Maluridae

- Malurus
- Sipodotus
- Clytomyias
- Stipiturus
- Amytornis The Maluridae are a family of small, insectivouous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. Commonly known as wrens, they are unrelated to the true wrens of the Northern Hemisphere. The family includes 14 species of fairy-wren, 3 emu-wrens, and 10 grasswrens. As with many other Australian creatures, and perhaps more than most, the species making up this family were comprehensively misunderstood by early researchers. They were variously classified as Old World flycatchers, Old World warblers, and Old World babblers. In the late 1960s morphological studies began to suggest that the Australo-Papuan fairy-wrens, the grasswrens, emu-wrens and two monotypic wren-like genera from New Guinea were related and, following Charles Sibley's pioneering work on egg-white proteins in the mid-1970s, Australian researchers introduced the family name Maluridae in 1975. With further morphological work and the great strides made in DNA analysis towards the end of the 20th century, their position became clear: the Maluridae are one of the many families to have emerged from the great corvid radiation in Australasia. Their closest relatives are the Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), the Pardalotidae, and the Petroicidae (Australian robins). Their obvious similarity to the wrens of Europe and America is not genetic, but simply the consequence of convergent evolution between more-or-less unrelated species that share the same ecological niche.

Species of Maluridae (part of the super-family Meliphagoidea)

- Subfamily Malurinae, tribe Malurini
- Purple-crowned Fairy-wren, Malurus coronatus
- Superb Fairy-wren, Malurus cyaneus
- Splendid Fairy-wren, Malurus splendens
- Variegated Fairy-wren, Malurus lamberti
- Lovely Fairy-wren, Malurus amabilis
- Blue-breasted Fairy-wren, Malurus pulcherrimus
- Red-winged Fairy-wren, Malurus elegans
- White-winged Fairy-wren, Malurus leucopterus
- Red-backed Fairy-wren, Malurus melanocephalus
- Subfamily Malurinae, tribe Stipiturini
- Southern Emu-wren, Stipiturus malachurus
- Mallee Emu-wren, Stipiturus mallee
- Rufous-crowned Emu-wren, Stipiturus ruficeps
- Subfamily Amytornithinae
- Grey Grasswren, Amytornis barbatus
- Black Grasswren, Amytornis housei
- White-throated Grasswren, Amytornis woodwardi
- Carpentarian Grasswren, Amytornis dorotheae
- Striated Grasswren, Amytornis striatus
- Short-tailed Grasswren, Amytornis merrotsyi
- Eyrean Grasswren, Amytornis goyderi
- Thick-billed Grasswren, Amytornis textilis
- Dusky Grasswren, Amytornis purnelli
- Kalkadoon Grasswren, Amytornis ballarae
-

Family (biology)

In biological classification, family is one of the most important ranks, next only to species and genus. See:
- rank (botany)
- rank (zoology)
- Virus classification rank13 rank13 rank13 als:Familie (Biologie) ms:Famili

Bird

Many - see section below. Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones. Birds range in size from the tiny hummingbirds to the huge Ostrich and Emu. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are about 8,800–10,200 living bird species (plus about 120–130 that have become extinct in the span of human history) in the world, making them the most diverse class of terrestrial vertebrates. Birds are a very differentiated class, with some feeding on nectar, plants, seeds, insects, rodents, fish, carrion, or other birds. Most birds are diurnal, or active during the day. Some birds, such as the owls and nightjars, are nocturnal or crepuscular (active during twilight hours). Many birds migrate long distances to utilise optimum habitats (e.g., Arctic Tern) while others spend almost all their time at sea (e.g. the Wandering Albatross). Some, such as frigatebirds, stay aloft for days at a time, even sleeping on the wing. Common characteristics of birds include a bony beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, high metabolic rate, and a light but strong skeletons. Most birds are characterised by flight, though the ratites are flightless, and several other species, particularly on islands, have also lost this ability. Flightless birds include the penguins, Ostrich, kiwi, and the extinct Dodo. Flightless species are vulnerable to extinction when humans or the mammals they introduce arrive in their habitat, for example the Great Auk, flightless rails, and the moa of New Zealand.

Bird orders

New Zealand This is a list of the taxonomic orders in the class Aves. The list of birds gives a more detailed summary, including families.
- Struthioniformes, Ostrich, emus, kiwis, and allies
- Tinamiformes, tinamous
- Anseriformes, waterfowl
- Galliformes, fowl
- Sphenisciformes, penguins
- Gaviiformes, loons
- Podicipediformes, grebes
- Procellariiformes, albatrosses, petrels, and allies
- Pelecaniformes, pelicans and allies
- Ciconiiformes, storks and allies
- Phoenicopteriformes, flamingos
- Accipitriformes, eagles, hawks and allies
- Falconiformes, falcons
- Turniciformes, button-quail
- Gruiformes, cranes and allies
- Charadriiformes, plovers and allies
- Pteroclidiformes, sandgrouse
- Columbiformes, doves and pigeons
- Psittaciformes, parrots and allies
- Cuculiformes, cuckoos
- Strigiformes, owls
- Caprimulgiformes, nightjars and allies
- Apodiformes, swifts
- Trochiliformes, hummingbirds
- Coraciiformes, kingfishers
- Piciformes, woodpeckers and allies
- Trogoniformes, trogons
- Coliiformes, mousebirds
- Passeriformes, passerines Note: This is the traditional classification (the so-called Clements order). A more recent, radically different classification based on molecular data has been developed (the so-called Sibley order) and is gaining acceptance.

Evolution

Birds are generally considered to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs. Specifically, birds are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids. As more non-avian theropods that are closely related to birds are discovered, the formerly clear distinction between non-birds and birds becomes less so. Recent discoveries in North-east China (Liaoning Province) demonstrating that many small theropod dinosaurs had feathers contribute to this ambiguity. The basal bird Archaeopteryx, from the Jurassic, is well-known as one of the first "missing links" to be found in support of evolution in the late 19th century. It remains the most primitive known bird. Other Mesozoic birds include the Confuciusornithidae, Enantiornithes, Ichthyornis, and Hesperornithiformes, a group of flightless divers resembling grebes and loons. The recently discovered dromaeosaur, Cryptovolans, was capable of powered flight, contained a keel and had ribs with uncinate processes. In fact, Cryptovolans makes a better "bird" than Archaeopteryx which is missing some of these modern bird features. Because of this, some paleontologists have suggested that dromaeosaurs are actually basal birds whose larger members are secondarily flightless, i.e. dromaeosaurs evolved from birds and not the other way around. Evidence for this theory is currently inconclusive, but digs continue to unearth fossils (especially in China) of the strange feathered dromaeosaurs. It should be noted that although ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs share the same hip structure as birds, birds actually originated from the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs, and thus arrived at their hip structure condition independently. In fact, the bird-like hip structure developed a third time among a peculiar group of theropods, the Therizinosauridae. Modern birds are classified in Neornithes, which are split into the Paleognathae and Neognathae. The paleognaths include the tinamous (found only in Central and South America) and the ratites. The ratites are large flightless birds, and include ostriches, cassowaries, kiwis and emus; some scientists suspect that the ratites represent an artificial grouping of birds which have independently lost the ability to fly, others contend that the ratites never had the ability to fly and are more directly related to the dinosaurs. The basal divergence from the remaining Neognathes was that of the Galloanseri, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese and swans), and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies). See the chart. The classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley & Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds (although frequently debated and constantly revised). Evidence for the various orders seems to be fairly good, but the relationships between the orders are in a state of disarray. Evidence from modern bird anatomy, fossils and DNA have all been brought to bear on the problem but no strong consensus has emerged. See also: Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.

