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Margaret Tudor

Margaret Tudor

Margaret Tudor (November 28, 1489 - November 24,1541), the daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, was a notable figure in the 16th century history of Scotland and England. She was born on November 28, 29 or 30, 1489 at the Palace of Westminster in London. She married three times; all to scions of the House of Stuart. Her first marriage was to James IV of Scotland. When he was killed in 1513, their son became James V. Margaret Tudor became the Regent for her infant son, but following her marriage the following year to Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, she lost the regency to John Stuart, 2nd Duke of Albany, who subsequently gained custody of the child. Margaret fled to England, not returning to Scotland until 1517, during Albany's absence. 1517 With Angus, Margaret had a daughter, Margaret Douglas, who became the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who married Mary Queen of Scots and fathered James VI of Scotland. It was not long, however, before she became estranged from Angus, who now had custody of the infant king, who had been proclaimed in 1524, until the latter managed to escape in 1528. Meanwhile, Margaret had divorced Angus in 1527, and married Henry Stewart, later Lord Methven. When the young king escaped from Angus the following year, he joined his mother and Methven, who became his chief advisers for a time. Margaret's relationship with her son ended in estrangement, however, as he refused his mother's attempts to arrange a meeting between him and her brother, Henry VIII of England, accusing her of betrayal. His refusal to allow her to divorce Methven further damaged their already fractured relationship. Margaret died of palsy at Methven Castle, in Perthshire. She was buried at the Carthusian Abbey of St John in Perth. The line of succession to the English throne was passed through Margaret's heirs, as her brother's dynasty ended with Elizabeth I. Margaret's great-grandson became James I of England and began the Stuart Dynasty that would rule until the 18th century.

External links

- [http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower1500.htm A short profile of Margaret alongside other influential women of her time] Category:1489 births Category:1541 deaths Category:Scottish queen consorts Category:House of Stuart Category:Regents Category:Women rulers Category:House of Tudor

November 28

November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 33 days remaining.

Events

- 1095 - On the last day of the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse to lead the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
- 1443 - Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja, in Middle Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
- 1520 - After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
- 1582 - In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 bond for their marriage licence.
- 1660 - At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
- 1729 - Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez.
- 1785 - The Treaty of Hopewell is signed
- 1821 - Panama Independence Day. Panama separates from Spain and joins the Great Colombia.
- 1843 - Ka Lahui: Hawaiian Independence Day - The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.
- 1862 - American Civil War: In the Battle of Cane Hill, Union troops under General John Blunt defeat General John Marmaduke's Confederates.
- 1895 - The first American automobile race takes place over the 54 miles from Chicago's Jackson Park to Evanston, Illinois. Frank Duryea wins in approximately 10 hours.
- 1905 - Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin as a political party whose goal is the independence of Ireland.
- 1907 - In Haverhill, Massachusetts, scrap-metal dealer Louis B. Mayer opens his first movie theater.
- 1912 - Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1914 - World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.
- 1919 - Lady Astor is elected to be the first female member of parliament in the UK.
- 1920 - The Mark of Zorro, starring Douglas Fairbanks opens.
- 1925 - Country-variety show Grand Ole Opry makes its radio debut on station WSM.
- 1942 - In Boston, Massachusetts, a fire in the Cocoanut Grove nightclub kills 491 people.
- 1943 - World War II: Tehran Conference - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran to discuss war strategy.
- 1944 - Albania is liberated by the Albanian partisans.
- 1958 - Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French Community.
- 1960 - Mauritania becomes independent of France.
- 1964 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 probe toward Mars.
- 1964 - Vietnam War: National Security Council members agree to recommend that US President Lyndon B. Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President Elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
- 1969 - The final episode of BBC soap-opera The Newcomers is broadcast.
- 1969 - The Rolling Stones release the album Let It Bleed.
- 1975 - East Timor declares its independence from Portugal.
- 1975 - As the World Turns and The Edge of Night, the final two American soap operas that had resisted going to pre-taped broadcasts, air their last live episodes.
- 1979 - The Mount Erebus disaster: an Air New Zealand DC-10 crashes into Mount Erebus on a sightseeing trip, killing all 257 people on board.
- 1980 - Mark Morris, choreographer, puts on the Mark Morris Dance Group's first show at the Merce Cunningham Studios.
- 1982 - Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade.
- 1984 - Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made honorary citizens of the United States.
- 1987 - South African Airways flight 295 crashes into the Indian Ocean, killing all 159 people on-board.
- 1987 - Tawana Brawley is allegedly raped by six white men, some of them police officers, in Wappingers Falls, New York.
- 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution - In the face of protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power.
- 1990 - Margaret Thatcher formally tenders her resignation to The Queen and leaves Downing Street for the last time. John Major is elected her successor.
- 1994 - Voters in Norway reject European Union membership (see Norwegian EU referendum, 1994).
- 1994 - In Portage, Wisconsin, convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is clubbed to death by an inmate in the Columbia Correctional Institute gymnasium.
- 1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton signs a highway bill that ends the federal 55 mph speed limit.
- 1997 - Kosovo Liberation Army, Albanian guerrilla group fighting for freedom of Kosovo, presents in front of the people of Kosovo.
- 2000 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz begins the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.
- 2000 - The eighth tar drop falls in the University of Queensland pitch drop experiment.
- 2002 - 13 people are killed in a hotel bombing in Mombasa.
- 2005 - The Official Opposition (Conservative Party of Canada , New Democratic Party, and Bloc Quebecois) bring down the 38th Minority Liberal Government of Canada in a vote of non-confidence forcing immediate campaigning for the 39th Federal Election.

