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Manuel Noriega

Manuel Noriega

:This is about the former military leader of Panama. For the Mexican stage and film actor, see Manuel "Manolo" Noriega. Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (born February 11, 1938) was a Panamanian general and the de facto military leader of Panama from 1983 to 1989. He was initially a strong ally of the United States, and also worked for the CIA from the late 1950s to 1986. By the late 1980s relations had turned extremely tense between Noriega and the United States government, and the general was overthrown and captured by a U.S. invading force, Operation Just Cause, in 1989. He was taken to the United States, tried for drug trafficking, and imprisoned in 1992. He remains imprisoned in a federal prison in Miami, Florida, where his daughters and his grandchildren frequently visit. On December 4, 2004, he was moved to an undisclosed Miami hospital after suffering a very minor stroke.

Biography

Born in Panama City, Noriega was a career soldier, receiving much of his education at the Military School of Chorrillos in Lima, Peru and at the School of the Americas in Panama (which has since moved to Fort Benning, Georgia). He was commissioned in the National Guard in 1967 and promoted to Lieutenant in 1968. It has been alleged that he was part of the military coup d'etat that removed Arnulfo Arias from power; in Noriega's account of the 1968 coup, neither he nor his mentor Omar Torrijos were involved. In the power struggle which followed, including a failed coup attempt in 1969, Noriega supported Torrijos. He received a promotion to Lieutenant Colonel and was appointed chief of military intelligence by Torrijos, Commander of the Armed Forces in the new government. In this post, he conducted a ruthless campaign against peasant guerrillas in Western Panama, and there are allegations that he orchestrated the "disappearances" of political opponents. However, Noriega also claims that, following Torrijos' instructions, he negotiated an amnesty for about 400 defeated guerilla fighters, enabling them to return from exile in Honduras and Costa Rica. Omar Torrijos died in a plane crash in 1981. In the best-selling Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, published in 2004, John Perkins claims that a bomb was planted aboard the plane by U.S. interests, with Panamanian control over the Panama Canal being the point of contention. This is disputed, as Colonel Diaz Herrera, a former associate of Noriega, claimed that Noriega was behind the bombing. Torrijos was succeeded by Rubén Darío Paredes, while Noriega became Chief of Staff. Noriega enhanced his position as de facto ruler in August 1983 by promoting himself to General. Noriega proved himself an ally to the US. Despite the canal treaties, he allowed the US to set up listening posts in Panama, acted as a diplomatic go-between with Cuban president Fidel Castro, and agreed to an American government request that he provide refuge for the exiled Shah of Iran. He aided the pro-American forces in El Salvador and Nicaragua by acting as a conduit for American money, and according to some accounts, weapons. However, Noriega insists that his policy during this period was essentially neutral, allowing partisans on both sides of the various conflicts free movement in Panama, as long as they did not attempt to use Panama as a base of military operations. He rebuffed requests by Salvadorean rightist Roberto D'Aubuisson to restrict the movements of FMLN (leftist Salvadorean insurgent) leaders in Panama, and likewise rebuffed demands by American Lt. Colonel Oliver North that he provide military assistance to the Nicaraguan Contras. Noriega insists that his refusal to meet North's demands was the actual basis for the U.S. campaign to oust him. Noriega suffered from severe acne and was nicknamed "Cara de Piña" (Pineapple Face) due to his pockmarked complexion.

