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Malcolm X

Malcolm X

Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 – also known as: Detroit Red, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and Omowale) was an American spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was the founder of the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. During his life, Malcolm went from being a street-wise Boston hoodlum to one of the most prominent black nationalist leaders born in the United States. As a militant leader, Malcolm X advocated black pride, economic self-reliance, and identity politics. He ultimately rose to become a world renowned African American/Pan-Africanist and human rights activist. Malcolm X was assassinated in New York City on February 21, 1965 on the first day of National Brotherhood Week.

Name

He explained the name he chose by saying, : "To take one's 'X' is to take on a certain mystery, a certain possibility of power in the eyes of one's peers and one's enemies ... The 'X'; announced what you had been and what you had become: Ex-smoker, Ex-drinker, Ex-Christian, Ex-slave." The 'X' also stood for the unknown original surname of the slaves from whom Malcolm X descended, in preference to continuing to use a name which would have been given by the slave owner. This rationale made many members of the Nation of Islam choose their own surnames. Ironically, the name "Malcolm" has a Gaelic root meaning "servant".

Birth and early years

Malcolm was born in Omaha, Nebraska to Earl Little and Louise Little (née Norton). His father, an outspoken Baptist lay preacher and supporter of Marcus Garvey, was believed to have been killed by the Black Legion, a white supremacist group in Lansing, Michigan in 1931. Malcolm and his siblings had been split up and sent to different foster homes when Louise Little was declared legally insane. In 1939, she was formally committed to the State Mental Hospital at Kalamazoo, Michigan, and remained there until Malcolm and his brothers and sisters got her released twenty-six years later. Malcolm graduated from junior high school at the top of his class, but dropped out when his favorite teacher crushed his dream to be a lawyer by saying that it was "no realistic goal for a nigger". After enduring a series of foster homes, Malcolm was first sent to a detention center and then later moved to Boston to live with his older half-sister, Ella Little Collins. He found work as a shoeshiner at a Lindy Hop nightclub; in his autobiography, he says that he once shined the shoes of Duke Ellington and other notable black musicians. After some time, he moved to New York City, where, in Harlem, he became involved in drug dealing, gambling, pimping, racketeering, robbery, and, according to some biographers, working as a rentboy (referred to collectively by Malcolm as "hustling"). When he was examined for the World War II draft, military physicians classifed him to be "mentally disqualified for military service." He explains in his autobiography that he told the officer that he couldn't wait to get his hands on a gun so he could 'kill some crackers' to avoid being drafted.

Prison

Malcolm became a small time hustler and was known on the street as "Detroit Red", due to his lighter skin tone and hair color. He was arrested in Boston on January 12, 1946 at the age of 20 and sentenced to eight to ten years imprisonment on charges of breaking and entering, carrying firearms, and larceny. He later earned the nickname Satan in the Charlestown State Prison for his constant cursing, especially of God and the Bible. While in jail in 1948, he received letters from his brother Reginald, asking him to join the Nation of Islam (NOI). The NOI defined itself as a militant Islamic sect that preached that most African slaves were Muslims before they were captured and sent to the Americas. They argued that Black people should "reconvert" to Islam to reclaim the heritage that was stolen from them. The NOI considered itself to be a black nationalist group which supported the idea of a separate Black nation within the United States. The NOI also considers non-Blacks as subhuman, in particular Jews and Anglo-Saxons whose existence is owed to an experiment by a black scientist named Yakub gone wrong. Malcolm diligently studied the teachings of the Nation of Islam's leader [Elijah Muhammad]. His sister Ella helped to transfer him to the lower-security prison colony in Norfolk, Massachusetts where he became an avid reader and found justification for the teachings of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam in history and philosophy. He participated in the colony's weekly debates, and copied an entire dictionary from the colony's library to expand his knowledge and to improve his handwriting. His first contact with Elijah Muhammad was in prison, where he corresponded with Muhammad by mail. As he progressed in his self-education, he began to write to the leader daily. After his release on parole on August 7, 1952, he bought a suitcase, eyeglasses, and a watch, later saying that these were the items he used most in his later life.

Nation of Islam

In 1952, after his release from prison, Malcolm went to meet Elijah Muhammad in Chicago. Malcolm couldn't receive his African last name "X" yet because he simply hadn't had enough insight, study, and understanding of the Muslim religon. The "X" is meant to symbolize the rejection of his "slave-name" and the absence of a proper African Muslim name. The "X" is also both a reference to the name given to the slaves by the Anglo-European slave owners, unwilling to learn their African names; and is also the brand that many slaves received on their upper arm. In March of 1953 the FBI opened a file on Malcolm, supposedly in response to an allegation that he had described himself as a Communist; according to the Church Committee, the FBI had long been used to monitor, disrupt, and repress radicals like Malcolm. Included in the file were two letters wherein Malcolm uses the alias "Malachi Shabazz". In "Message To The Black Man In America", Elijah Muhammad explained the name Shabazz as belonging to descendants of an "Asian Black nation". In May of 1953 the Federal Bureau of Investigation concluded that Malcolm X had an "asocial personality with paranoid trends (pre-psychotic paranoid schizophrenia)", and had in fact, sought treatment for his disorder. This was further supported by a letter intercepted by the FBI, dated June 29, 1950. In the letter said, in reference to his 4-F classification and rejection by the military "Everyone has always said Malcolm is crazy, so it isn't hard to convince people that I am.". Later that year, Malcolm left his half-sister Ella in Boston to stay with Elijah Muhammad in Chicago. He soon returned to Boston and became the Minister of the Nation of Islam's Temple Number Eleven. His active membership in the Nation of Islam led to him opening several temples around the country, of which he often became Minister. His rousing, incendiary and inspirational speeches and spotless personal example led to the ranks of the Nation of Islam burgeoning. His preaching also inspired the famous boxer and political activist Cassius Clay joining the Nation of Islam and changing his name to Muhammad Ali. He was soon seen as the number two man in the movement, next to Elijah Muhammad himself. He was largely credited with increasing membership in the NOI from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 in 1963.