Reproduction

Although most male birds have no external sex organs, the male does have two testes which become hundreds of times larger during the breeding season to produce sperm. The female's ovaries also become larger, although only the left ovary actually functions. In the males of species without a phallus (see below), sperm is stored within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca prior to copulation. During copulation, the female moves her tail to the side and the male either mounts the female from behind or moves very close to her. He moves the opening of his cloaca, or vent, close to hers, so that the sperm can enter the female's cloaca, in what is referred to as a cloacal kiss. This can happen very fast, sometimes in less than one second. The sperm is stored in the female's cloaca for anywhere from a week to a year, depending on the species of bird. Then, one by one, eggs will descend from the female's ovaries and become fertilized by the male's sperm, before being subsequently laid by the female. The eggs will then continue their development in the nest. cloacal kiss.]] Many waterfowl and some other birds, such as the ostrich and turkey, do possess a phallus. Except during copulation, it is hidden within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. The avian phallus differs from the mammalian penis in several ways, most importantly in that it is purely a copulatory organ and is not used for dispelling urine. After the eggs hatch, parent birds provide varying degrees of care in terms of food and protection. Precocial birds can care for themselves independently within minutes of hatching; altricial hatchlings are helpless, blind, and naked, and require extended parental care. The chicks of many ground-nesting birds such as partridges and waders are often able to run virtually immediately after hatching; such birds are referred to as nidifugous. The young of hole-nesters, on the other hand, are often totally incapable of unassisted survival. "Fledging" is the process of a chick acquiring feathers until it can fly. Some birds, such as pigeons, geese, and Red-crowned Cranes, remain with their mates for life (or for a long period) and may produce offspring on a regular basis.

Mating systems and parental care

Sources for this section include:
- Gowaty, Patricia Adair: Male Parental Care and Apparent Monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia Sialis). The American Naturalist 121(2): 149-160 (1983).
- Ketterson, Ellen D. and Nolan, Val: Male Parental Behavior in Birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 601-28 (1994).
- Zeveloff, Samuel and Boyce, Mark: Parental Investment and Mating Systems in Mammals. Evolution 34(5): 973-982 (1980).

The three predominant mating systems are polyandry, polygyny, and monogamy. Monogamy is seen in approximately 91% of all bird species. Polygyny constitutes 2% of all birds and polyandry is seen in less than 1%. Monogamous species of males and females pair for the breeding season. In some cases, the individuals may pair for life. One reason for the high rate of monogamy among birds is due to the fact that male birds are just as adept at parental care as females. In most groups of animals, male parental care is rare, but in birds it is quite common; it is more extensive in birds than in any other vertebrate class. In fact, male care can be seen as important or essential to female fitness. "In one form of monogamy such as with obligate monogamy a female cannot rear a litter without the aid of a male" (Gowaty, 1983). obligate The parental behavior most associated with monogamy was male incubation. This is very interesting, because male incubation is the most confining male parental behavior. It not only consumes time, but also may require physiological changes that interfere with usual mating. With the extreme loss of mating opportunities, there is a reduction in the reproductive success among males. "This information then suggests that sexual selection may be less intense in taxa where males incubate, hypothetically because males allocate more effort to parental care and less to mating" (Ketterson and Nolan, 1994). It is understood then that the females associated with these males base their choice of mate on parental behaviors rather than physical appearance.

Respiration

Birds respire by means of crosscurrent flow: the air flows at a 90° angle to the flow of blood in the lungs' capillaries. In addition to the lungs themselves, birds have posterior and anterior air sacs (typically nine) which control air flow through the lungs, but do not play a direct role in gas exchange. There are three parts involved in respiration:
- the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics),
- the lungs, and
- the posterior air sacs (posterior thoracics and abdominals). It takes a bird two full breaths, to completely cycle the air from each inhalation through the lungs and out again. The air flows through the air sacs and lungs as follows:
- First inhalation: air flows through the trachea and bronchi into the posterior air sacs.
- First exhalation: air flows from the posterior air sacs to the lungs.
- Second inhalation: air flows from the lungs to the anterior air sacs.
- Second exhalation: air flows from the anterior sacs back through the trachea and out of the body. Since during inhalation and exhalation fresh air flows through the lungs in only one direction, birds are able to diffuse more oxygen into their blood. Unlike humans and other mammals, there is no mixing of oxygen rich air and carbon dioxide rich air. Thus, the partial pressure of oxygen in a bird's lungs is the same as the environment. This is why you would more likely see a bird on Mount Everest than, say, a mouse. Avian lungs do not have alveoli, as mammalian lungs do, but instead contain millions of tiny passages known as parabronchi, connected at either ends by the dorsobronchi and ventrobronchi. Air flows through the honeycombed walls of the parabronchi and into air capillaries, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are traded with cross-flowing blood capillaries by diffusion.

Other anatomy

mouse Birds possess a ventriculus, or gizzard, that is composed of four muscular bands that act to rotate and crush food by shifting the food from one area to the next within the gizzard. Depending on the species, the gizzard may contain small pieces of grit or stone that the bird has swallowed to aid in the grinding process of digestion. For birds in captivity, only certain species of birds require grit in their diet for digestion. The use of gizzard stones is a similarity between birds and dinosaurs, which left gizzard stones called gastroliths as trace fossils. Birds also have skeletons possessing unique characteristics. See bird skeleton. The region between the eye and bill on the side of a bird's head is called a lore. This region is sometimes featherless, and the skin may be tinted (as in many species of the cormorant family).

