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Morning Star

Morning Star

Morning Star may mean:
- Morning Star (chief), a Cheyenne leader, also known as Dull Knife.
- Morning star (weapon), a spiked mace.
- The Morning Star, a newspaper published in the UK.
- The Morningstars, a band fronted by Sierra Leonean musician S. E. Rogie.
- Morningstar, Inc., a printing, publishing, and bond rating company.
- Morningstar (commune), an open Commune in the 1960's. [http://www.laurelrose.com/]
- Morningstar heavy fighter, a fictional spacecraft in the Wing Commander computer game. Morning Star may also refer to:
- The planet Venus, when it is visible early in the day.
- Phosphorus (morning star), son of Eos and Atlas in Greek mythology.
- Jesus, as a figurative name used in the New Testament.
- Lucifer, the fallen angel.
- Flag of West Papua, the national flag of West Papua.
- A child prodigy.
- An album by Flunk, a Norwegian band.
- An album by Entombed (band), a Swedish band.
- A novel by David Gemmell.
- A play by Emlyn Williams.
- A vegetarian food company
- Morningstar, the fool-like, on-stage persona of Luke Wigney in the British band Icarus Bat. Other uses for Morning Star:
- A 1960's soap opera.
- A Nick Bantok book from the Griffin and Sabine series. See also
- Pentagram, Morgenstern ja:明けの明星

Morning Star (chief)

Dull Knife was a great chief to the Northern Cheyenne people during the 19th century. He was noted for his active resistance to Western expansion and the Federal government. It is due to the courage and determination held by Morning Star and other Cheyenne leaders that the Northern Cheyenne still possess a homeland in their traditional country (present-day Montana). Although he was known as Dull Knife to local settlers, he was known among the Cheyenne as Morning Star. A Cheyenne warrior in every sense of the word, Morning Star was described by many writers of the century as "an admirable outlaw" compared to others like Rob Roy and William Wallace. In 1868, Morning Star represented his tribe at the signing of theTreaty of Fort Laramie. Following "Custer's Last Stand" at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, Morning Star allied with the Dakota and other tribes against the United States. However, after a disastrous raid by American soldiers in which 153 lodges were destroyed and 500 war ponies captured, the Cheyenne were eventually forced to surrender, and they were transported to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Eventually, unable to hunt, the tribe suffered from starvation and disease until September of 1878 when Morning Star began to lead the tribe north back toward their ancient homelands. Fighting through Kansas, the Cheyenne were able to outmaneuver Federal troops until they were captured near Fort Robinson in Nebraska. The tribe was said to have taken apart their guns, hidden under blankets or worn as necklaces and bracelets by children. On January 8, 1879, the tribe again tried to escape north when most of the Cheyenne, mostly women and childen, were killed by Federal troops. However a few of the tribe, including Morning Star, managed to escape. Morning Star died in 1883 and was buried on a high butte near the Rosebud River overlooking the land where he had led his people.

Reference

- Grant, Bruce, The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian, 3rd ed., Wings Books: New York, 2000. Category:Native American leaders Category:Cheyenne tribe

Morning star (weapon)

The morning star was a medieval weapon resembling a mace, but with a large spike on the end and smaller spikes around the circumference. It was also known as the goedendag (from the Dutch word for "good day") and the holy water sprinkler (from its resemblance to the aspergillum sometimes used in the Catholic Mass). It was used by both cavalry and infantry; the horseman's weapon typically had a shorter haft than the footman's, which might be up to six feet long. It came into use in the beginning of the 14th century. The name "morning star" is often erroneously applied to the military flail (also known as the therscol), a similar weapon, but with the head attached by a short chain.

References

- Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry by Bradford Broughton (NY, Greenwood Press, 1986, ISBN 0313245525)

External link

- [http://www.ex-caliber.com/morningstar.html The Morning Star] Category:Clubs ja:モーニングスター

The Morning Star

:For other uses, see Morning Star. The Morning Star is a left-wing, British, daily newspaper. Its was founded in 1930 as the Daily Worker, the official organ of the Communist Party of Great Britain, but since 1945 it has been owned and published by an independent readers' cooperative, the People's Press Printing Society. The paper was re-launched as the Morning Star in 1966. Until relatively recently its editorial line was largely uncritical of the politics and actions of the governments of the Soviet Union and other Stalinist countries. This uncritical attitude extended to defending the Moscow Trials and other purges of political dissidents as well as the forced collectivisation of farms. The current editorship of the paper were part of the group that left the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1988 to found the Communist Party of Britain, and the Morning Star is still strongly supported by that party. Despite this connection, however, it is editorially independent: features are contributed by writers from a variety of socialist, social democratic and green perspectives. The paper carries frequent contributions from campaigning journalists John Pilger and Uri Avnery, Green MEP Caroline Lucas, Labour MPs Jeremy Corbyn and Alan Simpson, Respect MP George Galloway and Mayor of London Ken Livingstone. :" ... We have articles from people that at one time we would never have given the time of day to - like the Welsh and Scottish Nationalists, the Greens, and regular contributions from church people ... [but] ... things that happened in the Soviet Union 70 years ago are still being used as a stick to beat the Morning Star" (John Haylett, current Editor) Unlike many socialist newspapers, it does not concentrate on politics to the exclusion of everything else. Its concise and wide-ranging reports of foreign and national news often cover events overlooked by the mainstream media, especially industrial relations matters and trade union politics; but it is entirely free of the celebrity gossip and other trivia that feature in all the other national dailies. There are daily sports pages, television and radio listings, arts reviews, a weekly crossword, a regular gardening column and a fortnightly cookery spot ("The Commie Chef").

Editorial line

Generally, the editorial line of the paper is in support of the ideals of peace and socialism. It is critical of the 'upper' or 'ruling' classes. It defends peaceful protests and civil disobedience and industrial action by groups of workers to improve their working conditions and wages. The Morning Star is also concerned with environmental issues and supports several environment campaigning groups; it advocates unilateral nuclear disarmament. In elections the party endorses the Communist Party of Britain; where the party is not standing, the party (albeit with some reluctance) advocates a vote for the Labour Party – although not what it terms the 'New Labour' faction. On international issues the paper supports an Israeli withdrawal from the territories it occupies, which it considers to be Palestine. It is also critical of the Republican Party of the United States. The paper's finances are dependent on subscribers and the paper receives minimal funding from commercial advertisements. This arrangement means that it is likely to remain a relatively minor player in the world of newspaper publishing. According to the BBC, it has a circulation of between 13,000 and 14,000. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4361137.stm] An on-line version of the paper was launched on 1 April 2004. Parts of the site (including the editorial "star comment") are free, but all the actual news reporting is subscription only.

External links

- [http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/ The Morning Star On-Line] Articles
- Coughlan, Sean. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4361137.stm Pressing On.] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/default.stm BBC News Magazine]. Monday, 21 March 2005. Retrieved 24 May 2005.
- Deeson, Martin. [http://news.independent.co.uk/media/story.jsp?story=640613 Still flying the red flag: Despite the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Morning Star presses are still rolling.] The Independent. Monday. 23 May 2005. Retrieved 24 May 2005. Morning Star, The Morning Star, The

The Morningstars

S. E. Rogie (born Sooliman Rogers) is a highlife and palm wine guitarist and singer from Sierra Leone. He was born in the 1940s and began performing early, while supporting himself as a tailor. In the 1960s, he became a professional musician, singing in four languages. His hits include "Koneh Pehlawo", "Go Easy with Me" and "My Lovely Elizabeth". He formed a band called The Morningstars in 1965, then travelled in Liberia and the United States. In the US, he performed at elementary and high schools across California, and received awards from the US Congress and Senate, the cities of Berkeley and Oakland, California. He finally returned to Sierra Leone in 1988, dying six years later after the release of Dead Men Don't Smoke Marijuana. Rogie, S. E. Rogie, S. E. Rogie, S. E. Rogie, S. E. Rogie, S. E.

