the Mississippi Basin. States drained by the Ohio include: Mississippi Basin with Ohio River and Scioto River tributary on right.]]
- Illinois (the southeast corner of the state),
- Indiana (all but the northern area of the state),
- Ohio (the southern half of the state),
- New York (a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny River),
- Pennsylvania (a corridor from the southwestern corner to north central border),
- Maryland (a small corridor along the Youghiogheny River on the state's western border),
- West Virginia (all but the eastern border of the state),
- Kentucky (all but a tiny part in the extreme west of the state drained directly by the Mississippi River),
- Tennessee (all but a small part in the extreme west of the state drained directly by the Mississippi River),
- Virginia (the western border of the state),
- North Carolina (the western border of the state),
- Georgia (the northwest corner of the state),
- Alabama (the northern fringe of the state), and
- Mississippi (the northeast corner of the state). See [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=393&theme=2] for a map and information on the Ohio's watershed.

Pre-history

The Ohio River was formed by glacial meltwater from the last stage of this ice age, the Wisconsin glaciation. During the glacial retreat, the river was temporarily dammed just southwest of Louisville, Kentucky, creating a large lake until the dam burst. The Ohio River largely supplanted the former Teays River drainage system, which was disrupted by the glaciers. Today, the river still follows a significant portion of the old Teays River course in southernmost Ohio.

History

Since it was considered by pre-Columbian inhabitants of eastern North America to be part of a single river continuing on through the lower Mississippi, it is perhaps an understatement to characterize the Ohio as a mere tributary of the Mississippi. The river is 981 miles (1579 km) long and carries the largest volume of water of any upper tributary of the Mississippi. In fact, the Ohio typically carries a much greater volume of water than the upper Mississippi. On May 19, 1749 King George II of Great Britain granted the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River. Louisville, Kentucky was founded at the only major natural navigational barrier on the river, the Falls of the Ohio. These were a series of rapids where the river flowed over hard, fossil-rich beds of limestone. The first locks on the river were built at Louisville to circumnavigate the falls. Today, this is the site of McAlpine Locks and Dam. Because the Ohio River flowed westwardly, it became the convenient means of westward movement by pioneers travelling from western Pennsylvania. After reaching the mouth of the Ohio, settlers would travel north on the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri. There, some continued on up the Missouri River, some up the Mississippi, and some further west over land routes. In these early days, in the early 19th century, pirates set up shop at Cave-in-Rock in southern Illinois, waylaid travellers on their way down the river, killed them, stole their goods, and scuttled their boats. The folktales of Mike Fink recall the keelboats used for commerce in the early days of European settlement. Because of its significant role as the southern border of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the Ohio River is historically famous as the border dividing free states and slave states. As depicted in several novels by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Toni Morrison, the Ohio River was the barrier which, by crossing by boat or 'on ice floes', slaves were freed. Today, the Ohio River generally separates Midwestern and Great Lakes states from Southern border states. Interestingly, by an accident of history, the charter for Virginia went not to the middle of the Ohio River, but to its far shore so the entire river was included. Wherever the river serves as a boundary between states—Illinois, Indiana and Ohio on the north, and Kentucky and West Virginia on the south, the river essentially belongs to the two states on the south that were divided from Virginia. Kentucky brought suit against Indiana in the early 1980s because of the building of the Marble Hill nuclear power plant in Indiana, which would have discharged its waste water into the river. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Kentucky's jurisdiction (and, implicitly, that of West Virginia) extended only to the low water mark of 1793, important because the river has been extensively dammed for navigation, so that the present river bank is north of the old low water mark. Similarly in the 1990s, Kentucky disputed Illinois' right to collect taxes on a riverboat casino docked in Metropolis, citing their control of the entire river. In the early 1980s, the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area was established at Louisville, Kentucky.

Cities along the Ohio

For a full listing, see List of cities and towns along the Ohio River. Besides Pittsburgh and Cairo, other cities along the Ohio include:
- Steubenville, Marietta, Belpre, Pomeroy, Gallipolis, Ironton, Portsmouth, Ripley and Cincinnati in Ohio
- Weirton, New Martinsville, Wheeling, Paden City, Parkersburg and Huntington in West Virginia
- Ashland, Newport, Covington, Louisville, Owensboro, Henderson and Paducah in Kentucky
- Madison, Jeffersonville, Clarksville, New Albany, Tell City, Evansville and Mount Vernon in Indiana.
- Cairo, Metropolis, Brookport, Old Shawneetown, Cave-In-Rock, Elizabethtown and Golconda in Illinois

External links

- [http://www.kyinbridges.com/Features.aspx The Ohio River Bridges Project] (note: site uses Flash) Ohio River Category:Rivers of Illinois Category:Rivers of Indiana Category:Rivers of Kentucky Category:Rivers of Ohio Category:Streams of Pennsylvania Category:Rivers of West Virginia simple:Ohio River

Kilometer

A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer), symbol: km is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words χίλια (khilia) = thousand and μέτρο (metro) = count/measure). It is approximately equal to 0.621 miles, 1094 yards or 3281 feet. Slang terms for kilometre include "klick" (sometimes spelt "click" or "klik") and "kay" (or "k"). All these slang terms can also refer to kilometres per hour.

Metric system

:Main articles: Metric system and Metre Like the kilometre, all units of length in the metric system are based on the metre, by adding an SI prefix that stands for a power of ten, such as hecto for one hundred to form hectometre (= 0.1 kilometre) or mega for one million to form megametre (= 1,000 kilometre). The metre is not only the basis for all units of length in the metric system, but also of units of area (the square metre) and volume (the cubic metre). This extends to the kilometre, so one can have square and cubic kilometres. Unicode has symbols for "km" (㎞), for square kilometre (㎢) and for cubic kilometre (㎦); however, they are useful only in CJK texts, where they are equal in size to one Chinese character.

Pronunciation

In theory, the pronunciation of the word kilometre should have the stress placed on the first syllable, in line with other metric prefixes (as in kilogram, kilojoule and, analogous, kilobyte). However, pronunciation with the stress on the second syllable is usual in English.

