:: wikimiki.org ::

Mercury-Atlas 1

Mercury-Atlas 1

Mercury-Atlas 1 (MA-1) was launched at 13:13 UTC on July 29, 1960 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Mercury spacecraft was unmanned and carried no launch escape system. The mission was to do a suborbital test flight and reentry of the spacecraft. The capsule had live posigrade separation rockets, but dummy retro rockets. The Atlas rocket suffered a structural failure 58 seconds after launch. The vehicle at that time was at approximately an altitude of 30,000 feet (9.1 km) and 11,000 feet (3.4 km) down range. The rocket suffered a failure near where the spacecraft adapter attaches to the Atlas. The rocket and capsule impacted the Atlantic Ocean, broke up and sank. The capsule and portions of the rocket were recovered from the ocean bottom and reconstructed for study. The capsule reached an apogee of 13 km and flew 9.6 km downrange. The flight lasted 3 minutes and 18 seconds. Capsule weight 1,154 kg. Serial numbers: Atlas 50-D, Mercury spacecraft #4. Pieces of Mercury spacecraft # 4, used in the Mercury-Atlas 1 mission, are currently displayed at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, Hutchinson, KS. [http://aesp.nasa.okstate.edu/fieldguide/pages/mercury/MA-1.html Mercury spacecraft # 4 display page on A Field Guide to American Spacecraft website.]

Reference

- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury - NASA SP-4201]
- [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/sc-query.html NASA NSSDC Master Catalog]

Category:Mercury program

Project Mercury

Project Mercury was the United States first successful manned spaceflight program. It ran from 1959 through 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the Earth. Early planning and research was carried out by NACA, while the program was officially carried out by the newly created NASA. The name Mercury comes from the Roman god (it is also the name of the innermost planet of the solar system). The Mercury program cost $1.5 billion in 1994 dollars. See NASA Budget.

Spacecraft

__NOTOC__ Mercury spacecraft (also called a capsule or space capsule) were very small one-man vehicles; it was said that the Mercury spacecraft were not ridden, they were worn. Only 1.7 cubic meters in volume, the Mercury capsule was barely big enough to include its pilot. Inside were 120 controls: 55 electrical switches, 30 fuses and 35 mechanical levers. The spacecraft was designed by Max Faget and NASA's Space Task Group. During the launch phase of the mission, the Mercury spacecraft and astronaut were protected from launch vehicle failures by the Launch Escape System. The LES consisted of a solid fuel, 52,000 lbf (231 kN) thrust rocket mounted on a tower above the spacecraft. In the event of a launch abort, the LES fired for 1 second, pulling the Mercury spacecraft away from a defective launch vehicle. The spacecraft would then descend on its parachute recovery system. After booster engine cutoff (BECO), the LES was no longer needed and was separated from the spacecraft by a solid fuel, 800 lbf (3.6 kN) thrust jettison rocket, that fired for 1.5 seconds. To separate the Mercury spacecraft from the launch vehicle, the spacecraft fired three small solid fuel, 400 lbf (1.8 kN) thrust rockets for 1 second. These rockets are called the Posigrade rockets. The spacecraft had only attitude control thrusters. After orbit insertion and before retrofire they could not change their orbit. The spacecraft had three sets of control jets for each axis (yaw, pitch and roll), supplied from two separate fuel tanks. An automatic set of high and low powered jets and a set of manual jets, fueled from either the automatic tank or the manual tank. The pilot could use any one of the three thruster systems and fuel them from either of the two fuel tanks to provide spacecraft attitude control. The Mercury spacecraft were designed to be totally controllable from the ground in the event that the space environment impaired the pilot's ability to function. The spacecraft had three solid fuel, 1000 lbf (4.5 kN) thrust retrorockets that fired for 10 seconds each. One was sufficient to return the spacecraft to earth if the other two failed. The first retro was fired, five seconds later the second was fired (while the first was still firing). Five seconds after that, the third retro fires (while the second retro is still firing). This is called ripple firing. There was a small metal flap at the nose of the spacecraft called the "spoiler". If the spacecraft started to reenter nose first (another stable reentry attitude for the capsule), airflow over the "spoiler" would flip the spacecraft around to the proper, heatshield first reentry attitude. Suborbital Mercury capsules encountered lower reentry temperatures and used beryllium heat-sink heat shields. Orbital missions encountered much higher atmospheric friction and temperatures during reentry and used ablative shields. NASA ordered 20 production spacecraft, numbered 1 through 20, from McDonnell Aircraft Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Five of the twenty spacecraft were not flown. They were, Spacecraft #10, 12, 15, 17, and 19. Two unmanned spacecraft were destroyed during flights. They were Spacecraft #3 and #4. Spacecraft #11 sank and was recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean after 38 years. Some spacecraft were modified after initial production (refurbished after launch abort, modified for longer missions, etc) and received a letter designation after their number, examples 2B, 15B. Some spacecraft were modified twice, example, spacecraft 15 became 15A and then 15B. A number of boilerplate spacecraft (mockup/prototype/replica spacecraft, made from non-flight materials or lacking production spacecraft systems and/or hardware) were also made by NASA and McDonnell Aircraft and used in numerous tests, including launches.