Morningstar, Inc.

Morningstar, Inc. is a printing & publishing company that offers financial information to individual and professional investors. The company's print publications include semimonthly mutual fund guide "Morningstar Mutual Funds", monthly stock newsletter "Morningstar StockInvestor," and monthly fund newsletter "Morningstar FundInvestor". The company's Web sites (such as Morningstar.com and MorningstarAdvisor.com) feature content on portfolio planning, mutual funds, and stocks.

Management

Founder, chairman, and CEO Joe Mansueto controls Morningstar.

External links

- [http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/41/41254.html Yahoo! - Morningstar, Inc. Company Profile]
- [http://www.morningstar.net.nz/ Morningstar New Zealand]
- [http://www.morningstar.com/ Morningstar Home Page]

Articles

- [http://news.ft.com/cms/s/3a7cb0d0-60f5-11d9-af5a-00000e2511c8.html FT.com / Industries / Financial services - Morningstar to use auction format for IPO] Category:Financial services companies of the United States

Commune

Commune can refer to various things:
- An administrative subdivision of various European and African countries, including France; comprises cities, towns, and villages
- a political estate formed by the common people
- A medieval commune: a social organization that appeared in the rising towns of the European Middle Ages
- system of social and economic organization which involves the common ownership of resources and/or shared obligations
- a mir: a village community in czarist Russia in which land was owned jointly but cultivated by individual families
- A kibbutz: an Israeli collective community
- Commune: a kind of intentional community
- People's commune: formerly an administrative division of the People's Republic of China.
- The Paris Commune: brief socialist reformist state in Paris from March 26 to May 30, 1871
- The Shanghai Commune: organized by Zhang Chunqiao in 1967
- The Pinnacle Commune: founded by Rastafarian preacher Leonard Howell

Morningstar heavy fighter

The (fictional) Morningstar heavy fighter is a spacecraft in the Wing Commander science-fiction computer game universe. Developed not long before the Battle of Earth, the Morningstar had little chance to make a name for itself before being replaced by the next generation of fighters. However, it was the equivalent of the Excalibur heavy fighter for the 2660s. Fast, dangerous and sexy, the Morningstar carried three particle cannon, shields and armor 50% stronger than that of the Sabre heavy fighter, an equivalent cruising speed and jump drive, and the Confederation's newest munition--a "Mace" unguided tactical nuclear missile. The Mace was an unguided munition, but hardly a dumb-fire: if the pilot held down the "fire missile" trigger after firing, the Mace would detonate when he released it. A squadron of Morningstars, flown by the Wild Eagles testing squadron under Maj. Todd "Maniac" Marshall, came aboard the TCS Concordia during 2667. The plane was top-secret, to the point of including a self-destruct device to avoid capture--especially as the jump drive was notoriously finicky and prone to failure. Unfortunately, one was captured, but not by a Kilrathi: a member of the secret "Mandarin" organization, a group of treasonous humans in league with the Kilrathi, had managed to work her way into the Wild Eagles squadron. Captain Maria "Minx" Grimaldi hijacked her Morningstar and fled to the Mandarins' headquarters at Ayer's Rock. Fortunately, the Concordias flight group commander, Col. Christopher "Maverick" Blair, was on hand; he and Marshall shot down her captured ship, destroyed the Mandarin base with a Mace missile, and left Grimaldi herself floating in space, dying of radiation poisoning. The Morningstar is, of course, named after a medieval morning star melee weapon, which is itself a variant on the mace. Curiously, the real-world prototype Russian aircraft Mikoyan Project 1.44 (sometimes called the MiG-35) resembles the Morningstar in design, lacking only a third engine and a nuclear weapon. Category:Wing Commander spacecraft

Phosphorus (morning star)

In Greek mythology, Hesperos (Greek Ἓσπερος (The Evening Star), sometimes Latinized as Hesperus) was a son of Eos, by either Atlas, Astraios or Cephalus. His Roman equivalent was Vesper.

Variant Names

Hesperus is the personification of the evening star, the planet Venus. His name is sometimes conflated with the names Eosphorus (Εώσφορος, "bringer of dawn"; Latin Aurora) or Phosphorus (Φώσφορος, "bringer of light", translated as Lucifer in Latin) since they are all personifications of the same planet Venus. When named thus by the ancient Greeks, it was thought that Phosphorus and Hesperus (Venus in the evening) were two different celestial objects. It was the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras who first realized that Phosphorus and Hesperus were the same object. Phosphorus was the father of Ceyx, Daedalion and Leukone. He is also said to be the father of the Hesperides.

"Hesperus is Phosphorus"

The terms "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" and the sentence "Hesperus is Phosphorus." are of interest to language philosophers. The terms were used by Gottlob Frege to illustrate his idea of sense and reference. Saul Kripke used the sentence to demonstrate that the knowledge of something necessary (in this case an identity) is not always an a priori matter, but could (and in some cases, necessarily) be something empirically discoverable.

Neopagan Mythology

Modern Wiccan devotées and demonologists make Jerome's Lucifer or "Phosporus" the father of "Aradia" and Ceyx by Diana. Though they refer to a "Roman tradition", no such classical myth existed, and "Aradia" and "Phosporus" first appear in the writings of Charles Leland.

Jesus

Jesus, also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity, in which context he is known as Jesus Christ (from the Greek Ιησούς Χριστός ; transliteration: "Iesous Christos"; "Christ" not being a surname, but rather a title). He is also considered an important prophet in Islam. Jesus is accepted to have been a historical person, by both followers of the Christian tradition and most academics, who lived from about 8-4 BC/BCE to AD 29-36 CE. The primary sources regarding his life and teachings, which took written form some time after his death, are the four canonical Gospels from the New Testament of the Bible, which depict him – among many other things – as a Jewish Galilean preacher and healer who was often at odds with Jewish religious authorities, and who was crucified outside of Jerusalem during the rule of the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate. After his death, numerous followers spread his teachings, and within a few centuries Christianity emerged as a major religion distinct from Judaism. Beyond the historical information accepted by most secular scholars, the gospels make various additional claims about Jesus: that Jesus was the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible); that he was the son of God; that his mother Mary conceived Christ while a virgin; and that after his crucifixion he rose from the dead, and then ascended into heaven. Most Christians hold that the Gospels also attribute divinity to Jesus; however, others hold that the Gospels are equivocal on the subject. Many Christians and some scholars believe that the accounts in the New Testament are historical facts, though others maintain that different parts have different degrees of accuracy, and a few scholars hold Jesus did not exist at all. In Islam, Jesus (called Isa) is considered one of God's most beloved and important prophets, a bringer of divine scripture, and also the messiah; although Muslims attach a different meaning to this term than Christians as they do not share the Christian belief in the divinity of Jesus. The Qur'an, Islam's holy book, states unambiguously that Jesus neither died nor was crucified. The same passage, however, admits of multiple interpretations on his status after that event; the majority interpretation is that the Qur'an states that he was raised to heaven by God. (An alternate, and minority, interpretation, is that he was exalted among human beings.) Based on sayings attributed to Muhammad, Muslims believe Jesus will return to earth once it has become full of sin and injustice. Other religions also have different perspectives on Jesus, but do not place significant importance on his life and teachings.