Births

- 1489 - Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland (d. 1541)
- 1570 - James Whitelocke, English judge (d. 1632)
- 1598 - Hans Nansen, Danish statesman (d. 1667)
- 1628 - John Bunyan, English cleric and author (d. 1688)
- 1632 - Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer (d. 1687)
- 1640 - Willem de Vlamingh, Flemish sea captain
- 1661 - Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (d. 1723)
- 1681 - Jean Cavalier, French protestant rebel leader (d. 1740)
- 1700 - Nathaniel Bliss, Astronomer Royal (d. 1764)
- 1757 - William Blake, British poet and artist (d. 1827)
- 1772 - Luke Howard, British meteorologist (d. 1864)
- 1785 - Achille Charles Léon Victor, duc de Broglie, Prime Minister of France (d. 1870)
- 1792 - Victor Cousin, French philosopher (d. 1867)
- 1793 - Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, Swedish romantic poet (d. 1866)
- 1805 - John Stephens, American archeologist (d. 1852)
- 1810 - William Froude, British engineer and naval architect (d. 1879)
- 1820 - Friedrich Engels, German philosopher (d. 1895)
- 1821 - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Russian poet (d. 1878)
- 1829 - Anton Rubinstein, Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (d. 1894)
- 1837 - John Wesley Hyatt, American inventor of celluloid (d. 1920)
- 1853 - Helen Magill White, first American woman to earn a Ph.D. (d. 1944)
- 1864 - Lindley M. Garrison, American lawyer, U.S. Secretary of War from 1913 through 1916 (d. 1932)
- 1866 - Henry Bacon, American architect (d. 1924)
- 1881 - Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (d. 1942)
- 1887 - Ernst Röhm, Nazi official (d. 1934)
- 1895 - José Iturbi, Spanish pianist (d. 1980)
- 1896 - Lilia Skala, Austrian actress (d. 1994)
- 1902 - Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)
- 1904 - Nancy Mitford, British essayist and satirist (d. 1973)
- 1907 - Alberto Moravia, Italian writer (d. 1990)
- 1908 - Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist
- 1916 - Mary Lilian Baels, Princess of Rethy, Belgium (d. 2002)
- 1925 - Gloria Grahame, American actress (d. 1981)
- 1925 - József Bozsik, Hungarian international footballer (d. 1978)
- 1927 - Chuck Mitchell, American actor (d. 1992)
- 1929 - Berry Gordy Jr., American record company owner and founder of Motown (d. 1992)
- 1931 - Hope Lange, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1931 - Tomi Ungerer, French graphic artist, and author
- 1936 - Gary Hart, American politician
- 1941 - Laura Antonelli, Italian actress
- 1942 - Paul Warfield, American football player
- 1943 - Randy Newman, American composer and musician
- 1949 - Alexander Godunov, Russian composer and ballet dancer (d. 1995)
- 1949 - Paul Shaffer, Canadian orchestra leader and musician
- 1950 - Ed Harris, American actor
- 1950 - Russell Alan Hulse, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1952 - S. Epatha Merkerson, American actress
- 1955 - Adem Jashari, Albanian freedom fighter
- 1957 - David Van Day, British singer (Dollar)
- 1958 - Dave Righetti, American baseball player
- 1959 - Judd Nelson, American actor
- 1961 - Martin Clunes, British actor
- 1961 - Alfonso Cuarón, Mexican film director
- 1961 - Jane Sibbett, American actress
- 1962 - Jon Stewart, American comedian, actor, and television host
- 1963 - Walt Weiss, American baseball player
- 1964 - Cornelia Guest, American debutante
- 1965 - Erwin Mortier, Belgian author
- 1965 - Matt Williams, American baseball player
- 1967 - Anna Nicole Smith, American model and television personality
- 1967 - Stephnie Weir, American actress and comedienne
- 1968 - Dawn Robinson, R&B singer (En Vogue)
- 1969 - Robb Nen, American baseball player
- 1969 - Lexington Steele (Clifton Britt), American adult film actor
- 1973 - Rob Conway, American professional wrestler
- 1974 - András Tölcséres, Hungarian footballer
- 1974 - Styles P (David Styles), American rapper
- 1977 - DeMya Walker, American basketball player
- 1978 - Freddie Mitchell, American football player
- 1978 - Mehdi Nafti, Tunisian footballer
- 1979 - Chamillionaire (Hakeem Seriki), American rapper
- 1979 - Joel Maximo (Kelvin Ramirez), American professional wrestler
- 1980 - Stuart Taylor, British footballer
- 1984 - Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
- 1988 - Scarlett Pomers, American actress