Boosters

ablative The Mercury program used three boosters: Little Joe, Redstone, and Atlas. Little Joe was used to test the escape tower and abort procedures. Redstone was used for suborbital flights, and Atlas for orbital ones. Starting in October, 1958, Jupiter missiles were also considered as suborbital launch vehicles for the Mercury program, but were cut from the program in July, 1959 due to budget constraints. The Atlas boosters required extra strengthening in order to handle the increased weight of the Mercury capsules beyond that of the nuclear warheads they were designed to carry. Little Joe was a solid-propellant booster designed specially for the Mercury program. The Titan missile was also considered for use for later Mercury missions, however the Mercury program was terminated before these missions were flown. The Titan was used for the Gemini program which followed Mercury

Astronauts

Gemini program The first Americans to venture into space were drawn from a group of 110 military pilots chosen for their flight test experience and because they met certain physical requirements. Seven of those 110 became astronauts in April 1959. Six of the seven flew Mercury missions (Deke Slayton was removed from flight status due to a heart condition). Beginning with Alan Shepard's Freedom 7 flight, the astronauts named their own spacecraft, and all added 7 to the name to acknowledge the teamwork of their fellow astronauts Mercury had seven prime astronauts, all former military test pilots, known as the Mercury 7. NASA announced the selection of these astronauts on April 9, 1959.
- M. Scott Carpenter (1925-)
- L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. (1927-2004)
- John H. Glenn. Jr. (1921-)
(first American to orbit the earth)
- Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom (1926-1967)
- Walter M. Schirra, Jr. (1923-)
- Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (1923-1998)
(first American in space)
- Donald K. "Deke" Slayton (1924-1993)
(grounded in 1962 due to irregular heartbeat, reinstated in 1972 and later flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975)

Flights

The program included 20 robotic launches. Not all of these were intended to reach space and not all were successful in completing their objectives. The fifth flight in 1959 launched a monkey named Sam (a rhesus monkey named after the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine) into space. Other non-human space-farers were Miss Sam (a rhesus monkey), Ham and Enos, both chimpanzees. The Mercury program used the following launch vehicles:
- Little Joe - Suborbital, robotic, and primate flights. Launch escape system tests
- Redstone - Suborbital robotic, primate and piloted orbital flights.
- Atlas - Suborbital robotic, robotic, primate, and piloted orbital flights.

Robotic

- Mercury-Jupiter - Cancelled in July, 1959 - Proposed suborbital launch vehicle for Mercury. Not flown.
- Little Joe 1 - August 21, 1959 - test of launch escape system during flight
- Big Joe 1 - September 9, 1959 - test of heat shield and Atlas / spacecraft interface
- Little Joe 6 - October 4, 1959 - Test of capsule aerodynamics and integrity
- Little Joe 1A - November 4, 1959 - test of launch escape system during flight
- Little Joe 2 - December 4, 1959 - carried Sam the monkey to 85 kilometres in altitude
- Little Joe 1B - January 21, 1960 - carried Miss Sam the monkey to 9.3 statute miles (15 kilometres) in altitude
- Beach Abort - May 9, 1960 - test of the Off-The-Pad abort system
- Mercury-Atlas 1 - July 29, 1960 - first flight of Mercury spacecraft and Atlas Booster
- Little Joe 5 - November 8, 1960 - first flight of a production Mercury spacecraft
- Mercury-Redstone 1 - November 21, 1960 - Launched 4 inches (100 mm). Settled back on pad due to electrical malfunction
- Mercury-Redstone 1A - December 19, 1960 - first flight of Mercury spacecraft and Redstone booster
- Mercury-Redstone 2 - January 31, 1961 - carried Ham the Chimpanzee on suborbital flight
- Mercury-Atlas 2 - February 21, 1961 - test of Mercury spacecraft and Atlas Booster
- Little Joe 5A - March 18, 1961 - test of the launch escape system during the most severe conditions of a launch
- Mercury-Redstone BD - March 24, 1961 - Redstone Booster Development - test flight
- Mercury-Atlas 3 - April 25, 1961 - test of Mercury spacecraft and Atlas Booster
- Little Joe 5B - April 28, 1961 - test of the launch escape system during the most severe conditions of a launch
- Mercury-Atlas 4 - September 13, 1961 - test of Mercury spacecraft and Atlas Booster
- Mercury-Scout 1 - November 1, 1961 - test of Mercury tracking network
- Mercury-Atlas 5 - November 29, 1961 - carried Enos the Chimpanzee on a two orbit flight

Primate flights

- Little Joe 2 - December 4, 1959 - carried Sam the monkey to 85 kilometres in altitude
- Little Joe 1B - January 21, 1960 - carried Miss Sam the monkey to 9.3 statute miles (15 kilometres) in altitude
- Mercury-Redstone 2 - January 31, 1961 - carried Ham the Chimpanzee on suborbital flight
- Mercury-Atlas 5 - November 29, 1961 - carried Enos the Chimpanzee on a two orbit flight

Piloted

Suborbital

- Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7) - 5 May 1961 - Alan Shepard
- Mercury-Redstone 4 (Liberty Bell 7) - 21 July 1961 - Gus Grissom

Orbital

- Mercury Atlas 6 (Friendship 7) - 20 February 1962 - John Glenn
- Mercury-Atlas 7 (Aurora 7) - 24 May 1962 - Scott Carpenter (replaced Deke Slayton)
- Mercury-Atlas 8 (Sigma 7) - 3 October 1962 - Wally Schirra
- Mercury-Atlas 9 (Faith 7) - 15 May 1963 - Gordon Cooper
- Mercury-Atlas 10 (Freedom 7-II) - October 1963 - Cancelled June 13, 1963 1963 1963

Piloted Mercury launches

1963

Mercury Flight insignias

Flight patches are available to the public that purport to be patches from various Mercury missions. In reality, these patches were designed long after the Mercury program ended by private entrepreneurs. When genuine flight patches were created by crews in the Gemini program, this caused a public demand for Mercury flight patches, which was filled by these private entrepreneurs. The only patches the Mercury astronauts wore were the NASA logo and a name tag. Each manned Mercury spacecraft, however, was decorated with a flight insignia. These are the genuine Mercury flight insignias. They were approved by the Mercury astronauts and painted on their spacecraft. Each flight insignia is illustrated in the photo above.