Life and teachings, based upon the Gospels

Chronology

The most detailed accounts of Jesus' birth are contained in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke. There is considerable debate about the details of Jesus' birth even among Christian scholars, and few scholars claim to know either the year or the date of his birth or of his death. Based on the accounts in the gospels of the shepherds' activities, the time of year depicted for Jesus' birth could be spring or summer. However, as early as 354, Roman Christians celebrated it following the December solstice in an attempt to replace the Roman festival of Saturnalia. Before then, Jesus' birth was generally celebrated on January 6 as part of the feast of Theophany, also known as Epiphany, which commemorated not only Jesus' birth but also his baptism by John in the Jordan River and possibly additional events in Jesus' life. In the 248th year of the Diocletian Era (based on Diocletian's ascension to the Roman throne), Dionysius Exiguus attempted to pinpoint the number of years since Jesus' birth, arriving at a figure of 753 years after the founding of Rome. Dionysius then set Jesus' birth as being December 25 1 ACN (for "Ante Christum Natum", or "before the birth of Christ"), and assigned AD 1 to the following year—thereby establishing the system of numbering years from the birth of Jesus: Anno Domini (which translates as "in the year of the Lord"). This system made the then current year 532, and almost two centuries later it won acceptance and became the established calendar in Western civilization due to its championing by the Venerable Bede. However, based on a lunar eclipse that Josephus reports shortly before the death of Herod the Great, the birth of Christ would have been some time before the year 4 BC/BCE. This estimate itself relies on the historicity of the story in the Gospel of Matthew of the Massacre of the Innocents under the orders of Herod — an event mentioned nowhere else in contemporaneous accounts. Having fewer sources and being further removed in time from the authors of the New Testament, establishing a reliable birth date now is particularly difficult. The exact date of Jesus' death is also unclear. The Gospel of John depicts the crucifixion just before the Passover festival on Friday 14 Nisan, called the Quartodeciman, whereas the synoptic gospels describe the Last Supper, immediately before Jesus' arrest, as the Passover meal on Friday 15 Nisan. Further, the Jews followed a lunisolar calendar with phases of the moon as dates, complicating calculations of any exact date in a solar calendar. According to John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew, allowing for the time of the procuratorship of Pontius Pilate and the dates of the Passover in those years, his death can be placed most probably on April 7, 30 or April 3, 33.

Family and early life

33 According to the Gospels, Jesus was born in Bethlehem to Mary, a virgin, via the Holy Spirit. The Gospel of Luke gives an account of the angel Gabriel visiting Mary to tell her that she was chosen to bear the son of God ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%201:26-28&version=31 Luke 1:26-28]). Catholics call this the Annunciation. Joseph, Mary's betrothed husband, appears only in stories of Jesus' childhood; this is generally taken to mean that he was dead by the time of Jesus' ministry. Mark 6:3 (and analogous passages in Matthew and Luke) reports that Jesus was "Mary's son and the brother of James, Joseph, Judas and Simon," and also states that Jesus had sisters. The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus and the Christian historian Eusebius (who wrote in the 4th century but quoted much earlier sources that are now lost) refer to James the Just as Jesus' brother (See Desposyni). However, Jerome argued that they were Jesus' cousins, which the Greek word for "brother" used in the gospels would allow. This was based on the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition that Mary remained a perpetual virgin, thus having no biological children before or after Jesus. Luke's gospel records that Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist (Luke 1:36). The Bible, however, does not reveal exactly how Mary and Elizabeth were related. Jesus' childhood home is represented as Nazareth in Galilee. Aside from a flight to Egypt in infancy to escape Herod's Massacre of the Innocents, all other events in the Gospels are set in ancient Israel. Only one incident between his infancy and his adult life, the Finding in the Temple, is mentioned in the canonical gospels, although New Testament apocrypha go into these details, some quite extensively. For most Christians, only the virgin birth and the Incarnation itself are major articles of faith for this period of time before Jesus begins his ministry. Muslims also believe in the virgin birth, but aside from that, few non-Christians believe in either, and look upon stories of the virgin birth as mythological or indicating that Jesus was conceived out of wedlock.

Later life

Incarnation.]] According to Christian belief, just after he was baptized by his kinsman John the Baptist Jesus began his public teaching. According to the Gospel of Luke, he was about thirty years old at the time. Jesus used a variety of methods in his teaching, such as parables and metaphors. He frequently taught, "Repent, for the Kingdom of God is at hand." Some of his most famous teachings are in the Sermon on the Mount, which also contains the beatitudes. His parables (or stories with a deep or metaphorical meaning) include the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son. Jesus had a number of disciples. His closest followers were twelve apostles. According to the New Testament, Jesus also performed various miracles in the course of his ministry, including healings, exorcisms, and raising Lazarus from the dead. Jesus frequently put himself in opposition to the Jewish religious leaders including the Pharisees and Sadducees. His teaching castigated the Pharisees primarily for their legalism and hypocrisy, although he also had followers among the religious leaders such as Nicodemus. Jesus was also known as a social reformer, and because of the controversial view that he was the Jewish Messiah Jesus' preachings included the forgiveness of sin, life after death, and resurrection of the body. Jesus also preached the imminent end of the current era of history, or even the literal end of the world; in this sense he was an apocalyptic preacher. Some interpretations of the Gospels, particularly amongst Protestants, suggest that Jesus opposed stringent interpretations of Jewish law, supporting the spirit more than the letter of the law. It is commonly thought that Jesus preached for a period of three years, but this is never mentioned explicitly in any of the four gospels, and some interpretations of the Synoptic Gospels suggest a span of only one year; to achieve consistency with the Gospel of John, one theory suggests Jesus' public ministry took approximately one year. Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem at the end of his ministry is usually associated with the Passover Feast, but some scholars point out that details of the entry, such as the Hosanna shout, the waving of palm fronds, and the proclamation of a king, are more consistent with the Feast of Tabernacles, or Sukkoth, than with Passover.This is likely because although the triumphal entry occurred around the time of Passover, the people reacted to it as if it were Sukkoth to celebrating the coming of a political messiah, as they had for Judah Macabee. Such celebration would be wiewed by Rome as an act of defiance, because it was associated with an earlier rebellion against the Greeks. Jesus however staged no such political rebellion, regardless of people's expectations.

Arrest, trial and execution

Judah Macabee]] Christian belief holds that Jesus came with his followers to Jerusalem during the Passover festival, and created a disturbance at the Temple by overturning the tables of the moneychangers there. He was subsequently arrested on the orders of the Sanhedrin and the high priest, Joseph Caiaphas for blasphemy, because he claimed to be God. He was identified to the guards by one of his apostles, Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus by a kiss in the Garden of Gethsemane, after which another apostle, Peter, used a sword to attack one of the captors. After his arrest, Jesus' apostles went into hiding. Jesus was condemned for blasphemy by the Sanhedrin and turned over to the Romans for execution, on the charge of sedition, the usual penalty for which was a humiliating death by crucifixion. According to the gospels, the Roman governor Pontius Pilate ruled that Jesus was not guilty of any civil crime and then, following what the Bible says was a Passover tradition, offered the crowd a choice of which prisoner to free — Jesus of Nazareth, or an insurrectionist named Jesus Barabbas. To his chagrin, the crowd chose to free Barabbas. According to all four gospels, Pilate then ordered Jesus to be crucified with a charge placed atop the cross (called the titulus crucis) which read "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews". (The titulus crucis is often written as INRI, the Latin acronym.) The gospels further state that after Jesus died on the cross, his followers were allowed to take his body down and place it in a tomb