Ohio

Ohio is a Midwestern state in the northeast of the United States. It was the first and eastern-most state in the Midwest admitted to the Union under the Northwest Ordinance. Its U.S. postal abbreviation is OH; its old-style abbreviation is O. Ohio is an Iroquois word meaning "great water." The name refers to the Ohio River that forms its southern border. The U.S. Navy has named several ships USS Ohio in honor of this state.

History

USS Ohio in lower Manhattan]] Ohio, the region north of the Ohio River and south of the Great Lakes, was originally controlled by various native tribes. At the time of European colonization, the Iroquois federation of the New York area claimed the region including the modern territory of Ohio as a hunting ground. However, locally, the region was populated by several other peoples, principally the Miamis, Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Ottawas, and Eries. During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. In 1754, France and Great Britain fought a war known in the United States as the French and Indian War. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded control of Ohio and the old Northwest to Great Britain. Britain soon passed the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited the American colonists from settling in Ohio Country. British control of the region ended with the American victory in the American Revolution, after which the British ceded claims to Ohio and the territory in the West to the Mississippi River to the United States. The United States created the Northwest Territory in 1787 under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, also known as the Freedom Ordinance because for the first time slavery would be prohibited from an entire American region. The states of the Midwest would be known as free states, in contradistinction to those states south of the Ohio River known as slave states, and later, as Northeastern states abolished slavery in the coming two generations, the free states would be known as Northern States. The Northwest Territory originally included areas that had previously been known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula. Under the Northwest Ordinance, any of the states to be formed out of the Northwest Territory would be admitted as a state once the population exceeded 60,000. Although Ohio's population numbered only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood with the assumption that it would exceed 60,000 residents by the time it would become a state. On February 19, 1803, President Jefferson signed an act of U.S. Congress that recognized Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, with Louisiana's admission. So, on August 7, 1953 (the year of Ohio's 150th anniversary), President Eisenhower signed an act that officially declared March 1, 1803 the date of Ohio's admittance into the Union. In 1835, Ohio fought a mostly bloodless boundary war with Michigan over the Toledo Strip known as the Toledo War. Congress intervened and, as a condition for admittance as a state of the Union, Michigan was forced to accept the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula in exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip. See also: Articles on Ohio history

Law and Government

Ohio's capital is Columbus, located close to the center of the state. See: Government of Ohio

Geography

Government of Ohio See: List of Ohio counties, List of cities in Ohio, List of villages in Ohio, List of Ohio townships, Ohio public lands Ohio public lands Being centrally located in the northeastern corner of the United States' Midwest region, Ohio is located on Lake Erie, is connected by major highways and borders several states. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River (with the border being at the 1793 low-water mark on the north side of the river), and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. It borders Pennsylvania on the east, Michigan in the northwest near Toledo, Ontario, Canada across Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests. The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Known somewhat erroneously as Ohio's "Appalachian Counties" (they are actually in the Allegheny Plateau), this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and even distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state and, unfortunately, create a limited opportunity to participate in the generally high economic standards of Ohio. Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio and then the Mississippi. Grand Lake St. Mary's in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world. It should be noted that Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Economy

Ohio is a major producer of machines, tires and rubber products, steel, processed foods, tools, and other manufactured goods. This is not immediately obvious because Ohio specializes in producers goods (goods used to make other goods, such as machine tools, industrial chemicals, and plastic moldings). Nevertheless, there are well known Ohio consumer items including some Procter & Gamble products, Smuckers jams and jellies, and DayGlo. Ohio is the site of the invention of the airplane, resulting from the experiments of the Wright brothers in Dayton. Production of aircraft in the USA is now centered elsewhere, but a large experimental and design facility, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base has been located near Dayton and serves in the co-ordination of production of US military aircraft. On the base are located Wright Hill and Huffman Prairie, where many of the earliest aerodynamic experiments of the Wright brothers were performed. Ohio today also has many aerospace, defense, and NASA parts and systems suppliers scattered throughout the state. As part of the Corn Belt, agriculture also plays an important role in the state's economy. There is also a small commercial fishing sector on Lake Erie, and the principal catch is yellow perch. In addition, Ohio's historical attractions, varying landscapes, and recreational opportunities are the basis for a thriving tourist industry. Over 2,500 lakes and 70,000 kilometers of river landscapes are a paradise for boaters, fishermen, and swimmers. Of special historical interest are the Native American archaeological sites—including grave mounds and other sites. The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Ohio's total state product in 2003 was $403 billion. Per capital personal income in 2003 was $30,129, 25th in the nation. Ohio's agricultural outputs are soybeans, dairy products, corn, tomatoes, hogs, cattle, poultry and eggs. Its industrial outputs are transportation equipment, fabricated metal products, machinery, food processing, and electric equipment.

Demographics

As of 2004, Ohio's population was estimated to be 11,459,011 people. This includes about 390,000 foreign-born (3.4%). The racial makeup of the state is:
- 85.0% White
- 11.5% Black
- 1.9% Hispanic
- 1.2% Asian
- 0.2% Native American
- 1.4% Mixed race The 5 largest ancestry groups in Ohio are German (25.2%), Irish (12.7%), African (11.5%), English (9.2%), American (8.5%). German is the largest reported ancestry in most of the counties in Ohio, especially in the northwest. Ohioans of American and British ancestry are present throughout the state as well, particularly in the south-central part of the state. The cities of Cleveland and Cincinnati are heavily black. 6.6% of Ohio's population were reported as under 5, 25.4% under 18, and 13.3% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.4% of the population.