Deaths

- 741 - St. Gregory III
- 1170 - Owain Gwynedd, Prince of Gwynedd
- 1262 - Shinran, Japanese religious leader (b. 1173)
- 1290 - Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I of England (b. 1241)
- 1574 - Georg Major, German protestant theologian (b. 1502)
- 1585 - Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (b. 1532)
- 1667 - Jean de Thévenot, French traveller and scientist (b. 1633)
- 1675 - Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, English Civil War soldier
- 1675 - Leonard Hoar, American President of Harvard University (b. 1630)
- 1680 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian baroque sculptor (b. 1598)
- 1680 - Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1606)
- 1694 - Matsuo Basho, Japanese poet (b. 1644)
- 1695 - Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Italian composer
- 1695 - Anthony Wood, English antiquarian (b. 1632)
- 1698 - Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor of New France (b. 1622)
- 1794 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian army officer (b. 1730)
- 1815 - Johann Peter Salomon, German violinist, impresario, and composer (d. 1745)
- 1859 - Washington Irving, American writer (b. 1783)
- 1870 - Frédéric Bazille, French painter (b. 1841)
- 1872 - Mary Fairfax Somerville, British scientific writer (b. 1780)
- 1878 - Orson Hyde, American religious leader (b. 1805)
- 1907 - Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, poet, painter, and architect (b. 1869)
- 1912 - Walter Benona Sharp, American oil tycoon (b. 1870)
- 1921 - `Abdu'l-Bahá, Persian leader of the Bahá'í Faith (b. 1844)
- 1935 - Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1877)
- 1939 - James Naismith, Canadian creator of basketball (b. 1861)
- 1945 - Dwight F. Davis, U.S. Secretary of War and donor of the Davis cup (b. 1879)
- 1954 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- 1960 - Richard Wright, American author (b. 1908)
- 1962 - Queen Mother Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (b. 1880)
- 1963 - Karyn Kupcinet, American actress (b. 1941)
- 1968 - Enid Blyton, British children's author (b. 1897)
- 1972 - Havergal Brian, British composer (b. 1875)
- 1973 - Marthe Bibesco, Romanian writer (b. 1886)
- 1976 - Rosalind Russell, American actress (b. 1907)
- 1977 - Trevor Bardette, American actor (b. 1902)
- 1983 - Christopher George, American actor (b. 1929)
- 1986 - Herb Vigran, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Choh Hao Li, Chinese biochemist (b. 1913)
- 1994 - Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (b. 1960)
- 1994 - Jerry Rubin, American activist (b. 1938)
- 2000 - Liane Haid, Austrian actress (b. 1895)
- 2001 - William Kienzle, American author (b. 1928)
- 2003 - Antonia Forest, British children's author (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Pope Gregory III
- Also see November 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith: Holy Day - Ascension of `Abdu'l-Bahá
- Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii: Feast of the Holy Sovereigns in honor of the founders of the Anglican Church of Hawaii
- Albania - Albanian Independence day (from Turkey, 1912); also known as Albanian Flag Day due to other National events that correspond to this day
- Mauritania - Independence Day (from France, 1960)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/28 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051128.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- November 27 - November 29 - October 28 - December 28 -- listing of all days ko:11월 28일 ms:28 November ja:11月28日 simple:November 28 th:28 พฤศจิกายน

November 24

November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 37 days remaining in the year.