Rule of Panama

In October 1984, the first Presidential elections since 1972 were won by Nicolas Ardito Barletta, amid allegations of fraud, by a slim margin of 1,723 votes. Barletta was a former student of United States Secretary of State George Schultz at the University of Chicago, home of the Chicago Boys (los muchachos de Chicago). About this time, Hugo Spadafora, a vocal critic of Noriega's who had been living abroad, accused Noriega of having connections to drug trafficking, and announced his intent to return to Panama to oppose him. He was seized from a bus at the Costa Rican border. Later, his decapitated body was found showing signs of extreme torture, and his head was found in a U.S. Postal mailing bag. His family and other groups called for an investigation into his murder, but Noriega stonewalled any attempts at an investigation. Noriega was in Paris at the time the murder took place, alleged by some to have been at the direction of his Chiriqui Province commander, Luis Cordoba. In the book "In the Time of the Tyrants", R.M. Koster relates a conversation captured on wiretap between Noriega (in Paris) and Cordoba: Cordoba - "we have the rabid dog". Noriega - "what do you do with rabid dogs?" (rabid dogs are decapitated so the brain tissues can be examined). While in New York, a reporter asked Nicolas Barletta about the Spadafora matter and he promised an investigation. Upon his return to Panama, he was dismissed by Noriega, and replaced by his Vice President, Eric Arturo Delvalle. As a friend and former student of George Schultz, Barletta had been considered "sacrosanct" by the United States, and his dismissal signaled a marked downturn in the relations between the U.S. and Noriega. According to statements made by former CIA Director Admiral Stansfield Turner in 1988, Noriega was on the CIA payroll since the early 1970s and he retained U.S. support until February 5, 1988 when the DEA had him indicted on federal drug charges relating to his activities before 1984. On February 25, Delvalle issued a decree, declaring that Noriega was relieved of his duties. Noriega ignored the decree, which he claims had no legal basis, and Delvalle left for the U.S. Noriega claims that on March 18, 1988, he met with U.S. State Department officials William Walker and Michael Kozak, who offered him $2 Million to go into exile in Spain. According to Noriega, he refused the offer. Sen. John Kerry's 1988 Subcommittee on terrorism, narcotics and international operations concluded that "the saga of Panama's General Manuel Antonio Noriega represents one of the most serious foreign policy failures for the United States. Throughout the 1970's and the 1980's, Noriega was able to manipulate U.S. policy toward his country, while skillfully accumulating near-absolute power in Panama. It is clear that each U.S. government agency which had a relationship with Noriega turned a blind eye to his corruption and drug dealing, even as he was emerging as a key player on behalf of the Medellin cartel ." Manuel Noriega was let to establish "the hemisphere's first 'narcokleptocracy'".([http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113/north06.pdf] p.3) Colonel Roberto Díaz Herrera, a former member of Noriega's inner circle, broke with him and spilled info about Noriega, claiming he was behind Torrijos' murder, Spadafora's murder and many other items as well, to Panama's main opposition newspaper, La Prensa. This resulted in an immediate outcry from the public, and the formation of the "Civic Crusade." Noriega claims that the Civic Crusade was the handiwork of U.S. Embassy chargé d'affaires John Maisto, who arranged for Civic Crusade leaders to travel to the Philippines to learn the tactics of the U.S.-supported movement to overthrow Ferdinand Marcos. Supporters of Noriega referred to the Civic Crusade as a creature of the rabiblancos or "white-tails", the wealthy elite of European extraction which dominated Panamanian commerce, and which had dominated Panamanian politics before the advent of Torrijos. Noriega, like Torrijos, was dark-skinned, and claimed to represent the majority population which was poor and of mixed Spanish, Amerindian and African heritage. Noriega supporters mocked the demonstrations of the Civic Crusade as "the protest of the Mercedes Benz," deriding the wealthy ladies for banging on Teflon-coated pots and pans (unlike the cruder and louder pots and pans traditionally banged by the poor in South American protests), or sending their maids to protest for them. The American press, however, covered these demonstrations with great sympathy. Many rallies were held, with the use of white cloths as the symbol of the opposition. Noriega was always one step ahead of them however, having informants within their groups notify his police (DENI) in advance, and routinely rounded up leaders and organizers the night before rallies. Meanwhile he arranged rallies of his own, often under threat (e.g., Taxi drivers were told they had to attend a rally in support of Noriega or lose their licenses).

Overthrow

The elections of May 1989 were surrounded by controversy. Most of the other political parties banded behind a unified ticket of Guillermo Endara Galimany, along with vice presidential candidates Ricardo Arias-Calderon and Guillermo "Billy" Ford. An American, Kurt Muse, was apprehended by the Panamanian authorities, after he had set up a sophisticated radio and computer installation, designed to jam Panamanian radio and broadcast phony election returns. The Panamanian government decided to proceed with the election; Noriega's candidate lost by a large margin, too great for Noriega's intended rigging mechanism to sway the vote. Even Noriega's own troops, often bussed around all day to vote repeatedly, often voted against him. Noriega cancelled the election rather than let its result out. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, there as an observer, denounced Noriega, saying the election had been "stolen". Bishop Marcos McGrath did as well. Amid the outcry, Noriega unleashed his Dignity Battalions to suppress demonstrations. In an image caught on video and played out in news sources around the world, Endara's car was attacked by them and his bodyguard shot and killed. Covered in blood (from the bodyguard), Billy Ford attempted to flee as one of the Dignity Battalions pummelled him repeatedly with a metal pipe. This image brought worldwide attention to Noriega's regime. The U.S. had imposed harsh economic sanctions, and in the months that followed, a tense standoff went on between the U.S. military forces (stationed in the canal area) and Noriega's PDF: The US forces conducted regular maneuvers and operations, which Noriega claimed were provocative and a violation of the Panama Canal Treaty. On the other hand, Noriega's forces engaged in routine harassment of US troops and civillians, including at least one case of sexual abuse. On December 15, 1989, the U.S. press reported that Noriega had declared a state of war with the U.S. government. Noriega strongly disputes this characterization, claiming that his statement referred to U.S. actions against Panama, and did not represent a declaration of hostilities by Noriega. The matter came to a head in December of 1989: A U.S. Marine, returning from a restaurant in Panama City was stopped by the PDF and harassed to the point where he panicked and attempted to flee, and was shot and killed. In response, US President George H. W. Bush launched Operation Just Cause. With a few noticeable exceptions the invasion was over relatively quickly. Losses on the U.S. side were 23 troops, plus three civilian casualties. The U.S. claimed Panamanian losses were "several hundred," though exact statistics remain disputed, and some Latin American and international sources have estimated the civilian death toll may have been as high as 3,000. The conflict also caused some considerable domestic problems, with 20,000 to 30,000 having been rendered homeless. Probably the majority of those resulted from a fire that devastated much of a poor area of Panama City that surrounded the Commandancia, a fortified headquarters that was shelled. Noriega fled during the attack and a manhunt ensued. He finally turned up in the Nunciature of the Vatican embassy in Panama, where he had taken refuge. U.S. troops set up a perimeter outside this building, which as an embassy was considered sovereign soil of the Vatican and could not be taken directly. The troops guarding it used psychological warfare, attempting to force him out by playing hard rock music outside the residence. [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/1220.pdf] (PDF file) The Vatican complained to President Bush because of this and U.S. troops stopped the noise. After a demonstration a few days later by thousands of Panamanians demanding he stand trial for human rights violations, Noriega surrendered on January 3, 1990.