Religion

Ohio is mostly Protestant. There are large numbers of Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and Pentecostals. Other notable Protestant groups include the nation's largest Amish population, and the headquarters of the United Church of Christ, which is in Cleveland. There are sizeable Jewish communities in the Cleveland and Cincinnati areas. The religious affiliations of the people of Ohio are:
- Christianity – 82%
- Protestant – 62%
- Baptist – 15%
- Methodist – 11%
- Lutheran – 5%
- Presbyterian – 4%
- Pentecostal – 4%
- United Church of Christ – 2%
- Amish/Pietist – 1%
- Other Protestant – 20%
- Roman Catholic – 19%
- Other Christian – 1%
- Judaism – 1.3%
- Other Religions – less than 1%
- Non-Religious – 16%

Political demographics and history

Politically, Ohio is considered a swing state, although state politics are dominated by Republicans. The mixture of urban and rural areas, and the presence of both large blue-collar industries and significant white-collar commercial districts leads to a balance of conservative and liberal population that (together with the state's 20 electoral votes, more than most swing states) makes the state very important to the outcome of national elections. Ohio was the deciding state in the 2004 presidential election between George W. Bush and John Kerry. Bush narrowly won the state's 20 electoral votes by a margin of 2 percentage points and 50.8% of the vote. The state supported Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, some argue because of a defection of Republican voters to Ross Perot, but supported Republican George Bush in 2000 and 2004. Ohio was also a deciding factor in the 1948 presidential election when Democrat Harry S. Truman defeated Republican Thomas Dewey (who had won the state four years earlier) and in the 1976 presidential election when Democrat Jimmy Carter defeated Republican Gerald Ford by a slim margin in Ohio and took the election. Ohio's demographics cause many to consider the state as a microcosm of the nation as a whole. Interestingly, a Republican presidential candidate has never won the White House without winning Ohio, and Ohio has gone to the winner of the election in all but two contests since 1892, backing only losers Thomas E. Dewey in 1944 (Ohio's John Bricker was his running mate) and Richard M. Nixon in 1960. Consequently, the state is very important to the campaigns of both major parties. Ohio had 20 electoral votes in the Electoral College in 2004. (See also U.S. Electoral College.) The most solidly Democratic areas of the state are in the northeast, including Cleveland, Youngstown, and other industrial areas. Specifically, the core of this region includes eight counties stretching east along Lake Erie from Erie County to the Pennsylvania border and south to Mahoning County. Southwestern Ohio, especially the suburbs of Cincinnati, Warren County, Butler County, and Clermont County is particularly Republican. Ohio is known as the "Modern Mother of Presidents," having sent eight of its native sons to the White House. Seven of them were Republicans, and the other was a member of the Whig Party. See also:
- Ohio Democratic Party
- Ohio Republican Party

Important cities and towns

See: List of cities in Ohio

Education

Colleges and universities

- 13 state universities
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
- Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio
- Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
- Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Shawnee State University, Portsmouth, Ohio
- University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
- Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (Fairborn, Ohio)
- Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio :(note: the University of Dayton is not one of Ohio's state universities; it is a private, Roman Catholic university run by the Society of Mary)
- 24 state university branch and regional campuses
- 46 liberal arts colleges and universities
- 6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools
- Medical University of Ohio (formerly Medical College of Ohio)
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
- Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health
- Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Wright State University School of Medicine
- 1 private medical school
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
- 15 community colleges
- 8 technical colleges
- over 24 independent non-profit colleges See List of Ohio colleges

Professional sports teams

Ohio is home to many professional sports teams, including six major professional sports league franchises. Ohio is currently the only state to have teams in each of the major leagues where no one city or metro area could lay claim to the "Grand Slam."

Transportation

Many major east-west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 1900's as "Ohio Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historical Lincoln Highway which was America's first transcontinental road, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1928, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Highway 30. Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (I-80/I-90) in the north, I-76 through Akron to Pennsylvania, U.S. 30 (the Lincoln Highway) a bit further south through Canton, Mansfield, Lima, and Van Wert, I-70 through Columbus and Dayton, and the Appalachian Highway (Ohio 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati. Major north-south routes include I-75 in the west through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati, I-71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland through Columbus and Cincinnati into Kentucky, and I-77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland down into West Virginia. The north-south routes except for I-75 are less important to non-local traffic than the east-west routes because, due to the presence of Lake Erie, they do not go through.

State symbols

- State animal: White-tailed Deer
- State bird: Cardinal
- State capital: Columbus
- State flower: Scarlet Carnation
- State wildflower: Large white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)
- State insect: Ladybird Beetle
- State song: "Beautiful Ohio"
- State rock song: "Hang On Sloopy"
- State tree: Ohio Buckeye
- State fossil: Trilobite genus Isotelus
- State drink: Tomato juice
- State reptile: Black racer snake
- State gemstone: Ohio Flint
- State motto: "With God all things are possible"
- Unofficial Motto: "So much to discover" adopted as part of state bicentennial campaign

External links

- [http://www.ohio.gov/ State of Ohio Official Website]
- [http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/ Supreme Court of Ohio Official Website]
- [http://www.house.state.oh.us/ Ohio House of Representatives Official Website]
- [http://www.senate.state.oh.us/ Ohio Senate Official Website]
- [http://www.ohiodems.org/ Ohio Democratic Party]
- [http://www.ohiogop.org/ Ohio Republican Party]
- [http://www.ohionewsnow.com/ Ohio News Network]
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html U.S. Census Bureau]
- [http://obit.obitlinkspage.com/oh.htm Ohio Obituary Links Page]
- [http://www.genealogybuff.com/oh/ GenealogyBuff.com - Ohio Library of Files]
- Category:States of the United States ko:오하이오 주 ja:オハイオ州 simple:Ohio th:มลรัฐโอไฮโอ

Cincinnati, Ohio

:The article refers to the city in Ohio. For information on the city in Iowa, see Cincinnati, Iowa. Cincinnati is a city in southwestern Ohio, United States that lies on the Ohio River and is the county seat of Hamilton County. It is nicknamed "The Queen City" (also "The Queen of the West," "The Blue Chip City," "The City of Seven Hills" and "Cincinnata") and is sometimes abbreviated to "Cincy", "Cinci", "Cinti" or "The 'Nati". As of the 2000 census, Cincinnati had a total population of 331,285, making it the third largest city in Ohio. It has a much larger metropolitan area covering parts of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana, with over two million residents. It is home to both the Reds and the Bengals, as well as major corporations such as Procter & Gamble, Kroger, GE Infrastructure, Federated Department Stores (owner of Macy's, Bloomingdale's, and Lord & Taylor), Chiquita Brands International, Great American Insurance Company, The E. W. Scripps Company, the U.S. Playing Card Company and Fifth Third Bank.