Events

- 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal entry, into Constantinople.
- 642 - Theodore succeeds John IV as Pope.
- 1639 - Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus (November 24 in the Julian calendar, or December 4 in the Gregorian calendar).
- 1642 - Abel Tasman becomes the first European to discover the island Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania).
- 1859 - Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Lookout Mountain - Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city led by General Braxton Bragg.
- 1904 - The first successful caterpillar track is made.
- 1922 - Author and Irish Republican Army member Robert Erskine Childers is executed by an Irish Free State firing squad for illegally carrying a revolver.
- 1932 - In Washington, DC, the FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens.
- 1935 - The Senegalese Socialist Party holds its second congress.
- 1941 - World War II: The United States grants Lend-Lease to the Free French.
- 1944 - World War II: Bombing of Tokyo - The first bombing raid against the Japanese capital from the east and by land was made by 88 American aircraft.
- 1947 - Red Scare: After refusing to co-operate with the House Un-American Activities Committee concerning allegations of Communist influence in the movie industry, the United States House of Representatives votes 346 to 17 to approve citations of contempt of Congress against the so-called Hollywood 10.
- 1947 - Robert Schuman becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1951 - The Broadway play Gigi opens with little-known actress Audrey Hepburn in the title role.
- 1962 - The West Berlin branch of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany forms a separate party, the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin.
- 1963 - John F. Kennedy assassination: Alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is mortally shot by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Texas on live national television.
- 1963 - Vietnam War: Newly sworn-in US President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue supporting South Vietnam both militarily and economically.
- 1969 - Apollo program: The Apollo 12 spacecraft splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to the Moon.
- 1971 - During a severe thunderstorm over Washington state, a hijacker calling himself Dan Cooper (AKA D.B. Cooper) parachutes from a Northwest Orient Airlines plane with US$200,000 in ransom money - neither he or the money are ever found.
- 1974 - The skeleton of "Lucy", a 3.18 million years old female hominid, of the genus Australopithecus, was discovered in the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia.
- 1976 - The Band gives its last public performance, documented by Martin Scorsese in the film The Last Waltz.
- 1991 - Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen, dies of AIDS at age 45
- 1992 - In the People's Republic of China, a China Southern Airlines domestic flight crashes, killing all 141 people on-board.
- 1993 - In Liverpool, 11-year-olds Robert Thompson and Jon Venables are convicted of the murder of 2-year-old James Bulger.
- 1996 - Rusty Wallace wins the Suzuka NASCAR Thunder 100 racing event at Suzuka Circuitland in Suzuka City (this was the first NASCAR competition held in Japan).
- 1996 - Crowded House play a farewell concert in front of the Sydney Opera House for an estimated crowd of 250,000.
- 1998 - America Online announces it will acquire Netscape Communications in a stock-for-stock transaction worth US$4.2 billion.
- 2005 - The Licensing Act 2003 comes into force in England and Wales, introducing flexibility in the hours during which alcoholic beverages may be sold.
- 2005 - Accident during Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City, two bystanders are injured.
- 2005 - Conservative leader Stephen Harper, the leader of the Official Opposition in the Canadian Parliment, introduced a motion of no confidence, which NDP leader Jack Layton seconded. The motion was passed on November 28 which led to the dissolution to the 38th Canadian Parliament.

Births

- 1273 - Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I of England (d. 1284)
- 1394 - Charles, Duke of Orléans, French poet (d. 1465)
- 1420 - John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (d. 1473)
- 1583 - Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (d. 1641)
- 1615 - Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (d. 1690)
- 1630 - Etienne Baluze, French scholar (d. 1718)
- 1632 - Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (d. 1677)
- 1655 - King Charles XI of Sweden (d. 1697)
- 1690 - Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (d. 1750)
- 1713 - Junipero Serra, Spanish missionary (d. 1784)
- 1713 - Laurence Sterne, Irish novelist (d. 1768)
- 1729 - Alexander Suvorov, Russian general (d. 1800)
- 1784 - Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States (d. 1850)
- 1787 - Franz Xaver Gruber, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1863)
- 1801 - Ludwig Bechstein, German narrator and poet (d. 1860)
- 1806 - William Webb Ellis, often credited with the invention of Rugby (d. 1872)
- 1811 - Ulrich Ochsenbein, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 1890)
- 1826 - Carlo Collodi, Italian author (d. 1890)
- 1849 - Frances Hodgson Burnett, British-born author (d. 1924)
- 1853 - Bat Masterson, American gunfighter and policeman (d. 1921)
- 1859 - Cass Gilbert, American architect (d. 1934)
- 1864 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (d. 1901)
- 1868 - Scott Joplin, American musician (d. 1917)
- 1874 - Charles Miller, 'Father of Brazilian football' (d. 1953)
- 1876 - Walter Burley Griffin, American architect (d. 1937)
- 1877 - Alben W. Barkley, Vice President of the United States (d. 1956)
- 1881 - Al Christie, film director and producer (d. 1951)
- 1884 - Itzhak Ben-Zvi, President of Israel (d. 1963)
- 1888 - Dale Carnegie, American writer (d. 1955)
- 1888 - Fredrick Willius, American cardiologist (d. 1972)
- 1894 - Herbert Sutcliffe, England test cricketer (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Ludvík Svoboda, President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1979)
- 1905 - Irwin Allen, American film producer and director (d. 1991)
- 1912 - Garson Kanin, American writer (d. 1999)
- 1912 - Teddy Wilson, American jazz pianist (d. 1986)
- 1913 - Geraldine Fitzgerald, Irish-born actress (d. 2005)
- 1916 - Forrest J. Ackerman, American writer and publisher
- 1917 - Howard Duff, American actor
- 1921 - John Lindsay, American politician (d. 2000)
- 1924 - Victor Grinich Croatian-American businessman (d. 2000)
- 1925 - William F. Buckley Jr., American writer and political commentator
- 1925 - Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1926 - Tsung-Dao Lee, Chinese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1927 - Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (d. 2003)
- 1927 - Alfredo Kraus, Spanish tenor (d. 1999)
- 1930 - Bob Friend, baseball player
- 1934 - Alfred Schnittke, German composer (d. 1998)
- 1938 - Oscar Robertson, American basketball player
- 1941 - Pete Best, British musician, Ringo Starr's predecessor in The Beatles
- 1942 - Billy Connolly, British comedian
- 1943 - Dave Bing, American basketball player
- 1946 - Ted Bundy, American serial killer (d. 1989)
- 1947 - Dwight Schultz, American actor
- 1948 - Steve Yeager, baseball player
- 1951 - Chet Edwards, American politician
- 1955 - Ian Botham, England test cricketer
- 1955 - Elvis Ramone, American drummer (The Ramones)
- 1955 - Takashi Yuasa, Japanese lawyer
- 1957 - Denise Crosby, American actress
- 1960 - Amanda Wyss, American actress
- 1962 - John Squire, British guitarist (The Stone Roses)
- 1964 - Brad Sherwood, American comedian
- 1964 - Robert Trujillo, American bassist (Metallica)
- 1967 - Russell Watson, British singer
- 1971 - Keith Primeau, Canadian hockey player
- 1976 - Chen Lu, Chinese figure skater
- 1978 - Katherine Heigl, American actress