Resurrection and Ascension

Latin by Matthias Grünewald.]] In accordance with the four canonical gospel accounts Christians believe that Jesus was raised from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. This article of faith is referred to in Christian terminology as the Resurrection of Jesus Christ; and each year at Easter (on a Sunday) it is commemorated and celebrated by most groups who consider themselves Christians. No one was a witness to the resurrection. However, the women who had witnessed the entombment and the closure of the tomb with a great stone, found it empty when they arrived on the third day to anoint the body. The synoptic gospel accounts further state that an angel was waiting at the tomb to explain to them that Jesus had been resurrected, though the Gospel according to John makes no mention of this encounter. The sight of the same angel had apparently left the guards unconscious (cf. Matt 28:2–4) that, according to Matthew 27:62–66, the high priests and Pharisees, with Pilate's permission, had posted in front of the tomb to prevent the body from being stolen by Jesus' disciples. Mark 16:9 says that Mary Magdalene was the first to whom Jesus appeared very early that morning. John 20:11–18 states that when Mary looked into the tomb, two angels asked her why she was crying; and as she turned round she initially failed to recognize Jesus—even by his voice—until he called her by her name. The Gospel accounts and the Acts of the Apostles tell of several appearances of Jesus to various people in various places over a period of forty days before he ascended into heaven. Just hours after his resurrection he appeared to two travelers on the road to Emmaus. To his assembled disciples he showed himself on the evening after his resurrection, but Thomas was absent, though he was present when Jesus repeated his visit to them a week later. Thereafter he went to Galilee and showed himself to several of his disciples by the lake and on the mountain; and they were present when he returned to Bethany and was lifted up to heaven and a cloud concealed him from their sight. The resurrection of Jesus is almost universally denied by those who do not follow the Christian religion. Most Christians—even those who do not hold to the literal truth of everything in the canonical gospel accounts—accept the New Testament presentation of the Resurrection as a historical account of an actual event central to their faith. Therefore, belief in the resurrection is one of the most distinctive elements of Christian faith; and defending the historicity of the resurrection is usually a central issue of Christian apologetics. However, some liberal Christians do not accept that Jesus was raised bodily from the dead, or that he still lives bodily (e.g., John Shelby Spong, Tom Harpur). What is more interesting to note in context of the resurrection story was the manner in which the desciples died years later under the Roman Empire. Some were roasted, had their flesh flayed or even were mauled by wild beasts. None relented, even unto death, their claim that Christ was indeed resurrected and who he claimed to be. Either they were all mad men plagued by demented twisted ideals or they had found a truth so real they were prepared to die quite violently and painfully for.

Legacy

Tom Harpurd Jesus of Nazareth to the people of Jerusalem]] According to most Christian interpretations of the Bible, the theme of Jesus' preaching was that of repentance and grace. During his public ministry Jesus extensively trained twelve Apostles to continue after his departure his leadership of the many who had begun to follow him mainly in the towns and villages throughout Galilee, Samaria, and the Decapolis. Most Christians hold that Jesus' miracles were literally true, not allegory, and that the Apostles gained the power to perform similar miracles and healings on Jews and Gentiles alike after they had been empowered by the Holy Spirit of Truth (to pneuma tēs alētheias, John 14:17, 26; Luke 24:49, Acts 1:8, 2:4) that Jesus had promised the Father would send them after his departure—a promise that according to Acts 2:4 was fulfilled at Pentecost, the Jewish feast that, in addition to other Scriptural events, commemorates the giving of the Law to Moses. For Christians, the legacy Jesus left was one of sacrifice; they believe that Jesus was sent by God to die as a sacrifice in place of all humanity. Christians hold that this sacrifice had to take place because all man is born into a nature of sin (they claim, based on scripture, that God's penalty for sin is death and separation from God) so God sent his Son to die in their place. Christians believe Jesus' body was resurrected and ascended into heaven, so they believe that none of Jesus' body is on earth. The only body that remains of Christ on earth is figurative and embodied in the Church. The church is often referred to as the "body of Christ". Non-Christians generally reject these claims. Ironically (given Jesus's Jewish identity, and profession of love), for some the legacy of Jesus was a long history of Christian anti-Semitism (of course, always with exceptions), although in the wake of the Holocaust many Christian groups have gone to considerable lengths to reconcile with Jews and to promote inter-faith dialogue and mutual respect. This was more prevalent during the medieval reign of the Roman Catholic Church and in modern times considered to be the view of and extremely small minority. For others, Christianity has often been linked to European colonialism (see British Empire, Portuguese Empire, Spanish Empire, French colonial empire, Dutch colonial empire); conversely, Christians have often found themselves as oppressed minorities outside of Europe and the Americas. Other legacies include the religions of Christianity and their churches, the adoption of the cross as a symbol, the doctrine of the Trinity, the Anno Domini method of reckoning years, and celebrations at Christmas and Easter.

Religious perspectives

Jesus has an important role in the two largest world religions, Christianity and Islam. Most other religions, however, do not consider Jesus to have been a supernatural or holy being. Some of these religions, like Buddhism, do not take any official stance on Jesus' life, while others, such as those practicing Jesus's own religion at the time of his death, Judaism, generally reject claims of Jesus's divinity and regard him as a false prophet.

Christian views

Judaism depiction of Saviour Not Made by Hands, the most popular iconography of Jesus in Eastern Orthodoxy.]] Christians believe in and follow what they believe to be the teachings of Jesus. However, Christianity quite naturally has a more specific and involved meaning, as most Christians hold similar beliefs regarding Jesus and his life that are largely rejected by non-Christians. Generally speaking, most Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God, part of a trinity of three persons of God, and the Messiah, who came to earth to save mankind from sin and death through his proxy sacrifice. Most believe Jesus lived a perfect life and that is why his death on a cross, called the crucifixion, counts as a sacrifice for mankind. According to Christian tradition the disobeying of God's command by the first man Adam caused all mankind to suffer the consequences of sin entering the world. Scriptures often refer to death as "seperation from God" and to sin being something that God the Father cannot tolerate. As a result of the perfect sacrifice of Jesus, all mankind who believe in Jesus being God's only son and in his resurrection, may have eternal life. Most believe that after Jesus's death he rose from the grave on the third day and forty days after that ascended to Heaven. There are many differing views within Christian groups as to whether or not Jesus ever claimed divinity. The majority of Christian laypeople, theologians, and clergy hold that the Bible clearly states Jesus both to be divine and to claim divinity in many passages. Most also believe that Jesus's resurrection is additional proof that he is God. However, some people (both Christian and non-Christian) maintain that there are passages in the New Testament that clearly have Jesus stating that he was not equal with God, and that other passages are ambiguous about such claims. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains that Jesus is the very same as Jehovah or Yahweh of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible but is distinct from God the Father; that he is the Creator of the Universe; that he spent the interval between the Crucifixion and the Resurrection organizing a Mission in the Spirit World for the righteous spirits to teach the gospel to those in darkness; and that he visited both the inhabitants of the ancient Americas and other locations throughout the world after his Resurrection.

Islamic views

In Islam, Jesus is known as Isa, and is one of God's highest-ranked and most-beloved prophets. Like Christian writings, the Qur'an holds that Jesus was born without a biological father by the will of God, that he could perform miracles, and that he will one day return to the world to rid it of evil. However, unlike Christians, Muslims do not consider Jesus to have been the son of God, and do not believe that he died on the cross. Instead, the Qur'an states that his death was only an illusion (done by God) to deceive his enemies, and that Jesus ascended bodily to heaven. Muslims believe he will return to the world in the flesh with Imam Mahdi to defeat the Dajjal (Antichrist-like figure, translated as "Deceiver") once the world has become filled with sin, deception and injustice, and then live out the rest of his natural life. Muslims also believe that Jesus received a gospel from God (called the Injeel) that corresponds to the Christian New Testament, but that it and the Old Testament have both been changed by mankind over time as such that they no longer accurately represent God's original message to mankind. In Muslim traditions, Jesus lived a perfect life of nonviolence, showing kindness to humans and animals (similar to the other Islamic prophets), without material possessions and abstaining totally from alcohol and from the flesh of animals. The Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam believes that Jesus survived the crucifixion and later travelled to India, where he lived and died as a prophet under the name of Yuz Asaf.

Jewish views

Judaism rejects both the Christian belief that Jesus was the Messiah and the Muslim belief that he was a prophet. Judaism states that there were no prophets after the prophet Malachi, and still awaits the coming of the Messiah. Jewish belief does not completely reject all of the historical information contained in Gospels, but does reject all of the confessions by early Christian adherents, especially Paul.