Marriage

In 1958 Malcolm married Betty X (née Sanders) in Lansing, Michigan. They had six daughters together, all of whom carried the surname of Shabazz: Attillah, born in 1958; Qubilah born in 1960; Ilyasah born in 1962; Gumilah born in 1964 and twins, Malaak and Malikah, who were born after Malcolm's death in 1965. As Malcolm worked tirelessly for the Nation of Islam, he was increasingly exposed to rumours of Elijah Muhammad's extra-marital affairs with young secretaries. Adultery is severely shunned in the teachings of the Nation of Islam. Although this news unsettled Malcolm, he often brushed it aside. But soon he investigated these allegations and saw that they were true, and they were eventually affirmed by Elijah Muhammad himself, who claimed that it was legitimate for him to take on wives as he was the messenger of God. (It should be noted that polygamy, as marriage to more than one but less than five women, and when specifically recognized and accepted under Sharia, is not a transgression in the mainstream Islamic religion. Elijah Muhammad, however, was not married to any of the women with whom he had affairs but ended in having children with each woman.) In fact, Elijah Muhammad asked Malcolm to cover his affairs but Malcolm refused. Despite being unsatisfied with the excuses, and being disenchanted by other ministers using Nation of Islam funds to line their own pockets, Malcolm's faith in Elijah Muhammad did not waver. By the summer of 1963, tension in the Nation of Islam reached boiling point. Malcolm believed that Elijah Muhammad was jealous of his popularity (as were several senior ministers). Malcolm watched the March on Washington critically, unable to understand why black people were excited over a demonstration "run by whites in front of a statue of a president who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive." Later in the year, following the John F. Kennedy assassination, Malcolm delivered a speech as he regularly would. However, when asked to comment upon the assassination, he replied that it was a case of "chickens coming home to roost" – that the violence that Kennedy had failed to stop, and at times refused to rein in had come around to claim his life. Most explosively, he then added that with his country origins, "Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. It only made me glad." This comment led to widespread public outcry and led to the Nation of Islam's publicly censuring Malcolm X. Although retaining his post and rank as minister, he was banned from public speaking for ninety days by Elijah Muhammad himself. Malcolm obeyed and kept quiet. In the spring of 1963, Malcolm started collaborating on The Autobiography of Malcolm X with Alex Haley. He also publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam on March 8, 1964 and the founding of the Muslim Mosque, Inc. on March 12, 1964. At this point, Malcolm mostly adhered to the teachings of the Nation of Islam, but began modifying them, explicitly advocating political and economic black nationalism as opposed to the NOI's exclusivist religious nationalism. In March and April, he made the series of famous speeches called "The Ballot or the Bullet" . Malcolm was in contact with several orthodox Muslims, who encouraged him to learn about orthodox Islam. He soon converted to orthodox Islam, and as a result decided to make his Hajj.

Hajj

On April 13, 1964, Malcolm departed JFK Airport, New York for Cairo, Egypt by way of Frankfurt, Germany. It was the second time Malcolm had been to Africa. Malcolm left Cairo arriving in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia about three in the morning. He was automatically suspect due to his inability to speak the Arabic language and his United States passport. He was separated from the group he came with and was isolated. He spent about 20 hours wearing the ihram, a two-piece towel outfit wrapping the wearer from the waist down with one towel and from the waist upward with the other. It was at this time he remembered the book The Eternal Message of Muhammad by Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam and which Dr. Mahmoud Yousseff Sharwabi had presented to him with his visa approval. He called Azzam's son who arranged for his release. At the younger Azzam's home he met Azzam Pasha who gave Malcolm his suite at the Jedda Palace Hotel. The next morning Muhammad Faisal, the son of Prince Faisal, visited and informed him that he was to be a state guest. The deputy chief of protocol accompanied Malcolm to the Hajj Court. It therefore was a mere formality for Sheikh Muhammad Harkon to allow Malcolm to make his Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). On April 19 he completed the Umrah, making the seven circuits around the Kaaba, drinking from the well of Zamzam and running between the hills of Safah and Marwah seven times. The trip proved to be life-altering. He had come to see Islam as the one religion that could erase all racial problems.

A Changed Man

On May 21, 1964, he returned to the United States as a traditional Sunni Muslim (and with a new name – El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz). When Malcolm returned to the United States, he gave a speech about his visit. This time he gave a much larger meaning and message than before. The speech was not only for the Muslims, instead it was for the whole nation and for all races. He said, :"Human rights are something you were born with. Human rights are your God-given rights. Human rights are the rights that are recognized by all nations of this earth." :"In the past, yes, I have made sweeping indictments of all white people. I will never be guilty of that again -- as I know now that some white people are truly sincere, that some truly are capable of being brotherly toward a black man. The true Islam has shown me that a blanket indictment of all white people is as wrong as when whites make blanket indictments against blacks." :"Since I learned the truth in Mecca my dearest friends have come to include all kinds -- some Christians, Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, agnostics, and even atheists! I have friends who are called capitalists, socialists, and communists! Some of my friends are moderates, conservatives, extremists -- some are even Uncle Toms! My friends today are black, brown, red, yellow, and white!" [http://www.al-sunnah.com/call_to_islam/articles/malcolm_x.html] Along with A. Peter Bailey and others, El-Shabazz then founded the U. S. branch of the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Patterned after the Organization of African Unity (OAU), Africa's continental organization, which was established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in May 1963, the OAAU resolved to establish a non-religious and non-sectarian program for human rights. The OAAU included all people of African ancestry in the Western Hemisphere, as well as those on the African continent.