Follow-on programs

Miscellaneous

The Mercury astronauts trained, in part, at Langley Air Force Base in Hampton, Virginia, under Flight Surgeon William K. Douglas and Keith G. Lindell (COL, USAF). Several bridges throughout the city bear the name of the Mercury astronauts, and the main route in the city is named Mercury Boulevard, honoring the Mercury program. The names of five of the Mercury astronauts are also commemorated in the popular 1960s TV show Thunderbirds. In the series, Jeff Tracy, the founder of the fictional International Rescue organisation, is a millionaire ex-astronaut who has named his five sons -- Scott, Virgil, Alan, John and Gordon -- after the real-life Mercury astronauts.

External links

- [http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/mercury/mercury.htm The Mercury Project (Kennedy Space Center)]
- [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4001/contents.htm Project Mercury A Chronology (Prepared by James M. Grimwood)]
- [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4003/cover.htm Space Medicine In Project Mercury By Mae Mills Link]
- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/mercury.html Project Mercury Drawings and Technical Diagrams]
- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/diagrams.htm Technical Diagrams and Drawings]
- [http://www.geocities.com/atlas_missile/mercury.htm Mercury-Atlas Diagrams]
- [http://projectmercury5.moonport.org Project Mercury Simulator for the PC (Orbiter)]
- [http://youarego.com Project Mercury Simulator for the Mac]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670028606_1967028606.pdf The Mercury Redstone Project (PDF) December 1964]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740076527_1974076527.pdf Project Mercury familiarization manual (PDF) November 1961]
- [http://www.ibiblio.org/mscorbit/document.html Various PDFs of historical Mercury documents including familiarization manuals.] Category:Manned spacecraft Category:Human spaceflight programmes
- ja:マーキュリー計画

July 29

July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining.

Events

- 1014 - Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
- 1030 - King Olaf II fights and dies in the Battle of Stiklestad, trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
- 1567 - James VI is crowned King of Scotland at Stirling.
- 1588 - Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, France.
- 1693 - War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Landen - France wins a Pyrrhic victory over Allied forces in the Netherlands.
- 1793 - John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there.
- 1848 - "Deşteaptă-te, române!" ("Wake up, O, Romania!", Romania's national anthem) is first sung in Râmnicu Vâlcea during the 1848 Revolution.
- 1848 - Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt - In Tipperary, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put down by police.
- 1851 - Annibale de Gasparis discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
- 1858 - United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC.
- 1899 - The First Hague Convention is signed.
- 1900 - In Italy, King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci.
- 1907 - Sir Robert Baden-Powell founds the Boy Scouts with the first scout camp at Brownsea Island.
- 1920 - Construction of the Link River Dam begins as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project.
- 1932 - Great Depression: In Washington, DC, U.S. troops disperse the last of the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans.
- 1945 - The BBC Light Programme radio station was launched for mainstream light entertainment and music.
- 1947 - After being shut off on November 9, 1946 for a memory upgrade, ENIAC, the world's first all-electronic digital computer, is reactivated. It will remain in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.
- 1948 - After a hiatus of 12 years caused by World War II, the first Summer Olympics opened in London, United Kingdom.
- 1954 - The Fellowship of the Ring, the first part of The Lord of the Rings, is published in the UK.
- 1957 - The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.
- 1958 - The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
- 1965 - Vietnam War: The first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrive in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay.
- 1966 - Musician Bob Dylan crashes his Triumph motorcycle in upstate New York. He goes into seclusion for over a year before reemerging and reinventing himself artistically.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Off the coast of North Vietnam the USS Forrestal catches on fire in the worst US naval disaster since World War II, killing 134.
- 1967 - At the fourth day of celebrating its 400th anniversary, the city of Caracas, Venezuela was shaken by an earthquake. The phenomenon lasted for 35 seconds, leaving approximately 500 deaths.
- 1976 - In New York City, the "Son of Sam" kills one person and seriously wounding another in the first of a series of attacks.
- 1981 - Lady Diana Spencer marries Charles, Prince of Wales.
- 1993 - The Israeli Supreme Court acquits accused Nazi death camp guard John Demjanjuk of all charges and he is set free.
- 1996 - The controversial child protection portion of the Communications Decency Act (1996) is struck down as too broad by a U.S. federal court.
- 2004 - U.S. Senator John F. Kerry of Massachusetts accepts the Democratic nomination for President of the United States at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.
- 2005 - System Administrator Appreciation Day
- 2005 - Astronomers discover 10th planet.