Eastern religions

Hindu beliefs in Jesus vary from those who consider him to have been just a normal man, or even purely a fable, to those who believe that he was an avatar of God. A large number of Hindus consider Jesus to have been a wise guru or yogi, some even suggesting that he spent his "lost years" learning various Hindu beliefs in India. The Hindutva historian P.N. Oak has even claimed that Jesus was in fact Krishna, and that Christianity originated as a form of his worship. Many in the Surat Shabd Yoga tradition regard Jesus as a Satguru. Mahatma Gandhi considered Jesus one of his main teachers and inspirations for Nonviolent Resistance. Although Buddhism in general attributes no spiritual significance to Jesus, some Buddhists believe that Jesus may have been a Bodhisattva, one who has dedicated his or her future to the happiness of all beings. Some Buddhists also interpret Jesus through Zen Buddhism, sometimes basing their perspective on the Gospel of Thomas. The Bahá'í Faith considers Jesus to be one of many "Manifestations" (or prophets) of God, with both human and divine stations.

Negative views

Some religions consider Jesus to be a false prophet. Mandaeanism regards Jesus as a deceiving prophet of the false Jewish god Adunay, and an opponent of the good prophet John the Baptist—whom they nonetheless believe to have baptized him. Some Satanists consider Jesus to have been the son or a follower of Satan, or Satan himself, but most do not hold any spiritual beliefs regarding Jesus.

Other Views

The Ebionites believed that Jesus was a great prophet and the Messiah, but not divine. They rejected the Epistles of Paul, and asserted that Jesus did not consider the Biblical laws to be abrogated, but instead wanted his followers to abide by them. Some Ebionites claimed the leadership of Saint James, the Brother of Jesus, but no historical connection between James and the sect has been substantiated. The New Age movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus. with some representatives (such as A Course In Miracles) going so far as to trance-channel him. Many recognize him as a "great teacher" (or "Ascended Master") similar to Buddha, and teach that Christhood is something that all may attain. At the same time, many New Age teachings, such as reincarnation, appear to reflect a certain discomfort with traditional Christianity. Numerous New Age subgroups claim Jesus as a supporter, often incorporating contrasts with or protests against the Christian mainstream. Thus, for example, Theosophy and its offshoots have Jesus studying esotericism in the Himalayas or Egypt during his "lost years".

Historicity

Egypt image of Jesus is one of many in which a sun cross halo is used. Such depictions are characteristic of Eastern Orthodox iconography.]] Most modern scholars hold that the works describing Jesus were initially communicated by oral tradition, and were not committed to writing until several decades after Jesus' crucifixion. The earliest extant texts which refer to Jesus are Paul's letters, which are usually dated from the mid-1st century. Paul saw Jesus only in visions, but he claimed that they were divine revelations and hence authoritative (1 Galatians 11-12). The earliest extant texts describing Jesus in any detail were the four New Testament Gospels. These texts, being part of the Biblical canon, have received much more analysis and acceptance from Christian sources than other possible sources for information on Jesus. Many apocryphal texts have also surfaced detailing events in Jesus' life and teachings, chief among them the Gospel of Thomas, a "sayings gospel" or logia consisting primarily of phrases attributed to Jesus. Other New Testament apocrypha, generally considered less important, include the Gospel of the Hebrews, the Gospel of Mary, the Infancy Gospels, the Gospel of Peter, the Unknown Berlin Gospel, the Naassene Fragment, the Secret Gospel of Mark, the Egerton Gospel, the Oxyrhynchus Gospels and the Fayyum Fragment.

Earlier texts?

Some texts with even earlier historical or mythological information on Jesus are speculated to have existed prior to the Gospels, though none are extant. Based on the unusual similarities and differences (see synoptic problem) between the Synoptic Gospels — Matthew, Mark and Luke, the first three canonical gospels—many Biblical scholars have suggested that oral tradition and logia (such as the Gospel of Thomas and the theoretical Q document) probably played a strong role in initially passing down stories of Jesus, and may have inspired some of the Synoptic Gospels. Specifically, many scholars believe that the Q document and the Gospel of Mark were the two sources used for the gospels of Matthew and Luke; however, other theories, such as the older Augustinian hypothesis, continue to hold sway with some Biblical scholars. Another theoretical document is the Signs Gospel, believed to have been a source for the Gospel of John. There is little consensus concerning how and when any of these documents were circulated, if they were at all. The ecumenical council meetings in the 4th century that discussed which works should and should not be included in the canon were largely unconcerned with modern historical sensibilities, utilizing few techniques of objective textual analysis. Instead, their discussions generally tended to center upon theology, rather than upon historicity. However, noted scholars F.F. Bruce, Bruce Metzger and others argue that some historical details were taken into consideration regarding the New Testament canon. It may be surmised that the early church leaders took for granted that historicity was not an issue to be debated, any more than debating the historicity of the Articles of Confederation or the Constitution would be major issues today. In addition, Bible scholar Bruce Metzger wrote regarding the formation of the canonical New Testament: :"Although the fringes of the emerging canon remained unsettled for generations, a high degree of unanimity concerning the greater part of the New Testament was attained among the very diverse and scattered congregations of believers not only throughout the Mediterranean world, but also over an area extending from Britain to Mesopotamia."

Questions of reliability

As a result of the many-decade time gap between the writing of the Gospels and the events they describe the accuracy of all early texts claiming the existence of Jesus or details of Jesus' life have been disputed by various parties. The authors of the gospels are traditionally thought to have been witnesses to the events included. After the original oral stories were written down, they were transcribed, and later translated into other languages. However, several Biblical historians have responded to claims of the unreliability of the gospel accounts by pointing out that historical documentation is often biased and second-hand, and frequently dates from several decades after the events described. Even among those who believe that Jesus existed, however, there are still numerous divisions over the historical accuracy of the canonical gospels. Some say that the Gospel accounts are neither objective nor accurate, since they were written or compiled by his followers and seem to exclusively portray a positive, idealized view of Jesus. Those who have a naturalistic view of history, as a general rule, do not believe in divine intervention or miracles, such as the resurrection of Jesus mentioned by the Gospels. One method used to estimate the factual accuracy of stories in the gospels is known as the "criterion of embarrassment", which holds that stories about events with embarrassing aspects (such as the denial of Jesus by Peter) would likely not have been included if not true.

External influences on gospel development

A minority of scholars believe that the gospel accounts of Jesus have little or no historical basis. At least in part, this is because there are many similarities between stories about Jesus and contemporary myths of pagan godmen such as Mithras, Apollo, Attis, Horus and Osiris-Dionysus, leading to conjectures that the pagan myths were adopted by some authors of early accounts of Jesus to form a syncretism with Christianity. Some Christian authors, such as C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien, believed that such myths were created by ancient pagans with vague and imprecise foreknowledge of the Gospels. While these connections are disputed by many, it is nevertheless true that many elements of Jesus' story as told in the Gospels have parallels in pagan mythology, where miracles such as virgin birth were well-known. Scholars such as A. N. Sherwin-White, FF Bruce, John Wenham, Gary Habermas and others argue for a high degree of historical reliability of the key New Testament events or the New Testament as a whole (see: Resurrection of Jesus for details). Prominent liberal scholar John A.T. Robinson argued for early dates of the entire New Testament and ascribed many of the key New Testament texts to their traditional authors.

