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Mary I Of England

Mary I of England

:For other people with this name, see Mary Tudor Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July 1553 (de jure) or 19 July 1553 (de facto) until her death. Mary, the fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for her attempt to return England from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. To this end, she had almost three hundred religious dissenters executed; as a consequence, she is often known as Bloody Mary. Her religious policies, however, were in many cases reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I. Mary Tudor is sometimes confused with her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, who lived at approximately the same time.

Early life

Mary was the second daughter and fifth child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. A stillborn sister, two short-lived brothers, and a stillborn brother had preceded her. She was born at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, on Monday 18 February 1516. She was baptised on the following Wednesday with Thomas Cardinal Wolsey standing as her godfather. The Princess Mary was a precocious but sickly child who had poor eyesight, sinus conditions and bad headaches. Her poor health has been theorised by some authors to be from congenital syphilis transferred to her from her mother, who presumably would have contracted the disease from Mary's father. Whether or not he had the disease is debated, however, as the story emerged long after his death. Henry gave the Princess Mary her own court at Ludlow Castle and many of the prerogatives normally only given to a Prince of Wales, sometimes leading to false assertions that she was created Princess of Wales, even though he was deeply disappointed that he (or, as he believed, his wife) had again failed to produce a healthy son; Catherine's sixth and last child was a stillborn daughter. The Princess Mary became an extremely well-educated child under the direction of her governess, the Countess of Salisbury. She learned to speak Latin, Spanish, French and Italian, as well as her native English. Other studies included Greek, science, and music. In July 1520, when scarcely four and a half years old, she entertained some visitors with a performance on the virginals (a smaller harpsichord). A great part of the credit of her early education was undoubtedly due to her mother, who not only consulted the Spanish scholar Juan Luís Vives upon the subject, but was herself the Princess Mary's first teacher in Latin. Even when she was a young child, the Princess Mary's marital future was being negotiated by her father. When she was but two years old, she was promised to the Dauphin Francis, son of Francis I, King of France. After three years, the contract was repudiated; in 1522, the Princess Mary was instead contracted to her first cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by the Treaty of Windsor. Within a few years, however, the engagement was broken off. In 1526, the Princess Mary was sent to Wales to preside over the Council of Wales and the Marches. It was then suggested that the Princess Mary wed, not the Dauphin, but his father Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England. A marriage treaty was signed; it provided that the Princess Mary should marry either Francis or his second son, Henry, Duke of Orléans. Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII's chief advisor, managed to secure an alliance without a marriage. Meanwhile, the marriage of the Princess Mary's parents was in jeopardy. Queen Catherine had failed to provide Henry the male heir he desired; consequently, the King attempted to have his marriage to her annulled. In 1533, Henry secretly married another woman, Anne Boleyn. Shortly thereafter, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, formally declared the marriage with Catherine void and the marriage with Anne valid. Since the Pope had previously denied him the annullment, Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church. All appeals from the decisions of English ecclesiastical courts to the Pope were abolished, and the King was acknowledged as "Supreme Head" of the Church of England. Mary, meanwhile, was deemed illegitimate, as Henry's marriage to Catherine was officially null and void from the beginning. She lost the dignity of a Princess, becoming a mere "Lady". Her place in the line of succession was transferred to the Princess Elizabeth (daughter of Queen Anne). The Lady Mary was expelled from the Royal Court; her servants were dismissed from her service, and she was forced to serve as a lady-in-waiting under the Queen Anne's aunt, the Lady Shelton, to her own infant half-sister Elizabeth, then living in Hatfield. She was not permitted to see her mother Catherine, or attend her funeral in 1536. Her treatment and the hatred Queen Anne had for her was perceived as unjust; all Europe, furthermore, regarded her as the only true heir and daughter of Henry VIII, although she was illegitimate under English law. Mary confidently expected her troubles to end when Queen Anne lost royal favour and was beheaded in 1536. The Princess Elizabeth was also degraded to a Lady and removed from the line of succession. Henry married Jane Seymour, who died shortly after giving birth to a son, the Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall. The Lady Mary's privy purse expenses for nearly the whole of this period have been published, and show that Hatfield, Beaulieu or Newhall in Essex, Richmond and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence. Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall However, it quickly transpired that it had been Mary's father Henry, not Anne alone, who had been persecuting Mary. The only way he would grant her his favor was if she accepted humiliating attacks on her religion and royal position. The Lady Mary attempted to reconcile with her father by submitting to him as head of the Church of England under Jesus, thus repudiating Papal authority, and acknowledging that the marriage between her mother and father was unlawful, thus making her illegitimate. She also became godmother to her half-brother Edward and was chief mourner at Queen Jane's funeral. In turn, Henry agreed to grant her a household, and the Lady Mary was permitted to reside in royal palaces. Henry's sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, was able to bring the family closer together, again improving the Lady Mary's position. There were several attempts to marry her off to European princes, but none of them succeeded. In 1544, an Act of Parliament returned the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth to the line of succession (after their half-brother, the Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall). Both women, however, remained legally illegitimate. In 1547, Henry died, to be succeeded by Edward VI. Edward was England's first Protestant monarch; his Parliament's Act of Uniformity prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's new Book of Common Prayer. The Lady Mary, desirous of maintaining the old Roman Catholic form, asked to be allowed to worship in private in her own chapel. After she was ordered to stop her practices, she appealed to her cousin and former matrimonial prospect, the Emperor Charles V. Charles threatened war with England if the Lady Mary's religious liberty were infringed; consequently, the Protestants at court ceased to interfere with her private rituals.