Births

- 1166 - Henry II of Champagne (d. 1197)
- 1605 - Simon Dach, German poet (d. 1659)
- 1801 - George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
- 1805 - Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian and political scientist (d. 1859)
- 1843 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (d. 1901)
- 1849 - Max Nordau, Austrian author, philosopher, and Zionist leader (d. 1923)
- 1865 - Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (d. 1936)
- 1869 - Booth Tarkington, American author (d. 1946)
- 1872 - Eric Alfred Knudsen, American author, folklorist (d. 1957)
- 1874 - James Shaver Woodsworth, Canadian minister, social worker, and politician (d. 1942)
- 1876 - Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian-born actress (d. 1949)
- 1878 - Don Marquis, American author (d. 1937)
- 1883 - Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (d. 1942)
- 1883 - Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator (d. 1945)
- 1884 - Ralph A. Bard, U.S. Navy Undersecretary (d. 1975)
- 1887 - Sigmund Romberg, Hungarian-born composer (d. 1951)
- 1892 - William Powell, American actor (d. 1984)
- 1897 - Sir Neil Ritchie, British general (d. 1983)
- 1898 - Isidor Isaac Rabi, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
- 1900 - Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
- 1904 - J. R. D. Tata, Indian pioneer aviator and entrepreneur (d. 1993)
- 1905 - Clara Bow, American actress (d. 1965)
- 1905 - Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish UN Secretary-General, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1961)
- 1905 - Stanley Kunitz, American poet
- 1905 - Thelma Todd, American actress (d. 1935)
- 1906 - Diana Vreeland, French-born fashion editor (d. 1989)
- 1907 - Melvin Belli, American lawyer and actor (d. 1996)
- 1913 - Erich Priebke, Nazi war criminal
- 1920 - Rodolfo Acosta, Mexican actor (d. 1974)
- 1924 - Lloyd Bochner, Canadian actor
- 1925 - Mikis Theodorakis, Greek composer
- 1927 - Harry Mulisch, Dutch author
- 1929 - Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher
- 1930 - Paul Taylor, American dancer and choreographer
- 1932 - Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker, U.S. Senator
- 1935 - Peter Schreier, German tenor
- 1936 - Elizabeth Dole, U.S. senator
- 1937 - Daniel McFadden, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1938 - Peter Jennings, Canadian-born television journalist (d. 2005)
- 1941 - David Warner, Canadian actor
- 1942 - Tony Sirico, American actor
- 1943 - David Taylor, English snooker player
- 1949 - Vida Blue, baseball player
- 1953 - Ken Burns, American producer and director
- 1953 - Geddy Lee, Canadian musician (Rush)
- 1957 - Nelli Kim, Russian gymnast
- 1959 - Sanjay Dutt, Indian actor
- 1959 - Ruud Janssen, Dutch writer and artist
- 1965 - Chang-Rae Lee, Korean-born author
- 1966 - Martina McBride, American singer
- 1972 - Wil Wheaton, American actor
- 1973 - Stephen Dorff, American actor
- 1973 - Wanya Morris, American singer Boyz II Men
- 1979 - Abs Breen, English singer
- 1980 - Fernando Gonzalez, Chilean Tennis Player
- 1981 - Fernando Alonso, Spanish race car driver
- 1987 - Randy S. Mays Jr., Student at the University of Pittsburgh

Deaths

- 238 - Pupienus, Roman Emperor (assassinated)
- 238 - Balbinus, Roman Emperor (assassinated)
- 1030 - King Olaf II of Norway (b. 995)
- 1099 - Pope Urban II (b. 1042)
- 1108 - King Philip I of France (b. 1081)
- 1507 - Martin Behaim, German-born navigator and geographer (b. 1459)
- 1612 - Jacques Bongars, French scholar and diplomat (b. 1554)
- 1644 - Pope Urban VIII (b. 1568)
- 1752 - Peter Warren, British admiral
- 1792 - René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (b. 1714)
- 1813 - Jean-Andoche Junot, French general (suicide) (b. 1771)
- 1833 - William Wilberforce, English campaigner against slavery (b. 1759)
- 1844 - Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1791)
- 1856 - Robert Schumann, German composer (b. 1810)
- 1887 - Agostino Depretis, Italian statesman (d. 1813)
- 1890 - Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (b. 1853)
- 1900 - King Umberto I of Italy (b. 1844)
- 1913 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
- 1951 - Hozumi Shigeto, Japanese author (b. 1883)
- 1954 - Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (b. 1879)
- 1970 - John Barbirolli, English conductor (b. 1899)
- 1970 - George Szell, Hungarian conductor (b. 1897)
- 1974 - Cass Elliot, American musician (b. 1941)
- 1974 - Erich Kästner, German author (b. 1899)
- 1975 - James Blish, American writer (b. 1921)
- 1979 - Herbert Marcuse, German philosopher (b. 1898)
- 1979 - Bill Todman, American television producer (b. 1916)
- 1981 - Robert Moses, New York public works official (b. 1888)
- 1982 - Vladimir Zworykin, Russian physicist and inventor (b. 1889)
- 1983 - Luis Buñuel, Spanish director (b. 1900)
- 1983 - Raymond Massey, Canadian actor (b. 1896)
- 1983 - David Niven, English actor (b. 1910)
- 1984 - Fred Waring, American band leader and inventor (b. 1900)
- 1990 - Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1911)
- 1994 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
- 1996 - Jason Thirsk, American bassist (Pennywise) (b. 1967)
- 2001 - Edward Gierek, Polish politician (b. 1913)
- 2001 - Wau Holland, German hacker (b. 1951]])
- 2001 - Henryk Jablonski, President of Poland (b. 1909)
- 2003 - Foday Sankoh, Sierra Leonean rebel leader (b. 1937)
- 2004 - Rena Vlahopoulou, Greek comedienne and actress (b. 1923)

Holidays and observations

- Norway - St. Olav's Day
- Roman Catholic Church - Feast of Saint Olaf (Olaf II of Norway), patron of woodcarvers
- Roman Catholic Church - Feast of Saint Martha, sister of Lazarus, patron of cooks and dieticians
- Faroe Islands - Ólavsøka: opening of the Løgting session
- National Anthem Day in Romania

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/29 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 28 - July 30 - June 29 - August 29 -- listing of all days ko:7월 29일 ms:29 Julai ja:7月29日 simple:July 29 th:29 กรกฎาคม