The Drug Trial

Noriega was flown to the U.S. and tried on eight counts of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering in April 1992. His trial was held in Miami, Florida. The prosecution presented a case that has been criticized by numerous observers. The prosecution's case was completely reworked several times, as problems developed with the witnesses, whose stories contradicted one another. The U.S. Attorney negotiated deals with 26 different drug felons, including Carlos Lehder, who were given leniency, cash payments, and allowed to keep their drug earnings, in return for testimony against Noriega. Several of these witnesses had been arrested by Noriega for drug trafficking in Panama. Some witnesses later recanted their testimony, and agents of the CIA, DEA, DIA, and the Israeli Mossad who were knowledgeable about Central American drug trafficking have publicly charged that the trial was trumped up. Noriega was found guilty and sentenced on September 16, 1992, to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations. His sentence was reduced to 30 years in 1999, making Noriega eligible for parole in 2029. In 1999 the Panamanian government sought the extradition of Noriega to face murder charges in Panama, as he had been found guilty in absentia in 1995. The Federal Bureau of Prisons website currently gives a projected release date of 09-09-2007. http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=noriega&Middle=&FirstName=manuel&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=0&y=0

External links


- [http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Panama89eng/TOC.htm 1989 REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN PANAMA by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]
- [http://www.mugshots.org/misc/manuel-noriega.html U.S. Marshals mugshot of Noriega]
- [http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/56/panama_again.html R.M. Koster's response to claims made in Noriega's biography]
- [http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/12/04/noriega.stroke/index.html Noriega suffers mild stroke, hospitalized in Miami (CNN.com)]
- [http://www.arm.org/noriega.htm The Conversion to Christianity of Manuel A. Noriega]

References

# CNN. [http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/namerica/noriega.html Newsmaker Profiles: Manuel Noriega]. United States of America: Cable News Network. 1988, 1992. # Cole, Ronald. [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/1220.pdf Grenada, Panama, and Haiti]. United States of America: Joint History Office – Defense Technical Information Center, US Department of Defense. 1998, 1999. # Noriega, Manuel and Eisner, Peter. America's Prisoner -- The Memoirs of Manuel Noriega. Random House, 1997. # Koster, R.M. and Sánchez, Guillermo. In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968-1990. W W Norton & Co Inc, 1990. Noriega, Manuel Noriega, Manuel Noriega, Manuel ja:マヌエル・ノリエガ

Manuel Noriega (actor)

Manuel "Manolo" Noriega, (July 24, 1880 - August 12, 1961) was a Mexican stage and film actor, screenwriter, and film director. Born Manolo Noriega Ruiz in Mexico, he worked in live theatre for many years, performing in his native Mexico as well in Spain, Cuba, and the United States. A pioneer in silent film, he made his first screen appearance in 1907. It is believed some of his early silent films have been lost but his main body of work began in talkies in the early 1930s, performing in close to two hundred sound films. Noriega earned an Ariel Award nomination for "Best Actor in a minor role" for his performance in the 1946 film, "Pepita Jiménez." Married to Hortensia Castañeda, their daughter Carmen became a singer who married Tito Guízar. Manuel Noriega died in Mexico City in 1961.

External link


- Noriega Noriega Noriega

February 11

February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 323 days remaining, 324 in leap years.

Events


- 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
- 731 - Gregory II ends his reign as Pope.
- 824 - Paschal I ends his reign as Pope.
- 1411 : Peace of Toruń 1411 signed in Toruń, Poland
- 1531 - Henry VIII of England recognized as supreme head of the Church of England.
- 1752 - Pennsylvania Hospital, 1st hospital in the United States, opens.
- 1790 - Religious Society of Friends petitions U.S. Congress for abolition of slavery.
- 1794 - First session of United States Senate open to the public.
- 1808 - Anthracite coal first burned as fuel, experimentally.
- 1809 - Robert Fulton patents the steamboat
- 1810 - Napoléon marries Marie-Louise of Austria.
- 1812 - Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry gerrymanders for the first time.
- 1814 - Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union
- 1826 - University College London is founded under the name University of London.
- 1837 - American Physiological Society organizes in Boston, Massachusetts.
- 1840 - Gaetano Donizetti's opera La Fille du Régiment receives its first performance in Paris.
- 1843 - Giuseppe Verdi's opera I Lombardi receives its first performance in Milan.
- 1855 - Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
- 1858 - The Blessed Virgin Mary reputedly appears to Saint Bernadette Soubirous of Lourdes.
- 1861 - American Civil War: United States House of Representatives unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing noninterference with slavery in any state.
- 1873 - King Amadeus I of Spain abdicates.
- 1889 - Meiji constitution of Japan adopted; 1st Diet of Japan convenes in 1890
- 1895 - The lowest ever UK temperature of -27.2°C was recorded at Braemar in Aberdeenshire. This record was equalled on 10 January,1982 .
- 1902 - Police assault universal suffrage demonstrators in Brussels.
- 1903 - Anton Bruckner's 9th Symphony receives its first performance in Vienna.
- 1905 - Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical Vehementer nos.
- 1908 - Australia regain the Ashes with a 308 run cricket victory over England.
- 1916 - Emma Goldman arrested for lecturing on birth control.
- 1919 - Friedrich Ebert (SPD), elected President of Germany.
- 1928 - 1928 Winter Olympic Games open in St. Moritz, Switzerland
- 1929 - Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.
- 1937 - A sit-down strike ends when General Motors recognizes the United Auto Workers Union.
- 1938 - BBC Television produces the world's first ever science fiction television programme, an adaptation of a section of the Karel Capek play R.U.R. (The play which coined the term "robot").
- 1941 - First Gold record presented to Glenn Miller for "Chattanooga Choo Choo".
- 1943 - General Dwight Eisenhower selected to command the allied armies in Europe.
- 1945 - Yalta Conference ends.
- 1948 - John Costello succeeds Éamon de Valera as Taoiseach of Ireland.
- 1953 - President Dwight Eisenhower refuses clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
- 1953 - The Soviet Union breaks off diplomatic relations with Israel.
- 1961 - Trial of Adolf Eichmann begins in Jerusalem.
- 1963 - The Beatles tape 10 tracks for their first album, including "Please, Please Me".
- 1964 - At the Washington, DC Coliseum, The Beatles have their 1st live appearance in the United States.
- 1964 - Greeks and Turks begin fighting in Limassol, Cyprus.
- 1964 - The Republic of China (Taiwan) breaks off diplomatic relations with France.
- 1968 - Israeli-Jordanian border clashes.
- 1968 - Madison Square Garden III closes and Madison Square Garden IV opens in New York City
- 1971 - US, UK, USSR, others sign Seabed Treaty outlawing nuclear weapons in international waters.
- 1973 - Vietnam War: First release of American prisoners of war from Vietnam takes place.
- 1978 - Censorship: China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, Shakespeare and Dickens.
- 1979 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini seizes power in Iran.
- 1981 - 100,000 gallons (380 m³) of radioactive coolant leak into the containment building of TVA Sequoyah 1 nuclear plant in Tennessee, contaminating 8 workers
- 1983 - President Ronald Reagan declares Thomas Edison's birthday National Inventor's Day
- 1986 - Rights activist Anatoly Sharansky, released by the USSR, leaves the country.
- 1987 - Philippines constitution goes into effect.
- 1990 - James "Buster" Douglas KOs Mike Tyson to win heavyweight boxing crown.
- 1990 - Nelson Mandela, a political prisoner for 27 years, is freed from Victor Verster prison outside Cape Town, South Africa.
- 1991 - UNPO, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, forms in The Hague, Netherlands.
- 1999 - Pluto, a planet with an irregular orbit, changes from the eighth to ninth planet furthest from the sun. It had been the eighth furthest since 1979.
- 2006 - The UK's ITV plans to start broadcasting its new children's channel.