Africa

Among the little known and least mentioned facts about the life of Malcolm X are his excursions in Africa. In all, Malcolm X visited Africa on three separate occasions, once in 1959 and twice in 1964. During his visits, he met officials, as well as spoke on television and radio in such diverse places as: Cairo, Egypt; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dar Es Salaam, Tanganyika (now Tanzania); Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria; Accra, Winneba, and Legon, Ghana; Conakry, Guinea; Algiers, Algeria; and Casablanca, Morocco. Malcolm first went to Africa in summer of 1959. He traveled to Egypt (United Arab Republic), Sudan, Nigeria and Ghana to arrange a tour for Elijah Muhammad, which occurred in December 1959. The first of Malcolm's two trips to Africa in 1964 lasted from April 13 until May 21. On May 8, following his speech at Trenchard Hall on the campus of the University of Ibadan in Nigeria, he attended a reception in the Students' Union Hall held for him by the Muslim Students' Society. It was during this reception that the students bestowed upon him the name "Omowale" (Oh-Moh-wah-lay), meaning "the son returns home" in the Yoruba language. Malcolm returned to New York from Africa via Paris, France, on May 21, 1964. On July 9, he again left the United States for Africa, spending a total of 18 weeks abroad. On July 17, 1964, Malcolm addressed the Organization of African Unity's first ordinary assembly of heads of state and governments in Cairo as a representative of the OAAU. On August 21, 1964, he made a press statement on behalf of the OAAU regarding the second African summit conference of the OAU. In it, he explains how a strong and independent "United States of Africa" is a victory for the awakening of African Americans. By the time he returned to the United States on November 24, 1964, Malcolm had established an international connection of brotherhood between Africans on the continent and those in the diaspora. However, Malcolm never changed his views that Blacks in the US were justified in defending themselves from their White aggressors. On June 28, 1964 at the founding rally of the OAAU he said, "The time for you and me to allow ourselves to be brutalized nonviolently is passe. Be nonviolent only with those who are nonviolent to you. And when you can bring me a nonviolent racist, bring me a nonviolent segregationist, then I'll get nonviolent. But don't teach me to be nonviolent until you teach some of those crackers to be nonviolent."

Death and aftermath

In 1964, Life magazine published a famous photograph of Malcolm X holding an M1 Carbine and pulling back the curtains to peer out of a window. This photograph is a popular image on T-shirts and often appears with the slogan "By any means necessary." The photo was taken in connection with Malcolm's declaration that he would defend himself from the daily death threats which he and his family were receiving. The undercover FBI informants warned officials that Malcolm X had been marked for assassination. One officer undercover with the Nation of Islam is said to have reported that he had been ordered to help plant a bomb in Malcolm's car. Tensions increased between Malcolm and the Nation of Islam. It was alleged that orders were given by members of the Nation of Islam leadership to kill Malcolm. On February 14, 1965, his home in New York City was firebombed. Malcolm and his family survived. Some say it was done by members of the Nation of Islam. No one has been charged in that crime. A week later on February 21, in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, Malcolm had just begun delivering a speech when a disturbance broke out in the crowd of 400. A man yelled, "Get your hand outta my pocket! Don't be messin' with my pockets!" As Malcolm's bodyguards rushed forward to attend to the disturbance, a black man rushed forward and shot Malcolm in the chest with a sawed-off shotgun. Two other men quickly charged towards the stage and fired handguns at Malcolm, who was shot 15 times. Angry on-lookers in the crowd caught and beat the assassins as they attempted to flee the Ballroom, but the 39-year-old Malcolm was pronounced dead on arrival at New York's Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.

Funeral

Fifteen hundred people attended Malcolm's funeral in Harlem on February 27, 1965 at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ (now Child's Memorial Temple Church of God in Christ). Ossie Davis delivered a stirring eulogy, and Mike Wallace hosted an aired television documentary of Malcolm X. After the ceremony, friends took the shovels away from the waiting gravediggers and buried Malcolm themselves. Malcolm X was buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Three people were arrested for his murder: Nation of Islam members Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler, and Thomas 15X Johnson. All three were convicted of first-degree murder in March 1966. Hayer himself appears to be the only man guilty of the assassination; he later gave the names of the other assassins as Albert Thomas, Leon David, William Bradley, and Wilbur McKinley. Some independent investigators familiar with details of the case have accused current Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan of having played a major role in the planning of the assassination while others claim Elijah Muhammad himself, fearing Malcolm's rising influence, ordered him killed. Farrakhan gave an interview to the CBS news program 60 Minutes in 1998 in which he denied the allegations. Despite his change of methods late in life, Malcolm X was most remembered for his remarkable oratorial delivery of his fiery anti-racist speeches, which were emulated by other black militant organizations and leaders such as the Black Panthers and Stokely Carmichael.

Biographies and speeches

Stokely Carmichael The Autobiography of Malcolm X (ISBN 0345350685) was written by Alex Haley between 1964 and 1965, based on interviews conducted shortly before Malcolm's assassination (with an epilogue written after it), and was published in 1965. The book was named by Time magazine as one of the 10 most important nonfiction books of the 20th century. "...belongs on the small shelf of great autobiographies", according to Wendy Smith of Amazon.com. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements ISBN 0802132138 edited by George Breitman. These speeches made during the last eight months of Malcolm's life indicate the power of his newly refined ideas. "Malcolm X: The Man and His Times" (ISBN 0865432007) edited with an introduction and commentary by John Henrik Clarke. An anthology of writings, speeches and manifestos along with writings about Malcolm X by an international group of African and African American scholars and activists. "Malcolm X: The FBI File" (ISBN 0881847518) Commentary by Clayborne Carson with an introduction by Spike Lee and edited by David Gallen. A source of information documenting the FBI's file on Malcolm beginning with his prison release in March 1953 and culminating with a 1980 request that the FBI investigate Malcolm's assassination. The film Malcolm X was released in 1992, directed by Spike Lee. Based on the autobiography, it starred Denzel Washington as Malcolm with Angela Bassett as Betty and Al Freeman Jr. as Elijah Muhammad. The 2001 film Ali, about boxer Muhammad Ali, also features Malcolm X, as played by Mario Van Peebles.