Deaths

- 654 - Emperor Kōtoku of Japan
- 1468 - Jean de Dunois, French soldier (b. 1402)
- 1531 - Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)
- 1541 - Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland (b. 1489)
- 1572 - John Knox, Scottish reformer
- 1583 - René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (b. 1506)
- 1615 - Sethus Calvisius, German calendar reformer (b. 1556)
- 1650 - Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (b. 1566)
- 1722 - Johann Adam Reinken, German organist (b. 1623)
- 1741 - Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (b. 1688)
- 1770 - Charles-Jean-François Hénault, French historian (b. 1685)
- 1775 - Lorenzo Ricci, Italian Jesuit leader (b. 1703)
- 1781 - James Caldwell, American revolutionary (b. 1734)
- 1793 - Clément Charles François de Laverdy, French statesman (b. 1723)
- 1801 - Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)
- 1848 - Lord Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779)
- 1870 - Comte de Lautréamont, French writer (b. 1846)
- 1890 - August Belmont, Sr., Prussian-born financier (b. 1816)
- 1916 - Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim, American-born gunsmith, inventor of the Maxim gun (b. 1840)
- 1922 - Robert Erskine Childers, Irish author and nationalist (executed) (b. 1870)
- 1929 - Georges Clemenceau, Premier of France (b. 1841)
- 1943 - Doris Miller, African-American cook in the United States Navy (b. 1919)
- 1956 - Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (b. 1920)
- 1957 - Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (b. 1886)
- 1958 - Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, British politician and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1864)
- 1973 - John Neihardt, American writer (b. 1881)
- 1980 - George Raft, American actor (b. 1895)
- 1985 - Big Joe Turner, American singer (b. 1911)
- 1991 - Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer (Queen) (AIDS) (b. 1946)
- 1996 - Sorley MacLean, British poet (b. 1911)
- 2003 - Floquet de Neu, Spanish albino gorilla (b. 1964)
- 2004 - Wong Jim, Hong Kong songwriter (b. 1940)
- 2004 - Arthur Hailey, British-born author (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Pat Morita, American actor (b. 1932)

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - in the Byzantine empire the Brumalia (a wine festival) were celebrated from this day until the winter solstice
- R.C. Saints - Saint Andrew Dung-Lac and other Vietnamese martyrs
- Also see November 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- United States - Thanksgiving (2005)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/24 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 23 - November 25 - October 24 - December 24 -- listing of all days ko:11월 24일 ms:24 November ja:11月24日 simple:November 24 th:24 พฤศจิกายน

Henry VII of England

Henry VII (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 – April 21, 1509), was the founder of the Tudor dynasty.

Early Life

Born in Pembroke Castle, Wales, in 1457, Henry was the only son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort. His father died two months before he was born, which meant that the young Henry spent much of his early life with his uncle, Jasper Tudor. With the return of Edward IV to the throne in 1471, Henry was forced to flee to Brittany, where he was to spend most of the next fourteen years. After the failure of the revolt of his second cousin, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, in 1483, Henry became the leading Lancastrian contender for the throne of England. With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, Henry made an unsuccessful attempt to land in England but turned back after encountering Richard III's forces on the Dorset coast. Richard attempted to ensure his return through a treaty with the Breton authorities, but Henry was alerted and escaped to France. He was welcomed by the French court, who readily supplied him with troops and equipment for a second invasion.