Birds and humans

cormorant cormorant cormorant Birds are an important food source for humans. The most commonly eaten species is the domestic chicken and its eggs, although geese, pheasants, turkeys, and ducks are also widely eaten. Other birds that have been utilized for food include emus, ostriches, pigeons, grouse, quails, doves, woodcocks, songbirds, and others, including small passerines such as finches. At one time swans and flamingos were delicacies of the rich and powerful, although these are generally protected now. Many species have become extinct through over-hunting, such as the Passenger Pigeon, and many others have become endangered or extinct through habitat destruction, deforestation and intensive agriculture being common causes for declines. Numerous species have come to depend on human activities for food and are widespread to the point of being pests. For example the common pigeon or Rock Dove (Columba livia) thrives in urban areas around the world. In North America, introduced House Sparrows, Common Starlings, and House Finches are similarly widespread. Other birds have been used by humans: for example Homing pigeons to carry messages (many are still kept for sport), falcons for hunting, cormorants for fishing. Chickens and pigeons are popular subjects in experimental research in biology and comparative psychology. As birds are extra-sensitive to toxins, the Canary was often used in coal mines to indicate the presence of poisonous gases, so that the miners could escape. Colorful, particularly tropical, birds (e.g., parrots, and mynahs) are often kept as pets although this has led to smuggling of some endangered species; CITES does considerable work to deter this. Bird diseases that can be contracted by humans include these: psittacosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, Newcastle's disease, mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis), avian influenza, giardiasis, and cryptosporiadiosis.

Trivia

- To preen or groom their feathers, birds use their bills to brush away foreign particles.
- The birds of a region are called the avifauna.
- Few birds use chemical defences against predators. Tubenoses can eject an unpleasant slime against an aggressor, and some species of pitohui, found in New Guinea secrete a powerful neurotoxin in their feathers.
- Birds are among the most extensively studied animal groups, with hundreds of academic journals devoted to their study.

References and external links

- [http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?lang=EN&pg=home Avibase - The World Bird Database]
- [http://www.i-o-c.org/IOComm/index.htm International Ornithological Committee]
- [http://www.birdlife.org/ Birdlife International] - Dedicated to bird conservation worldwide; has a database with about 250,000 records on endangered bird species
- [http://birdingonthe.net/ Birdingonthe.net]
- [http://www.surfbirds.com/ Surfbirds Birdwatching and World Birding]
- [http://worldtwitch.com/ Worldtwitch - rare bird news around the world]
- [http://www.birdforum.net/ BirdForum] Category:Chordates
- Category:Ornithology ko:새 ms:Burung ja:鳥類 simple:Bird th:นก

New Guinea

right New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded around 5000 BC. The name papua has also been long-associated with the island: this is discussed further under History, below.

Political divisions

The island is divided politically along east-west lines, roughly into equal halves:
- The portions of the island of New Guinea (Irian in Bahasa Indonesia) located west of 141°E longitude (see [http://www.papuaweb.org/goi/pp/peta-hr.gif map]) are incorporated into Indonesia as the provinces:
- West Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Barat) with Manokwari as its capital
- Papua (formerly Irian Jaya) with the city of Jayapura as its capital. A proposal to split this into Central Papua (Papua Tengah) and East Papua (Papua Timur) has not been implemented.Jayapura] :Papuans actively have supported a broad-based independence movement, the Organisasi Papua Merdeka or OPM, against Indonesia since 1962. Its military arm is the TPN, or the Liberation Army of Free Papua. The Indonesian authorities view this as a separatist and a terrorist movement, the members of which are guilty of high treason. The OPM has charged the Indonesian government with racism, genocide, political assassination, torture and terrorism. Amnesty International has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against Papuans, while others have set the number at more than 200,000.
- The eastern part forms the primary part of the nation of Papua New Guinea, which has been an independent country since 1975.

People

Populated by very nearly a thousand different Papua Melanesian tribal groups since 45,000 BC, New Guinea is the home of the world's oldest independent societies and a staggering number of separate languages, the Papuan languages. The separation was not merely linguistic; warfare among societies was a factor in the evolution of the men's house: separate housing of groups of adult men, from the single-family houses of the women and children, for mutual protection against the other groups. Pig-based trade between the groups and pig-based feasts are a common theme with the other peoples of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Most societies practice agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. The island's population is comprised of roughly two indigenous ethnic groups: Papuans and Austronesians. Current evidence (archaeological, linguistic and biological) indicates that the Papuans are the oldest human residents of New Guinea, and that they constitute the majority of the population of New Guinea. Austronesians are a group who originated in Taiwan and spread from there through the Philippines and Indonesia and on into the Pacific. These seafaring peoples reached New Guinea many thousands of years after the arrival of the Papuans. They have colonised many offshore islands in the north and east of New Guinea, and in some places have settled on the mainland. The many thousands of years of human occupation of New Guinea has led to a great deal of ethnic diversity, which has been increased by the arrival of the Austronesians and the more recent history of European and Asian colonization. The Indonesian government which controls the western half of New Guinea has instituted an aggressive transmigration program designed to bring chiefly Sumatran and Javanese immigrants to Indonesian New Guinea to tip the largely black population toward a more Asian "balance." To date, more than 1 million Asian immigrants have settled in western New Guinea as part of the transmigration program.

Ecology

With some 786,000 km² of tropical land, New Guinea has an immense ecological value: 11,000 plant species; nearly 600 unique bird species, including the birds of paradise, cassowaries; over 400 amphibians; 455 butterfly species; marsupials including bondegezou, Goodfellow's tree kangaroo, Huon tree kangaroo, long-beaked echidna, tenkile, agile wallaby, alpine wallaby, cuscus and possums; and various other mammal species. Most of these species are shared, at least in their origin, with the continent of Australia, which was until fairly recent geological times, part of the same landmass. See Australia-New Guinea for an overview.