Notes

# The Gospels of the Bible, [http://www.biblegateway.com/ BibleGateway.com]. # Daniel Gaztambide (2005), [http://www.aramaicnt.org/site/index.php?mode=article&entry=28 "So Sayeth The Lord... According to Who?"]. # Stephen Voorwinde, [http://www.pastornet.net.au/rtc/canon.htm "The formation of the New Testament"], Patornet. Accessed October 25, 2005. # F. F. Bruce, New Testament Documents: Are they reliable?, [http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/ffbruce/ntdocrli/ntdocc03.htm "Chapter 3: The Canon of the New Testament"] (June, 1982), ISBN 087784691X, Inter-Varsity Press. # Coey Keating (December 11, 2005), [http://www.ntgreek.org/SeminaryPapers/ChurchHistory/Criteria%20for%20Development%20of%20the%20NT%20Canon%20in%20First%20Four%20Centuries.pdf "Criteria for development of the New Testament canon in the first four centuries of the Christian Church"], Fuller Theological Seminary. # Bruce Metzger (1987), The New Testament Canon, page 254. # Josh McDowell (1992), [http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/josh2.html "Evidence for the Resurrection"]. # F.F. Bruce (1959), [http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/ffbruce/ntdocrli/ntdocont.htm "THE NEW TESTAMENT DOCUMENTS Are they Reliable?"]. # Gary Habermas (2001), [http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/historical_apologetics/habermas-nt.html "Why I Believe The New Testament Is Historically Reliable"]. # John Robinson

External links

Religious views
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm Jesus Christ Catholic Encyclopedia article]
- [http://www.LatinVulgate.com/christverse.aspx Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ] - The complete sayings of Jesus Christ in parallel English and Latin
- [http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Articles/Jesus%20-%20An%20Islamic%20Perspective.html An Islamic perspective on Jesus]
- [http://www.watchtower.org/library/w/2001/11/15/article_02.htm Jehovah's Witnesses' perspective]
- [http://www.mormon.org/learn/0,8672,810-1,00.html Latter-day Saint (Mormon) beliefs about Jesus]
- [http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1988.htm/ensign%20november%201988.htm/what%20think%20ye%20of%20christ.htm What think ye of Christ?] (Mormon)
- [http://www.uua.org/pamphlet/3040.html Unitarian Universalist Views of Jesus]: prophet; dissident; one of many Christs
- [http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/topic/christ.html The Historic & Reformation View of Jesus Christ]: Solus Christus, Sola Gratia, Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura, Soli Deo Gloria
- [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dp5/mead.htm Jesus in the Jewish tradition]
- [http://www.christnotes.org/dictionary.php?dict=sbd&id=2398 Jesus Christ] - Smith's Bible Dictionary article Historical and skeptical views
- [http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/history/jesus.htm Overview of the Life of Jesus] A summary of New Testament accounts.
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/ From Jesus to Christ] -- A Frontline documentary on Jesus and early Christianity.
- [http://www.Jesus-Institute.org The Words and Life of Historical Jesus] by Jesus Institute
- [http://www.uncc.edu/jdtabor/index.html The Jewish Roman World of Jesus]
- [http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1993/v50-3-article8.htm Historical context of Jesus' time]
- [http://www.sullivan-county.com/news/mine/jesus.htm Jewish sects during Jesus' time]
- [http://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01031997_p-29_en.html Christ and the Other Religions]
- [http://pages.ca.inter.net/~oblio/jhcjp.htm The Jesus Puzzle]
- [http://www.geocities.com/paulntobin/jesus.html Skeptic's Guide to Jesus]
- [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dp5/jesus.htm Who Was the Real Jesus?] Seemingly unique compilation from a theosophical point of view. Category:1st century BC births ko:예수 그리스도 ms:Yesus Kristus ja:イエス・キリスト simple:Jesus th:เยซู คริสต์ zh-cn:耶穌基督 zh-tw:耶穌基督

Flag of West Papua

The separatist flag of West Papua (western New Guinea) consists of a red vertical band along the hoist side, with a white five-pointed star in the center. To the fly side are 13 horizontal stripes alternating blue and white. The flag was designed by Nicholas Jouwe, and adopted by the New Guinea Council as the national flag in October, 1961. The Netherlands recognized this national symbol on November 18, 1961, but the territory came under UN control in 1962 and passed to Indonesia in 1963. The flag is also known as the Morning Star (or, natively the "Bintang Kejora"). The similarity to the flag of the United States is intentional, and the similarity to the flag of Cuba is incidental, as Cuba's flag is derivative of the United States.

Nationalist movement

Jouwe was a member of the Council, and after the annexation of West Papua by Indonesia, he remained in the Netherlands as an advocate of the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM, or "Free Papua Movement"), a nationalist organization demanding freedom from Indonesian rule. To this day, the Morning Star is flown by advocates in the Netherlands and Vanuatu. It is illegal to fly the flag in Indonesia, and is punishable by arrest, detention, torture, and extra-judicial death. The flag is routinely flown by separatists in shops and homes that are sufficiently insular from Indonesia soldiers and police, and is raised at nationalist demonstrations regularly. Special ceremonies take place on December 1 of each year, to commemorate the proclamation of the intention to create the Republic of West Papua in 1961.

Sources

- [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0868406767/qid=1117919267/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl14/002-9445278-6142459?v=glance&s=books&n=507846 Peter D. King, West Papua & Indonesia Since Suharto: Independence, Autonomy, or Chaos, p. 31-32]
- [http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/mai/publications/seawp.html Richard Chauvel, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies Working Papers - Working Paper 121: Essays on West Papua, Vol. 2]
- [http://koteka.net The primary site for information on West Papua] West Papua

Child prodigy

:This article is about "child prodigies." For the list of prodigies see list of child prodigies. A child prodigy, or simply prodigy, is someone who is a master of one or more skills or arts at an early age. One generally accepted heuristic for identifying prodigies is the following: a prodigy is someone who, by the age of roughly 11, displays expert proficiency or a profound grasp of the fundamentals in a field usually only undertaken by adults. The term wunderkind (from German: Wunder, wonder/miracle + Kind, child, kid) is sometimes used as a synonym for prodigy, particularly in media accounts, although this term is discouraged in the scientific literature. Wunderkind is also used more generally of adults who achieve success and notoriety early in their careers, including Steven Spielberg and Steve Jobs.