History

Cincinnati was founded in 1788 by John Cleves Symmes. Surveyor John Filson (also the author the tale of Daniel Boone) named it "Losantiville"[http://www.filsonhistorical.org] from four terms, each of different language, meaning "The city opposite the mouth of the Licking River." "Ville" is French for "city," "anti" is Greek for "opposite," "os" is Latin for "mouth," and "L" was all that was included of "Licking River." In 1790, Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, changed the name of the settlement to "Cincinnati" in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which he was president. The society honored General George Washington, who was considered a latter day Cincinnatus—the Roman general who saved his city, then retired from power to his farm. To this day, Cincinnati in particular, and Ohio in general, are home to a disproportionately large number of descendants of Revolutionary War soldiers who were granted lands in the state. In 1802, Cincinnati was chartered as a village, and in 1819, it was incorporated as a city. The introduction of steam navigation on the Ohio River in 1811 and the completion of the Miami and Erie Canal helped the city grow to 115,000 citizens by 1850. The nickname "Porkopolis" was coined around 1835, when Cincinnati was the country's chief hog packing center, and herds of pigs traveled the streets. Called the "Queen of the West" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (although this nickname was first used by a local newspaper in 1819), Cincinnati was an important stop on the Underground Railroad, which helped slaves escape from the South. Cincinnati is also known as the "City of Seven Hills," which is probably a romantic reference to Rome and Cincinnatus, though there is no agreement on the specific hills [http://www.cincinnati.com/local/atoz/upsanddowns.html]to which the name refers (however, see discussion section). As a pioneer-era city, it compared with Pittsburgh and Nashville. As a "Riverboat" and canal-era city, it compared with Louisville, St. Louis and New Orleans. As an immigrant, industrial city it compared with Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Chicago, and Detroit. Because of its river setting and extensive park system, many commentators have remarked on Cincinnati's beauty, including Winston Churchill, who called it "the most beautiful of America's inland cities." The city's picturesque skyline was used as a backdrop for the fictional city of Monticello on the soap opera The Edge of Night, one of the many soap operas sponsored by Cincinnati soap maker Procter & Gamble. Cincinnati was a pioneer city in many respects. It was the first city in the United States to establish a Jewish Hospital in 1850. Also established in 1850, Gibson Greeting Cards (acquired by American Greetings in 2000) was the first to publish greeting cards. It is where America's [http://www.cincyfiremuseum.com/history.html first municipal fire department]was established in 1853. Established in 1867, the Cincinnati Red Stockings (later, the Cincinnati Reds) became the world's first professional (all paid, no amateurs) baseball team in 1869. Additionally, in 1935, baseball's first night game was played at Crosley Field. Cincinnati was the first to build and own a major railroad in 1880, a vital railway connection between east and west. In 1902, the world's first reinforced concrete skyscraper was built, the Ingalls Building. [http://www.bartleby.com/65/be/Beard-Da.html "The Sons of Daniel Boone"], later known as The Boy Scouts of America, began in Cincinnati in 1905. Because of the city's rich German heritage, the pre-prohibition era allowed Cincinnati to become a national forerunner in the [http://www.citybeat.com/2004-04-28/socincinnati.shtml brewing industry.] During experimentation for 6 years (until 1939), Cincinnati's AM radio station, WLW was the first to broadcast at an astounding 500,000 watts. In 1943, King Records (and it's subsidiary, Queen Records) was founded, and went on to record early music by artists who became highly successful and influential in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music Country], R&B, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll Rock]. [http://www.cetconnect.org/50/index.asp#documents WCET TV] was the first licensed public television station, established in 1954. On December 3, 1979, Cincinnati's Riverfront Coliseum (now called the U.S. Bank Arena) was the site of one of the worst rock concert tragedies in United States history. Eleven fans were killed and several dozen others injured in the rush for seating at the opening of a sold-out concert by The Who. The concert was using "festival seating" (also known as "general seating" or "stadium seating"), where the best seats are available on a first-come, first-served basis. When the crowds waiting outside heard the band performing a soundcheck, they thought the concert was beginning and tried to rush into the still-closed doors, trampling those at the front of the crowd. The tragedy was blamed on poor crowd control, mainly the failure of arena management to open enough doors to deal with the crowd outside. As a result, concert venues across North America switched to assigned seating or changed their rules about festival seating. Cincinnati immediately outlawed festival seating at concerts, although it overturned the ban on August 4, 2004, since the ban was making it difficult for Cincinnati to book concerts. (Many music acts prefer festival seating because it allows the most enthusiastic fans to get near the stage and generate excitement for the rest of the crowd. In 2002, the city had made a one-time exception to the ban, allowing festival seating for a Bruce Springsteen concert.) Cincinnati was the only city in the U.S. to outlaw festival seating altogether.

Politics

Currently, although the City of Cincinnati generally votes Democrat like other Midwestern cities, Hamilton County and the rest of the metropolitan area generally votes Republican. The city is governed by a nine-member city council, whose members are elected at large. Prior to 1924, city council was elected through a system of wards. The ward system lent itself to corruption and Cincinnati was run by the Republican political machine of Boss Cox from the 1880's through the 1920's with a few brief interludes. A reform movement arose in 1923, led by another Republican, Murray Seasongood. Seasongood eventually founded the Charter Committee, which used ballot initiatives in 1924 to eliminate the ward system and replace it with the current at-large system and also to introduce a city manager. From 1924 to 1957, the council was selected by proportional representation. As of 1957, all candidates run in a single race and the top nine vote-getters are elected (the "9-X system"). The mayor was selected by the council. Starting in 1987, the top vote-getter in the city council race automatically became mayor. Starting in 1999, the mayor was chosen in a separate election and the city manager accepted a lesser role in government; these reforms were referred to as the "strong mayor" reforms. Cincinnati politics includes the participation of the Charter Party, the third-party with the longest history of winning in local elections.