Rise to the throne

Having gained the support of the in-laws of the late Yorkist King Edward IV, he landed with a largely French and Scottish force in Mill Bay, Pembrokeshire, and marched into England, accompanied by his uncle, Jasper Tudor, and the experienced John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Wales had traditionally been a Yorkist stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his ancestry, being directly descended, through his father, from the Lord Rhys. He amassed an army of around 5000 soldiers and travelled north. Though outnumbered, and aware this was his only chance to seize the throne - Richard had reinforcements awaiting in Nottingham and Leicester - his Lancastrian forces decisively defeated the Yorkists under the King at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 when several of Richard's key allies, such as the Earl of Northumberland and William and Thomas Stanley, crucially switched sides or deserted the field of battle. This effectively ended the long-running Wars of the Roses between the two houses, though it wasn't the final battle. Henry's claim to the throne was tenuous and based upon a lineage of illegitimate succession. However, this was no barrier to the Throne; inheritance was not the sole method of becoming Sovereign. Claims could also be based on nomination (by the previous Sovereign), statute, prescription (de facto possession of power) and, as was the case with Henry VII, conquest. The first of Henry's concerns on attaining the monarchy was the question of establishing the strength and supremacy of his rule. His own claim to the throne was limited, but he was fortunate in that there were few other claimants to the throne left alive after the long civil war. His main worry was pretenders such as Perkin Warbeck, who pretended to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the Princes in the Tower. These pretenders were backed by disaffected nobles. Henry triumphed in securing his crown by a number of means but principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through bonds and recognizances. He also honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York, daughter and heir of King Edward IV. The marriage took place on January 18 1486 at Westminster. This unified the warring houses, gave him a greater claim to the throne due to Elizabeth's line of descent and ensured that his children would be of royal blood. (though there is evidence that Edward was born illegitimate). Henry's first action was to declare himself king as-of the day before the battle, thus ensuring that anyone who had fought against him would, technically, be guilty of treason. It is interesting to note, therefore, that he spared Richard's designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. He would have cause to regret his leniency two years later, when Lincoln rebelled and attempted to set a boy pretender, Lambert Simnel, on the throne in Henry's place. Lincoln was killed at the Battle of Stoke, but Simnel's life was spared and he became a royal servant. Simnel had been put forward as "Edward VI", impersonating the young Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of George, Duke of Clarence, who was still imprisoned in the Tower of London. Henry had shown uncharacteristic leniency in dealing with Edward and did not find a pretext for executing him until he had grown into adulthood, in 1499. Edward's elder sister, Margaret Pole, who had the next best claim on the throne, inherited her father's earldom of Salisbury and survived well into the next reign.

List of Children

Henry and Elizabeth's children are:
- Arthur, Prince of Wales (September 20, 1486 – April 2, 1502).
- Margaret Tudor (November 28, 1489 – October 18, 1541).
- Henry VIII of England (June 28, 1491 – January 28, 1547).
- Elizabeth Tudor (July 2, 1492 – September 14, 1495).
- Mary Tudor (March 18, 1496 – June 25, 1533).
- Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (February 21, 1499 – June 19, 1500).
- Edward Tudor. He may not have actually existed. Unknown dates of birth and death. Suspected to be a mistaken name for Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset. However, this name is listed in official records as a child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Edward is also mentioned in Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy by Alison Weir as having died young. She assumes the child to have been buried with his family in Westminster Abbey.
- Katherine Tudor (February 2, 1503 – February 2, 1503); Elizabeth died giving birth to Katherine.

Economic and diplomatic policies

Henry was a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer (Edward IV's treasury had been emptied by his wife's Woodville relations after his death and before the accession of Richard III) by introducing efficiently ruthless mechanisms of taxation. In this he was supported by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" (the two "tines" of which being: "If the subject is seen to live frugally, tell him because he is clearly a money saver of great ability he can afford to give generously to the King. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure.") was a catch 22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes. Royal government was also reformed with the introduction of the King's Council that kept the nobility in check. Henry's policy was both to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Up to a point, he succeeded in both. He was not a military man, and had no interest in trying to regain the French territories lost during the reigns of his predecessors; he was therefore only too ready to conclude a treaty with France that both directly and indirectly brought money into the coffers of England. He had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his career as a pretender prior to his ascending to the throne of England. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidized shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy and improving trading opportunities. By the time of his death, he had amassed a personal fortune of a million and a half pounds; it did not take his son as long to fritter it away as it had taken the father to acquire it. As well as coming to terms with the French, Henry forged alliances with Spain — by marrying his son, Arthur Tudor, to Catherine of Aragon; with Scotland — by marrying his daughter, Margaret, to King James IV of Scotland; and with the Holy Roman Empire, under the emperor Maximilian I.