Births


- 1377 - King Ladislas of Naples (d. 1414)
- 1380 - Gianfrancesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (d. 1459)
- 1466 - Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
- 1535 - Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591)
- 1568 - Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (d. 1625)
- 1649 - William Carstares, Scottish minister (d. 1715)
- 1657 - Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters (d. 1757)
- 1755 - Albert Christoph Dies, German composer (d. 1822)
- 1764 - Marie-Joseph de Chenier, French poet (d. 1811)
- 1774 - Hans Jarta, Swedish political activist (d. 1847)
- 1776 - Joannis Capodistrias, Greek governor of Troezen (d. 1836)
- 1800 - William Henry Fox Talbot, English photographer (d. 1877)
- 1802 - Lydia Child, American novelist and abolitionist (d. 1880)
- 1812 - Alexander Hamilton Stephens, American Confederate Vice President (d. 1883)
- 1813 - Otto Ludwig, German writer and critic (d. 1865)
- 1819 - Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American composer (d. 1890)
- 1821 - Auguste-Édouard Mariette, French Egyptologist (d. 1881)
- 1830 - Hans Bronsart von Schellendorf, musician (d. 1913)
- 1833 - Melville Weston Fuller, 8th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1910)
- 1839 - Josiah Willard Gibbs, American physicist and chemist (d. 1903)
- 1847 - Thomas Alva Edison, American inventor and businessman (d. 1931)
- 1860 - Rachilde, French author (d. 1953)
- 1869 - Helene Kroller-Muller, Dutch museum founder and patron of the arts (d. 1939)
- 1869 - Else Lasker-Schüler, German writer (d. 1945)
- 1873 - Feodor Chaliapin, Russian singer (d. 1938)
- 1874 - Fritz Bennicke Hart, English-born composer (d. 1949)
- 1874 - Elsa Beskow, Swedish author (d. 1953)
- 1887 - John van Melle, South African writer (d. 1953)
- 1891 - J.W. Hearne English cricketer (d. 1965)
- 1894 - Alfonso Leng, Chilean composer (d. 1974)
- 1898 - Leó Szilárd, Hungarian-born physicist and peace activist (d. 1964)
- 1900 - Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher (d. 2002)
- 1902 - Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect and designer (d. 1971)
- 1903 - Hans Redlich, Austrian composer (d. 1968)
- 1904 - Sir Keith Holyoake, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1983)
- 1908 - Vivian Ernest Fuchs, English geologist and explorer (d. 1999)
- 1909 - Max Baer, American boxer and actor (d. 1959)
- 1909 - Joseph Mankiewicz, American director (d. 1993)
- 1912 - Roy Fuller, English writer (d. 1991)
- 1914 - Matt Dennis, American singer
- 1915 - Patrick Leigh Fermor, English author
- 1917 - Sidney Sheldon, American author
- 1919 - Eva Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 1995)
- 1919 - Eddie Robinson, American football coach
- 1920 - King Farouk I of Egypt (d. 1965)
- 1920 - Billy Halop, American actor (d. 1976)
- 1920 - Daniel "Chappie" James Jr., American general
- 1920 - Paul Peter Piech, American artist (d. 1996)
- 1921 - Lloyd Bentsen, American politician
- 1925 - Peter Berger, British admiral
- 1925 - Kim Stanley, American actress (d. 2001)
- 1926 - Paul Bocuse, French chef
- 1926 - Alexander Gibson, British conductor
- 1926 - Leslie Nielsen, Canadian actor
- 1931 - Larry Merchant, author and boxing commentator
- 1932 - Jerome Lowenthal, American pianist
- 1934 - Mel Carnahan, American politician (d. 2000)
- 1934 - Tina Louise, American actress
- 1934 - Mary Quant, English fashion designer
- 1934 - John Surtees, British race car driver
- 1935 - Bent Lorentzen, Danish composer
- 1936 - Burt Reynolds, American actor
- 1937 - Bill Lawry, Australian cricketer
- 1938 - Bevan Congdon, New Zealand cricketer
- 1938 - Manuel Noriega, Panamanian general and dictator
- 1939 - Gerry Goffin, American lyricist
- 1939 - Jane Yolen, American author
- 1941 - Sergio Mendes, Brazilian musician and songwriter
- 1953 - Philip Anglim, American actor
- 1953 - Jeb Bush, American politician
- 1956 - Catherine Hickland, American actress
- 1956 - Didier Lockwood, French jazz violinist
- 1961 - Mary Docter, American speed skater
- 1961 - Carey Lowell, American actress
- 1962 - Sheryl Crow, American musician
- 1963 - Diane Franklin, American actress
- 1964 - Ken Shamrock, American martial artist and professional wrestler
- 1967 - Hank Gathers, American basketball player (d. 1990)
- 1969 - Jennifer Aniston, American actress
- 1973 - Varg Vikernes, Norwegian musician (Burzum)
- 1974 - D'Angelo, American singer
- 1976 - Brice Beckham, American actor
- 1977 - Mike Shinoda, American singer (Linkin Park)
- 1979 - Brandy Norwood, American singer
- 1980 - Natasha Bobo, American actress
- 1980 - Matthew Lawrence, American actor
- 1981 - Kelly Rowland, American singer (Destiny's Child)
- 1987 - Bowman Dickson, American singer (Boyz II Men)

Deaths


- 641 - Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
- 731 - Pope Gregory II
- 821 - Saint Benedict of Aniane
- 824 - Pope Paschal I
- 1141 - Hugo of St. Victor, German philosopher and theologian
- 1160 - Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (b. 1123)
- 1503 - Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (b. 1466)
- 1626 - Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician (b. 1552)
- 1650 - René Descartes, French philosopher (b. 1596)
- 1685 - David Teniers III, Flemish painter (b. 1638)
- 1713 - Jahandar Shah, Mughal emperor of Indai (b. 1664)
- 1755 - Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei, Italian archaeologist (b. 1675)
- 1762 - Johann Tobias Krebs, German composer (b. 1690)
- 1763 - William Shenstone, English poet (b. 1714)
- 1797 - Antoine Dauvergne, French composer (b. 1713)
- 1829 - Alexandr Griboyedov, Russian playwright (b. 1795)
- 1862 - Elizabeth Siddal, British poet and artist (b. 1829)
- 1868 - Léon Foucault, French astronomer (b. 1819)
- 1879 - Honoré Daumier, French caricaturist and painter (b. 1808)
- 1917 - Oswaldo Cruz, Brazilian physician (b. 1872)
- 1931 - Charles Algernon Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854)
- 1939 - Franz Schmidt, Austrian composer (b. 1874)
- 1940 - John Buchan, Governor-General of Canada (b. 1875)
- 1945 - Al Dubin, Swiss songwriter (b. 1891)
- 1948 - Sergei Eisenstein, Latvian film director (b. 1898)
- 1959 - Marshall Teague, American race car driver (b. 1922)
- 1960 - Ernst von Dohnanyi, Hungarian conductor (b. 1877)
- 1963 - Sylvia Plath, American writer (b. 1932)
- 1968 - Howard Lindsay, American playwright (b. 1888)
- 1972 - Jan Wils, Dutch architect (b. 1891)
- 1973 - Hans D Jensen, German physicist, Nobel Prize physicist (b. 1907)
- 1976 - Lee J Cobb, American actor (b. 1911)
- 1976 - Alexander Lippisch, German scientist (b. 1894)
- 1977 - Louis Beel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1902)
- 1978 - James B Conant, American chemist and university president (b. 1893)
- 1978 - Harry Martinson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- 1982 - Eleanor Powell, American actress and dancer (b. 1912)
- 1982 - Takashi Shimura, Japanese actor (b. 1905)
- 1985 - Ben Abruzzo, American businessman and balloonist (b. 1930)
- 1985 - Henry Hathaway, American actor and director (b. 1898)
- 1985 - Heinz Eric Roemheld, American composer (b. 1901)
- 1986 - Frank Herbert, American author (b. 1920)
- 1989 - George O'Hanlon, American actor and director (b. 1912)
- 1993 - Robert W. Holley, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1922)
- 1994 - Neil Bonnett, American race car driver (b. 1946)
- 1994 - Sorrell Booke, American actor (b. 1930)
- 1994 - William Conrad, American actor (b. 1920)
- 1996 - Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister of Zambia (b. 1946)
- 1996 - Cyril Poole, English cricketer (b. 1921)
- 1996 - Amelia Rosselli, Italian poet (b. 1930)
- 1997 - Barry Evans, English actor (b. 1943)
- 1997 - Don Porter, American actor (b. 1912)
- 2000 - Roger Vadim, French director (b. 1928)
- 2002 - Frank Crosetti, baseball player (b. 1910)
- 2002 - Barry Foster, British actor (b. 1968)
- 2005 - Jack L. Chalker, American author (b. 1944)

Holidays and observances


- Catholicism - Feast day of Our Lady of Lourdes
- World Day of the Sick
- National Foundation Day in Japan (See Holidays of Japan.)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050211.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 10 - February 12 - January 11 - March 11 -- listing of all days ko:2월 11일 ms:11 Februari ja:2月11日 simple:February 11 th:11 กุมภาพันธ์

1938

1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-March

common year starting on Saturday
- January 5 - H.R.H. Prince Juan Carlos of Spain is born.
- January 3 - The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
- January 11 - Frances Moulton is the first woman to become president of a US national bank.
- January 20 - Wedding of King Farouk I of Egypt and Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo
- January 28 - The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont.
- January 31 - Crown princess Beatrix is born in Netherlands
- February 4 - Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
- February 10 - Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers
- February 12 - World War II: German troops enter Austria
- February 24 - A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.
- March 3 - Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
- March 12 - Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation declared the following day.
- March 15 - Soviet Union announces officially that Nikholai Bukharin has been executed
- March 18 - Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.

April-June


- April 12 - Edouard Daladier becomes president of France
- April 25 - U.S. Supreme Court delivers opinion in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins and overturns a century of federal common law.
- April 28 - The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir.
- May 5 - Vatican recognizes Franco's government in Spain
- May 25 - Bombing of Alicante, Spain, in the Spanish Civil War, with 313 deads. Spanish Civil War
- June 1 - Action Comics issues the first Superman comic.
- June 11 - Fire destroys 212 buildings in Ludes, Latvia
- June 12-18 - Roma and Sinti in Germany and Austria are rounded up, beaten up and jailed
- June 19 - Italy beat Hungary 4-2 to win the 1938 World Cup
- June 23 - The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
- June 23 - Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.
- June 25 - Dr. Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland.
- June 28 - A 450 metric ton meteorite struck the earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania

July-September


- July 3 - Steam locomotive "Mallard" sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 126 mph.
- July 3 - The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemerates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
- July 10 - Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.
- July - Building of the concentration camp Mauthausen
- August 18 - The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- September - European crisis over German demand for annexation of Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia.
- September 21 - A large hurricane (the New England Hurricane of 1938) strikes Long Island, killing 600 people.
- September 29 - Munich agreement of German, Italian, British and French leaders agrees to German demands regarding annexation of Sudetenland.
- September 29 - Republic of Hatay declared in Syria

October-December

Syria returns to the UK waving the Munich Agreement.]]
- October 1 - German troops march into Sudetenland
- October 5 - Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns
- October 10 - The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario
- October 17 - Jan Syrovy's government begins in Czechoslovakia
- October 27 - Du Pont announced a name for its new synthetic yarn: "nylon".
- October 30 - Orson Welles's radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds is broadcast, causing mass panic in the eastern United States.
- October 31 - Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.
- November 9 - Holocaust: Kristallnacht begins - In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi troops and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair saw 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).
- November 10 - On the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for the first time on her weekly radio show.
- November 18 - Trade union members elect John L. Lewis as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
- November 30 - Czech parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.
- December 23 - Coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, caught off the coast of South Africa near Chalumna River

Unknown dates


- Italian mathematician Ettore Majorano disappears
- In Québec, the St. Jean Baptiste Society raises a petition of 128,000 names, demanding restrictions on Jews living in Quebec. Abbe Groulx denounces Jews as a race that refuses to be assimilated.
- In West Java, Daeng Soetigna tuned traditional angklung to play also diatonic scale.
- The Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg.
- Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year" (as most influential during the course of the year, not as 'best' man of the year)
- Enoch A. Holtwick began long political career.

Ongoing events


- Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
- Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

Births

January-February


- January 2 - Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian author
- January 2 - Ian Brady, British serial killer
- January 5 - King Juan Carlos I of Spain
- January 8 - Bob Eubanks, American game show host
- January 10 - Donald Knuth, American mathematician and computer scientist
- January 10 - Willie McCovey, baseball player
- January 14 - Jack Jones, American singer and actor
- January 18 - Curt Flood, baseball player (d. 1997)
- January 23 - Georg Baselitz, German painter and sculptor
- January 25 - Etta James, American singer
- January 31 - Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
- February 1 - Sherman Hemsley, American comedian and actor
- February 8 - Prentice Gautt, American football player
- February 11 - Bevan Congdon, New Zealand cricketer
- February 11 - Manuel Noriega, Panamanian general and dictator
- February 12 - Judy Blume, American author
- February 13 - Oliver Reed, English actor (d. 1999)
- February 18 - Istvan Szabo, Hungarian director
- February 24 - Phil Knight, American sportswear entrepreneur
- February 25 - Herb Elliott, Australian runner

March-April


- March 4 - Don Perkins, American football player
- March 7 - David Baltimore, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- March 7 - Janet Guthrie, American race car driver
- March 13 - Erma Franklin, American singer (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Rudolf Nureyev, Russian-born dancer and choreographer (d. 1993)
- March 18 - Charley Pride, American baseball player and musician
- March 23 - Maynard Jackson, mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (d. 2003)
- March 25 - Hoyt Axton, American musician and actor (d. 1999)
- March 26 - Anthony James Leggett, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 1 - John Quade, American actor
- April 4 - A. Bartlett Giamatti, American president of Yale University and baseball commissioner (d. 1989)
- April 8 - Kofi Annan, Ghanaian Secretary General of the United Nations, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- April 10 - Don Meredith, American football player and broadcaster
- April 11 - Kurt Moll, German bass
- April 12 - Roger Caron, Canadian author
- April 26 - Duane Eddy, American musician
- April 29 - Larry Niven, American author