Other

Cincinnati was an important port for the Underground Railroad in pre-Civil War times. It is located right on the border of the slave state Kentucky and is often mentioned as a destination for many people escaping the bonds of slavery. After Martin Luther King Jr's assassination a deadly riot broke out in Cincinnati killing 2. Cincinanti's turmiol insued in 2001, with a racial incident that occured after a number of shootings of black males. After the death of Roger Owensby Jr, a group brought a lawsuit against the city of Cincinnati alleging consistent racial profiling behind the disproportionate amount of deaths for younger black males. While the lawsuit was beginning, the shooting of Timothy Thomas, an unarmed 19-year old black male by a Cincinnati Police officer during an on-foot pursuit in what was, at the time, one of the city's most dangerous neighborhoods, sparked the 2001 Cincinnati Riots.

Geography and climate

Geography

2001 Cincinnati Riots Cincinnati is located at (39.136160, -84.503088). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 206.1 km² (79.6 mi²). 201.9 km² (78.0 mi²) of it is land and 4.1 km² (1.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.01% water. The Cincinnati – Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 25th largest in the United States, has a population of 2,009,632. It includes the Ohio counties of Hamilton, Butler, Warren, Clermont and Brown, as well as the Kentucky counties of Boone, Bracken, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton, and the Indiana counties of Dearborn, Franklin, and Ohio.

Climate

Cincinnati's weather is temperate and seasonal. Summers are hot and humid with cool evenings. The mean annual temperature is 54 °F (12 °C), with an average annual snowfall of 32 inches (81.3 cm) and an average annual rainfall of 41 inches (1,040 mm). The wettest seasons are the spring and summer, although rainfall is fairly constant all year round. During the winter, particularly in January and February, several days of snow can be expected, allowing for winter sports. Winter temperatures range from 27 to 43 °F (−3 to 6 °C) and summer temperatures range from 66 to 86 °F (19 to 30 °C). The highest recorded temperature was 103.0 °F (39.4 °C) on 1988-08-17, and the lowest recorded temperature was −22 °F (−30 °C) on 1994-01-19.

Neighborhoods

Cincinnati's unique geography nestles its neighborhoods in small basins and the hillsides that overlook them. Because of this, many of the city's neighborhoods developed very strong personal identities. Today's outer neighborhoods such as Clifton and Carthage were originally settled as their own villages, with individual downtown sections of their own. Over-the-Rhine was an important neighborhood in German-American history. Also important to the city's landscape is the division into "East and West Sides." There has always been a light-hearted rivalry between the East Side, who "has the money and spends it," and the West Side, who "has the money and doesn't spend it." There are an assortment of classifications, but the separations only help to unite the city more.

Demographics

As of the census of 2003, there are 317,361 people, 166,012 households, and 72,566 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,640.5/km² (4,249.0/mi²). There are 166,012 housing units at an average density of 822.1/km² (2,129.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 52.97% White, 42.92% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.63% from other races, and 1.68% from two or more races. 1.28% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 148,095 households out of which 25.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.6% are married couples living together, 18.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 51.0% are non-families. 42.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.15 and the average family size is 3.02. The age distribution is 24.5% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.6 males. Although the city was ranked as one of the poorest cities in the United States in 2003, the median income for a household in the city is $29,493, and the median income for a family is $37,543. Males have a median income of $33,063 versus $26,946 for females. The per capita income for the city is $19,962. 21.9% of the population and 18.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 32.0% of those under the age of 18 and 14.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Fountain Square

poverty line Fountain Square is a public square in Downtown Cincinnati, located at Fifth Street and Vine. Its centerpiece is the landmark bronze Tyler Davidson Fountain. The square is a popular hardscape, surrounded by hotels, banks, department stores, and restaurants. The space was donated to the city of Cincinnati by prominent citizen Henry Probasco and dedicated on its completion in 1871 to his brother-in-law, Tyler Davidson. In 1998 the fountain underwent extensive restoration. In September 2005 the fountain was temporarily moved to the Cincinnati Art Museum while Fountain Square itself undergoes extensive renovation. Fountain Square was featured in the credits of the television series WKRP in Cincinnati.

Riverfront

Being situated on the Ohio River, Cincinnati is home to several prominent bridges that connect the downtown to Covington, Kentucky and Newport, Kentucky, including the picturesque John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge; the Daniel Carter Beard Bridge (aka The Big Mac Bridge); and the Purple People Bridge.

Education

Cincinnati Public Schools operates the public schools in the city.

Media

Print

Cincinnati is served by two daily newspapers: The Cincinnati Enquirer, owned by Gannett Co., and The Cincinnati Post, owned by the E.W. Scripps Company, as well as an African American newspaper (The Cincinnati Herald) and weekly newspapers CityBeat and CiN Weekly. The Cincinnati Business Courier [http://cincinnati.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/] is a weekly business publication.

Television

- The following TV stations serve the Cincinnati area:
- WLWT [http://www.channelcincinnati.com/ Channel 5] (NBC), owned by Hearst-Argyle
- WCPO [http://www.wcpo.com/ Channel 9] (ABC), owned by Scripps-Howard
- WKRC [http://www.wkrc.com/ Channel 12] (CBS), owned by Clear Channel
- WXIX [http://www.fox19.com/ Channel 19] (FOX), owned by Raycom Media
- WSTR-TV [http://www.wb64.net/ Channel 64] (WB), owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group
- WOTH [http://www.wbqc.com/woth/ Channel 25], owned by WBQC (below)--(low power)
- WBQC [http://www.wbqc.com Channel 38] (UPN)--(low power)
- WCET [http://www.wcet.org Channel 48] (PBS)