Later Years

In 1502, fate dealt Henry a double blow from which he never fully recovered: His heir, the recently-married Arthur, died in an epidemic at Ludlow Castle and was followed only a few months later by Henry's queen, in childbirth. Not wishing the negotiations that had led to the marriage of his elder son to Catherine of Aragon to go to waste, he arranged a dispensation for his younger son to marry his brother's widow — normally a degree of relationship that precluded marriage in the Roman Catholic Church. Henry obtained a dispensation from Pope Julius II but had second thoughts about the value of the marriage and did not allow it to take place during his lifetime. Although he made half-hearted plans to re-marry and beget more heirs, these never came to anything. On his death in 1509, he was succeeded by his second, more famous son, Henry VIII.

Descendants

Henry's elder daughter Margaret was married first to James IV of Scotland, and their son became James V of Scotland, whose daughter became Mary, Queen of Scots. By means of this marriage, Henry hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Margaret Tudor's second marriage was to Archibald Douglas; their grandson, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley married Mary, Queen of Scots. Their son, James VI of Scotland, inherited the throne of England as James I after the death of Elizabeth I. Henry VII's other surviving daughter, Mary, married first King Louis XII of France and then, when he died of too much honeymooning, Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Their daughter Frances married Henry Grey, and her children included Lady Jane Grey, in whose name her parents and in-laws tried to seize the throne after Edward VI of England died. King Henry VII is buried at Westminster Abbey.

Bibliography

- Henry VII by S. B. Chrimes & George Bernard (1972)
- Henry VII by Jocelyn Hunt & Carolyn Towle (1998)
- Henry VII by Roger Turvey & Caroline Steinsberg (2000)
- The Son of Prophecy: Henry Tudor's Road to Bosworth (1985) by David Rees (ISBN 0851590055) is a discussion of how Henry's return to Wales was regarded by some as the fulfillment of a Messianic prophecy.

External links

- [http://www.badley.info/history/Henry-VII-England.biog.html Henry VII World History Database]

16th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. See also: 16th century in literature

Events

- 1501: Safavid dynasty rules Iran until 1736.
- 1509: The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade.
- 1514: The Battle of Orsha halts Muscovy's expansion into Eastern Europe.
- 1515: The Ottoman Empire wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids after the Battle of Chaldiran.
- 1516-17: The Ottomans defeat the Mamluks and gain control of Egypt, Arabia, and the Levant.
- 1517: The Protestant Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Saxony.
- 1519-21: Hernán Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
- 1520-66: The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent marks the zenith of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1521: Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman Empire.
- 1523: Sweden gains independence from the Kalmar Union.
- 1524-25: Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1526: The Ottomans conquer the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács.
- 1526: Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, rules India until 1857.
- 1527: Sack of Rome is considered the end of the Italian Renaissance.
- 1529: The Siege of Vienna marks the Ottoman Empire's furthest advance into Europe.
- 1531-32: The Church of England breaks away from the Roman Catholic Church and recognizes King Henry VIII as the head of the Church.
- 1532: Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
- 1534: Jacques Cartier claims Quebec for France.
- 1534: The Ottomans capture Baghdad.
- 1543: The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan.
- 1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan.
- 1553: Macau founded by Portuguese in China.
- 1555: The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company.
- 1556: The Shaanxi Earthquake in China is history's deadliest known earthquake.
- 1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate.
- 1556-1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests and is considered the greatest Mughal emperor.
- 1558-1603: The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance.
- 1558-83: Livonian War between Poland, Sweden, Denmark and Russia.
- 1558: After 200 years, England loses Calais to France.
- 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude.
- 1562-98: French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots.
- 1566-1648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.
- 1568-1600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan.
- 1569: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795.
- 1577-80: Francis Drake circles the World and claims California for England.
- 1580: After the struggle for the throne of Portugal, the Portuguese Empire comes to an end and the Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years.
- 1582: Yermak Timofeyevich conquers the Siberia Khanate on behalf of the Stroganovs.
- 1584-85: After the Siege of Antwerp, many of its merchants fled to Amsterdam.
- 1585-1604: The Anglo-Spanish War is fought on both sides of the Atlantic.
- 1588: England repulses the Spanish Armada.
- 1589: Spain repulses the English Armada.
- 1592-98: Korea and China repel two Japanese invasions during the Seven-Year War.
- 1598-1613: Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles.
- 1600: British East India Company chartered.