Accession

Edward VI died in 1553 whilst Mary was staying at Framlingham Castle in Suffolk. He did not desire that the Crown go to either the Lady Mary or the Lady Elizabeth; consequently, he excluded them from the line of succession in his will, which was unlawful, because it contradicted an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 restoring the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth to the line of succession, and because it was made by a minor. Under the guidance of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, Edward VI instead devised the Crown to the Lady Jane Grey, a descendant of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, and the Duke of Northumberland's daughter-in-law. Thus, after Edward died on 6 July 1553, the Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen. Jane's accession was met with popular disapproval, which was suppressed by the use of force. A young boy so bold as to hail "Queen Mary" was punished by having his ears cut off. Still, the country remained devoted to Mary. On 19 July, Jane's accession proclamation was deemed to have been made under coercion and was revoked; instead, Mary was proclaimed Queen. All support for the Lady Jane vanished and Mary rode into London triumphantly and unchallenged, with her half-sister, the Lady Elizabeth, at her side, on 3 August. Since the Act of Succession passed in 1544 recognised only Mary as Edward's heir, and since Edward's will was never authorised by statute, Mary's de jure reign dates to 6 July 1553, the date of Edward's death. Her de facto reign, however, dates to 19 July 1553, when Jane was deposed. One of her first actions as monarch was to order the release of the Catholic Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and Stephen Gardiner from imprisonment in the Tower of London. Originally, Mary was inclined to exercise clemency, and initially set the Lady Jane Grey free, recognising that the young girl was forced to take the Crown by her father-in-law. The Lady Jane's father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, was also released. The Duke of Northumberland was the only conspirator immediately executed for high treason, and even this was after some hesitation on the Queen's part. She was left in a difficult position, as almost all the Privy Counsellors had been implicated in the plot to put the Lady Jane Grey on the Throne. She could only rely on Stephen Gardiner, whom she appointed Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor. Gardiner performed Mary's coronation on 1 October 1553 because Mary did not wish to be crowned by the senior ecclesiastics, who were all Protestants.

Reign

Mary's first Act of Parliament retroactively validated Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and legitimated the Queen. Now 37, Mary turned her attention to procuring a husband to father an heir in order to prevent her half-sister, the Lady Elizabeth, from succeeding to the Throne. She rejected Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon as a prospect when her first cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, suggested that she marry his only son, the Spanish prince Philip. The marriage, a purely political alliance for Philip, was extremely unpopular with the English. Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain. The fear of dependency was due in large part to the inexperience of having a queen regnant. Insurrections broke out across the country when she refused. The Duke of Suffolk once again proclaimed that his daughter, the Lady Jane Grey, was Queen. The young Sir Thomas Wyatt led a force from Kent, and was not defeated until he had arrived at London's gates. After the rebellions were crushed, both the Duke of Suffolk and the Lady Jane Grey were convicted of high treason and executed. Since the rebellion was designed to put her on the throne, the Lady Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London, but was put under house arrest in Woodstock Palace after two months. Woodstock Palace Mary married Philip on 25 July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral. Under the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including Acts of Parliament) were to be dated with both their names and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Philip's powers, however, were extremely limited; he and Mary were not true joint Sovereigns. Nonetheless, Philip was the only man to take the crown matrimonial upon his marriage to a reigning Queen of England; William III became jointly sovereign with his wife, Mary II, pursuant to Act of Parliament, rather than matrimonial right. Coins were to also show the head of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty further provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father, the Holy Roman Emperor, in any war. Mary fell in love with Philip and, thinking she was pregnant, had thanksgiving services at the diocese of London in November 1554. But Philip found his queen, who was eleven years his senior, to be physically unattractive and after only fourteen months left for Spain under a false excuse. Mary suffered a phantom pregnancy; Philip released the Lady Elizabeth from house arrest so that he could be viewed favourably by her in case Mary died during childbirth. Mary then turned her attention to religious issues. She had always rejected the break with Rome instituted by her father. Her half-brother, Edward, had established Protestantism; Mary wished to revert to Roman Catholicism. England was reconciled with Rome, and Reginald Cardinal Pole, who would become an adviser Mary very heavily depended upon, became Archbishop of Canterbury, after Mary had his predecessor executed. Edward's religious laws were abolished by Mary's first Parliament and numerous Protestant leaders were executed in the so-called Marian Persecutions. The first to die was John Rogers (4 February 1555) and the next to be killed was John Hooper, the Bishop of Gloucester (9 February 1555). The persecution lasted uninterrupted for three and three-quarter years. She earned the epithet of Bloody Mary though her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth, more than balanced the number killed under Mary with Catholic persecution, in total, but not in frequency. (Elizabeth reigned seven times as long, and some of her executions were of actual traitors, under any definition). For frequency the persecution of Catholics under the short reign of her predecessor Edward VI is perhaps more comparable or possibly the persecution of Protestants in the early years of their father Henry VIII. Having inherited the Throne of Spain upon his father's abdication, Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to join with Spain in a war against France in the Italian Wars. Meanwhile, England was full of faction, and seditious pamphlets of Protestant origin inflamed the people with hatred against the Spaniards. But perhaps the strangest thing about the situation was that the Pope sided with France against Spain. English forces fared badly in the conflict and as a result the Kingdom lost Calais, its last remaining continental possession. Mary later lamented that when she lay dead the words "Philip" and "Calais" would be found inscribed on her heart. Mary persuaded parliament to repeal the Protestant religious laws passed by Edward and Henry before her. But it took several years to persuade parliament to go all the way. And to get their agreement, she had to make a major concession: tens of thousands of acres of monastery lands confiscated under Henry were not returned to the monasteries. The new group of landowners that had been set up by this distribution remained very influential. Mary also set in motion currency reform to counteract the dramatic devaluation of the currency overseen by Thomas Gresham that characterized the last few years of Henry VIII's reign and the reign of Edward VI. These measures, however, were largely unsuccessful and it was only under Elizabeth that economic catastrophe was prevented. Mary's deep religious convictions also inspired her to institute social reforms, although these were unsuccessful as well. Under her reign, in another of the Plantations of Ireland, English colonists were settled in the Irish midlands to reduce the attacks on the Pale (the colony around Dublin). Two counties were created and, in her honour, were named Queens County and, for Phillip, Kings County. The county town of Queens County was called Maryborough.