Cognitive studies on child prodigies

A common error in judgement occurs when one is attempting to evaluate a brilliant child. Often, people become obsessed with the concepts of age, or IQ. This is generally misguided. IQ tests are profoundly ill-equipped to gauge any specific talents, and are highly unreliable at the top end of the scale (as any normed test is). Age is perhaps one of the most striking factors, but against should not be the primary indicator of where one's talents will eventually lie. Much attention is given to vague concepts such as neural plasticity or there is an implicit assumption that mental capacity scales roughly linearly with age (made explicit by the notion of 'ratio IQ' popularized by the Stanford LM), up to a certain point, and such approaches are clearly misguided. IQ, age, neural plasticity, and mental capacity are part of a general cognitive performance metric framework which has little empirical or theoretical bearing on profound early ability in specific subjects. However, these patterns of reasoning are unfortunately ubiqituous in the literature and the public consciousness. Few studies have examined the neurological activity of prodigies. Michael O'Boyle, an American psychologist working in Australia, however has recently utilized fMRI scanning of blood flow during mental operation in prodigies to display startling results. “calculators,”, those capable of mentally performing arithmetic, geometrical, or other complex mathematical operations normally reserved for electronic calculators, achieve six to seven times the typical blood flow to parts of the brain observed to be active during mathematical operations. Mental calculators are not to be confused with other mathematical prodigies, because mechanically carrying out and keeping track of progress in a calculation is very different from having an understanding of the deeper principles behind mathematics. This is potentially one of the reasons why mental calculators do not necessarily go on to become mathematicians. A similar principle, for nearly the same mental mechanism, can be observed among players in games, such as, for example, chess or go. People typically think a few moves (or ply) ahead. Recent studies have indicated that ordinarily university students think 2, 3, or 4-ply when confronted with some kind of game-playing or problem-solving task. Beyond that it becomes very difficult to keep track of the different branches and details. But some people (and Chess tournaments are good places to look) are able to look farther ahead than that, and the skill sets between games and mathematics are very similar. [http://www.mathematicalbrain.com/pdf/PRODIGY.PDF PET Scans] done to several math prodigies have suggested thinking in terms of long-term working memory (LTWM). This memory, specific to a field of expertise, is capable of holding relevant information for extended periods, usually hours. For example, experienced waiters have been found to hold the orders of up to twenty customers in their heads while they serve them, but perform only as well as an average person in number-sequence recognition. The PET scans also answer questions about which specific areas of the brain associate themselves with prodigious number-manipulation. One subject never excelled as a child in mathematics, but he taught himself algorithms and tricks for calculatory speed, becoming capable of extremely complex mental math. His brain, compared to six other controls, was studied using the PET scan, revealing separate areas of his brain that he manipulated to solve the complex problems. Some of the areas that he and presumably prodigies use are brain sectors dealing in visual and spatial memory, as well as visual mental imagery. Other areas of the brain showed use by the subject, including a sector of the brain generally related to childlike “finger counting,” probably used in his mind to relate numbers to the visual cortex. It is vital to note that the activity of parts of the brain which share a functional role with a more researched function, like visual and spatial memory, is only correlational, and may only indicate that they share some functions at a higher or lower level. One may point out that many mathematicians and theoretical physicists are completely hopeless in labs, falling victim to the annoying habit of constantly losing items. The idea of a Long Term Working Memory is only an abstraction, and psychology may be better served by a different set of such memory abstractions. LTWM is a surprisingly minimal abstraction, in the sense that it is rather obvious that the details of a problem remain lodged in our memory until we have let go of it. It is also as fuzzy as its definition, bearing on the meaning of 'field', 'expertise', and 'extended periods'. Most researchers recognize that prodigious talent tends to arise as a result of the innate talent of the child, the environment that the individual resides in, the energetic and emotional investment that the child ventures, and the personal characteristics of the individual. This seemingly vacuous statement is necessary to rule out a simplistic view. Prodigies, regardless of their portrayal, are people, and as such are generally confined by much the same constraints on learning and emotional issues that most people deal with. It is extremely difficult, and ultimately fruitless, to claim that innate talent does not exist. It is impossible to learn to play tennis in a prison, and it is rewarding to learn music with encouragement. One cannot spontaneously have knowledge beam itself from the heavens into one's head: at least some time, and therefore energy, is required to learn and absorb the proper skill set. Emotions play an incredibly important role (as in almost all people), from the catastrophic tendencies exhibited by stereotypical examples of 'tortured geniuses', to the obvious distracting quality of bouts of uncontrollable depression, to the less tangible and poorly understood qualities of the effects of emotions on one's creativity and general thought patterns. Finally, if the person is particularly determined, stable, passionate, cheerful, focused, and energetic, they will likely fare better than a lethargic, and unhappy person of nebulous will or intent.

Adjustment into adulthood

The personal growth of child prodigies has traditionally captured a decent share of popular culture, and has over the years been the subject of reasonable historical and sociological inquiry. The tragic story strikes many as a captivating, and defining plotline. The vehicle upon which these personalities enter the public consciousness vary, but the essential elements are always, if perhaps unfairly, amplified. Famous examples include Bobby Fischer, Évariste Galois, David Helfgott, Blaise Pascal, and Arthur Rimbaud. In cases like Zerah Colburn, William James Sidis, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, history is colored by the early achievement and promise of something greater, and complications of adulthood, which are always tragic, are particularly emphasized in historical or popular accounts. One early literary example of a child prodigy with a tragic fate is found in The Hampdenshire Wonder, but again the portrayal is rather colored, describing not an accurate account but a fictionalized idealization. It has been conjectured, this time within the guise of a scientific study, that prodigies fare often have difficulty 'adjusting' socially. In the 1940s Leta S. Hollingworth noted that the optimum "IQ range" appeared to be between 125 and 155. Those above 155 had more problems with personal adjustment.[http://www.webenet.com/genius2.htm]. Above a certain point there was a slight inverse relationship between performance on "the Concept Mastery Test Form A", a test of verbal intelligence, and personal adjustment. It should be pointed out that this is ancient social science dating from a medieval stage of psychology. The tests, and even the theoretical interpretation, of intelligence and personal adjustment, were, and still are, far from perfect. The slight inverse relationship is also statistically insignificant above the range Hollingworth had proposed (where it should be noted that the IQ scale they used in that era, the ratio IQ, is no longer used seriously today, and on a normed test 155 IQ is roughly 3+2/3 SD above the mean). Nonetheless, due to a general misunderstanding and a powerful draw towards attributing flaws toward the prodigies personal makeup, theories such as these relentlessly proliferate and spawn in the literature, the public consciousness, and the internet. The slight inverse relationship between two ancient and unreliable test scores should never be emphasised. However, some adjustment issues are obvious. It is not uncommon for the highly intellectually capable to be chastized in school, or at least be emotionally dulled by the conversational character of their average classmate. They typically have very different priorities than other people, with popularity, friendship,and common excitement playing second fiddle to the quest for knowledge, mastery of skill, or more personal yearnings, creating a mis-step with society. In some cases this may be profound, and communities have not been traditionally kind to outsiders. Some may simply dream too large. The possibilities seem endless when you are young: one can progress rapidly through a subject which might take an average disinterested student orders of magnitude more time. As one progresses, however, those that you are competing with are proportionally not much older, and possibly just as driven. Further, the subjects become difficult. Mastery of the fundamentals of calculus is really not beyond most bright youngsters. If this ability is miscontrued as a cue to jump into Quantum Field Theory, for example, the result will probably be a severely confused and bewildered individual. Things are hard near the top. It is vital to emphasize that most ex-prodigies go on to lead fairly balanced and generally happy lives. The famous study, by Lewis Terman, indicates this as a primary result, and although the participants were pre-selected to some extent, the results do point in the right direction for the majority of individuals. The spectacular flameouts are held in the upper echelons of public awareness, but it should be emphasized that our history is filled with geniuses which have displayed phenomenal early talent. One must note that phenomenal early talent is de rigueur in classical musical performance, starlingly commonplace in the hard sciences and engineering, extremely well established in writing, journalism,debate, and law, and as is becoming increasingly clear as the internet opens up a showcase for blossoming talent, in artistic endeavours as well. One author notes that an extraordinary number of nobel prize winners in physics, Fields medalist, Dirac medalists, Abel medalists, and Turing award winners were educationally accellerated (sometimes remarkably), had remarkable school careers, had an early obsession with computers, or more recently, won major international academic olympiads. There is considerable overlap, and prodigious talent is, when compared to known alternatives, simply an exceptional statistical predictor of later achievement. Unfortunately, it is not perfect, and perhaps some people expect too much. yeah