History

See also: History of Papua New Guinea The first inhabitants of New Guinea arrived at least 60,000 years ago, having travelled through the south-east Asian peninsula. These first inhabitants, from whom the Papuan people are probably descended, adapted to the range of ecologies and in time developed one of the earliest known agricultures. Remains of this agricultural system, in the form of ancient irrigation systems in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, are being studied by archaeologists. This work is still in its early stages so there is still uncertainty as to precisely what crop was being grown, or when/where agriculture arose. The gardens of the New Guinea highlands are ancient, intensive permacultures, adapted to high population densities, very high rainfalls (as high as 10,000 mm/yr (400 in/yr)), earthquakes, hilly land, and occasional frost. Complex mulches, crop rotations and tillages are used in rotation on terraces with complex irrigation systems. Western agronomists still do not understand all practices, and native gardeners are notably more successful than most scientific farmers. Some authorities believe that New Guinea gardeners invented crop rotation well before western europeans. A unique feature of New Guinea permaculture is the silviculture of Casuarina oligodon, a tall, sturdy native ironwood tree, suited to use for timber and fuel, with root nodules that fix nitrogen. Pollen studies show that it was adopted during an ancient period of extreme deforestation. In more recent millennia another wave of people arrived on the shores of New Guinea. These were the Austronesian people, who had spread down from Taiwan, through the south-east Asian archipelago, colonising many of the islands on the way. The Austronesian people had technology and skills extremely well adapted to ocean voyaging and Austronesian language speaking people are present along much of the coastal areas and islands of New Guinea. The first European contact with New Guinea was by Portuguese and/or Spanish sailors in the 16th century. In 1526-27 Don Jorge de Meneses saw the western tip of New Guinea and named it ilhas dos Papuas. The word papua is often said to derive from the Malay word papua or pua-pua, meaning ‘frizzly-haired’, referring to the frizzled hair of the inhabitants of these areas. Another possibility, (put forward by Sollewijn Gelpke in 1993) is that it comes from the Biak phrase sup i papwa which means ‘the land below [the sunset]’ and refers to the islands west of the Bird’s Head, as far as Halmahera. Whatever the origin of the name Papua, it came to be associated with this area, and more especially with Halmahera, which was known to the Portuguese by this name during the era of their colonisation in this part of the world. In 1545 the Spaniard Yñigo Ortiz de Retez sailed along the north coast of New Guinea as far as the Mamberamo River near which he landed, naming the island 'Nueva Guinea'. The first map showing the whole island (as an island) was published in 1600 and shows it as 'Nova Guinea'. The first European claim occurred in 1828, when the Netherlands formally claimed the western half of the island. In 1883, following a short-lived French annexation of New Ireland, the British colony of Queensland annexed south-eastern New Guinea. However, the Queensland government's superiors in the United Kingdom revoked the claim, and (formally) assumed direct responsibility in 1884, when Germany claimed north-eastern New Guinea as a protectorate. The first Dutch government posts were established in 1898 and in 1902 Manokwari on the North coast, Fak-Fak in the West and Merauke in the South at the border with British New Guinea (later renamed Papua). Both the Dutch and the British tried to suppress warfare and headhunting once common between the villages of the populace. In 1906 the British government transferred total responsibility for south-east New Guinea to Australia. During World War I, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became a League of Nations mandated territory of Australia. The Australian territories became collectively known as The Territories of Papua and New Guinea (until February 1942). Before about 1930, most European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests. When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. Netherlands New Guinea and the Australian territories were invaded in 1942 by the Japanese. The Australian territories were put under military administration and were known simply as New Guinea. The highlands, northern and eastern parts of the island became key battlefields in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the Allies, fighting alongside Australian and US troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Following the return to civil administration, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea (1945-49) and then as Papua and New Guinea. Although the rest of the Dutch East Indies achieved independence as Indonesia on December 27, 1949, the Netherlands regained control of western New Guinea. During the 1950s the Dutch government began to prepare Netherlands New Guinea for full independence and allowed elections in 1959; an elected Papuan Council, the New Guinea Council (Nieuw Guinea Raad) took office on April 5, 1961. The Council decided on the name of West Papua, a national emblem, a flag called the Morning Star or Bintang Kejora, and a national anthem; the flag was first raised — next to the Dutch flag — on December 1, 1961. However, Indonesia threatened with an invasion, after full mobilisation of its army, by August 15, 1962. It had received with military help from the Soviet Union. Under strong pressure of the Kennedy administration the Dutch, who were prepared to resist an Indonesian attack, had to go to the conference table. On October 1, 1962, the Dutch handed over the territory to a temporary UN administration (UNTEA). On May 1, 1963, Indonesia took control. The territory was renamed West Irian and then Irian Jaya. In 1969 Indonesia, under the 1962 New York Agreement, had to organize a plebiscite to seek the consent of the Papuans for Indonesian rule. This so called Act of Free Choice (Pepera) resulted under strong threats and intimidations of the Indonesian army in a 100% vote for continued Indonesian rule. From 1971, the name Papua New Guinea was used for the Australian territory. In 1975, Australia granted full independence to Papua New Guinea. In 2000, amid increasing discontent and opposition to Indonesian rule, Irian Jaya was formally renamed "The Province of Papua" and a large measure of "special autonomy" was granted in 2001. This law on special autonomy, however, was never implemented. On the contrary, beginning of 2003 President Megawati Sukarnoputri announced the division of the province into three parts, while the name "Papua" for the province would again revert to Irian. With strong public protest by Papuans only the province of West Irian Jaya, with Manokwari as its capital, covering the Bird's Head peninsula was split from Papua Province. In 2005 a new proposal came from Jakarta to split the province into five provinces, with the clear purpose to eliminate all anti-Indonesian and pro-independence action.

External links

- [http://natzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2001/2/intoxnewguineabirds.cfm The Intoxicating Birds of New Guinea by John Tidwell]
- [http://www.fpcn-global.org/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=1 Online documentaries re OPM sponsored by West German-based Friends of Peoples Close to Nature]
- [http://www.papuaweb.org/gb/peta/sejarah/collingridge/ Facsimile of material from "The Discovery of New Guinea" by George Collingridge] Category:Islands Category:Melanesia Category:New Guinea zh-min-nan:Sin Guinea ko:뉴기니 섬 ja:ニューギニア島

Wren

:This article is about the bird. For other uses of the word Wren, see Wren (disambiguation).
Donacobius
Campylorhynchus
Odontorchilus
Salpinctes
Catherpes
Hylorchilus
Cinnycerthia
Thryomanes
Ferminia
Troglodytes
Cistothorus
Uropsila
Thryorchilus
Thryothorus
Henicorhina
Microcerculus
Cyphorhinus The true wrens are members of a New World passerine bird family Troglodytidae containing 79 species. A troglodyte means a cave-dweller, and wrens get their scientific name from the tendency of some species to forage in dark crevices. They are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and a thin down-turned bill. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. Only one species, Troglodytes troglodytes, known as the Winter Wren in North America, occurs in Europe, where it is commonly known simply as the Wren. The 27 Australasian "wren" species are unrelated and are in the family Maluridae.