Death

During her reign, Mary's weak health led her to suffer numerous phantom pregnancies. After such a delusion was suffered in 1558, Mary decreed in her will that her husband Philip should be the regent during the minority of her child. No child, however, was born, and Mary died at the age of forty-two of influenza, uterine cancer or ovarian cancer at St. James's Palace on 17 November 1558. It has been theorised that an ovarian cyst prevented her from becoming pregnant. She was succeeded by her half-sister, who became Elizabeth I. Mary is buried in Westminster Abbey immediately beside Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on their tomb translates to "Partners both in Throne and grave, here rest we two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in the hope of one resurrection".

Legacy

Although Mary enjoyed tremendous popular support and sympathy for her mistreatment during the earliest parts of her reign, she lost almost all of it after marrying Philip. The English viewed the marriage as a breach of English independence; they felt that it would make England a mere dependency of Spain. The marriage treaty clearly specified that England was not to be drawn into any Spanish wars, but this guarantee proved meaningless. Philip spent most of his time governing his Spanish and European territories, and little of it with his wife in England. After Mary's death, Philip became a suitor for Elizabeth's hand, but Elizabeth refused. During the five-year long reign, 283 individuals were burnt at the stake, twice as many as had suffered the same fate during the previous century and a half of English history, and at a greater rate than under the contemporary Spanish Inquisition. Several notable clerics were executed; among them were the former Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, the former Bishop of London Nicholas Ridley and the reformist Hugh Latimer. John Foxe vilified her in a book entitled The Actes and Monuments of these latter and perilous Dayes, touching matters of the Church, wherein are comprehended and described the great Persecution and horrible Troubles that have been wrought and practised by the Romishe Prelates, Epeciallye in this Realme of England and Scotland, from the yeare of our Lorde a thousande to the time now present, commonly called The Book of Martyrs. The persecution of Protestants earned Mary the appellation "Bloody Mary" and led the English people to revile her. It is said that the Spanish ambassadors were aghast at the jubilation and celebration of the people upon her death. Many historians believe, however, that Mary does not deserve all the blame that has been cast upon her. She was not solely responsible for the persecution of Protestants; others who participated included the Archbishop of Canterbury Reginald Cardinal Pole, who was appointed during her reign, the Bishop of Winchester Stephen Gardiner and the Bishop of London Edmund Bonner ("Bloody Bonner", who had been deprived of his see until Mary's accession to the throne). One popular tradition traces the nursery rhyme Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary to Mary's attempts to bring Roman Catholicism back to England, identifying the "cockle shells", for example, with the symbol of pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint James in Spain and the "pretty maids all in a row" with nuns. Another tradition has it that the rhyme was based on the life of Mary's cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. There is however no proof that the rhyme was known before the 18th century: see its article for more information.

Portrayal

Mary has appeared several times in Tudor-related movies. Ann Tyrrell made a cameo appearance as Mary in the movie Young Bess (1953). Nicola Pagett played Mary in the 1969 film Anne of the Thousand Days; Pagett's brief appearance was in a fictitious scene depicting Mary at Catherine of Aragon's deathbed. (Historically, Mary was not present at the time.) In 1971, the British Broadcasting Corporation broadcast the six-part television series The Six Wives of Henry VIII. In the first part, Catherine of Aragon, the young Princess Mary was portrayed by Verina Greenlaw. The character, played by Alison Frazer, reappeared in the third part, Jane Seymour, and in the sixth part, Catherine Parr. In the blockbuster sequel, Elizabeth R, the middle-aged Mary was played by Daphne Slater. The 1985 movie Lady Jane had Mary played by Jane Lapotaire. In 1998, Mary was portrayed by Kathy Burke in the lavish costume drama Elizabeth. In 2003, Lara Belmont played Mary in the British television drama Henry VIII. Mary is the subject of the novel, The Shadow of the Crown by Jean Plaidy. Mary also appears in Philippa Gregory's novel, The Queen's Fool and in Margaret Irwin's trilogy of Queen Elizabeth youth, Young Bess, Elizabeth, Captive Princess and Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain. For younger readers, Mary's story is told in Mary, Bloody Mary by Carolyn Meyer.

Style and arms

Like Henry VIII and Edward VI, Mary used the style "Majesty", as well as "Highness" and "Grace". "Majesty", which Henry VIII first used on a consistent basis, did not become exclusive until the reign of Elizabeth I's successor, James I. When Mary ascended the Throne, she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI: "Mary, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head". The "supremacy phrase" at the end of the style was repugnant to Mary's Catholic faith; from 1554 onwards, she omitted the phrase without statutory authority, which was not retroactively granted by Parliament until 1555. Under Mary's marriage treaty with Philip II of Spain, the couple were jointly styled King and Queen. The official joint style reflected not only Mary's but also Philip's dominions and claims; it was "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". Mary I's arms were the same as those used by her predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England). Sometimes, Mary's arms were impaled (depicted side-by-side) with those of her husband.