See also


- 1930 US Census with Malcolm Little and siblings in Lansing, Michigan

External links


- [http://www.cmgww.com/historic/malcolm/ The Official Web Site of Malcolm X]
- [http://www.brothermalcolm.net Full audio of Malcolm X speeches]
- The text of a letter written following his Hajj is given at Wikisource.
- [http://www.pathfinderpress.com Pathfinder Books has published a lot of speeches and writings by Malcolm X]
- [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/audiofiles.html#malcolm2 Interview with UC Berkeley sociologist Herman Blake, 1963 (video)]
- [http://www.riseisrael.com/xfactor.html A Judeo-Christian critique of Malcolm X]
- [http://www.unix-ag.uni-kl.de/~moritz/malcolm.html Fansite by Elke Moritz]
- [http://www.mxgm.org/ Malcolm X Grassroots Movement (NOTE: Macromedia Flash needed for viewing of site intro]
- [http://www.wargs.com/other/x.html Ancestry of Malcolm X]
- [http://www.cognizance.us Martin & Malcolm: Implications of their Legacies for the Future]

Research sites


- [http://www.brothermalcolm.net/ Malcolm X : A Research Site] Abdul Alkalimat, ed. Launched May 19, 1999. University of Toledo and Twenty-first Century Books.
- [http://www.malcolm-x.org/ malcolm-x.org]. seeks to present Malcolm X within an Islamic context. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/fd.html Malcom X: Make It Plain]. Documentary [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/pt.html Transcript] available online. Produced and directed by Orlando Bagwell. A Blackside, Inc./Roja Production Film for American Experience. 1994. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
- [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/malcolm-x/index.htm Malcom X Reference Archive]. Sound files of speeches The Ballot or the Bullet, Democrats are Dixiecrats, et al. [http://www.marxists.org Marxist Internet Archive]. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
- [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/index.html Malcom X Project]. Project of the [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/ Center for Contemporary Black History] at Columbia University. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
- [http://www.themalcolmxmuseum.org/index2.html The Malcom X Museum].
- [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/malcolmx.htm Malcolm X's FBI file]
- [http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/MSA/find_more/m_x.html Malcolm X - An Islamic Perspective]

Articles and reports


- Akinti, Peter. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1492122,00.html Malcolm X insulted]. The Guardian, Thursday, May 26, 2005.
- Frazier, Martin. [http://www.pww.org/article/articleview/7111/1/271/ Harlem celebrates Malcolm X birthday]. People's Weekly World. May 26, 2005.
- Democracy Now!. [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/05/19/1330233 Malcolm X: Make it Plain transcript]. Excerpts of the documentary, "Malcolm X: Make it Plain". Segment available via [http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/may/audio/dn20050519.ra&proto=rtsp&start=21:41 streaming Real Audio], [http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/may/video/dnB20050519a.rm&proto=rtsp&start=21:41 128k streaming Real Video], or via [http://www.archive.org/download/dn2005-0519/dn2005-0519-1_64kb.mp3 MP3 download] from [http://www.archive.org Archive.org]. 37:23 minutes. Hosted by Amy Goodman. Broadcast May 19, 2005.
- Waldron, Clarence. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_26_97/ai_62685474 Minister Louis Farrakhan Sets The Record Straight About His Relationship With Malcom X]. [http://www.jetmag.com/ME2/Audiences/default.asp Jet Magazine]. Interview, June 5, 2000. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
- M, Yahyá. [http://members.aol.com/turkseven/shabazz.html The name Shabazz: Where did it come from?]. Revised from Islamic Studies vol. 32 no.1, Spring 1993. p. 73-76. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
- Farrakhan, Louis. [http://www.finalcall.com/media/mlf_mx2-91.htm The Murder of Malcolm X: The Effect on Black America]. Real media video webcast. Malcolm X College, Chicago, IL. February 1990.

Further reading

Articles


- Parks, Gordon. The White Devil's Day is Almost Over. Life, May 31, 1963.
- Speakman, Lynn. Who Killed Malcolm X? The Valley Advocate, November 26, 1992, pp. 3-6.
- Vincent, Theodore. The Garveyite Parents of Malcolm X. The Black Scholar, vol. 20, #2, April, 1989.