Cape Canaveral

Cape Canaveral is a strip of land in Brevard County, Florida, United States, near the center of that state's Atlantic coast. It is part of a region known as the Space Coast, and is the site of the Kennedy Space Center, and the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Most United States spacecraft are launched from either one of these sites. It sits due east of Merritt Island, separated from it by the Banana River. From 1963 to 1973 it was called Cape Kennedy: President John F. Kennedy was an enthusiastic backer of the space program, and after his assassination in 1963, his widow Jacqueline Kennedy suggested to President Lyndon Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral space facility would be an appropriate memorial. However, Johnson recommended the renaming not just of the facility, but of the entire cape. Accordingly, Cape Canaveral was renamed Cape Kennedy. Although the name change was approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names of the Interior Department in 1964, it was not popular in Florida and in 1973 the state passed a law restoring the former 400-year-old name and the Board went along. The people of the city of Cape Canaveral, Florida, had particularly pressed to change it back. The Kennedy family issued a letter stating they "understood the decision"; Jacqueline Kennedy also stated if she had known that the Canaveral name had existed for 400 years, she never would have supported changing the name of the Cape. The space center retains the name Kennedy. In addition to the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral is the site of an air force base, a nineteenth-century lighthouse, and the city of Cape Canaveral. The first rocket launch from the Cape was Bumper 8 from Launch Pad 3 on 24 July, 1950. On February 6, 1959 the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile was accomplished here. All manned US spaceflights have launched from Cape Canaveral. Cape Canaveral was chosen for rocket launches to take advantage of the earth's rotation. At the equator, the centrifugal force of earth's rotation is the maximum. The direction of earth's rotation is such that to take advantage of the rotation, rockets should be launched eastward. It is also highly desirable to have the downrange area sparsely populated, ideally an ocean, in case of accidents. Thus rockets should be launched from a continent's east coast as close to the equator as possible. For the United States, Florida is the most southerly east coast location. The name "Canaveral" (Cañaveral in Spanish) was given to the area by Spanish explorers, and it literally means "canebrake". It can be interpreted as "Cape of Canes."

Seen in

Cape Canaveral has been seen in The Simpsons and in Fur Fighters, known as Cape Canardo.

External links

- [http://www.spaceline.org/capehistory.html History of Cape Canaveral]
- [http://www.myflorida.com/cape/ City of Cape Canaveral, FL]
- [http://www.terraserver-usa.com/image.aspx?T=1&S=16&Z=17&X=42&Y=245&W=1&qs=%7cCape+Canaveral%7c%7c Microsoft Terra Server image of Cape Canaveral and surroundings]
- [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Cape+Canaveral,+FL&ll=28.467636,-80.553474&spn=0.156384,0.225563&t=k Google Maps imagery]
- [http://www.discoverbrevard.com/CapeCanaveral.php/ Discover Cape Canaveral, FL]
- [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_440.html The Straight Dope: Why did they change the name of Cape Kennedy back to Cape Canaveral?] Canaveral th:แหลมแคนาเวอรัล

Suborbital

A sub-orbital spaceflight (or sub-orbital flight) is a spaceflight that does not involve putting a vehicle into orbit. Manned and unmanned sub-orbital flights have been undertaken to test spacecraft and launch vehicles intended for later orbital flight, but some vehicles have been designed exclusively to reach space sub-orbitally: manned vehicles such as the X-15 and SpaceShipOne, and unmanned ones such as ICBMs and sounding rockets. The sub-orbital spaceflight should not be confused with a partial orbital spaceflight: a low Earth orbit, with deorbiting after less than one full orbit, as in the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System.

Overview

During freefall the trajectory is part of an elliptic orbit as given by the orbital equation. The perigee distance is less than the radius of the Earth, hence the ellipse intersects the Earth. The major axis is vertical, the semi-major axis is more than one half of the radius of the Earth, and almost always less than the radius. If the objective is just to reach space, sub-orbital flights are appealing because this is very much easier (it simply means going higher than the edge of space) than to achieve orbit (which requires a velocity of about 8 km/s (18,000 mph)). A dedicated sub-orbital spacecraft can therefore be built and operated much more cheaply than an orbital spacecraft. Less powerful sub-orbital craft may not reach speeds much higher than around 1.1 km/s to 1.3 km/s (2,500-3,000 mph). However, for intercontinental ballistic space flights, like that of an ICBM, or a possible future commercial spacecraft, a typical speed is / might be 7 km/s For more information on the difference between sub-orbital and orbital spaceflights, refer to the article Difference between sub-orbital and orbital spaceflights.

Flight profiles

While there are a great many possible sub-orbital flight profiles, it is expected that some will be more common than others.

Tourist flights

Sub-orbital tourist flights will initially focus on attaining the altitude required to qualify as reaching space. The flight path will probably be either vertical or very steep, with the spacecraft landing back at its take-off site. The spacecraft will probably shut off its engines well before reaching maximum altutude, and then coast up to its highest point. During a few minutes, from the point when the engines are shut off to the point where the craft begins to slow its descent for landing, the passengers will experience weightlessness. In 2004, a number of companies worked on vehicles in this class as entrants to the Ansari X Prize competition. SpaceShipOne was officially declared by Rick Searfoss to have won the competition on October_4,2004 after completing two flights within a two week period.

Scientific experiments

Another potentially large market is research payloads. Often researchers want to run experiments in microgravity or above the atmosphere. There have reportedly been several offers from researchers to launch experiments on SpaceShipOne, which have been turned down until the next version of the vehicle[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3722596.stm].

Intercontinental flights

Another possibly lucrative market for sub-orbital spacecraft is intercontinental flight. Research, such as that done for the X-20 Dyna-Soar project suggests that a semi-ballistic sub-orbital flight could travel from Europe to North America in less than an hour. Due to the high cost, this is likely to be initially limited to high value cargo such as courier flights, or as the ultimate business jet.