References

- [http://tudorhistory.org/mary/ Eakins, L. E. (2004). "Mary I"]
- "Mary I". (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09766a.htm "Mary Tudor" (1910). The Catholic Encyclopedia (Volume IX). New York: Robert Appleton Company.]
- Williamson, D. (1998). The Kings and Queens of England New York: National Portrait Gallery.

External link

- [http://www.archsoc.com/games/Mary.html Stevens, Garry. (2004). "Bloody Mary: Further Intrigue in the Tudor Court"] Category:1516 births Category:1558 deaths Category:English monarchs Category:Heirs to the English & British thrones Category:Henry VIII's children Category:History of Catholicism in Britain Category:House of Tudor Category:Queens regnant Category:Roman Catholic monarchs Category:Londoners Category:British women ko:잉글랜드의 메리 1세 ja:メアリー1世 (イングランド女王)

Mary Tudor

Mary Tudor can refer to any of the following
- Mary Tudor (queen consort of France)
- Mary I of England simple:Mary Tudor

1516

Events

- March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I.
- July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria.
- August 13 - Treaty of Noyon - Peace between France and Spain. Francis recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan.
- August 24 - Battle of Merj-Dabik. The Ottomans defeat the Mameluks, who abandon Syria.
- October 28 - Battle of Yaunis Khan. Turkish forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mameluks near Gaza.
- December 4 - Treaty of Brussels - Peace between France and the Empire.
- Pedro de Solis discovers the La Plata River.
- The Reinheitsgebot is instituted in Bavaria regulating the purity of beer permissible for sale.
- The Concordat of Bologna

Literature

- Ludovico Ariosto - Orlando Furioso.
- Desiderius Erasmus - new Latin translation of the New Testament.
- Thomas More - Utopia.

Births

- January 1 - Margareta Leijonhufvud, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (died 1551)
- February 18 - Queen Mary I of England (died 1558)
- March 26 - Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (died 1565)
- Georg Fabricius, Protestant German poet (died 1571)
- John Foxe, biographer (died 1587)
- James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (died 1572)
- Martin Heilwig, Silesian cartography (died 1574)
- Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (died 1571)
- Charlotte de Valois, 6 (died 1524)
- Manco Inca Yupanqui, ruler of the Inca (died 1544)
- Cangali khan, khan of Qasim and Kazan

Deaths

- March 13 - King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary (b. 1456)
- March 17 - Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1478)
- April 25 - John Yonge, English diplomat (born 1467)
- June 23 - King Ferdinand II of Aragon (born 1452)
- December 13 - Johannes Trithemius, German scholar and cryptographer (born 1462)
- Giovanni Bellini, Italian painter (born 1430)
- August - Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter (born 1450)
- Juan Díaz de Solís, Spanish navigator and explorer (born 1470)
- King John III of Navarre (born 1469)
- Giuliano da Sangallo, Italian sculptor and architect (born 1443) Category:1516 ko:1516년

17 November

17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece. ---- November 17 is the 321st day of the year (322nd in leap years), with 44 remaining.

Events

- 1292 - (Julian calendar) John Balliol becomes King of Scotland.
- 1558 - Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I of England.
- 1603 - English explorer, writer and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason.
- 1777 - Articles of Confederation submitted to the states for ratification.
- 1796 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Arcole - French forces defeat the Austrians in Italy.
- 1800 - The United States Capitol building in Washington, DC holds its first session of the U.S. Congress.
- 1820 - Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the first American to see Antarctica (the Palmer Peninsula was later named after him).
- 1839 - Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio opens in Milan.
- 1856 - American Old West: On the Sonoita River in present-day southern Arizona, the United States Army establishes Fort Buchanan in order to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase.
- 1858 - Modified Julian Day zero.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Siege of Knoxville begins - Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege.
- 1869 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
- 1871 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
- 1903 - The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits into two groups; the Bolsheviks (Russian for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority").
- 1911 - Formation of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity
- 1919 - George V, then King of the United Kingdom, proclaimed Armistice Day (later Remembrance Day), saying "that at the hour when the Armistice came into force, the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, there may be for the brief space of two minutes a complete suspension of all our normal activities … so that in perfect stillness, the thoughts of everyone may be concentrated on reverent remembrance of the glorious dead." The idea was first suggested by Edward George Honey.
- 1922 - Former Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI went on exile in Italy.
- 1941 - World War II: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables the State Department that Japan has plans to launch an attack against Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (his cable is ignored).
- 1962 - In Washington, DC, US President John F. Kennedy dedicates Dulles International Airport.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given on November 13, US President Lyndon B. Johnson tells his nation that, while much remained to be done, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress."
- 1968 - NBC preempts the final 1:05 minutes of a very close NFL football match between the New York Jets and the Oakland Raiders with Heidi, prompting an outrage amongst sport fans.
- 1969 - Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki to begin SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.
- 1970 - Elton John plays a concert at A&R Studios in New York City which later becomes the album 11-17-70.
- 1970 - Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the My Lai massacre.
- 1970 - Luna program: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world and was released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.
- 1970 - Douglas Engelbart receives the patent for the first computer mouse.
- 1973 - Watergate scandal: In Orlando, Florida, US President Richard Nixon tells 400 Associated Press managing editors "I am not a crook."
- 1973 - Student uprising against the military regime in Athens, Greece.
- 1974 - Aliança Operário-Camponesa (Worker-Peasant Alliance) founded in Portugal, as a front of PCP(m-l).
- 1983 - The Zapatista Army of National Liberation founded.
- 1985 - The first edition of Phrack is released. It became the oldest computer underground magazine still running after its 20 years of existence.
- 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution begins - In Czechoslovakia a student demonstration in Prague is quelled by riot police. This sparks an uprising aimed at overthrowing the communist government (it succeeds on December 29).
- 1990 - Fugendake, part of the Mount Unzen volcanic complex, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan became active again and erupted.
- 1993 - Annie Proulx wins the National Book Award for her novel The Shipping News.
- 1995 - Public Radio International's radio program This American Life broadcasts its first episode, "New Beginnings".
- 1997 - In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut (police killed the assailants).
- 2000 - Catastrophical landslide in Log pod Mangartom,Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophies in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
- 2000 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.
- 2003 - Arnold Schwarzenegger is inaugurated Governor of California.
- 2004 - Kmart Corp. announces it is buying Sears, Roebuck and Co. for $11 billion and naming the newly merged company Sears Holdings Corporation.