Species list

- Black-capped Donacobius Donacobius atricapillus
- White-headed Wren Campylorhynchus albobrunneus
- Band-backed Wren Campylorhynchus zonatus
- Gray-barred Wren Campylorhynchus megalopterus
- Giant Wren Campylorhynchus chiapensis
- Rufous-naped Wren Campylorhynchus rufinucha
- Spotted Wren Campylorhynchus gularis
- Boucard's Wren Campylorhynchus jocosus
- Yucatan Wren Campylorhynchus yucatanicus
- Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
- Bicolored Wren Campylorhynchus griseus
- Thrush-like Wren Campylorhynchus turdinus
- Stripe-backed Wren Campylorhynchus nuchalis
- Fasciated Wren Campylorhynchus fasciatus
- Gray-mantled Wren Odontorchilus branickii
- Tooth-billed Wren Odontorchilus cinereus
- Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus
- Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus
- Slender-billed Wren Hylorchilus sumichrasti
- Nava's Wren Hylorchilus navai
- Rufous Wren Cinnycerthia unirufa
- Sharpe's Wren Cinnycerthia olivascens
- Peruvian Wren Cinnycerthia peruana
- Fulvous Wren Cinnycerthia fulva
- Black-throated Wren Thryothorus atrogularis
- Sooty-headed Wren Thryothorus spadix
- Black-bellied Wren Thryothorus fasciatoventris
- Inca Wren Thryothorus eisenmanni
- Whiskered Wren Thryothorus mystacalis
- Plain-tailed Wren Thryothorus euophrys
- Moustached Wren Thryothorus genibarbis
- Coraya Wren Thryothorus coraya
- Happy Wren Thryothorus felix
- Spot-breasted Wren Thryothorus maculipectus
- Rufous-breasted Wren Thryothorus rutilus
- Speckle-breasted Wren Thryothorus sclateri
- Riverside Wren Thryothorus semibadius
- Bay Wren Thryothorus nigricapillus
- Stripe-breasted Wren Thryothorus thoracicus
- Stripe-throated Wren Thryothorus leucopogon
- Banded Wren Thryothorus pleurostictus
- Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus
- Rufous-and-white Wren Thryothorus rufalbus
- Sinaloa Wren Thryothorus sinaloa
- Plain Wren Thryothorus modestus
- Buff-breasted Wren Thryothorus leucotis
- Niceforo's Wren Thryothorus nicefori
- Superciliated Wren Thryothorus superciliaris
- Fawn-breasted Wren Thryothorus guarayanus
- Long-billed Wren Thryothorus longirostris
- Gray Wren Thryothorus griseus
- Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii
- Socorro Wren Thryomanes sissonii
- Zapata Wren Ferminia cerverai
- Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes
- House Wren Troglodytes aedon
- Cobb's Wren Troglodytes cobbi
- Clarion Island Wren Troglodytes tanneri
- Rufous-browed Wren Troglodytes rufociliatus
- Ochraceous Wren Troglodytes ochraceus
- Santa Marta Wren Troglodytes monticola
- Mountain Wren Troglodytes solstitialis
- Tepui Wren Troglodytes rufulus
- Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis
- Apolinar's Wren Cistothorus apolinari
- Paramo Wren Cistothorus meridae
- Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris
- White-bellied Wren Uropsila leucogastra
- Timberline Wren Thryorchilus browni
- White-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucosticta
- Gray-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucophrys
- Bar-winged Wood Wren Henicorhina leucoptera
- Nightingale Wren Microcerculus philomela
- Scaly-breasted Wren Microcerculus marginatus
- Flutist Wren Microcerculus ustulatus
- Wing-banded Wren Microcerculus bambla
- Song Wren Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus
- Chestnut-breasted Wren Cyphorhinus thoracicus
- Musician Wren Cyphorhinus aradus Category:Troglodytidae

Northern Hemisphere

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet's surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball'). On Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and population. In the temperate regions of the hemisphere, winter lasts from December to February (though winter weather can begin as early as November and last into March or sometimes even April) and Summer from around June to August (though summer weather can begin as early as May and last into September or sometimes even October). The Earth's perihelion, during which its orbital motion is fastest, occurs in January. Therefore, northern hemisphere winters tend to be shorter and less severe than southern hemisphere winters at equivalent latitudes. Tropical regions tend to experience a rainy season during the 'summer' months, and a dry season during the 'winter' months. Regions north of the Arctic Circle will experience some days in summer on which the sun never sets, and some days in winter on which the sun never rises. The duration of these phases varies from one day for places right on the Arctic circle to several months near the North Pole itself. In temperate and polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere most of the year, the sun passes from east to west in the south, causing sun-cast shadows to turn clockwise through the day. In the tropics, the noonday sun is always virtually overhead, but will sometimes be in the south and sometimes in the north. north

Continents and countries on Earth's Northern Hemisphere

Continents in the northern hemisphere:
- Asia (Indonesia is primarily in the southern hemisphere)
- Europe
- North America
- A small part of South America, north of the Amazon river
- About 2/3 of Africa, north of the Congo river Countries primarily in the northern hemisphere that are in Africa:
- Algeria
- Benin
- Burkina
- Cameroon
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Guinea-Bissau
- Kenya
- Liberia
- Libya
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Morocco
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- Somalia
- Sudan
- Togo
- Tunisia
- Uganda
- Western Sahara Countries primarily in the northern hemisphere that are southeast of Asia:
- Marshall Islands
- Micronesia
- Palau Countries primarily in the northern hemisphere that are in South America:
- Colombia
- French Guiana
- Guyana
- Suriname
- Venezuela