Reaching for orbit

Commercial spacecraft operators may use sub-orbital flights to allow a constant progression towards full orbital flight. The test craft will reach higher and higher velocities until they reach low earth orbit. There is considerable debate about the validity of this approach, however, as the scale of the two problems (sub-orbital and orbital flight) are very different. Still, winged, single stage to orbit designs like Skylon do exist, so it might not be a totally unreasonable approach.

History of manned sub-orbital spaceflight

- U.S. — X-15, 1963, Joseph A. Walker — two flights above 100km altitude
- U.S. — Mercury-Redstone 3 & Mercury-Redstone 4, 1961, Alan Shepard & Virgil Grissom
- U.S.S.R. — Soyuz 18a, 1975, Vasili Lazarev & Oleg Makarov — launch emergency caused suborbital flight
- U.S. (private) — SpaceShipOne, 2004, Mike Melvill & Brian Binnie — Ansari X-Prize winner

Future of manned sub-orbital spaceflight

Privately-held companies such as Blue Origin are taking an interest in sub-orbital spaceflight, due in part to ventures like the Ansari X Prize. NASA and others are experimenting with scramjet based hypersonic aircraft which may well be used with flight profiles that qualify as sub-orbital spaceflight.

Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center

The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center is a museum and educational facility in Hutchinson, Kansas that is best known for the display and restoration of space artifacts. Founded by Patricia Carey as the Hutchinson Planetarium, the Cosmosphere began in 1962 as a planetarium on the Kansas State Fair grounds. In 1966, the Hutchinson Planetarium moved to the campus of Hutchinson Community College to the newly constructed Science and Arts Building. Due to growing popularity, initial expansion started in 1976 and was completed in 1980, with further expansion taking place in the second half of the 1990's. The current facility includes an IMAX Dome theatre (originally OMNIMAX), the Justice Planetarium, and the 2nd largest collection of US space artifacts in the world (second only to the National Air and Space Museum). Dr. Goddard's Lab is now housed in the original planetarium and presents daily shows on how rockets work. The Cosmosphere also has the largest collection of Russian space artifacts outside of Moscow. The Cosmosphere is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution. Educational programs include the Future Astronaut Training Program, a 5-day summer camp for middle school and high school students, an Elderhostel program, and several 1-day or single overnight camp options for elementary school students based on grade level. Adults can also attend the 3-day Adult Astronaut Experience program. Included in the collection at the Cosmosphere are an SR-71 Blackbird, the Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft from Mercury 4 and the Odyssey command module from Apollo 13, as well as replica Redstone and Titan II launch vehicles used in the Mercury and Gemini programs. Restored versions of World War II V-1 and V-2 rockets are also on display. Other notable artifacts include the Emmy Award won by the Apollo 8 mission and numerous prototype spacesuits. Additionally, the Cosmosphere's Space Works built much of the replicated spacecraft hardware seen in the movies Apollo 13, "From the Earth to the Moon", and Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D.

External link

- [http://www.cosmo.org/ Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center official site] Category:Museums in Kansas Category:Science museums Category:Aerospace museums
- Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center

Hutchinson, Kansas

Hutchinson is the largest city and county seat of Reno County, Kansas. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 40,787. Hutchinson's nickname is The Salt city.

Geography

Salt Hutchinson is located at 38°3'56" North, 97°55'25" West (38.065503, -97.923519). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 54.9 km² (21.2 mi²). 54.7 km² (21.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.33% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 40,787 people, 16,335 households, and 10,340 families residing in the city. The population density is 746.0/km² (1,932.6/mi²). There are 17,693 housing units at an average density of 323.6/km² (838.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 88.57% White, 4.28% African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.65% from other races, and 2.21% from two or more races. 7.67% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 16,335 households out of which 28.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% are married couples living together, 10.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% are non-families. 31.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.31 and the average family size is 2.91. In the city the population is spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.5 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,645, and the median income for a family is $40,094. Males have a median income of $30,994 versus $21,190 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,964. 12.7% of the population and 9.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 16.5% of those under the age of 18 and 9.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

History

Hutchinson was incorporated on August 15, 1872. On Jan 17, 2001, 143 million cubic feet of compressed natural gas leaked from the nearby [http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/Hutch/GasStorage/yaggy.html Yaggy storage field]. It migrated underground, then rose to the surface through old brine wells creating around 15 gas blowholes. An explosion in the downtown area at 10:45 a.m. destroyed two businesses and damaged 26 others. An explosion the next day in a mobile-home park killed two people. [http://www.accesskansas.org/ksadjutantgeneral/News%20Releases/2001/01-012.htm] [http://www.fema.gov/emanagers/2001/nat020101.shtm] [http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/Hutch/]

Industry

Salt was discovered in Reno County by Sam Blanchard on September 26, 1887. This gave rise to the first salt processing plants west of the Mississippi River. Salt was originally extracted using the evaporation method by pumping water into brine wells. In 1923, the [http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1918ks/bioc/careye.html Carey Salt] Company opened the first and only salt mine in Hutchinson, which then produced rock salt. That mine is still in use today and is now operated by Cargill. Excavated portions of the mine are used for archival storage of movie and television masters and permanent business records. [http://www.uvsinc.com/ Underground Vaults & Storage] currently houses the masters for The Wizard of Oz (1939), Gone with the Wind (1939) and Star Wars (1977) amongst many others.[http://www.bellaonline.com/Article.asp?id=1616] The world's largest and longest grain elevator was built in Hutchinson in 1961. The bakery and dairy for Dillons grocery stores are located in Hutchinson.