Books


- Autobiography of Malcolm X (co-author Alex Haley) ISBN 0812419537
- Acuna, Rodolfo. Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. New York: Harper & Row, 1981.
- Alkalimat, Abdul. Malcolm X for Beginners. New York: Writers and Readers, 1990.
- Asante, Molefi K. Malcolm X as Cultural Hero: and Other Afrocentric Essays. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1993.
- Baldwin, James. One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based On Alex Haley's "The Autobiography Of Malcolm X". New York: Dell, 1992.
- Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X Speaks. New York: Merit, 1965.
- Breitman, George. The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Pathfinder, 1967.
- Breitman, George and Herman Porter. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder, 1976.
- Brisbane, Robert. Black Activism. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania: Judson Press, 1974.
- Carson, Claybourne. Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1991.
- Carson, Claybourne, et al. The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader. New York: Penguin, 1991.
- Clarke, John Henrik, ed. Malcolm X; the Man and His Times. New York: Macmillan, 1969.
- Cleage, Albert B. and George Breitman. Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views. New York: Merit, 1968.
- Collins, Rodney P. The Seventh Child. New York: Dafina; London: Turnaround, 2002.
- Cone, James H. Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or A Nightmare. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1991.
- Davis, Thulani. Malcolm X: The Great Photographs. New York: Stewart, Tabon and Chang, 1992.
- Decaro, Louis A. On The Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University, 1996.
- Doctor, Bernard Aquina. Malcolm X for Beginners. New York: Writers and Readers, 1992.
- Dyson, Michael Eric. Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Essien-Udom, E. U. Black Nationalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
- Evanzz, Karl. The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992.
- Franklin, Robert Michael. Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment And Social Justice In African-American Thought. Minneapolis, MN : Fortress Press, 1990.
- Friedly, Michael. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992.
- Gallen, David, ed. Malcolm A to Z: The Man and His Ideas. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.
- Garrow, David. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: Vintage, 1988.
- Goldman, Peter. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
- Hampton, Henry and Steve Fayer. Voices of Freedom: Oral Histories from the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s. New York: Bantam, 1990.
- Harding, Vincent, Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis. We Changed the World: African Americans, 1945-1970. The Young Oxford History of African Americans, v. 9. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
- Hill, Robert A. Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
- Jamal, Hakim A. From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. New York: Random House, 1972.
- Jenkins, Robert L. The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002.
- Karim, Benjamin with Peter Skutches and David Gallen. Remembering Malcolm. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992.
- Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz). Atlanta: Clarity Press, 1986.
- Leader, Edward Roland. Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press, 1993.
- Lee, Spike with Ralph Wiley. By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of The Making Of Malcolm X. New York, N.Y.: Hyperion, 1992.
- Lincoln, C. Eric. The Black Muslims in America. Boston, Beacon. 1961.
- Lomax, Louis. When the Word is Given. Cleveland: World, 1963.
- Maglangbayan, Shawna. Garvey, Lumumba, and Malcolm: National-Separatists. Chicago, Third World Press 1972.
- Marable, Manning. On Malcolm X: His Message & Meaning. Westfield, N.J.: Open Media, 1992.
- Martin, Tony. Race First. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1976.
- Perry, Bruce. Malcolm: The Life of A Man Who Changed Black America. New York: Station Hill, 1991.
- Randall, Dudley and Margaret G. Burroughs, ed. For Malcolm; Poems on The Life and The Death of Malcolm X. Preface and Eulogy By Ossie Davis. Detroit: Broadside Press, 1967.
- Sales, William W. From Civil Rights To Black Liberation: Malcolm X And The Organization Of Afro-American Unity. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994.
- Shabazz, Ilyasah. Growing Up X. New York: One World, 2002.
- Strickland, William, et al. Malcolm X: Make It Plain. Penquin Books, 1994.
- T'Shaka, Oba. The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, Calif.: Pan Afrikan Publications, 1983.
- Tuttle, William. Race Riot: Chicago, The Red Summer of 1919. New York: Atheneum, 1970.
- Vincent, Theodore. Black Power and the Garvey Movement. San Francisco: Ramparts, 1972.
- Wood, Joe, ed. Malcolm X: In Our Own Image. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
- Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967.

Notes

# Autobiography of Malcolm X, page 43. # [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1486997,00.html Guardian, May 19, 2005] # [http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/316256p-270550c.html NY Daily News article] # [http://foia.fbi.gov/malcolmx/malcolmx1.pdf FBI files on Malcom X] (PDF file – 5Mb) # [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/malcolmxballot.htm Text and audio of "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech] # Malcolm X By Any Means Necessary, Pathfinder Books. ISBN 0-87348-150-X Malcolm X Malcolm X Malcolm X Malcolm X Malcolm X Malcolm X Malcolm X Malcolm X Malcolm X Category:Muslim converts Malcolm X Malcom X Malcolm X Malcolm X Category:Revolutionaries zh-min-nan:Malcolm X ms:Malcolm X ja:マルコムX

May 19

May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). There are 226 days remaining.

Events


- 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier kidnapped during his first voyage).
- 1536 - Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery.
- 1568 - Queen Elizabeth I of England has Mary Queen of Scots arrested.
- 1604 - The town of Montreal is founded.
- 1643 - Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
- 1649 - An Act declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.
- 1749 - King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
- 1780 - Never-explained complete darkness falls on Eastern Canada and the New England area of the United States at 2 pm.
- 1802 - The Légion d'Honneur is founded by Napoleon Bonaparte.
- 1828 - U.S. President John Quincy Adams signs the Tariff of 1828 into law, protecting wool manufacturers in the United States.
- 1848 - Mexican-American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico ratifies the treaty thus ending the war and ceding California, Nevada, Utah and parts of five other modern-day U.S. states to the USA for USD $15 million.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ends.
- 1897 - Oscar Wilde is released from Reading Gaol.
- 1919 - In Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk moves to Samsun from Istanbul with a few followers, to oppose the Ottoman government, which eventually leads to the Turkish War of Independence.
- 1921 - The Emergency Quota Act passes the U.S. Congress establishing national quotas on immigration.
- 1922 - Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union is established.
- 1932 - The gangster film Scarface: The Shame of a Nation opens at the Rialto Theater in Los Angeles, California.
- 1943 - World War II: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt set Monday, May 1, 1944 as the date for the cross-English Channel landing (D-Day would later be delayed over a month due to bad weather).
- 1961 - Venera program: Venera 1 becomes the first man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (the probe had lost contact with Earth a month earlier and did not send back data).
- 1962 - A birthday salute to U.S. President John F. Kennedy takes place at Madison Square Garden, New York. The highlight is Marilyn Monroe's infamous rendition of Happy Birthday. Thirty-four years later, John F. Kennedy, Jr. had actress Drew Barrymore pose as Monroe for the cover of George magazine with the heading "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" in honor of then-President Bill Clinton turning 50.
- 1964 - Vietnam War: The United States Air Force begins Operation Yankee Team.
- 1971 - Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union.
- 1987 - The Berillsemann was born.
- 1991 - Willy T. Ribbs becomes the first African-American driver to qualify for the Indianapolis 500.
- 2005 - Clarence Richard Silva, Bishop-elect of Honolulu, retreats to Kalaupapa to pray at the onset of his episcopal ministry
  - Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith is released. Entire Saga estimated to have made over $20 billion US

Births

1593 to 1899


- 1593 - Jacob Jordaens, Flemish painter (d. 1678)
- 1700 - José de Escandón, Spanish colonial governor (d. 1770)
- 1724 - Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, British admiral and politician (d. 1779)
- 1744 - Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1818)
- 1762 - Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (d. 1814)
- 1773 - Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist and scientific writer (d. 1854)
- 1795 - Johns Hopkins, American philanthropist (d. 1873)
- 1827 - Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour, French statesman (d. 1896)
- 1861 - Dame Nellie Melba, Australian opera singer (d. 1931)
- 1870 - Albert Fish, American serial killer (d. 1936)
- 1874 - Gilbert Jessop; English cricketer (d. 1955)
- 1879 - Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, American-born politician (d. 1964)
- 1880 - Sir Albert Richardson, English architect (d. 1964)
- 1882 - Mohammed Mossadegh, Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1967)
- 1890 - Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese leader (d. 1969)
- 1891 - Oswald Boelcke, German World War I pilot (d. 1916)
- 1897 - Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
- 1898 - Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (d. 1974)