Old World flycatcher

many:see text The Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae is a large family of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. This article follows Handbook of Birds of the World in including the small chat-like ground feeders previously classed with the Turdidae thrushes in this group. The appearance of these birds is very varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. The nest of most is a well-constructed cup in a tree or hedge.
- Family: Muscicapidae
- Genus Empidornis
- Silverbird, Empidornis semipartitus
- Genus Bradornis
- Pale Flycatcher, Bradornis pallidus
- Chat Flycatcher, Bradornis infuscatus
- Mariqua Flycatcher, Bradornis mariquensis
- African Grey Flycatcher, Bradornis microrhynchus
- Genus Melaenornis
- Angola Slaty Flycatcher, Melaenornis brunneus
- White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher, Melaenornis fischeri
- Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher, Melaenornis chocolatinus
- Northern Black Flycatcher, Melaenornis edolioides
- Southern Black Flycatcher, Melaenornis pammelaina
- Yellow-eyed Black Flycatcher, Melaenornis ardesiacus
- Nimba Flycatcher, Melaenornis annamarulae
- Genus Fraseria
- African Forest Flycatcher, Fraseria ocreata
- White-browed Forest Flycatcher, Fraseria cinerascens
- Genus Sigelus
- Fiscal Flycatcher, Sigelus silens
- Genus Rhinomyias
- Buru Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias addita
- Flores Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias oscillans
- Brown-chested Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias brunneata
- Grey-chested Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias umbratilis
- Fulvous-chested Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias olivacea
- Chestnut-tailed Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias ruficauda
- Henna-tailed Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias colonus
- Eyebrowed Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias gularis
- Rusty-flanked Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias insignis
- Negros Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias albigularis
- Mindanao Jungle Flycatcher, Rhinomyias goodfellowi
- Genus Muscicapa
- Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata
- Gambaga Flycatcher, Muscicapa gambagae
- Grey-spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa griseisticta
- Siberian Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica
- Asian Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica
- Brown-streaked Flycatcher, Muscicapa williamsoni
- Ash-breasted Flycatcher, Muscicapa randi
- Sumba Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa segregata
- Rusty-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa ruficauda
- Brown-breasted Flycatcher, Muscicapa muttui
- Ferruginous Flycatcher, Muscicapa ferruginea
- Ussher's Flycatcher, Muscicapa ussheri
- Sooty Flycatcher, Muscicapa infuscata
- Boehm's Flycatcher, Muscicapa boehmi
- Swamp Flycatcher, Muscicapa aquatica
- Olivaceous Flycatcher, Muscicapa olivascens
- Chapins' Flycatcher, Muscicapa lendu
- African Dusky Flycatcher, Muscicapa adusta
- Little Grey Flycatcher, Muscicapa epulata
- Yellow-footed Flycatcher, Muscicapa sethsmithi
- Dusky-blue Flycatcher, Muscicapa comitata
- Tessmann's Flycatcher, Muscicapa tessmanni
- Cassin's Flycatcher, Muscicapa cassini
- Ashy Flycatcher, Muscicapa caerulescens
- Genus Myioparus
- Grey-throated Tit-flycatcher, Myioparus griseigularis
- Grey Tit-flycatcher, Myioparus plumbeus
- Genus Humblotia
- Grand Comoro Flycatcher, Humblotia flavirostris
- Genus Ficedula
- European Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca
- Atlas Flycatcher, Ficedula speculigera
- Collared Flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis
- Semi-collared Flycatcher, Ficedula semitorquata
- Korean Flycatcher, Ficedula zanthopygia
- Narcissus Flycatcher, Ficedula narcissina
- Beijing Flycatcher, Ficedula beijingnica
- Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki
- Slaty-backed Flycatcher, Ficedula hodgsonii
- Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher, Ficedula strophiata
- Red-breasted Flycatcher, Ficedula parva
- Red-throated Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla
- Kashmir Flycatcher, Ficedula subrubra
- Snowy-browed Flycatcher, Ficedula hyperythra
- White-gorgeted Flycatcher, Ficedula monileger
- Rufous-browed Flycatcher, Ficedula solitaris
- Rufous-chested Flycatcher, Ficedula dumetoria
- Rufous-throated Flycatcher, Ficedula rufigula
- Cinnamon-chested Flycatcher, Ficedula buruensis
- Little Slaty Flycatcher, Ficedula basilanica
- Sumba Flycatcher, Ficedula harterti
- Palawan Flycatcher, Ficedula platenae
- Russet-tailed Flycatcher, Ficedula crypta
- Furtive Flycatcher, Ficedula disposita
- Lompobattang Flycatcher, Ficedula bonthaina
- Little Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula westermanni
- Ultramarine Flycatcher, Ficedula superciliaris
- Slaty-blue Flycatcher, Ficedula tricolor
- Black-and-rufous Flycatcher, Ficedula nigrorufa
- Sapphire Flycatcher, Ficedula sapphira
- Black-banded Flycatcher, Ficedula timorensis
- Genus Cyanoptila
- Blue-and-white Flycatcher, Cyanoptila cyanomelana
- Genus Eumyias
- Verditer Flycatcher, Eumyias thalassina
- Dull-blue Flycatcher, Eumyias sordida
- Island Flycatcher, Eumyias panayensis
- Nilgiri Flycatcher, Eumyias albicaudata
- Indigo Flycatcher, Eumyias indigo
- Genus Niltava
- Large Niltava, Niltava grandis
- Small Niltava, Niltava macgrigoriae
- Fujian Niltava, Niltava davidi
- Rufous-bellied Niltava, Niltava sundara
- Rufous-vented Niltava, Niltava sumatrana
- Vivid Niltava, Niltava vivida
- Genus Cyornis
- Matinan Flycatcher, Cyornis sanfordi
- Blue-fronted Flycatcher, Cyornis hoevelli
- Timor Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis hyacinthinus
- White-tailed Flycatcher, Cyornis concretus
- Rueck's Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis ruckii
- Blue-breasted Flycatcher, Cyornis herioti
- Hainan Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis hainanus
- White-bellied Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis pallipes
- Pale-chinned Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis poliogenys
- Pale Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis unicolor
- Blue-throated Flycatcher, Cyornis rubeculoides
- Hill Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis banyumas
- Long-billed Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis caerulatus
- Malaysian Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis turcosus
- Palawan Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis lemprieri
- Bornean Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis superbus
- Tickell's Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis tickelliae
- Mangrove Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis rufigastra
- Sulawesi Blue Flycatcher, Cyornis omissus
- Genus Muscicapella
- Pygmy Blue Flycatcher, Muscicapella hodgsoni
- Genus Culicicapa
- Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa ceylonensis
- Citrine Canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa helianthea
- Genus Horizorhinus
- Dohrn's Flycatcher, Horizorhinus dohrni
- Genus Tarsiger
- Red-flanked Bluetail, Tarsiger cyanurus
- Golden Bush Robin, Tarsiger chrysaeus
- White-browed Bush Robin, Tarsiger indicus
- Rufous-breasted Bush Robin, Tarsiger hyperythrus
- Collared Bush Robin, Tarsiger johnstoniae
- Genus Luscinia
- Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica
- Siberian Rubythroat, Luscinia calliope