Births

- 9 - Vespasian, Roman Emperor (d. 79)
- 1503 - Agnolo Bronzino, Italian painter (d. 1572)
- 1576 - Roque Gonzales, Paraguayan missionary (d. 1628)
- 1587 - Joost van den Vondel, Dutch poet (d. 1679)
- 1612 - Dorgon, Manchu prince (d. 1650)
- 1681 - Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (d. 1776)
- 1685 - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye, French-Canadian trader and explorer (d. 1749)
- 1717 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician (d. 1783)
- 1755 - King Louis XVIII of France (d. 1824)
- 1765 - Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, French marshal (d. 1840)
- 1790 - August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician (d. 1868)
- 1793 - Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, British painter (d. 1865)
- 1799 - Titian Peale, American artist (d. 1885)
- 1816 - August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
- 1835 - Andrew L. Harris, American Civil War hero and Governor of Ohio (d. 1915)
- 1857 - Joseph Babiński, Polish-French neurologist (d. 1932)
- 1866 - Voltairine de Cleyre, American anarchist (d. 1912)
- 1868 - Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (d. 1918)
- 1878 - Grace Abbott, American social worker and activist (d. 1939)
- 1878 - Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist (d. 1968)
- 1887 - Sir Bernard Montgomery, British World War II commander (d. 1976)
- 1895 - Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher (d. 1975)
- 1895 - Gregorio López y Fuentes, Mexican author (d. 1966)
- 1896 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934)
- 1899 - Douglas Shearer, Canadian film sound engineer (d. 1971)
- 1901 - Walter Hallstein, German politician (d. 1982)
- 1901 - Lee Strasberg, Austrian director (d. 1982)
- 1902 - Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
- 1904 - Isamu Noguchi, American sculptor (d. 1988)
- 1905 - Queen Astrid of Belgium (d. 1935)
- 1905 - Mischa Auer, American actor (d. 1967)
- 1906 - Soichiro Honda, Japanese automobile pioneer (d. 1992)
- 1911 - Christian Fouchet, French diplomat (d. 1974)
- 1916 - Shelby Foote, American historian (d. 2005)
- 1922 - Stanley Cohen, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1923 - Bert Sutcliffe, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2001)
- 1925 - Rock Hudson, American actor (d. 1985)
- 1925 - Sir Charles Mackerras, American-born conductor
- 1928 - Rance Howard, American actor
- 1929 - Norm Zauchin, baseball player (d. 1999)
- 1936 - Dalia Rabikovich, Israeli poet (d. 2005)
- 1937 - Peter Cook, British comedian, satirist, and writer (d. 1995)
- 1938 - Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer
- 1939 - Auberon Waugh, British author (d. 2001)
- 1942 - Martin Scorsese, American film director
- 1943 - Lauren Hutton, American actress
- 1944 - Danny DeVito, American actor
- 1944 - Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect
- 1944 - Lorne Michaels, Canadian producer
- 1944 - Tom Seaver, baseball player
- 1945 - Elvin Hayes, American basketball player
- 1946 - Terry E. Branstad, Former Governor of Iowa
- 1948 - Howard Dean, American politician
- 1951 - Stephen Root, American actor
- 1952 - Ties Kruize, Dutch field hockey player
- 1958 - Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, American actress
- 1960 - Jonathan Ross, British television presenter and radio broadcaster
- 1960 - RuPaul, American actor
- 1966 - Jeff Buckley, American musician (d. 1997)
- 1966 - Daisy Fuentes, Cuban model and actress
- 1966 - Sophie Marceau, French actress
- 1966 - Kate Ceberano, Australian singer
- 1968 - Amber Michaels, German porn actress
- 1969 - Jean-Michel Saive, Belgian table tennis player
- 1970 - Paul Allender, British singer (Cradle of Filth)
- 1973 - Alexei Urmanov, Russian figure skater
- 1975 - Diane Neal, American actress
- 1976 - Brandon Call, American actor
- 1977 - Ryk Neethling, South African swimmer
- 1978 - Reggie Wayne, American football player
- 1982 - Katie Feenstra, American basketball player