Radio

- These are the major talk and music radio stations in the Cincinnati area:
- 55WKRC AM Talk Radio "The Talk Station" [http://www.55krc.com]
- NewsRadio 700 WLW AM "The Big One" [http://www.700wlw.com]
- Sacred Heart Radio 740 AM [http://www.sacredheartradio.com]
- News Talk 1160 WBOB AM [http://www.wbob.com]
- 1360 Homer AM "The Sports Animal" Sports Radio [http://www.1360homer.com]
- 1530 WCKY AM "The Revolution of Talk Radio" [http://www.wcky.com]
- WAIF "What Radio Was Meant To Be" Community radio 88.3 FM [http://waif883.org]
- WJVS "Joint Vocational School" Mon-Fri 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM on 88.3 FM
- WGUC 90.9 FM NPR; Classical Music [http://www.wguc.org]
- WVXU 91.7 FM NPR; Public Radio [http://www.wvxu.org/html/wvxu.html]
- WOFX "The FOX" Classic Rock 92.5 FM [http://www.foxcincinnati.com]
- WAKW "New Life 93" Christian 93.3 FM [http://www.wakw.com]
- WVMX "Mix 94.1" Adult Contemporary FM [http://www.wvmx.com]
- WMOJ "Jammin' Oldies" Oldies 94.9 FM [http://www.mojo949.com]
- WYGY "The Star" Country 96.5 FM [http://www.965thestar.com]
- WAQZ "Cincinnati's New Rock 97.3" Alternative Rock 97.3 FM [http://www.newrock973.com]
- WOXY (FM) "97.7 Max FM"
- WRRM "Warm 98" Soft Rock 98.5 FM [http://www.warm98.com]
- WIZF "The Wiz" Hip Hop-Rap-R&B 100.9 FM [http://www.wizfm.com]
- WKRQ "Q 102" Top 40 101.9 FM [http://www.wkrq.com]
- WEBN "WEBN" Rock 102.7 FM [http://www.webn.com]
- WGRR "Oldies 103.5" Oldies 103.5 FM [http://www.wgrr.com]
- WNLT "K Love" Contemporary Christian 104.3 FM [http://www.klove.com]
- WNKU "Best Public Radio in the country" Eclectic music 89.7 FM [http://wnku.org]
- WUBE "B 105" Country 105.1 FM [http://www.wube.com]
- WPFB "The Rebel" Country 105.9 FM [http://www.1059therebel.com]
- WKFS "KISS 107 FM" Top 40-Hip Hop-Rap 107.1 [http://www.kisscincinnati.com]
- WDBZ "The Buzz of Cincinnati" 1320 AM Black Talk Radio

Online Media

- The following are online media outlets, including new aggregators, in the Cincinnati area:
- The Dean of Cincinnati [http://www.deanofcincinnati.com]
- 513 Green PAC [http://www.513gpac.fiveonetree.org]
- AroundCinci.com [http://www.aroundcinci.com]
- Blue Chip Review [http://bluechipreview.com]
- Cincinnati.com [http://www.cincinnati.com]
- The Cincinnati Nation [http://www.cincinnatination.com]
- NKY.com [http://www.nky.com]
- Queen City Forum [http://queencityforum.com]
- WOXY (internet radio) [http://www.woxy.com]

Transportation

- Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport is located in Hebron, Kentucky, and serves Cincinnati, Ohio.
- The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge, opened in 1866, links Cincinnati and Covington, Kentucky. This bridge was the prototype for the Brooklyn Bridge, also designed by Roebling.
- Cincinnati is accessible via interstates I-75, I-71 and I-74. I-275 is a beltway around the city, and I-471 links it to Newport, Kentucky.
- Lunken Airport - Cincinnati Municipal Airfield
- Amtrak Passenger Rail Service
- Greyhound Lines Bus Service
- Cincinnati has an unfinished Subway, abandoned during construction in 1925 due to cost overruns. Proposals exist to build a new system and resurrect the remaining tunnels, but none have been erected.
- METRO city passenger bus, operated by SORTA, the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority
- TANK Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky in Downtown Cincinnati, south of sixth street.

Culture

- Mt. Adams
- Clifton Gaslight District
- Big Pig Gig

Attractions

- Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden
- Cincinnati Museum Center [http://www.cincymuseum.org/]combines the Cincinnati Children's Museum, the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Science, the OmniMax Cinema, and the Cincinnati History Museum in the classic Art-Deco Union Terminal, the largest half-dome on the planet Earth.
- Coney Island of Cincinnati
- Paramount's Kings Island, located in Mason, a suburb 20 miles northeast of Cincinnati)
- Boomerang Bay Waterpark, also in Mason, also owned by Paramount
- The Beach Waterpark, also in Mason
- TPC at River's Bend, a golf club that hosts a Champions Tour event (men's senior golf)
- Western & Southern Financial Group Masters, an important tennis tournament held in Mason
- [http://www.junglejims.com/ Jungle Jim's International Market] -- Most unusual grocery store in the world! International Food experience bar none.
- [http://www.freedomcenter.org/ National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]

Buildings

tennis
- Carew Tower tallest building in Cincinnati and a National Histroic Landmark; open air observation deck on 49th story; prototype for Empire State Building
- PNC Tower 5th tallest in the world (tallest in the US outside of New York City) when it was built in 1914
- Scripps Center Home of the world headquarters for Scripps Howard
- Ingalls Building The world's first reinforced concrete skyscraper
- Star Tower
- Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal A former train station; now a museum; example of Art Deco style. Amtrak station has returned to Union Terminal since renovation.
- US Bank Tower
- The Contemporary Arts Center By Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid, 2004 winner of the Pritzker Prize. Called by the New York Times the "most important American building to be completed since the end of the Cold War."
- Aronoff Center Performing art center, by architect César Pelli.
- Aronoff Center for Design and Art Home of the University of Cincinnati College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, by architect Peter Eisenman.
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies at University of Cincinnati, by architect Frank Gehry, 1989 winner of the Pritzker Prize.
- Engineering Resarch Center at University of Cincinnati, by architect Michael Graves.
- College Conservatory of Music at University of Cincinnati, by architect Henry Cobb partner of I.M. Pei.
- Campus Recreation Center at University of Cincinnati, by architect Thom Mayne, 2005 winner of the Pritzker Prize. Opening 2005.
- Athletic Center at University of Cincinnati, by architect Bernard Tschumi. Opening 2006.