Significant people

British East India Company]
- Nicolaus Copernicus, developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory using scientific methods (1473 - 1543).
- Henry VII of England, founder of the Tudor dynasty. Introduced ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation which restored the kingdom after a state of virtual bankruptcy due to the effects of the Wars of the Roses (1457 - 1509).
- György Dózsa, leader of the peasants' revolt in Hungary (1470 - 1514)
- Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter and sculptor (1475 - 1564).
- Thomas More, English politician and author (1478 - 1535).
- Martin Luther, German religious reformer (1483 - 1546).
- Hernán Cortés, Spanish Conquistador (1485 - 1547).
- King Henry VIII of England, founder of Anglicanism (1491 - 1547).
- King Francis I of France, considered the first Renaissance monarch of his Kingdom (1494 - 1547).
- Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Conqueror and legal reformer (1494 - 1566).
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the first to reign as King of Spain. Involved in almost constant conflict with France and the Ottoman Empire while promoting the Spanish colonization of the Americas (1500 - 1558).
- Cuauhtémoc becomes last Tlatoani of the Aztec, leads the native resistance against the Spanish and is finally defeated in the siege of Tenochtitlan. He is hanged on February 26, 1525 (1502 - 1525)
- Mary I of England. Attempted to counter the Protestant Reformation in her domains. Nick-named Bloody Mary for her Religious persecution (1516 - 1558).
- King Philip II of Spain, self-proclaimed leader of Counter-Reformation (1527 - 1598).
- Queen Elizabeth I of England, central figure of the Elizabethan era (1533 - 1603).
- Oda Nobunaga , daimyo of the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. First ruler of the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1534 - 1582).
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi , daimyo of the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war. Second ruler of the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1536 - 1598).
- Admiral Yi Sun-sin , respected as one of the greatest admirals and military leaders in world history. (1545 - 1598).
- Edward VI of England, notable for further differentiating Anglicanism from the practices of the Roman Catholic Church (1537 - 1553).
- Lady Jane Grey, Queen regnant of England and Ireland. Notably deposed by popular revolt (1537 - 1554).
- Queen Mary I of Scotland, First female head of the House of Stuart (1542 - 1587).
- Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author (1547 - 1616).
- King Henry IV of France and Navarre, ended the French Wars of Religion and reunited the kingdom under his command (1553 - 1610).
- William Shakespeare, English author (1564 - 1616).
- John Donne, English metaphysical poet (1572 - 1631)
- Miyamoto Musashi, famous warrior in Japan, author of The Book of Five Rings, a treatise on strategy and martial combat. (1584 - 1645)
- Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Somali Imam and general (1507 - 1543).
- Ivan IV of Russia, first Russian tsar (1530-1584).

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 16th century inventions
- The Columbian Exchange introduces many plants, animals and diseases to the Old and New Worlds.
- Introduction of the spinning wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe.
- Modern square root symbol (√ )
- Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun (1543)
- Gregorian Calendar adopted by Catholic countries (1582)
- 1513: Juan Ponce de León sights Florida and Vasco Núñez de Balboa sights the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean.
- 1519-22: Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano lead the first circumnavigation of the World.
- 1540: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyon.
- 1541-42: Francisco de Orellana sails the length of the Amazon River.
- 1597: Opera in Florence by Jacopo Peri

Decades and years

Category:16th century Category:Centuries ko:16세기 ja:16世紀 th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 16

Scotland

Scotland (Alba in Gaelic) is a nation in northwest Europe and a constituent country of the United Kingdom. The name originally meant Land of the Gaels (see below). The country occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain and shares a land border to the south with England and is bounded by the North Sea on the east and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Its capital city is Edinburgh. Despite no longer being an independent sovereign state, Scotland is still considered a country in its own right. Scotland existed as an independent Kingdom until 1 May 1707, when the Act of Union 1707 merged Scotland with the Kingdom of England to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The flag of Scotland — the Saltire — is thought to be the oldest national flag still in use. The patron saint of Scotland is Saint Andrew, and Saint Andrew's Day is the 30 November. There are currently attempts to create an additional national holiday on this day.

Etymology

The English language name Scotland could date from at least the first half of the 10th century, when it was used in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The word Scot- was borrowed from Latin. We cannot assume Scotland was being used here to mean anything other than Land of the Gaels, just like Latin Scotia. Scottish kings adopted the title Basileus/Rex Scottorum (= High King/King of the Gaels) and Rex Scotiae (King of Gael-Land) some time in the 11th century. The earliest attribution of the latter Latin title was by the Germany-based Irish writer Marianus Scotus, recording the death of King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda as Moelcoluim Rex Scotiae, for the year 1034. In taking this title, they were likely influenced by the style Imperator Scottorum known to have been employed by Brian Bóruma in 1005. In the early 13th century, the Scotto-Norman author of de Situ Albanie protested that Scotia was a corrupt word for what should be called Albania; but by then Scotia was becoming the norm in Lati