1900 to 1999


- 1908 - Percy Williams, Canadian athlete (d. 1982)
- 1909 - Bruce Bennett, American athlete and actor
- 1914 - Max Perutz, Austrian-born molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)
- 1914 - Go Seigen, Japanese Go player
- 1921 - Yuri Kochiyama, American civil rights activist
- 1921 - Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (d. 1999)
- 1924 - Sandy Wilson, British composer
- 1925 - Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (d. 1965)
- 1925 - Pol Pot, Cambodian dictator (d. 1998)
- 1926 - Swami Kriyananda, spiritual teacher and author
- 1930 - Lorraine Hansberry, American playwright (d. 1965)
- 1931 - Eric Tappy, Swiss tenor
- 1934 - Jim Lehrer, American television journalist
- 1939 - Livio Berruti, Italian athlete
- 1939 - Nancy Kwan, Hong Kong actress
- 1939 - Dick Scobee, astronaut (d. 1986)
- 1940 - Mickey Newbury, American musician
- 1941 - Nora Ephron, American screenwriter
- 1942 - Gary Kildall, American computer programmer (d. 1994)
- 1944 - Peter Mayhew, British actor
- 1945 - Pete Townshend, English guitarist and lyricist
- 1946 - André the Giant, French professional wrestler (d. 1993)
- 1946 - Claude Lelièvre, Belgian Commissioner for Children Rights
- 1948 - Grace Jones, Jamaican singer and actress
- 1949 - Archie Manning, American football player
- 1951 - Joey Ramone, American musician and singer (The Ramones) (d. 2001)
- 1952 - Bert van Marwijk, Dutch football manager
- 1953 - Victoria Wood, British comic actress
- 1954 - Phil Rudd, Australian drummer (AC/DC)
- 1956 - James Gosling, Canadian computer programmer
- 1963 - Yazz, British singer
- 1966 - Polly Walker, British actress
- 1973 - Dario Franchitti, Scottish race car driver
- 1975 - Sebastien Adjiman, Israeli business man
- 1975 - London Fletcher, American football player
- 1976 - Kevin Garnett, American basketball player
- 1977 - Manuel Almunia, Spanish footballer
- 1978 - Marcus Bent, English footballer
- 1980 - Said Arana Gómez,
- 1981 - Klaas-Erik Zwering, Dutch swimmer

Deaths

804 to 1899


- 804 - Alcuin, English monk (b. c. 735)
- 988 - Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 909)
- 1102 - Stephen, Count of Blois
- 1125 - Vladimir Monomakh, Russian prince (b. 1053)
- 1296 - Pope Celestine V (b. 1215)
- 1319 - Louis d'Évreux, son of Philip III of France (b. 1276)
- 1389 - Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Prince of Muscovy (b. 1350)
- 1526 - Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (b. 1464)
- 1531 - Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)
- 1536 - Anne Boleyn, queen of Henry VIII of England (executed)
- 1601 - Costanzo Porta, Italian composer
- 1610 - Thomas Sanchez, Spanish theologian (b. 1550)
- 1637 - Isaac Beeckman, Dutch scientist and philosopher (b. 1588)
- 1645 - Miyamoto Musashi, Japanese swordsman
- 1715 - Charles Montagu, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1661)
- 1786 - John Stanley, English composer (b. 1712)
- 1795 - Josiah Bartlett, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1729)
- 1795 - James Boswell, Scottish biographer (b. 1740)
- 1798 - William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, English dueler (b. 1722)
- 1821 - Camille Jordan, French politician (b. 1771)
- 1825 - Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, French political philosopher (b. 1760)
- 1864 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, American author (b. 1804)
- 1876 - Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, Dutch politician (b. 1801)
- 1885 - Peter W. Barlow, English engineer (b. 1809)
- 1895 - José Martí, Cuban independence leader (b. 1853)
- 1898 - William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1809)

1900 to 1999


- 1904 - Auguste Molinier, French historian (b. 1851)
- 1907 - Benjamin Baker, English engineer (b. 1840)
- 1909 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (b. 1860)
- 1912 - Boleslaw Prus, Polish writer (b. 1847)
- 1918 - Raoul Lufbery, American World War I pilot (b. 1885)
- 1935 - T. E. Lawrence, English soldier (b. 1888)
- 1943 - Kristjan Raud, Estonian painter (b. 1865)
- 1946 - Booth Tarkington, American novelist (b. 1869)
- 1954 - Charles Ives, American composer (b. 1874)
- 1958 - Ronald Colman, English actor (b. 1891)
- 1965 - Tui Malila, world's oldest tortoise (b. 1773 or 1777)
- 1969 - Coleman Hawkins, American musician (b. 1901)
- 1971 - Ogden Nash, American poet (b. 1902)
- 1983 - Jean Rey, President of the European Commission (b. 1902)
- 1984 - John Betjeman, English poet (b. 1906)
- 1987 - James Tiptree, Jr, American author (b. 1915)
- 1989 - CLR James, West Indian writer and journalist (b. 1901)
- 1994 - Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, First Lady of the United States (b. 1929)
- 1998 - Uno Sosuke, Japanese prime minister (b. 1922)

2000 onwards


- 2000 - Yevgeny Khrunov, cosmonaut (b. 1933)
- 2002 - John Gorton, nineteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1911)
- 2001 - Alexei Petrovich Maresiev, Russian flying ace (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Walter Lord, American writer (b. 1917)
- 2004 - Mary Dresselhuys, Dutch actress (b. 1907)
- 2005 - Henry Corden, Canadian voice actor (b. 1920)