Galleries

- Carl Solway Gallery
- Cincinnati Art Galleries
- The Design Consortium Gallery
- Miller Gallery
- Visual History Gallery
- Weston Art Gallery

Famous Cincinnati natives

- William Howard Taft – President of the United States, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
- William Henry Harrison – President of the United States
- Sarah Jessica Parker – actress
- Carmen Electra – entertainer
- Bootsy Collins – musician
- Jerry Springer – talk show host
- Roger Staubach – football player
- Barry Larkin – baseball player
- Ken Griffey, Jr. – baseball player (born in Pennsylvania, raised in Cincinnati)
- Pete Rose – baseball player
- Frank Duveneck – painter
- Ulysses S. Grant – President of the United States, General
- Henry Heimlich – co-developer of the Heimlich maneuver
- Powel Crosley Jr. – inventor, industrialist, and entrepreneur
- Steven Spielberg – producer/director
- George Clooney – Actor
- Ted Turner – Media Mogul
- Roy Rogers – The Singing Cowboy
- Bill Hemmer – FOX News Channel Channel Anchor
- Andy Williams – singer
- Doris Day – actress
- Tony Snow – FOX News Channel Anchor and radio host
- Charles Manson – infamous murderer
- Rosemary Clooney – Singer/Actress
- William McGuffey – 19th century writer of the McGuffey Readers
- Daniel Carter Beard – founder of the Boy Scouts of America
- Harriet Beecher Stowe – author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, abolitionist
- Thomas Worthington Whittredge – painter [http://www.spfld-museum-of-art.org/collection/whittre.html]
- Linda Vester – FOX News Channel Channel Anchor
- Nick Lachey – Singer, Member of 98 Degrees

Museums

- American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum
- Cincinnati Art Museum
- The Center for Holocaust and Humanity Education
- [http://www.cincyfiremuseum.com/history.html Cincinnati Fire Museum]
- John Hauck House
- Heritage Village Museum
- Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal
- Cincinnati Observatory Center
- The Contemporary Arts Center
- Drake Planetarium
- Greater Cincinnati Science Education Center
- Harriet Beecher Stowe House
- National Signs of the Times Museum
- National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
- Newport Aquarium (in Newport, Kentucky)
- The Taft Museum of Art

Theater

For a town of its size, Cincinnati boasts a vibrant community of theatre artists, educators, and producers. Audiences can attend professional, semi-professional, community, and educational theatre opportunities year-round in the Cincinnati tri-state region. Many theatres within the region are members of the League of Cincinnati Theatres. Professional (Equity) Theatre
- Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park
- Ensemble Theatre of Cincinnati Professional (Non-Equity) Theatre
- Know Theatre Tribe
- Clear Stage Cincinnati
- Cincinnati Shakespeare Festival
- Cincinnati Public Theatre
- Stage First Cincinnati
- New Edgecliff Theater
- The Performance Gallery
- The Children's Theatre Community (Non-Professional) Theatre
- Mariemont Players
- Falcon Productions
- Ovation Theatre Company
- Cincinnati Music Theatre
- Wyoming Players
- Lookingglass Theatre
- If Theatre Collective
- Showbiz Players Educational Theatre In addition to theatre experiences offered through most high schools, which are critiqued by local students through the annual Cappie Awards, Cincinnati offers a number of college-level theatre/performing arts training and performing opportunities including:
- University of Cincinnati
- Xavier University
- Northern Kentucky University

Food culture

- Skyline Chili
- [http://www.montgomeryinn.com/ Montgomery Inn] -- "The Ribs King"
- Graeter's Ice Cream
- LaRosa's Pizza
- [http://www.izzys.com Izzy's]
- Findlay Market
- United Dairy Farmers
- [http://www.goldstarchili.com Gold Star Chili]
- [http://www.campwashingtonchili.com Camp Washington Chili]
- [http://www.aglamesis.com Aglamesis Bros. Ice Cream Parlor]
- [http://www.jeffruby.com Jeff Ruby Steakhouses]

Sports

United Dairy Farmers

Venues

- Paul Brown Stadium – Football, soccer (capacity 65,535)
- Great American Ball Park – Baseball (42,059)
- Nippert Stadium – University of Cincinnati football (35,000)
- U.S. Bank Arena – Hockey, basketball, football, soccer (17,000)
- Fifth Third Arena – University of Cincinnati athletics (13,176)
- Cincinnati Gardens – Hockey, basketball, boxing (11,498)
- Cintas Center – Xavier University athletics (10,250)

Major league teams

- Cincinnati Reds, Major League Baseball
- Cincinnati Bengals, National Football League

Minor league teams

- Cincinnati Kings, USL Second Division
- Cincinnati Mighty Ducks, American Hockey League -- voluntarily suspended for 2005-2006 due to lack of an NHL affiliate. Team hopes to return in 2006-2007 as the Cincinnati Railraiders and as the Columbus Blue Jackets' affiliate.

Major colleges

- Cincinnati Bearcats, University of Cincinnati; Big East
- Xavier Musketeers, Xavier University; Atlantic 10
- Miami RedHawks, Miami University; Mid-American Conference
- The Union Institute
- Mount St. Joseph
- Northern Kentucky University
- Indiana Wesleyan University The suburb of Mason hosts the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters, one of the nine (men's) tennis events in the ATP Tennis Masters Series. Nearby Sparta, Kentucky is home to Kentucky Speedway. In March, 2005 and 2006, the US Bank Arena will host the Atlantic 10 Conference men's basketball tournament. Every May since 2000, Cincinnati has hosted the annual Flying Pig Marathon which winds through downtown and northern Kentucky.