In fiction

An early film example might be Dear Brigitte with Bill Mumy as a prodigious son of a professor. Although there are films with child prodigies that predate that one. A recent work showing characters who began life as child prodigies is the film The Royal Tenenbaums. A film depicting the struggles of a doting working-class mother trying to care for a child prodigy is Little Man Tate. Child prodigies are also a staple in much science fiction. Several episodes of the X-Files featured varying kinds of child prodigies; ranging from noble to violent and psychotic. Books like Ender's Game, Odd John, Beggars in Spain, Dune, and others deal with child prodigies or focus on them. There's also the Wesley Crusher character in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Another is Lucas Wolenczak was a young computer genius in the TV series Seaquest DSV. Television characters who are relatively well adjusted prodigies include Doogie Howser, M.D., and Lisa Simpson. Although in both cases some degree of isolation and difficulty is shown in their stories. Most fictional examples given here ultimately could be deemed troubled or even tortured prodigies, even the seemingly happy ones. To began in the final episode of Doogie Howser they seemingly parody the idea, he ends up on a talk show with child prodigies who end up confessing outrageous mental problems, but at the end he essentially agrees it applies to him as well. He therefore quits medicine in search of some kind of philosophical answers to his problems. Lisa Simpson is generally shown as having virtually no friends and her obsessive need to go to school seems occasionally pathetic even to her. Wesley Crusher's feelings of abandonment and resentment are more often shown as caused by the early death of his father, but in the last episode featuring him he could be deemed to show signs of "aging child prodigy disease." He is hostile to everyone, disobeys orders, and ultimately abandons Star Fleet for his own kind of spiritual/philosophical journey. A few films take a slightly different approach. In Little Man Tate he suffers from burnout in the middle of the film, but by the end he recovers and is ultimately better adjusted then he was before the film started. A vaguely similar result occurs in Searching for Bobby Fischer where, after a tormenting level of external pressure, the prodigy finds his own way toward stability and even being "a good person." Films intending to deal, comically or seriously, with the more tortured variety include Shine, the William H. Macy character in Magnolia, and The Royal Tenenbaums as mentioned. The film Real Genius takes a mixed approach. It seems to indicate that impressive early ability, leading to grand self and external expectations, coupled with obsessive studiousness and a seriousness towards ones work and life, leads people towards burnout, a phenomenon well understood within the real life version of the thinly veiled environment that is portrayed (the California Institute of Technology). The central epiphany in that film occurs when the younger Mitch and the older Chris develop a balance within their lives, fueled by their rediscovered love of science. A complication worth mentioning though is that the child prodigy fictional characters thus mentioned often had deeply troubled family histories. In Shine David Helfgott, who is not a fictional character but the story is fictionalized, is shown as having an almost viciously domineering father. As does Macy's character in Magnolia and arguably all of the Tennenbaums. In The Simpsons Lisa's father is a borderline alcoholic, her mother has a gambling addiction, and her brother has been in juvenile hall. By comparison she is sometimes considered to be the most well adjusted character in her family. Wesley Crusher faced the death of his father and also faced the possible death of his mother numerous times. Doogie Howser had a stable home, but nearly died in childhood from cancer. Little Man Tate had a good mother, never had terminal illnesses, and ended up fine. Still a great deal of this is simply the need to add drama to the lives of any character. A comparison of "police characters" or "doctor characters" in film or TV might also show an unusually high rate of burnout or even crippling mental illness when compared to reality.

Sources and links

- [http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501030217/story.html Time article linked to in the article]
- [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:aSfbN-vPzUAJ:sengifted.org/articles_adults/Tolan_DiscoveringTheGiftedExChild.pdf+%22child+prodigy%22 Roeper review article]
- [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8168364&dopt=Citation The relationship between early giftedness and later achievement from the Development Group at Harvard University Graduate School of Education]
- [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:ev_cnzBPy1EJ:www2.bc.edu/~winner/PDFs/Giftedness-Current%2520directions%2520in%2520PS.pdf+%22studies%22+of+%22child+prodigies%22 Article by Boston psychology professor Ellen Winter on giftedness and prodigies]
- [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1553412,00.html Oxford considering restricting child prodigies entering]
- [http://www-dev.gt-cybersource.org/Record.aspx?NavID=2_0&rid=11363 Study of Extreme Giftedness]
- [http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/lifecourse/terman The Lewis Terman Study of young geniuses]

Flunk

Flunk is a Norwegian electronic band consisting of members producer Ulf Nygaard, guitarist Jo Bakke, drummer Erik Ruud, and vocalist Anja Oyen Vister.

Biography

The band began as a project between Ulf, and Jo in Oslo, Norway in winter 2000/2001. Beginning as an instrumental and sampled vocal project, they were signed for a track on a compilation by Beatservice Records in winter 2001. On hearing the finished track, label manager Vidar Hanssen signed the unnamed band for a full album. During early summer 2001, Ulf and Jo recorded most of the album and Anja improvised the vocals. After their vocals, Jo layered the guitars, but it would be a year before the album would be completed and released. In spring 2002, the band was known as Flunk and they released their first single, a cover of New Order's Blue Monday in April. The track was well received in the UK and was included on numerous compilations in North America and Europe. Later in April, their debut album For Sleepyheads Only was released which garnered great reviews in Norway. With the success of their album, BBC invited them to do a recording session for the Radio 1 show The Blue Room in London. Shortly after Notting Hill Art's Club would become the location to their live debut. In the United States, they became signed to Guidance Recordings. By summer 2002, raving reviews were being returned by British electronica magazines and in July they played Norway's finest rock festival. In October For Sleepyheads Only was released in the US through Guidance Recordings. By November they played the London Jazz Festival. Throughout 2003 their debut, For Sleepyheads Only was still being echoed across the globe in staggered releases with special editions released to Russia and Greece. Beatservice Records then went on to release Treat Me Like You Do - For Sleepyheads Only Remixed in June. While their debut continued to make it's way around, the band wasted no time and began work on their second album for the majority of the year, which was recorded in Paris in October. Their sophomore album, Morning Star was finished in March 2004 and saw a Norwegian release in May while the rest of the world received it in June. In 2005, Play America was released on Beatservice Records which included bonus tracks from the US version of Morning Star along with remixes.

# Blue Monday (blue states remix) # Magic Potion (prins thomas short version) # See Thru You (the cinque cento remix)

Side-C Tracklisting

# Blue Monday (rune lindbæk loves manchester mix) # Kebab Shop 3 AM (rune lindbæk klubb kebab dub) # Your Koolest Smile (innerise remix)

Side-D Tracklisting

# See Thru You (athome project vinterdepresjonsmix) # Blue Monday (jori hulkkonen remix #2) # Your Koolest Smile (doc l jnr rekoolstruction)

Appearances

In January 2005, Flunk's track "Play" off Morning Star appeared on an episode of The O.C. called "The Risky Business" and later appeared on Music from The O.C. 4.

External links

- [http://www.flunkmusic.com/ Official Flunk Website]
- [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:em4uaknk0m3n Flunk on allmusic.com]

David Gemmell

David Gemmell (born August 1, 1948) is a Times bestseller fantasy author. He was born in West

Morning Star

Morning Star (chief)

Reference

Morning star (weapon)

References

External link

The Morning Star

Editorial line

External links

The Morningstars

Morningstar, Inc.

Management

External links

Articles

Commune

See also

Morningstar heavy fighter

Phosphorus (morning star)

Variant Names

"Hesperus is Phosphorus"

Neopagan Mythology

Jesus

Life and teachings, based upon the Gospels

Chronology

Family and early life

Later life

Arrest, trial and execution

Resurrection and Ascension

Legacy

Religious perspectives

Christian views

Islamic views

Jewish views

Eastern religions

Negative views

Other Views

Historicity

Earlier texts?

Questions of reliability

External influences on gospel development

Notes

Other topics pertaining to Jesus

See also

External links

Flag of West Papua

Nationalist movement

Sources

Child prodigy

Cognitive studies on child prodigies

Adjustment into adulthood

In fiction

Sources and links

See also

Flunk

Biography

Discography (Alphabetical)

All Day And All Of The Night Remixes

Tracklisting

Blue Monday

Tracklisting

Blue Monday EP

Side-A Tracklisting

Side-B Tracklisting

Blue Monday Remixes

Tracklisting

Blue Monday Remixes

Side-A Tracklisting

Side-B Tracklisting

For Sleepyheads Only

Tracklisting

For Sleepyheads Only (US Version)

Tracklisting

For Sleepyheads Only

Side-A Tracklisting

Side-B Tracklisting

Miss World EP

Side-A Tracklisting

Side-B Tracklisting

Morning Star

Tracklisting