- Swinhoe's Nightingale or Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans
- Thrush Nightingale, Luscinia luscinia
- Nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos
- Indian Bluechat, Luscinia brunneus
- White-tailed Rubythroat, Luscinia pectoralis
- Rufous-headed Robin, Luscinia ruficeps
- Black-throated Blue Robin, Luscinia obscura
- Firethroat, Luscinia pectardens
- Siberian Blue Robin, Luscinia cyane
- Genus Erithacus
- European Robin, Erithacus rubecula
- Japanese Robin, Erithacus akahige
- Ryukyu Robin, Erithacus komadori
- Genus Irania
- White-throated Robin, Irania gutturalis
- Genus Saxicola
- Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra
- Stoliczka's Bushchat or White-browed Bushchat, Saxicola macrorhyncha
- Hodgson's Bushchat or White-throated Bushchat, Saxicola insignis
- Fuerteventura Chat or Canary Island Stonechat, Saxicola dacotiae
- European Stonechat, Saxicola rubicola (previously S. torquata rubicola)
- Siberian Stonechat or Asian Stonechat, Saxicola maura (previously S. torquata maura)
- African Stonechat, Saxicola torquata
- Réunion Stonechat, Saxicola tectes
- White-tailed Stonechat, Saxicola leucura
- Pied Bushchat, Saxicola caprata
- Jerdon's Bushchat, Saxicola jerdoni
- Grey Bushchat, Saxicola ferrea
- White-bellied Bushchat or Timor Bushchat, Saxicola gutturalis
- Buff-streaked Bushchat, Saxicola bifasciata
- Genus Pogonocichla
- White-starred Robin, Pogonocichla stellata
- Genus Swynnertonia
- Swynnerton's Robin, Swynnertonia swynnertoni
- Genus Stiphrornis
- Forest Robin, Stiphrornis erythrothorax
- Genus Xenocopsychus
- Angola Cave Chat, Xenocopsychus ansorgei
- Genus Saxicoloides
- Indian Robin, Saxicoloides fulicata
- Genus Cinclidium
- White-tailed Robin, Cinclidium leucurum
- Sunda Robin, Cinclidium diana
- Blue-fronted Robin, Cinclidium frontale
- Genus Grandala
- Grandala, Grandala coelicolor
- Genus Namibornis
- Herero Chat, Namibornis herero
- Genus Cercomela
- Sicklewing Chat, Cercomela sinuata
- Karoo Chat, Cercomela schlegelii
- Tractrac Chat, Cercomela tractrac
- Familiar Chat, Cercomela familiaris
- Brown-tailed Chat, Cercomela scotocerca
- Indian Chat, Cercomela fusca
- Sombre Chat, Cercomela dubia
- Blackstart, Cercomela melanura
- Moorland Chat, Cercomela sordida
- Genus Myrmecocichla
- Congo Moorchat, Myrmecocichla tholloni
- Northern Anteater Chat, Myrmecocichla aethiops
- Southern Anteater Chat, Myrmecocichla formicivora
- Sooty Chat, Myrmecocichla nigra
- Rueppell's Chat, Myrmecocichla melaena
- White-fronted Black Chat, Myrmecocichla albifrons
- White-headed Black Chat, Myrmecocichla arnotti
- Genus Thamnolaea
- Mocking Cliff Chat, Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris
- White-winged Cliff Chat, Thamnolaea semirufa
- Genus Pinarornis
- Boulder Chat Pinarornis plumosus
- Genus Sheppardia, akalats
- Bocage's Akalat, Sheppardia bocagei
- Lowland Akalat, Sheppardia cyornithopsis
- Equatorial Akalat, Sheppardia aequatorialis
- Sharpe's Akalat, Sheppardia sharpei
- East Coast Akalat, Sheppardia gunningi
- Gabela Akalat, Sheppardia gabela
- Usambara Akalat, Sheppardia montana
- Iringa Akalat, Sheppardia lowei
- Genus Cossyphicula, robin-chats
- White-bellied Robin Chat, Cossyphicula roberti
- Mountain Robin Chat, Cossypha isabellae
- Archer's Robin Chat, Cossypha archeri
- Olive-flanked Robin Chat, Cossypha anomala
- Cape Robin Chat, Cossypha caffra
- White-throated Robin Chat, Cossypha humeralis
- Blue-shouldered Robin Chat, Cossypha cyanocampter
- Grey-winged Robin Chat, Cossypha polioptera
- Rueppell's Robin Chat, Cossypha semirufa
- White-browed Robin Chat, Cossypha heuglini
- Red-capped Robin Chat, Cossypha natalensis
- Chorister Robin Chat, Cossypha dichroa
- White-headed Robin Chat, Cossypha heinrichi
- Snowy-crowned Robin Chat, Cossypha niveicapilla
- White-crowned Robin Chat, Cossypha albicapilla
- Genus Cichladusa, palm-thrushes
- Collared Palm Thrush, Cichladusa arquata
- Rufous-tailed Palm Thrush, Cichladusa ruficauda
- Spotted Morning Thrush, Cichladusa guttata
- Genus Cercotrichas, the scrub-robins or bush-chats
- Forest Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas leucosticta
- Bearded Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas quadrivirgata
- Miombo Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas barbata
- Brown Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas signata
- Brown-backed Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas hartlaubi
- Red-backed Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas leucophrys
- Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin or Rufous Bush Chat, Cercotrichas galactotes
- Kalahari Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas paena
- African Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas minor
- Karoo Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas coryphaeus
- Black Scrub Robin, Cercotrichas podobe
- Genus Copsychus, magpie-robins or shamas
- Madagascar Magpie-robin, Copsychus albospecularis
- Oriental Magpie-robin, Copsychus saularis
- White-rumped Shama, Copsychus malabaricus
- Seychelles Magpie-robin, Copsychus sechellarum
- White-browed Shama, Copsychus luzoniensis
- White-vented Shama, Copsychus niger
- Black Shama, Copsychus cebuensis
- Genus Trichixos, shamas
- Rufous-tailed Shama, Trichixos pyrropyga
- Genus Phoenicurus, redstarts
- Ala Shan Redstart, Phoenicurus alaschanicus
- Rufous-backed Redstart, Phoenicurus erythronota
- Blue-capped Redstart, Phoenicurus caeruleocephalus
- Black Redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros
- Common Redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus
- Hodgson's Redstart, Phoenicurus hodgsoni
- White-throated Redstart, Phoenicurus schisticeps
- Daurian Redstart, Phoenicurus auroreus
- Moussier's Redstart, Phoenicurus moussieri
- White-winged Redstart, Phoenicurus erythrogaster
- Blue-fronted Redstart, Phoenicurus frontalis
- Genus Chaimarrornis, redstarts
- White-capped Redstart, Chaimarrornis leucocephalus
- Genus Rhyacornis, redstarts
- Plumbeous Redstart, Rhyacornis fuliginosus
- Luzon Redstart, Rhyacornis bicolor
- Genus Hodgsonius, redstarts
- White-bellied Redstart, Hodgsonius phaenicuroides
- Genus Enicurus, forktails
- Little Forktail, Enicurus scouleri
- Sunda Forktail, Enicurus velatus
- Chestnut-naped Forktail, Enicurus ruficapillus
- Black-backed Forktail, Enicurus immaculatus
- Slaty-backed Forktail, Enicurus schistaceus
- White-crowned Forktail, Enicurus leschenaulti
- Spotted Forktail, Enicurus maculatus
- Genus Cochoa, cochoas
- Purple Cochoa, Cochoa purpurea
- Green Cochoa, Cochoa viridis
- Sumatran Cochoa, Cochoa beccarii
- Javan Cochoa, Cochoa azurea
- Genus Oenanthe, wheatears
- Northern Wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe
- Isabelline Wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina
- Desert Wheatear, Oenanthe deserti
- Black-eared Wheatear, Oenanthe hispanica
- Pied Wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka
- Cyprus Wheatear, Oenanthe cypriaca
- Finsch's Wheatear, Oenanthe finschii
- Mourning Wheatear, Oenanthe lugens
- Hooded Wheatear, Oenanthe monacha
- White-crowned Wheatear, Oenanthe leucopyga
- Black Wheatear, Oenanthe leucura
- Persian Wheatear, Oenanthe xanthoprymna
- Red-rumped Wheatear, Oenanthe moesta
- Hume's Wheatear, Oenanthe alboniger
- Mountain Wheatear, Oenanthe monticola
- Somali Wheatear, Oenanthe phillipsi
- Variable Wheatear, Oenanthe picata
- Red-tailed Wheatear, Oenanthe xanthoprymna
- Capped Wheatear, Oenanthe pileata
- Red-breasted Wheatear, Oenanthe bottae
- Heuglin's Wheatear, Oenanthe heuglini Category: Muscicapidae ja:ヒタキ科 (Sibley)