May-July


- May 17 - Jason Bernard, American actor (d. 1996)
- May 22 - Richard Benjamin, American actor
- May 26 - William Bolcom, American composer
- May 26 - Teresa Stratas, Canadian soprano
- May 31 - Johnny PayCheck, American singer (d. 2003)
- May 31 - Peter Yarrow, American singer
- June 5 - Karin Balzer, German athlete
- June 7 - Goose Gonsoulin, American football player
- June 15 - Billy Williams, baseball player
- June 19 - Wahoo McDaniel, American football player and professional wrestler (d. 2002)
- June 28 - Moy Yat, Chinese martial artist
- July 4 - Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter
- July 6 - Tony Lewis, English cricketer
- July 12 - Wieger Mensonides, Dutch swimmer
- July 19 - Jayant Narlikar, Indian Astrophysicist
- July 20 - Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981)
- July 23 - Juliet Anderson, American actress
- July 23 - Bert Newton, Australian actor and televison show host
- July 27 - Gary Gygax, American author
- July 28 - Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian president
- July 29 - Peter Jennings, Canadian-born television news reporter (d. 2005)

August-October


- August 9 - Ezola Broussard Foster, Vice President of the United States
- August 9 - Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
- August 15 - Janusz A. Zajdel, Polish writer
- August 19 - Diana Muldaur, American actress
- August 22 - Paul Maguire, American football player
- August 24 - Halldór Blöndal, Icelandic politician
- August 24 - David Freiberg, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service and Jefferson Starship)
- August 28 - Maurizio Costanzo, Italian television news reporter
- August 28 - Paul Martin, Prime Minister of Canada
- August 31 - Martin Bell, British journalist and politician
- September 2 - Clarence Felder, American actor
- September 3 - Ryoji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 10 - Karl Lagerfeld, German fashion designer and photographer
- September 13 - John Smith, Scottish politician (d. 1994)
- September 22 - Gene Mingo, American football player
- September 25 - Jonathan Motzfeldt, Prime Minister of Greenland
- September 29 - Wim Kok, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- October 3 - Eddie Cochran, American singer (d. 1960)
- October 4 - Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 9 - Heinz Fischer, Austrian politician
- October 14 - Farah Diba, Empress of Iran
- October 15 - Fela Kuti, Nigerian musician and activist (d. 1997)
- October 23 - H. John Heinz III, U.S. Senator (d. 1991)
- October 29 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Liberian president-elect

November-December


- November 2 - Patrick Joseph Buchanan, American journalist and Presidential candidate
- November 6 - Mack Jones, baseball player (d. 2004)
- November 13 - Jean Seberg, American actress
- November 16 - Robert Nozick, American philosopher (d. 2002)
- November 26 - Porter J. Goss, American politician and Central Intelligence Agency director
- December 4 - Andre V. Marrou, U.S. Presidential candidate
- December 4 - Yvonne Minton, Australian soprano
- December 15 - Billy Shaw, American football player
- December 16 - Liv Ullmann, Norwegian actress
- December 17 - Peter Snell, New Zealand athlete

Fictional


- September - Freddy Krueger, child murderer (A Nightmare on Elm Street)

Deaths


- January 20 - Émile Cohl, French caricaturist and animator (b. 1857)
- January 21 - Georges Méliès, French film director (b. 1861)
- January 28 - Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (b. 1909)
- February 2 - Frederick William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (b. 1856)
- February 7 - Harvey Firestone, American manufacturer (b. 1868)
- February 18 - David King Udall, American politician (b. 1851)
- February 19 - Edmund Landau, German mathematician (b. 1877)
- March 1 - Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (b. 1863)
- March 2 - Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (b. 1871)
- March 13 - Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Soviet politician (b. 1888)
- March 13 - Clarence Darrow, American attorney (b. 1857)
- April 8 - Joe "King" Oliver, American musician (b. 1885)
- April 12 - Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass (b. 1873)
- April 16 - Steve Bloomer, English footballer (b. 1874)
- April 21 - Allama Iqbal, Indian philosopher and poet (b. 1877)
- April 26 - Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (b. 1859)
- May 4 - Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889)
- May 13 - Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
- May 26 - John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (b. 1857)
- August 1 - Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (b. 1862)
- August 7 - Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor (b. 1863)
- August 16 - Robert Johnson, American musician (b. 1911)
- September 17 - Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (b. 1901)
- October 22 - May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer (b. 1862)
- October 24 - Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and poet (b. 1870)
- October 27 - Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (b. 1881)
- November 10 - Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (b. 1881)
- December 11 - Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1869)
- December 25 - Karel Čapek, Czech author (b. 1890)
- December 28 - Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (b. 1886)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Enrico Fermi
- Chemistry - Richard Kuhn
- Medicine - Corneille Jean François Heymans
- Literature - Pearl S. Buck
- Peace - Nansen International Office For Refugees, Geneva. Category:1938 ko:1938년 ms:1938 ja:1938年 simple:1938 th:พ.ศ. 2481



1983

1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 2 - The musical Annie is performed for the last time after 2,377 shows (Uris Theatre on Broadway, New York City).
- January 8 - Riot in the Sing Sing prison
- January 10 - Mafia hitman Roy DeMeo is found dead in a trunk of his own car
- January 15 - Mafioso Meyer Lansky dies at Mount Sinai hospital
- January 19 - Klaus Barbie, Nazi war criminal, is arrested in Bolivia.
- January 22 - Björn Borg retires from tennis after winning 5 consecutive Wimbledon championships.
- January 24 - 25 members of the Red Brigades are sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Aldo Moro
- January 26 - Lotus 1-2-3 is released.
- January 31 - Seatbelt use for drivers and front seat passengers becomes mandatory in the United Kingdom.