Points of Interest

- Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center
- Kansas State Fair
- Kansas Underground Salt Museum
- Hutchinson Correctional Facility, state prison
- Prairie Dunes Country Club, host of the 2002 U.S. Women's Open and 2006 U.S. Senior Open golf championships.

Notable Natives

- Jamie Carey, basketball star
- William Stafford, poet

External links

;Official websites :
- [http://www.ci.hutchinson.ks.us/ Hutchinson]
- [http://www.undergroundmuseum.org/home.html Kansas Underground Salt Museum]
- [http://www.prairiedunes.com/ Prairie Dunes]
- [http://www.ku.edu/heritage/towns/hutchinson.html City of Hutchinson] from Kansas Community Networks
- [http://www.ku.edu/heritage/towns/hutchist.html Hutchinson, Kansas History] ;Maps, photos, and other images Category:Cities in Kansas Category:Reno County, Kansas Category:Edible salt

Luddismus

Der Luddismus (abwertend "Maschinenstürmerei") ist einer der großen Kampfzyklen der englischen Arbeiterklasse Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Ludditen waren Textilarbeiter, die gegen die Verschlechterung ihrer Lebensbedingungen im Zuge der Industriellen Revolution kämpften und dabei auch gezielt Maschinen zerstörten. Die nach ihrem legendären Anführer Ned Ludd benannte Bewegung wurde bis 1814 militärisch niedergeschlagen. Zahlreiche Beteiligte wurden hingerichtet oder nach Australien deportiert.

Ned Ludd

Aufrufe der Ludditen waren ungeachtet der eigentlichen Urheberschaft häufig mit Ned Ludd (oder auch King Ludd, General Ludd, Captain Ludd) unterzeichnet. Ned Ludd fungierte als fiktiver Anführer der Ludditen und kollektives Pseudonym der unterschiedlichen Gruppen.

Geschichte

Die Bewegung begann 1811 in Nottingham. Bis 1812 verbreitete sie sich rasch über ganz England. Dabei zerstörten die Ludditen zahlreiche Woll- und Baumwollspinnereien. Die größte Stärke entwickelten sie im November 1811 in Nottinghamshire, Anfang 1812 in West Riding of Yorkshire und ab März 1812 in Lancashire. Regelrechte Schlachten lieferten sich die Ludditen mit dem Militär in Burtons' Mill in Middleton und in Westhoughton Mill, beide Lancashire. Andere Angriffsziele waren Richter und Lebensmittelhändler. In der Folge wurde "Maschinenstürmerei" (Sabotage) zum Kapitalverbrechen erklärt und die Bewegung militärisch niedergeschlagen. Zahlreiche Ludditen wurden nach Massenprozessen hingerichtet oder nach Australien deportiert. Zeitweise kämpften dabei mehr britische Truppen gegen die Ludditen als gegen Napoleon Bonaparte im Spanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg. Der Luddismus ist einer der großen Kampfzyklen der englischen Arbeiterklasse Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Er ist eingebettet in eine allgemein zunehmende Unruhe, die z.B. 1817 zum Aufstand von Pentrich führte.

Rezeption

In der Rezeption fortschrittsgläubiger politischer Richtungen, wie Liberalismus und später Sozialdemokratie und Leninismus, wurden die Ludditen als reaktionär und technikfeindlich wahrgenommen. Gerade in Sozialdemokratie und Leninismus wurde dieses Zerrbild der Maschinenstürmerei systematisch zur Denunziation bestimmter Kampfformen der Arbeiterklasse, so der Sabotage, verwandt. E. P. Thompsons Buch: The Making of the English Working Class trug auch in einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zu einem neuen Verständnis des Luddismus bei. So zeigt er, dass die Ludditen in der Hauptsache nicht Gegner der neuen Technik waren, sondern Gegner der neuen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (so Abschaffung der Festpreise), die im Züge ihrer Einführung durchgesetzt werden sollten. Die Maschinen wurden dabei nicht wahllos als vermeintliche Verursacher dieses Wandels angegriffen. Die Zerstörung der Maschinen war eine organisierte und gezielte Aktionsform, die sich gegen bestimmte Eigentümer richtete, die zur Einhaltung der alten Regelungen bewegt werden sollten, während Maschinen anderer Eigentümer häufig verschont blieben. Die hohe Effizienz, Zielgerichtetheit und Organisiertheit der luddistischen Aktionen mit bis zu 100 Teilnehmern gilt Thompson auch als Anzeichen der großen Akzeptanz der Ludditen in ihren Gemeinden. Insgesamt erscheinen nach Thompson die lange Zeit auch in der Linken üblichen Vorstellungen von Ludditen als randalierende Verbrecherbanden oder beschränkten Arbeitern, die in den Maschinen selbst die Ursache ihres Elends sehen, als Fortsetzung der damaligen Propaganda von Regierung und Eigentümern. In Wirklichkeit waren die Ludditen nichts weiter als Menschen, die sich zur Verteidigung ihrer Interessen zusammenfanden und nach erfolgversprechenden Wegen suchten.

Lord Byron

Einer der wenigen prominenten Fürsprecher der Ludditen und Gegner der Repressionsmaßnahmen war Lord Byron. So verteidigte er 1811 die Aktionen der Ludditen im Parlament und wendete sich auch 1812 mit einer mäßigenden Rede gegen das Frame Breaking Bill. 1816 feierte die Ludditen in seinem Gedicht Song of the Luddites: :As the Liberty lads o'er the sea :Bought their freedom, and cheaply, with blood, ::So we, boys, we :::Will die fighting, or live free, :And down with all kings but King Ludd! :When the web that we weave is complete, :And the shuttle exchanged for the sword, ::We will fling the winding-sheet :::O'er the despot at our feet, :And dye it deep in the gore he has pour'd. :Though black as his heart its hue, :Since his veins are corrupted to mud, ::Yet this is the dew :::Which the tree shall renew :Of Liberty, planted by Ludd!

Literatur

- E. P. Thompson: The Making of the English Working Class. Victor Gollancz Ltd, London 1963 Kategorie:Arbeiterbewegung

pisanie prac hoteles amsterdam doda liczniki Parkiet

:: RELATED NEWS ::

Teuflisch (Film 2000)
Teuflisch (2000) ist eine US-amerikanische Fantasy-Filmkomödie von Regisseur Harold Ramis, in der einem jungen Mann (Brendan Fraser) der Teufel in Gestalt in einer wunderschönen Frau (Elizabeth Hurley) begegnet.

Handlung

Elliot Richards hat eine

Adelsdiplom
Der Adelsbrief (Adelsdiplom) ist die Urkunde, die einem Neugeadelten zum Beweis seiner Standeserhöhung übergeben wurde. Diese Diplome wurden in Fraktur auf Pergament geschrieben, vom Landesherrn eigenhändig unterzeichnet, und es wurde ihnen in alter Weise das in einer Metallkapsel verwahrte Siegel angehängt. Das in den verschiedenen landesfürstlichen Kanzleien Deutschlands und Georg von Neumayer-Station wurde in der Antarktis-Saison 1980/ 81 auf dem Ekström-Schelfeis an der Atka-Bucht (Position: ) errichtet und am 24. Februar 1981 offiziell ihrer Bestimmung übergeben. 28. Dezember 1978 in Springfield, Ohio) als John Stephens) ist ein US-amerikanischer R&B Musiker und Songwriter.

Biographie

Aufgewachsen in einer sehr musikalische Familie besucht er schon sehr f

Wikipedia:WikiReader/Hip Hop/Alle Bilder

Alle verwendeten Bilder

Bild:Aretino.jpg Bild:Berlinhof.JPG Bild:BlackEyedPeas.jpg Bild:Breakdance_vienna.jpg Bild:Con_kunstakademie_1994.jpg Bild:DJ_Premier1.jpg Bild:Darra_j_berlin05_4.JPG Bild:Darra_j_berlin05_6.JPG Bild:Darra_j_berlin05_8.JPG Bild:Darra_j_berln05_5.JPG Bild:Stacie Ferguson.jpg Bild:Gr_igla_01_ubt.jpeg Bild:Graffiti-abstrakt-vienna.jpg Bild:GraffitiFreibergAmNeckar.jpg Bild:Graffiti_Los_Canos2004.jpg Bild:Graffiti_can2_muenster.jpg Bild:Hatchetman.jpg Bild:Kette.jpg Bild:Kons_benrath_1994.jpg Bild:Kons_t2b_1994.jpg Bild:Mary_J._Blige.jpg Bild:Merge-arro

Mitralinsuffizienz
Als Mitralklappeninsuffizienz oder Mitralinsuffizienz (Abk.: MI) wird in der Medizin die Schlussunfähigkeit der Mitralklappe des Herzens bezeichnet. Dadurch kommt es in der Auswurfphase (Systole) zum Rückfluss von Blut aus der linken Herzkammer in den linken Vorhof (vgl. Herz). Leichte Formen der Mitralinsuffizienz werden be

Pumi (Ethnie)
Das Volk der Primi (普米族 Pumizu) ist eine der ethnischen Gruppen in der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan. Beim Zensus im Jahre 2000 wurden 33.600 Primi gezählt (1990: 29.657), von denen etwa 98,8% in Yunnan leben.

Geschichte

Bevor Kublai Khan das Königreich von Nanchao eroberte und viele seiner Leute in den Süden flohen, war dieses das Heimatland der Read More...

RINEX
RINEX (Abkürzung für "Receiver Independent Exchange Format") ist ein empfängerunabhängiges Daten-Austauschformat. Es dient als Standard- und Formatdefinition von GPS-Daten und soll somit einen freien Austausch von GPS-Rohdaten ermöglichen. Der Standard wurde am "Astronomischen Institut" der Universität Bern veröffentlicht. Die Ausarbeitung und Diskussion dieses mittlerweile in der Version 2.10 vorliegenden Standards begann im Jahre <

Urgent Action
Als Urgent Actions (dt. für eilige Aktionen) werden bei amnesty international Telefon-/Brief-/Fax- oder Email-Versendungen genannt, die in einem dringenden Fall von Menschenrechtsverletzungen Beschwerden an die zuständigen Stellen von unterschiedlicher und internationaler Seite leiten sollen. Adressaten von Urgent Actions sind häufig Staatsanwälte, Richter, Gouverneure, Minister, Botschafter, Konsule oder Polizeistellen. Urgent Actions sind auch ein Instrument der Clean Clothes-Kampagne

Mercury-Atlas 1

Reference

Project Mercury

Spacecraft

Boosters

Astronauts

Flights

Robotic

Primate flights

Piloted

Suborbital

Orbital

Piloted Mercury launches

Mercury Flight insignias

Follow-on programs

Miscellaneous

Further reading

See also

External links

July 29

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observations

External links

Cape Canaveral

Seen in

External links

Suborbital

Overview

Flight profiles

Tourist flights

Scientific experiments

Intercontinental flights

Reaching for orbit

History of manned sub-orbital spaceflight

Future of manned sub-orbital spaceflight

See also

Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center

External link

Hutchinson, Kansas

Geography

Demographics

History

Industry

Points of Interest

Notable Natives

External links

Luddismus

Ned Ludd

Geschichte

Rezeption

Lord Byron

Literatur

Handlung

Biographie

Alle verwendeten Bilder

Geschichte