Company headquarters in Cincinnati

These companies have headquarters in Cincinnati:
- Procter & Gamble – the world's largest consumer products company; recently acquired Gillette
- Kroger – The largest supermarket chain company in the United States; 17th largest corporation in the U.S.
- Fifth Third Bank – One of the top 20 largest banks in the United States.
- Cinergy Corporation – Soon to merge with Duke Energy; the resulting company's headquarters will be in North Carolina.
- Cincinnati Bell
- Cincinnati Financial Corporation
- Comair Airlines - Delta Connection (in Erlanger, Kentucky)
- Chiquita Brands International
- Federated Department Stores – The largest department store chain owner in the U.S. after the acquisition of May Department Stores. Federated Store brands (Lazarus,Rich's,Burdines,etc) have all been rebranded either as Macy's or Bloomingdale's.
- GE Aircraft Engines- one of the world's largest aircraft engine manufacturers; a division of the GE conglomerate based in Evendale, Ohio (suburb of Cincinnati)
- US Playing Card Company – World's largest and most renowned playing card company
- The Andrew Jergens Company, a subsidiary of Kao, Inc.
- Luxottica Retail (in Mason, Ohio)-division of Luxottica sPA of Milan, Italy; manages the Lenscrafters, Pearle Vision, Sunglass Hut, and Watch Station retail brands.
- Omnicare (in Covington, Kentucky)
- Roto-Rooter
- Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America (in Erlanger, Kentucky)
- Fujitec America (in Lebanon, Ohio)
- Western & Southern Financial Group
- E.W. Scripps Company – A media company that owns many newspapers, cable channels and news stations. Also hosts the National Spelling Bee.
- Convergys
- Portion PAC (in Mason, Ohio)
- Formica Corporation
- Cintas (in Mason, Ohio)
- Mitsubishi Electric Automotive America (in Mason, Ohio)
- Skyline Chili

Sister cities

Cincinnati has eight sister cities: Gifu (Japan), Harare (Zimbabwe), Kharkiv (Ukraine), Liuzhou (China), Munich (Germany), Nancy (France), Taipei (Taiwan) and Taipei-Tsien (Taiwan). Cincinnati also has one un-official sister city of Netanya (Israel).

References

- Climate information from [http://www.noaa.gov/ NOAA].
- Maximum and minimum temperatures from [http://weather.yahoo.com/forecast/USOH0188.html Yahoo! Weather]
- Sister cities designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]

External links

- [http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/ Cincinnati official website]
- [http://www.cincinnatiusa.org/ Cincinnati USA]
- [http://www.cincyimages.com Cincinnati Skyline, Images and Photographs]
- [http://www.vrcincinnati.com Virtual Reality Scenes of Cincinnati]
- [http://www.filmcincinnati.com Cincinnati Film Commission]
- [http://www.cincinnati.com/local/atoz/government.html City government in the reform period]
- [http://www.tysto.com/articles05/q2/20050407twilight.shtml Cincinnati by twilight] pictorial at Tysto.
- [http://www.robbucher.com/cincytheatre Cincinnati Theater Web]
- [http://www.huc.edu Skirball Museum,Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion] Category:All-America City Cincinnati, Ohio Category:Cities in Ohio Category:County seats in Ohio Category:Hamilton County, Ohio ja:シンシナティ (オハイオ州) nb:Cincinnati

Miami tribe

The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana and Ohio.

Miami language

The Miami language, now extinct, is a member of the Algonquian phylum. It forms a dialect continuum with Illinois and is part of a larger Central and Plains sprachbund. Language reclamation efforts have officially been underway since 1995.

History of the Miami tribe

Prehistory

The Miami are thought by anthropologists to be one of the cultural descendants of the Mississippian culture, characterized by maize-based agriculture (the historical Miami seemed also to have enjoyed hunting), chiefdom-level social organization, extensive regional trade networks, hierarchical settlement patterns, and other factors.

Early European contact

When French missionaries first encountered the Miami in the early 17th century, they were living around the shores of Lake Michigan. The Miami had reportedly moved there due to pressure from the Iroquois further east. Early French explorers noticed many linguistic and cultural similarities between the Miami bands and the Illiniwek. At this time, the major divisions of the Miami were:
- Atchakangouen (also Atchatchakangouen or Greater Miami)
- Kilatika
- Mengkonkia (Mengakonia)
- Pepikokia
- Piankeshaw (Newcalenous)
- Wea (Ouiatenon) The name 'Miami' derives from the tribe's name for themselves in their own language, Myaamia (plural Myaamiaki). Some sources say that the Miami called themselves the Twightwee (also spelled Twatwa), an onomatopeic reference to their sacred bird, the crane. Others aver that this was only a name applied by outsiders. In any case, the more common usage was Mihtohseeniaki, "the people,"and the Miami continue to employ this ethnonym today.

British & American period

By the eighteenth century, the Miami had for the most part returned to their homeland in present-day Indiana and Ohio. The eventual victory of the British in the French and Indian War led to an increased British presence in traditional Miami areas. Shifting alliances and the gradual encroachment of white settlement led to some Miami bands merging, and also saw the creation of larger tribal confederacies as Native Americans allied both to participate in European wars and to fight advancing white settlement. By the end of the century, the tribal divisions were:
- Eel River
- Miami
- Piankeshaw
- Wea The latter two groups were closely aligned with some of the Illini tribes, and were later lumped with them for administrative purposes. The Eel River band maintained a somewhat separate status, which was to prove beneficial in the removals of the nineteenth century. The nation's traditional capital was Kekionga, which is located within the borders of the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Category:Native American tribes

Native Americans in the United States

:This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. For broader uses of "Native American" and related terms, see Native Americans. Native Americans] Native Americans in the United States (also Indians, American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Peoples, Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, or Original Americans) are those indigenous peoples within the territory that is now encompassed by the continental United States, and their descendants in modern times. This collective term encompasses a large number of distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of them still enduring as political communities. A comprehensive tribal list can be found under "Classification of Native Americans." The U.S. states and several of the inhabited insular areas which do not form part of the continental U.S. territory also contain indigenous groups. These other indigenous peoples in the United States are not generally designated as "Native Americans". This includes groups such as the Alaska Natives (Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, etc.), Native Hawaiians (also known as Kanaka Māoli and Kanaka 'Oiwi), and various Pacific Islander peoples such as the Chamorros. There is some controversy surrounding the names used to describe these peoples. U.S. specific teminology considerations are also covered in the Terminology differences section, below.

Early history

See also: archeology of the Americas, models of migration to the New World, and indigenous people of the Americas for more detailed history and migration theories.

The Bering Strait Land Bridge theory

Based on anthropological and genetic evidence, most scientists believe that most Native Americans descend from people who migrated from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge between 17,000 and 11,000 years ago, where the Bering Strait is today. The exact epoch and route is still a matter of controversy. It should be noted, however, that many Native Americans reject theories of modern anthropology, having their own traditional stories that offer accounts to their origins, which are seen only