February


- February 2 - Giovanni Vigliotto goes on trial for multiple counts of bigamy - 105 women
- February 3 - Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser is granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament for a double dissolution election for the March 5. Bob Hawke replaces Bill Hayden as federal ALP leader
- February 4 - Karen Carpenter(The Carpenters) died of Cardiac Arrest due to a prolonged battle with Anorexia Nervosa.
- February 6 - Klaus Barbie is charged with war crimes
- February 7 - Iran opens an invasion in the southeast of Iraq.
- February 13 - US President Ronald Reagan proclaims 1983 "The Year of the Bible".
- February 16 - The Ash Wednesday bushfires in Victoria and South Australia claim the lives of 76 people in one of Australia's worst ever fires.
- February 19 - Benjamin Ng and Willie Mak kill 13 in an attempted robbery in Seattle, Washington
- February 23 - The Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
- February 24 - A special commission of the U.S. Congress releases a report critical of the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
- February 25 - US playwright Tennessee Williams found dead in his hotel room

March


- March 1
  - Balearic Islands and Madrid become autonomous communities of Spain
  - Swatch introduce their first timepieces
- March 5 - Madame Chiang Kai-shek's birthday Bob Hawke Elected Australian Prime Minister
- March 8 - IBM releases the IBM PC XT
- March 8 - President Ronald Reagan calls the Soviet Union an "evil empire."
- March 11 - Hawke Ministry sworn in, Andrew Peacock becomes Federal Opposition leader
- March 16 - Demolition of the radio tower Ismaning, the last radio tower in Germany built of wood.
- March 23 - Strategic Defense Initiative: President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. The media dub this plan "Star Wars."

April


- April 7 - During STS-6, astronauts Story Musgrave and Don Peterson perform the first space shuttle spacewalk (duration: 4 hours, 10 minutes).
- April 11 National Economic Summit held In Canberra
- April 15 - American Public Radio founded; changes its name to the current Public Radio International in 1994
- April 15 - The first non-American Disney theme park opens in Japan as Tokyo Disneyland
- April 18 - The U.S Embassy is bombed in Beirut, killing 63 people.
- April 22 - Soviet embassy official Valery Ivanov is expelled from Australia for allegedly trying to recruit spies in the Australian government.
- April 23 - Stern magazine in West Germany announces it has Hitler diaries
- April 25 - Maine schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.

May


- May 6 - Stern magazine publishes "Hitler Diaries" (later found to be forgeries).
- May 9 - Pope John Paul II retracts the ban of Galileo Galilei
- May 16 - London police begin the use of wheel clamps on illegally-parked vehicles.
- May 16 - NSW Premier Neville Wran steps down in response to allegations rasied by ABC program Four Corners That he Attempted to influence the NSW Majestry
- May 17 - Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.
- May 25 - Return of the Jedi opens in the United States.

June


- Shipbreaking begins on the beach at Alang in Gujarat.
- 9 June: Conservative Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 1979, won a landslide victory (42% of the popular vote) over Michael Foot, who led a highly-divided and weakened Labour Party which earned only 28% of the vote. The much improved economy (after 2-3 years of restructuring), her victory in the Falkands, as well as shrinking unemployment rates consolidated her election victory.
- June 13 - Pioneer 10 becomes the first manmade object to leave the solar system.
- June 18 - Sally Ride becomes first American woman in space on the Space Shuttle Challenger.

July


- July 1 - A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashed into the Fouta Djall Mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
- July 1 - High Court Blocks construction of the Franklin Dam In Tasmania
- July 7 - Samantha Smith flies to the Soviet Union.
- July 16 - Sikorsky S-61 disaster: helicopter crash off the Isles of Scilly, causing 20 fatalities
- July 18 - Michael Litton was born.
- July 20 - Government of Poland announces end of the martial law and amnesty for political prisoners.
- July 22 - Australian Dick Smith completes his solo circumnavigation in a helicopter
- July 23 - Gimli Glider: Air Canada flight 143 crash-lands in Gimli, Manitoba.
- July 25 - The outbreak of anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka which left over 3,000 Tamils massacred and millions of dollars worth of their property was destroyed. This genocide is the beginning of a deadly civil war in Sri Lanka.
- July 25 - Metallica released their debut album Kill 'Em All.
- July 28 New South Wales premier Neville Wran exonerated by Street Royal Commision over claims raised by ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) program Four Corners which claimed,he attempted to influence the NSW majestry

August


- August 4 - Thomas Sankara became President in Upper Volta.
- August 18 - Hurricane Alicia hits the Texas coast, killing 22 and causing over US$1 billion in damage (1983 dollars).
- August 18 - 5 people are killed and 18 others injured when a road train is deliberatly driven into a motel at Ayers Rock (Uluru) NT (The driver, Douglas Edward Crabbe, was found guilty of this in March 1984)
- August 21 - In the Philippines, opposition politician Benigno Aquino is assassinated just as he returns from exile
-