Holidays and observances


- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
  - Dunstan
  - Peter Celestine
  - Ives
  - Emiliana
  - Pudentiana
  - Theophilus of Corte
- Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day in Turkey (1919)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/19 BBC: On This Day] ---- May 18 - May 20 - April 19 - June 19 – listing of all days ko:5월 19일 ms:19 Mei ja:5月19日 simple:May 19 th:19 พฤษภาคม

1925

1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-May


- January 3 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
- January 5 - Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor in the United States.
- January 27–February 1 - The 1925 serum run to Nome, or the "Great Race of Mercy", relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska to combat an epidemic
- February 21 - The New Yorker publishes its first issue.
- March 4 - Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to have his inauguration broadcasted on radio.
- March 6 - Pionerskaya Pravda, one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded
- March 13 - Scopes Trial: A law in Tennessee prohibits the teaching of evolution.
- March 18 - The Tri-State Tornado raked through Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana and killed 695 people.
- March 31 - WOWO radio station in Ft. Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting.
- May 5 - Scopes Trial: Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution.
- May 25 - Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution.
- May 25 - The National Forensics League is founded.
- May 29 - Last communication from the British explorer Percy Fawcett, a telegram to his wife, before he disappears in the Amazon

June-September


- June 1 - Percy and Florence Arrowsmith were married. Celebrated their 80th wedding anniversary June 1, 2005 - Percy is now 105, and wife Florence is 100. Guinness_Book_of_Records said the pair held records for the longest marriage for a living couple and the oldest aggregate age of a married couple
- June 6 - The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler.
- June 13 - Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington, DC. The images were viewed by representatives of the Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Navy, the Commerce Department, and others. Jenkins called this "the first public demonstration of radiovision".
- July 10 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
- July 18 - Adolf Hitler publishes his personal manifesto Mein Kampf.
- July 21 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.
- September 3 - US dirigible Shenandoah breaks up en route to Scottfield, St. Louis - 14 crewmen dead

October-December


- October - Major money forgery and fraud of Alves Reis exposed in Portugal
- October 30 - John Logie Baird creates Britain's first television transmitter.
- November 28 - Country-variety show Grand Ole Opry makes its radio debut on station WSM (it would later become the longest-running live music show).

Unknown dates


- Thompson submachine gun sells for $175 in the Sears mail order catalog.
- Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for colour television.
- Introduction of London's first double decker buses.
- The Royal Tweed Bridge in Berwick-upon-Tweed, England, is completed.
- The National Football League adds five teams: New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team, and Pottsville Maroons

Births

January-April


- January 6 - John De Lorean, American car maker (d. 2005)
- January 7 - Gerald Durrell, British naturalist, zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. 1995)
- January 11 - Grant Tinker, American television executive
- January 25 - Gilles Deleuze, French philosopher (d. 1995)
- January 26 - Paul Newman, American actor
- January 30 - Dorothy Malone, American actress
- February 8 - Jack Lemmon, American actor and film director (d. 2001)
- February 17 - Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (d. 2003)
- February 17 - Hal Holbrook, American actor
- February 18 - George Kennedy, American actor
- February 20 - Robert Altman, American film director
- February 21 - Sam Peckinpah, American director (d. 1984)
- February 27 - Samuel Dash, American Congressional counsel (d. 2004)
- March 12 - Leo Esaki, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 23 - David Watkin, British cinematographer
- March 26 - Pierre Boulez, French composer
- April 14 - Gene Ammons, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1974)
- April 14 - Rod Steiger, American actor (d. 2002)
- April 25 - Kay E. Kuter, American actor (d. 2003)

May-July


- May 2 - Yogi Berra, baseball player
- May 19 - Pol Pot, Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (d. 1998)
- May 19 - Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (d. 1965)
- May 22 - James King, American tenor (d. 2005)
- May 23 - Joshua Lederberg, American molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 25 - Jeanne Crain, American actress (d. 2003)
- June 3 - Tony Curtis, American actor
- June 8 - Barbara Bush, First Lady of the United States
- June 14 - Pierre Salinger, John F. Kennedy's White House Press Secretary (d. 2004)
- July 1 - Farley Granger, American actor
- July 6 - Merv Griffin, American game show developer and host
- July 6 - Bill Haley, American musician (Bill Haley and the Comets) (d. 1981)
- July 10 - Mahathir bin Mohamad, fourth Prime Minister of Maylasia
- July 28 - Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

August-September


- August 3 - Dom Um Romão, Brazilian jazz drummer
- August 7 - M. S. Swaminathan, Indian scientist
- August 8 - Alija Izetbegović, President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (d. 2003)
- August 12 - Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (d. 2004)
- August 12 - Ross McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (d. 1975)
- August 21 - Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (d. 2003)
- August 27 - Nat Lofthouse, English footballer
- August 28 - Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003)
- August 30 - Laurent de Brunhoff, French writer and illustrator
- September 8 - Peter Sellers, English comedian and actor (d. 1980)
- September 10 - Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1996)
- September 24 - Autar Singh Paintal, Indian medical scientist (d. 2004)
- September 28 - Arnold Stang, American actor

October-December


- October 13 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- October 16 - Angela Lansbury, American actress
- October 23 - Johnny Carson, American comedian and television host (d. 2005)
- October 24 - Luciano Berio, Italian composer (d. 2003)
- October 24 - Al Feldstein, American artist and comic book creator
- October 27 - Albert Medwin, American inventor
- October 31 - John Anthony Pople, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- November 11 - Jonathan Winters, American actor and comedian
- November 18 - Gene Mauch, baseball manager (d. 2005)
- November 20 - Robert Kennedy, American politician and Attorney General of the United States (d. 1968)
- November 24 - William F. Buckley, Jr., American author and commentator. Founder of National Review Magazine
- November 24 - Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 26 - Eugene Istomin, American pianist (d. 2003)
- November 27 - John Maddox, Welsh science writer
- December 1 - Martin Rodbell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- December 3 - Kim Daejung, President of South Korea, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- December 8 - Sammy Davis Jr., American singer, dancer, musician, and actor (d. 1990)
- December 11 - Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- December 13 - Dick Van Dyke, American actor
- December 14 - Gloria Malgarini, American actress, spokesperson

Unknown


- Charles Mangin, French general (b. 1866)
- William H. Gates, Sr., American attorney, father of Bill Gates
- Gildo Massó, Puerto Rican housebuilder.