Deaths

- 375 - Valentinian I, Roman Emperor (b. 321)
- 641 - Emperor Jomei of Japan (b. 593)
- 680 - Hilda of Whitby (b. 614)
- 1231 - Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (b. 1207)
- 1326 - Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1285)
- 1494 - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (b. 1463)
- 1558 - Queen Mary I of England (b. 1516)
- 1558 - Reginald Cardinal Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1500)
- 1562 - Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (b. 1518)
- 1592 - King John III of Sweden (b. 1537)
- 1600 - Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (b. 1542)
- 1632 - Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (b. 1594)
- 1643 - Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, marshal of France (b. 1602)
- 1648 - Thomas Ford, English composer
- 1665 - John Earle, English bishop
- 1668 - Joseph Alleine, English non-conformist preacher (b. 1634)
- 1690 - Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (b. 1610)
- 1708 - Ludolf Backhuysen, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
- 1713 - Abraham van Riebeeck, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1653)
- 1747 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer (b. 1668)
- 1768 - Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, British statesman (b. 1693)
- 1776 - James Ferguson, British astronomer (b. 1710)
- 1789 - Charlotte, Duchess of Albany, only child of Bonnie Prince Charlie (b. 1753)
- 1808 - David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (b. 1721)
- 1917 - Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
- 1929 - Herman Hollerith, American statistician (b. 1860)
- 1936 - Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Austrian contralto (b. 1861)
- 1937 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (b. 1860)
- 1938 - Ante Trumbić, Croatian politician (b. 1864)
- 1940 - Eric Gill, British sculptor and writer (b. 1882)
- 1959 - Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (b. 1887)
- 1968 - Mervyn Peake, British writer and illustrator (b. 1911)
- 1982 - Eduard Tubin, Estonian composer (b. 1905)
- 1982 - Leonid Borisovitch Kogan, Russian violinist (b. 1924)
- 1986 - Georges Besse, president of Renault (b. 1927)
- 1989 - Gus Farace, American gangster (murdered) (b. 1960)
- 1990 - Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- 2000 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- 2001 - Michael Karoli, German guitarist (Can) (b. 1948)
- 2002 - Abba Eban, Israeli diplomat and politician (b. 1915)
- 2003 - Arthur Conley, American singer (b. 1946)
- 2003 - Don Gibson, American singer and songwriter (b. 1928)
- 2004 - Mikael Ljungberg, Swedish wrestler (b. 1970)
- 2004 - Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (b. 1941)
- 2005 - Marek Perepeczko, Polish actor (b. 1942)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Elisabeth of Hungary; Gregory of Tours; Hilda of Whitby; Hugh of Lincoln
- Also see November 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- International Students Day
- Life Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/17 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272963&day=10272982&cat=10272946 The History Channel: This Day in History] ---- November 16 - November 18 - October 17 - December 17 -- listing of all days ko:11월 17일 ms:17 November ja:11月17日 simple:November 17 th:17 พฤศจิกายน

List of British Monarchs

This is a list of the monarchs of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed in the British Isles, namely:
- Kingdom of England, from 871 (united with the Principality of Wales from the Act of Union 1536-1543) up to 1707;
- Kingdom of Scotland, from 843 up to 1707;
- The Kingdom of Great Britain, from the Acts of Union, 1707, between England and Scotland, up to 1800;
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from the Act of Union, 1800, between Great Britain and Ireland, up to 1927;
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The UK after the Irish Free State was formed and became a separate state in the 1920s). In 1328, on the death of the French king, Charles IV, Edward III (nephew of Charles IV) claimed the French throne. English monarchs, and subsequently British monarchs, then styled themselves King of France or Queen of France until the Act of Union 1800, which led to the creation of the United Kingdom in 1801. By then France had been a republic for ten years. (See English Kings of France.) Since 1559 English monarchs, and subsequently British monarchs, have also had the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Note that the numbering of English monarchs starts afresh after 1066 (although this affects only the Edwards). All Scottish monarchs held the title King of Scots or Queen of Scots, with the exception of the last three: Mary II, William III and Anne I used the style "of Scotland" rather than "of Scots". To see the rulers of the small kingdoms which existed before the formation of England, Scotland or Wales, see:
- Mythical British Kings
- List of rulers of Wales
- Kings of the Picts
- Kings of Dál Riada
- Kings of Strathclyde
- Kings of the Isle of Man and the Isles
- Kings of the Isle of Man
- Kings of East Anglia
- Kings of Essex
- Kings of Kent
- Kings of Sussex
- Kings of Wessex
- Kings of Mercia
- Kings of Northumbria See also: Bretwalda

Complications over Title and Style

Bretwalda, later merged into a single Kingdom of Great Britain by the Act of Union 1707.]] Royal titles are complicated because in some cases names of kingdoms are used that did not officially come into existence until later, or came into existence earlier without immediate adoption of the royal title.
- For example, in October 1604, one year after James VI of Scotland had become King of England, he decreed that the Royal Title would use the term Great Brittaine to refer to the "one Imperiall Crowne" made up of England and Scotland. However using that title is problematic because the 'state' of Great Britain was not created until the Act of Union 1707. Nor was the united crown generally referred to as 'imperial'. To avoid confusion, historians in general thus refer to all monarchs up to 1707 as monarchs of England and Scotland. Thus James II of England was also James VII of Scotland; and William III of England was also William II of Scotland. Many English and British monarchs also claimed France as part of their official title, though this had no reality in substance. After the Union, the ordinal has been the English number (for "George", "Edward" and "Elizabeth") and, until recently, there was no formal rule (see List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs).
- In different documents, the terms Kingdom of Great Britain and United Kingdom of Great Britain feature, even documents as official as the Act of Union 1707. Most historians presume the United was meant to be descriptive, indicating a union as a form of unity by marriage rather than coercion. For clarity and because the United is far more strongly associated with the later name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland produced in the Act of Union 1800, the 1707 Kingdom is generally referred to as the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- Similarly, though the Irish Free State ceased to be part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1922, neither the full name of the United Kingdom nor the royal title were changed until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927. In this instance historians generally retrospectively date the coming into being of the modern United Kingdom to December 1922, even though in this case the formal change did not occur for another five years. The list of monarchs below cannot be exhaustive. Succession to the many thrones often did not pass smoothly from parent to child; lack of heirs, civil wars, murders and invasions affected the inheritance in ways that a simple list does not show. The relationships that formed the basis for claims to throne are noted where we know them, and the dates of reign indicated.

Monarchs

Mnemonics

A useful rhyme for memorising the names of the English and UK monarchs since the Norman Conquest in chronological order as well as a version was featured in part in the movie King Ralph:

Mnemonics

Popular variation

:Willy Willy Harry Steve, :Henry Dick John Henry three; :Then three Edwards Richard two, :Henry Four, Five Six then who? :Edward four five, Dick the bad, :Two more Henries, Ned the lad; :Bloody Mary she came next, :Then we have our Good Queen Bess. :From Scotland we got James the Vain; :Charlie one, two, James again. :William and Mary, Anna Gloria, :Four Georges, William, and Victoria. :Edward, George, the same again, : : : :Now Elizabeth - and the end.

:Willy, Willy, Harry, Steve, :Harry, Dick, John, Harry Three; :One, two, three Neds, Richard Two, :Harries Four Five Six, then who? :Edwards Four Five, Dick the Bad, :Harries (twain) Ned Six (the lad); :Mary, Bessie, James ye ken, : : :Then Charlie, Charlie, James again :Will and Mary, Anna Gloria :Georges four, Will Fourth, Victoria :Edward Seven next, and then :Came George the Fifth in nineteen ten :Ned the Eighth soon abdicated :Then George the Sixth was coronated :After which Elizabeth :And that's all folks until her death

Notes

- King Louis might also be included as reigning 1216—1217 (between the reigns of King John and Henry III). By tradition he usually is not listed.

References

- [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page5.asp The official website of the British Monarchy]
- [http://www.britannia.com/history/h6f.html Britannia.com] Monarchs Britain ko:영국의 군주 ja:イギリス君主一覧

6 July

July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining.

Events

- 1253 - Mindaugas is crowned king of Lithuania.
- 1483 - Richard III is crowned king of England.
- 1484 - Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of Congo River.
- 1495 - Charles VIII fights in the Battle of Fornovo against the Holy League, ending his attempted conquest of Italy.
- 1560 - The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England.
- 1573 - Córdoba, Argentina is founded by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera.
- 1609 - Bohemia is granted freedom of religion.
- 1630 - Thirty-Years War: 4,000 Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus land in Pomerania, Germany.
- 1777 - American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of Ticonderoga, bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne forces American retreat from Fort Ticonderoga, New York.
- 1785 - The dollar is unanimously chosen as the monetary unit for the United States.
- 1799 - Ranjit Singh's 25,000 men start march towards Lahore.
- 1801 - Battle of Algeciras: The French navy defeats the British Royal Navy.
- 1854 - In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.
- 1885 - Louis Pasteur successfully tests his vaccine against rabies. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.
- 1887 - David Kalakaua, monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, is forced at gunpoint, at the hands of Americans, to sign the Bayonet Constitution giving Americans more power in Hawaii while stripping Hawaiian citizens of their rights.
- 1892 - Dadabhai Naoroji elected as first Indian Member of Parliament in Britain.
- 1893 - The small town of Pomeroy, Iowa is nearly destroyed by a tornado that kills 71 people and injures 200.
- 1905 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.
- 1908 - Robert Peary sets sail for the Arctic on the expedition on which he later reaches the North Pole.
- 1917 - World War I: Arabian troops led by Lawrence of Arabia and Auda ibu Tayi capture Aqaba from the Turks during the Arab Revolt.
- 1919 - The British dirigible R-34 lands in New York, completing the first crossing of the Atlantic by an airship.
- 1923 - Treaty of Union signed by Russia, Transcaucasia, Ukraine and Belarus, establishing the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- 1928 - The ten world's largest hailstones fall in Potter, Nebraska.
- 1933 - The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played in Chicago's Comiskey Park. The American League defeats the National League, 4 to 2.
- 1939 - Holocaust: The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed.
- 1944 - The Hartford Circus Fire, one of America's worst fire disasters, kills approximately 168 people and injures over 700 in Hartford, Connecticut.
- 1957 - Althea Gibson wins the Wimbledon championships, becoming the first black athlete to do so.
- 1957 - John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles meet for the first time.
- 1964 - A Hard Day's Night, the first Beatles film, premieres.
- 1964 - Malawi declares its independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1966 - Malawi becomes a republic.
- 1967 - Biafran War: Nigerian forces invade Biafra, beginning the war.
- 1974 - The radio program A Prairie Home Companion makes its first live broadcast.
- 1975 - The Comoros declare independence from France.
- 1977 - Pink Floyd's Roger Waters spits on a fan during the In The Flesh tour in Montreal.
- 1988 - The Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 167 oil workers.
- 1988 - Carlos Salinas wins controversial Mexican presidential election.
- 1989 - At 01:23:45 AM, the time and date by British reckoning was 01:23:45 6/7/89. This was also true 12 hours later excepting 24-hour time.
- 2003 - The Corsicans rejected a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very thin majority: 50.98 percent against, and 49.02 percent for.
- 2004 - The New York Post erroneously reports that Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry has selected Dick Gephardt as his running mate.
- 2005 - International Olympic Committee announces that London wins bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.
- 2005 - Time Magazine reporter Matt Cooper agrees to testify to a grand jury that Karl Rove revealed to him Valerie Plame's secret CIA identity.
- 2005 - Bob Geldof and Bono meet with the G8 in Gleneagles to discuss increasing aid to Africa. Afterwards, both make appearances at the Edinburgh 50,000 concert, a last concert in the Live 8 series.

Births

- 1686 - Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (d. 1758)
- 1766 - Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born poet, ornithologist, naturalist, and painter (d. 1813)
- 1785 - William Jackson Hooker, English botanist (d. 1865)
- 1796 - Tsar Nicholas I of Russia (d. 1855)
- 1817 - Albert von Kölliker, Swiss anatomist (d. 1905)
- 1818 - Adolf Anderssen, German chess player (d. 1879)
- 1838 - Vatroslav Jagic, Croatian scholar (d. 1923)
- 1859 - Verner von Heidenstam, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
- 1884 - Harold Vanderbilt, American businessman (b. 1884)
- 1898 - Hanns Eisler, German composer (d. 1962)
- 1903 - Hugo Theorell, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1982)
- 1907 - Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter (d. 1954)
- 1918 - Sebastian Cabot, English actor (d. 1977)
- 1919 - Ernst Haefliger, Swiss tenor
- 1921 - Nancy Reagan, actress and First Lady of the United States
- 1923 - Wojciech Jaruzelski, President of Poland
- 1925 - Merv Griffin, American game show developer and television show host
- 1925 - Bill Haley, American singer (Bill Haley and the Comets) (d. 1981)
- 1927 - Hein Donner, Dutch chess player
- 1927 - Janet Leigh, American actress (d. 2004)
- 1927 - Pat Paulsen, American comedian and Presidential candidate (d. 1997)
- 1931 - Della Reese, American singer and actress
- 1935 - Tenzin Gyatso, fourteenth Dalai Lama, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1936 - Dave Allen, Irish comedian (d. 2005)
- 1937 - Vladimir Ashkenazy, Russian pianist and conductor
- 1937 - Ned Beatty, American actor
- 1946 - George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States
- 1946 - Sylvester Stallone, American actor
- 1951 - Geoffrey Rush, Australian actor
- 1953 - Nanci Griffith, American singer and songwriter
- 1958 - Jennifer Saunders, British actress and comedian
- 1959 - Richard Dacoury, French basketball player
- 1967 - Heather Nova, West Indian-born guitarist and singer
- 1969 - Fernando Redondo, Argentine footballer
- 1970 - Inspectah Deck, American rapper
- 1975 - 50 Cent, American rapper
- 1978 - Tia Mowry and Tamera Mowry, Twin German actresses
- 1983 - Gregory Smith, Canadian actor

Deaths

- 1189 - King Henry II of England (b. 1133)
- 1218 - Eudes III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1166)
- 1249 - King Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1198)
- 1415 - Jan Hus, Bohemian reformer (burned at the stake) (b. 1369)
- 1476 - Regiomantus, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1436)
- 1480 - Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer (b. 1416)
- 1533 - Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474)
- 1535 - Sir Thomas More, English writer and philosopher (executed) (b. 1478)
- 1553 - King Edward VI of England (b. 1537)
- 1583 - Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1585 - Thomas Aufield, English Catholic martyr (b. 1552)
- 1684 - Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (b. 1614)
- 1758 - George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe, British general (killed in battle)
- 1711 - James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, Scottish politician (b. 1662)
- 1762 - Tsar Peter III of Russia (murdered) (b. 1728)
- 1768 - Conrad Beissel, German-born religious leader
- 1835 - John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1755)
- 1854 - Georg Ohm, German physicist
- 1893 - Guy de Maupassant, French author (b. 1850)
- 1902 - St. Maria Goretti, French saint (b. 1890)
- 1916 - Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840)
- 1932 - Kenneth Grahame, English children's author (b. 1859)
- 1960 - Aneurin Bevan, British politician (b. 1897)
- 1961 - Woodall Rodgers, mayor of Dallas, Texas (b. 1890)
- 1962 - William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- 1962 - Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (b. 1872)
- 1966 - Sad Sam Jones, baseball player (b. 1892)
- 1971 - Louis Armstrong, American musician (b. 1901)
- 1973 - Otto Klemperer, German conductor (b. 1885)
- 1982 - Bob Johnson, baseball player (b. 1905)
- 1986 - Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician (b. 1908)
- 1989 - János Kádár, Hungarian politician (b. 1912)
- 1998 - Roy Rogers, American cowboy actor and singer (b. 1911)
- 1999 - Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (b. 1901)
- 2002 - Dhirubhai Ambani, Indian businessman (b. 1932)
- 2002 - John Frankenheimer, American film director (b. 1930)
- 2003 - Buddy Ebsen, American actor (b. 1908)
- 2004 - Thomas Klestil, President of Austria (b. 1932)
- 2005 - L. Patrick Gray III, American director of the Fed