Old World warbler

Many: see text The Old World Warblers, family Sylviidae, are a group of more than 280 small insectivorous passerine bird species. The largely southern warbler family Cisticolidae is traditionally often included in the Sylviidae. The Kinglets, genus Regulus, family Regulidae, are also frequently placed in this family. The American Ornithologists' Union includes the gnatcatchers, family Polioptilidae, in the Sylviidae. The American Wood warblers, Parulidae, and the Australian warblers, Acanthizidae, are unrelated to the Sylviidae. The Sylviidae mainly occur as breeding species, as the name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent Africa. However, most birds of temperate regions are strongly migratory, and winter in the latter continent or tropical Asia. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. In the following list, for those groups which do not yet have articles, the species are included to be moved at the appropriate time:
- Family: Sylviidae
- ground warblers, genus Tesia
- Chestnut-headed Tesia, Tesia castaneocoronata
- Javan Tesia, Tesia superciliaris
- Slaty-bellied Tesia, Tesia olivea
- Grey-bellied Tesia, Tesia cyaniventer
- Russet-capped Tesia, Tesia everetti
- stubtails, genus Urosphena
- Timor Stubtail, Urosphena subulata
- Bornean Stubtail, Urosphena whiteheadi
- Asian Stubtail, Urosphena squameiceps
- bush warblers, genera Cettia and Bradypterus
- emu-tails, genus Dromaeocercus
- Brown Emu-tail, Dromaeocercus brunneus
- Grey Emu-tail, Dromaeocercus seebohmi
- rufous-warblers, genus Bathmocercus
- Black-capped Rufous Warbler, Bathmocercus cerviniventris
- Black-faced Rufous Warbler, Bathmocercus rufus
- Mrs Moreau's Warbler, Sceptomycter winifredae
- brush warblers, genus Nesillas
- Aldabra Brush Warbler, Nesillas aldabrana
- Anjouan Brush Warbler, Nesillas longicaudata
- Madagascar Brush Warbler, Nesillas typica
- Grand Comoro Brush Warbler, Nesillas brevicaudata
- Moheli Brush Warbler, Nesillas mariae
- Thamnornis, Thamnornis chloropetoides
- Moustached Grass Warbler, Melocichla mentalis
- Damara Rock-jumper, Achaetops pycnopygius
- Cape Grassbird, Sphenoeacus afer
- grass warblers, genus Locustella
- marsh warblers, genus Acrocephalus
- tree warblers, genus Hippolais
- chloropeta warblers, genus Chloropeta
- African Yellow Warbler, Chloropeta natalensis
- Mountain Yellow Warbler, Chloropeta similis
- Papyrus Yellow Warbler, Chloropeta gracilirostris
- Fairy Warbler, Stenostira scita
- Buff-bellied Warbler, Phyllolais pulchella
- tailorbirds, genus Orthotomus
- White-tailed Warbler, Poliolais lopezi
- Grauer's Warbler, Graueria vittata
- eremomelas, genus Eremomela
- Salvadori's Eremomela, Eremomela salvadorii
- Yellow-vented Eremomela, Eremomela flavicrissalis
- Yellow-bellied Eremomela, Eremomela icteropygialis
- Senegal Eremomela, Eremomela canescens
- Green-backed Eremomela, Eremomela pusilla
- Greencap Eremomela, Eremomela scotops
- Yellow-rumped Eremomela, Eremomela gregalis
- Rufous-crowned Eremomela, Eremomela badiceps
- Turner's Eremomela, Eremomela turneri
- Black-necked Eremomela, Eremomela atricollis
- Burnt-neck Eremomela, Eremomela usticollis
- Rand's Warbler, Randia pseudozosterops
- newtonias, genus Newtonia
- Dark Newtonia, Newtonia amphichroa
- Common Newtonia, Newtonia brunneicauda
- Archbold's Newtonia, Newtonia archboldi
- Red-tailed Newtonia, Newtonia fanovanae
- Cryptic Warbler, Cryptosylvicola randriansoloi
- crombecs, genus Sylvietta
- Green Crombec, Sylvietta virens
- Lemon-bellied Crombec, Sylvietta denti
- White-browed Crombec, Sylvietta leucophrys
- Northern Crombec, Sylvietta brachyura
- Short-billed Crombec, Sylvietta philippae
- Red-capped Crombec, Sylvietta ruficapilla
- Red-faced Crombec, Sylvietta whytii
- Somali Crombec, Sylvietta isabellina
- Cape Crombec, Sylvietta rufescens
- Neumann's Warbler, Hemitesia neumanni
- longbills, genera Macrosphenus and Amaurocichla
- Kemp's Longbill, Macrosphenus kempi
- Yellow Longbill, Macrosphenus flavicans
- Grey Longbill, Macrosphenus concolor
- Pulitzer's Longbill, Macrosphenus pulitzeri
- Kretschmer's Longbill, Macrosphenus kretschmeri
- Bocage's Longbill, Amaurocichla bocagei
- Green Hylia, Hylia prasina
- tit-warblers, genus Leptopoecile
- White-browed Tit-warbler, Leptopoecile sophiae
- Crested Tit-warbler, Leptopoecile elegans
- Golden-spectacled Warbler, Seicercus burkii
- Grey-hooded Warbler, Seicercus xanthoschistos
- White-spectacled Warbler, Seicercus affinis
- Grey-cheeked Warbler, Seicercus poliogenys
- Chestnut-crowned Warbler, Seicercus castaniceps
- Yellow-breasted Warbler, Seicercus montis
- Sunda Warbler, Seicercus grammiceps
- leaf warblers, genus Phylloscopus
- flycatcher warblers, genus Seicercus
- abroscopus warblers, genus Abroscopus
- Rufous-faced Warbler, Abroscopus albogularis
- Yellow-bellied Warbler, Abroscopus superciliaris
- Black-faced Warbler, Abroscopus schisticeps
- Broad-billed Warbler, Tickellia hodgsoni
- hyliotas, genus Hyliota
- Yellow-bellied Hyliota, Hyliota flavigaster
- Southern Hyliota, Hyliota australis
- Usambara Hyliota, Hyliota usambarae
- Violet-backed Hyliota, Hyliota violacea
- grassbirds, genera Chaetornis, Graminicola Megalurus and Schoenicola
- Marsh Grassbird, Megalurus pryeri
- Tawny Grassbird, Megalurus timoriensis
- Little Grassbird, Megalurus gramineus
- Striated Grassbird, Megalurus palustris
- Fly River Grassbird, Megalurus albolimbatus
- Fernbird, Megalurus punctatus
- Bristled Grassbird, Chaetornis striatus
- Rufous-rumped Grassbird, Graminicola bengalensis
- Broad-tailed Grassbird, Schoenicola platyura
- Fan-tailed Grassbird, Schoenicola brevirostris
- songlarks, genus Cincloramphus
- Brown Songlark, Cincloramphus cruralis
- Rufous Songlark, Cincloramphus mathewsi
- Spinifex-bird, Eremiornis carteri
- Buff-banded Bushbird, Buettikoferella bivittata
- thicketbirds, genus Megalurulus
- New Caledonian Grassbird, Megalurulus mariei
- Bismarck Thicketbird, Megalurulus grosvenori
- Bougainville Thicketbird, Megalurulus llaneae
- Guadalcanal Thicketbird, Megalurulus whitneyi
- Rusty Thicketbird, Megalurulus rubiginosus
- Long-legged Warbler, Trichocichla rufa
- Wrentit, genus Chamaea
- Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata
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