Deaths


- January 4 - Nellie Cashman, Irish-born actress (b. 1845)
- January 8 - George Bellows, American artist (b. 1882)
- January 14 - Camille Decoppet, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1852)
- January 31 - George Washington Cable, American writer (b. 1844)
- February 2 - Jaap Eden, Dutch speed skater (b. 1873)
- February 3 - Oliver Heaviside, English mathematician (b. 1850)
- February 4 - Robert Koldewey, German architect and archaeologist (b. 1855)
- February 10 - Aristide Bruant, French singer and nightclub owner (b. 1851)
- February 18 - James Lane Allen, American writer (b. 1849)
- February 24 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
- February 25 - Louis Feuillade, French silent film director (b. 1873)
- February 28 - Friedrich Ebert, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1871)
- March 2 - Luigj Gurakuqi, Albanian freedom fighter (assassinated) (b. 1879)
- March 4 - John Ward, baseball player (b. 1860)
- March 7 - Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov, Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1861)
- March 12 - Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1866)
- March 14 - Walter Camp, American football coach (b. 1859)
- March 20 - George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India (b. 1859)
- March 25 - Tikhon of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1865)
- March 28 - Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, British general (b. 1864)
- April 14 - John Singer Sargent, American artist (b. 1856)
- April 15 - Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (b. 1879)
- April 19 - John Walter Smith, American politician (b. 1845)
- April 22 - André Caplet, French composer and conductor (b. 1878)
- April 23 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (b. 1887)
- May 2 - Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (b. 1848)
- May 2 - Antun Branko Simic, Croatian poet (b. 1898)
- May 10 - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.1856)
- May 12 - Amy Lowell, American poet (b. 1874)
- May 14 - H. Rider Haggard, English writer (b. 1856)
- May 20 - Elias M. Ammons, Governor of Colorado (b. 1860)
- May 22 - John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British World War I field marshal (b. 1852)
- June 1 - Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States (b. 1854)
- June 2 - James Ellsworth, American mine owner and banker (b. 1849)
- June 16 - Emmett Hardy, American jazz cornetist (b. 1903)
- June 18 - Robert M. La Follette, Sr., American politician (b. 1855)
- June 29 - Christian Michelsen, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1857)
- July 1 - Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
- July 26 - Antonio Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1888)
- July 26 - William Jennings Bryan, American lawyer and politician (b. 1860)
- July 26 - Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1848)
- August 17 - Ioan Slavici, Romanian writer (b. 1848)
- August 25 - Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austrian field marshal (b. 1852)
- September 7 - René Viviani, Prime Minister of France (b. 1863)
- September 16 - Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, Russian mathematician (b. 1888)
- September 29 - Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1851)
- October 7 - Christy Mathewson, baseball player (b. 1880)
- October 31 - Mikhail Frunze, Russian Bolshevik leader (b. 1885)
- October 31 - Max Linder, French silent film actor (b. 1883)
- November 20 - Alexandra of Denmark, queen of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1844)
- November 25 - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (b. 1880)
- December 5 - Wladyslaw Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
- December 9 - Pablo Iglesias, co-founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (b. 1850)
- December 15 - Battling Siki, Senegalese boxer (b. 1897)
- December 19 - Jose Ignacio Quinton, Puerto Rican composer and pianist (b. 1881)
- December 21 - Jules Méline, Prime Minister of France (b. 1838)
- December 22 - Alice Heine, American wife of Albert I of Monaco (b. 1858)
- December 25 - Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (b. 1877)
- December 27 - Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet (b. 1895)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz
- Chemistry - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
- Physiology or Medicine - not awarded
- Literature - George Bernard Shaw
- Peace - Austen Chamberlain and Charles Gates Dawes
- ko:1925년 ms:1925 ja:1925年 simple:1925 th:พ.ศ. 2468

1965

1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar).

Events

January-February

common year starting on Friday
- January 4 - United States President Lyndon Johnson proclaims his "Great Society" during his State of the Union address.
- January 12 - Bodies of two 15 year olds - Christine Sharrock and Marrine Schmidt - found at Wanda Beach, Sydney (Wanda Beach Murders)
- January 14 - Prime Ministers of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years
- January 24 - Winston Churchill dies at the age of 90.
- January 26 - Hindi becomes the official language of India.
- January 30 - Winston Churchill's funeral is held in London.
- February 6 - Sir Stanley Matthews plays his final First Division game, at the record age of 50 years and 5 days
- February 7 - US begins regular bombing of North Vietnamese towns and villages
- February 9 - Vietnam War: The first United States combat troops are sent to South Vietnam
- February 15 - A new red and white maple leaf design is adopted as the flag of Canada replacing the Union Flag and the Canadian Red Ensign.
- February 18 - The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom
- February 20 - Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
- February 21 - Malcolm X is assassinated on the first day of National Brotherhood Week at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City by Black Muslims

March


- March 7 - Bloody Sunday in Selma, Alabama
- March 8 - Vietnam War: 3,500 United States Marines arrive in South Vietnam becoming the first American combat troops in Vietnam
- March 8 - First US combat forces arrive in Vietnam
- March 9 - Second march from Selma to Montgomery under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. stops at the bridge that was the site of Bloody Sunday to hold a prayer service and return to Selma in obedience to a court restraining order. White supremacists beat up white Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb later that day in Selma, Alabama.
- March 10 - Goldie, a London Zoo golden eagle is recaptured after 13 days of freedom
- March 11 - White Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb, beaten by White Supremacists in Selma, Alabama on March 9 following the second march from Selma, dies in a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama.
- March 18 - Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space
- March 21 - Ranger program: