Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Robin Eames

Robin Eames

The Most Reverend and Right Honourable Robin Henry Alexander, Baron Eames, His Grace the Lord Primate of All Ireland (born April 27, 1937) is the head of the Church of Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. Born in Belfast, he was educated at the city's Belfast Royal Academy and Methodist College before going on to study at Queen's University, graduating LLB as well as obtaining a Ph.D. from there. During a distinguished academic career he was lectured in philosophy by his future Catholic counterpart, Cahal Daly. During his time at Queen's he was briefly involved in the Young Unionists. Rugby, athletics and sailing are his favourite sports. Turning his back on law for the Church of Ireland, he embarked on a three-year course at the divinity school in Trinity College Dublin in 1960 but found the course "intellectually unsatisfying". In 1963 he was appointed curate assistant at Bangor Parish Church, becoming Rector of St Dorothea's in Belfast three years later. In the same year, 1966 he married Christine Daly During his time in St Dorothea's in the Braniel and Tullycarnet area of east Belfast, he developed a 'coffee bar ministry' among young people but the Troubles interrupted. During this time he rescued a Catholic girl from a loyalist mob who had set her family home on fire. He mysteriously turned down the opportunity to be dean of Cork and in 1974 was appointed rector of St Mark's in Dundela in east Belfast, formerly CS Lewis's family church. In May 1975, at the age of 38, he was appointed bishop of the cross-border diocese of Derry and Raphoe - having visited Derry only once. In a groundbreaking move, he invited his similarly young Catholic counterpart, Dr Edward Daly, to his consecration. Eames was translated five years later to the diocese of Down and Dromore. In 1986, he became Lord Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, and was the following year a select preacher at Oxford University. Created a life peer in 1995, Lord Eames has for many years been very much involved in Northern Irish politics, and has been a prominent advocate for peace and understanding. He has been strongly critical of the Orange Order. He is also a significant figure within the general Anglican Communion, and is Chairman of the Lambeth Commission on Communion. He is the recipient of honorary degrees from both his alma maters as well as the Universities of Lancaster and Cambridge. In 2003, the self-styled 'divine optimist' was appointed Chairman of the Lambeth Commission on Communion, which examined the challenges to unity in the Anglican Communion. The Commission published its report ("the Windsor Report") on 18 October 2004. On November 18,2004, a biography of Robin Eames, [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340862238/irishanglenet-21 Nobody's Fool] by Alf McCreary, was published. Eames, Robin Eames, Robin Eames, Robin Eames, Robin

April 27

April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining.

Events


- 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland.
- 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England.
- 1509 - Pope Julius II places the Italian state of Venice under interdict.
- 1521 - Battle of Mactan: Explorer Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines led by chief Lapu-Lapu.
- 1565 - Cebu is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
- 1650 - The Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army invades mainland Scotland from the Orkney Islands but is defeated by a Covenanter army.
- 1667 - The blind, impoverished John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £10.
- 1773 - The British Parliament passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by granting it a monopoly on the North American tea trade.
- 1805 - First Barbary War: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The "shores of Tripoli" part of the Marines' hymn).
- 1813 - War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Ontario, York (present day Toronto, Ontario).
- 1840 - Foundation stone for new Palace of Westminster, London, laid by wife of Sir Charles Barry.
- 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus.
- 1865 - The steamboat Sultana, carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,700, most of whom were Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.
- 1897 - Grant's Tomb is dedicated.
- 1904 - The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.
- 1906 - Salem, Ohio celebrates its Centennial.[http://www.salemohio.com]
- 1908 - The 1908 Summer Olympics open in London.
- 1909 - Sultan of Turkey Abdul Hamid II is overthrown, and is succeeded by his brother, Murat V.
- 1914 - Honduras becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1936 - The United Auto Workers (UAW) gains autonomy from the American Federation of Labor.
- 1941 - World War II: German troops enter Athens.
- 1945 - World War II: Last German troops are expelled from Finnish Lapland (the last day of World War II going on in Finland). The day is the national war veteran day in Finland.
- 1945 - The Völkischer Beobachter, the newspaper of the Nazi Party, ceases publication.
- 1947 - Babe Ruth Day is celebrated at Yankee Stadium.
- 1950 - Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed formally segregating races.
- 1960 - Togo gains independence from French-administered UN trusteeship.
- 1961 - Sierra Leone is granted its independence from the United Kingdom, with Milton Margai as the first Prime Minister.
- 1964 - "Love me do" by the Beatles was #1 for one week in the US
- 1967 - Expo '67 opens in Montreal, Quebec.
- 1972 - Constructive Vote of No Confidence against German Chancellor Willy Brandt fails under obscure circumstances.
- 1981 - Xerox PARC introduces the computer mouse.
- 1986 - Captain Midnight (John R. MacDougall) hijacks HBO's satellite and transmits his own message to HBO viewers.
- 1992 - The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is proclaimed, comprising of Serbia and Montenegro.
- 1994 - South African general election, 1994: The first democratic general election in South Africa, in which black citizens vote.
- 1997 - Andrew Cunanan murders Jeffrey Trail, beginning a murder spree that will last until July and terminate with the murder of fashion designer Gianni Versace.
- 2005 - The Superjumbo jet aircraft Airbus 380 makes its first flight from Toulouse, France.

Births


- 1623 - Johann Adam Reinken, German organist (d. 1722)
- 1701 - King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (d. 1773)
- 1718 - Thomas Lewis, Irish-born Virginia settler (d. 1790)
- 1737 - Edward Gibbon, English historian (d. 1794)
- 1759 - Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, English activist and author (d. 1797)
- 1791 - Samuel F. B. Morse, American inventor (d. 1872)
- 1812 - Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (d. 1883)
- 1820 - Herbert Spencer, English philosopher (d. 1903)
- 1822 - Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States (d. 1885)
- 1840 - Edward Whymper, English mountain climber (d. 1911)
- 1878 - Frank Alvin Gotch, American professional wrestler (d. 1917)
- 1888 - Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (d. 1917)
- 1891 - Sergei Prokofiev, Russian composer (d. 1953)
- 1894 - Nicolas Slonimsky, Russian-born musicologist and composer (d.1995)
- 1896 - Rogers Hornsby, baseball player (d. 1963)
- 1899 - Walter Lantz, American cartoonist (d. 1994)
- 1904 - Cecil Day-Lewis, Irish poet and writer (d. 1972)
- 1913 - Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- 1916 - Enos Slaughter, baseball player (d. 2002)
- 1920 - Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (d. 1956)
- 1920 - Edwin Morgan, Scottish poet
- 1922 - Jack Klugman, American actor
- 1927 - Coretta Scott King, American civil rights activist and wife of Martin Luther King
- 1931 - Igor Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist
- 1932 - Anouk Aimée, French actress
- 1932 - Casey Kasem, American disc jockey
- 1932 - Gian-Carlo Rota, Italian-born mathematician and philosopher (d. 1999)
- 1937 - Sandy Dennis, American actress (d. 1992)
- 1938 - Earl Anthony, American bowler (d. 2001)
- 1939 - Judy Carne, British actress and comedienne
- 1941 - Lee Roy Jordan, American football player
- 1944 - Cuba Gooding, Sr., American musician (The Main Ingredient)
- 1945 - August Wilson, American playwright (d. 2005)
- 1947 - Ann Peebles, American singer
- 1948 - Kate Pierson, American singer (The B-52's)
- 1951 - Ace Frehley, American musician (KISS)
- 1952 - George Gervin, American basketball player
- 1959 - Sheena Easton, Scottish singer
- 1963 - Cali Timmins, Canadian actress
- 1967 - Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
- 1969 - Darcey Bussell, British ballerina
- 1969 - Mica Paris, British singer and presenter
- 1970 - Kylie Travis, English actress and model
- 1976 - Walter Pandiani, Uruguayan footballer
- 1984 - Patrick Stump, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
- 1988 - Nicholas Henderson, Scottish political activist
- 1990 - Natasha Margolis, Australian violinist

Deaths


- 630 - King Ardashir III of Persia
- 1404 - Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1342)
- 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer
- 1530 - Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)
- 1599 - Maeda Toshiie, Japanese general (b. 1538)
- 1605 - Pope Leo XI (b. 1535)
- 1613 - Robert Abercromby, Scottish Jesuit (b. 1532)
- 1625 - Mori Terumoto, Japanese warrior (b. 1553)
- 1656 - Jan van Goyen, Dutch painter (b. 1596)
- 1694 - John George IV, Elector of Saxony (b. 1668)
- 1695 - John Trenchard, English statesman (b. 1640)
- 1702 - Jean Bart, French admiral (b. 1651)
- 1782 - William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (b. 1710)
- 1813 - Zebulon Pike, American frontiersman and explorer (b. 1779)
- 1882 - Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist (b. 1803)
- 1915 - Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (b. 1872)
- 1921 - Arthur Mold, English cricketer (b. 1863)
- 1932 - Hart Crane, American writer (suicide) (b. 1899)
- 1936 - Karl Pearson, English statistician (b. 1857)
- 1952 - Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician (b. 1865)
- 1965 - Edward R. Murrow, American journalist (b. 1908)
- 1970 - Arthur Shields, Irish actor (b. 1896)
- 1972 - Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana (b. 1909)
- 1977 - Stanley Adams, American actor (b. 1915)
- 1992 - Olivier Messiaen, French composer (b. 1908)
- 1995 - Willem Frederik Hermans, Dutch writer (b. 1921)
- 1996 - William Colby, American director of the Central Intelligence Agency (b. 1920)
- 1998 - Carlos Castaneda, Peruvian-born writer (b. 1925)
- 1999 - Al Hirt, American trumpeter (b. 1922)
- 2000 - Vicki Sue Robinson, American singer (b. 1954)
- 2002 - George Alec Effinger, American author (b. 1947)
- 2002 - Ruth Handler, American toy manufacturer (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, Swiss industrialist and art collector (b. 1921)

Holidays and observances


- Slovenia: Day of Uprising Against Occupation
- South Africa: Freedom day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/27 BBC: On This Day] ---- April 26 - April 28 - March 27 - May 27 – listing of all days ko:4월 27일 ms:27 April ja:4月27日 simple:April 27 th:27 เมษายน

1937

1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 1 - Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua
- January 11 - The first issue of Look magazine goes on sale in the United States.
- January 19 - Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.
- January 23 - In Moscow, 17 leading Communists go on trial accused of participating in a plot led by Leon Trotsky to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime and assassinate its leaders.
- January 31 - Ohio river floods
- January 31 - 31 people executed in the Soviet Union for "Trotskyism"

February


- February 5 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a plan to enlarge the Supreme Court of the United States.
- February 8 - Falangist troops take Málaga
- February 11 - A sit-down strike ends when General Motors recognises the United Automobile Workers Union
- February 16 - Wallace H. Carothers receives a patent for nylon.
- February 19 - During a public ceremony at the Viceregal Palace (the former Imperial residence) in Addis Ababa Ahmed, Ethiopia, two Eritrean nationalists attempt to kill viceroy Rodolfo Graziani with a number of grenades. The Italian security guard fire into the crowd of Ethiopian onlookers, and over the passing weeks indiscriminately slaughter native Ethiopians in reprisal.
- February 21 - Initial flight of the first successful flying car, Waldo Waterman's Arrowbile; the League of Nations Non-Intervention Committee ban on foreign national "volunteers" in the Spanish Civil War.

March


- March - The first issue of the comic book Detective Comics is published in the United States. Twenty-seven issues later, Detective Comics would introduce Batman. The comic would go on to become the longest continually-published comic magazine in American history; it is still published as of 2005.
- March 10 - The Encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge of pope Pius XI is published in Nazi Germany
- March 18 - The New London School explosion kills three hundred.
- March 26 - In Crystal City, Texas spinach growers erect a statue of the cartoon character Popeye.
- March 26 - William Henry Hastie becomes the first African-American appointed to federal judgeship.

April


- April 1 - Aden becomes a British crown colony.
- April 17 - Release of the animated short Porky's Duck Hunt, directed by Tex Avery for the Merrie Melodies series, featuring the debut of Daffy Duck.
- April 26 - Spanish Civil War: Guernica, Spain is bombed by German Luftwaffe.
- April 26 - In his report of the Falangist attack on Guernica, British journalist George Steer reports that he had found German bomb casing; that means that Luftwaffe planes were connected with the attack

May

Luftwaffe, with their daughters Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret.]]
- May 1 - General strike in Paris, France
- May 6 - In United States, the German airship Hindenburg bursts into flame when mooring to a mast in Lakehurst.
- May 7 - Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion Fighter Group, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes arrive in Spain to assist Francisco Franco's forces.
- May 12 - Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth takes place at Westminster Abbey, London.
- May 21 - As one of the reprisals for the attempted assassination of Italian viceroy Rodolfo Graziani, a detachment of Italian troops massacre the entire community of Debre Libanos. 297 monks and 23 laymen are killed.
- May 27 - In California, the Golden Gate Bridge opens to pedestrian traffic creating a vital link between San Francisco and Marin County. The next day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt pushes a button in Washington, DC signaling the start of vehicle traffic over the Golden Gate Bridge.
- May - Dáil Éireann passes the Executive Authority (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937 which retrospectively abolishes the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State. The abolition is retrospectively dated to December 1936.

June


- June 8 - First total solar eclipse to exceed 7 minutes of totality in over 800 years; visible in the Pacific and Peru.
- June 14 - Pennsylvania becomes the first (and only) of the United States to celebrate Flag Day officially as a state holiday.
- June 21 - Coalition government of Leon Blum resigns in France.
- June/July - Dáil Éireann debates and passes the draft new constitution of Éire, to be called Bunreacht na hÉireann. The new constitution is then submitted for public approval by plebiscite.

July


- July 1 - Gestapo arrests priest Martin Niemöller.
- July 1 - In a referendum the people of the Irish Free State accept the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.
- July 2 - Amelia Earhart disappears
- July 5 - Highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan: 45 °C.
- July 7 - Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lugou Bridge - Japanese forces invade China.
- July 21 - Eamon de Valera elected president of Eire
- July 22 - New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- July 24 - Alabama drops rape charges against the so-called "Scottsboro Boys."
- July 28 - IRA attempts bombing assassination against King George VI in Belfast.

August


- August 6 - Falangist artillery bombards Madrid.

September


- September 5 - Spanish Civil War: The fall of Llanes.
- September 16 - birth of Keith Bosley, broadcaster (retired), poet and translator.
- September 21 - George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London published the first edition of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit.
- September 25 - Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Pingxingguan.

October


- October 1 - Marijuana Tax Act in USA.
- October 3 - Japanese troops advance toward Nanking.
- October 5 - Roosevelt "Quarantine the Aggressors" speech at Chicago
- October 21 - The whole Spanish northern seaboard in the Falangists' hands.
- October 21 - Roberto Ortiz elected president of Argentina.
- October 27 - Spanish Civil War - Republican forces in Gijon, Spain, set fire to petrol reserves before they retreat before the advancing Falangists.

November


- November 5 Spanish Civil War - Massacre of Republican supporters in Piedrafita de Babia, near León. Possibly 35,000 executed.
- November 5 - World War II: In the Reich Chancellery, Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring "living space" for the German people.
- November 9 - Japanese troops take Shanghai.

December


- December 3 - The Dandy, the world's longest running comic, was first published.
- December 12 - Panay incident
- December 13 - Battle of Nanjing ends and the Nanjing Massacre begins. Japanese troops would slaughter over 250,000 civilians and prisoners over three months.
- December 27 - Mae West performance gets her banned from NBC Radio
- December 29 - New Irish Constitution, Bunreacht na hÉireann comes into force. The Irish Free State becomes Éire. Eamon de Valera becomes the first Taoiseach (prime minister) of the new state. A Presidential Commission (made up the Irish Chief Justice, the Speaker of Dáil Éireann and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency of Ireland pending the election of the first president in June 1938.
- December - The Marijuana Tax Act is signed, ending the US hemp industry just as it was about to benefit from a mechanised brake and compete with cotton and wood pulp.

Unknown dates


- Japan invades Manchuria. (Some consider this the start of World War II. Most historians disagree).
- New Irish constitution bans divorce.
- First science fiction convention in Leeds, United Kingdom.
- Italy joins Antikomintern Pact.
- The National House Builders Registration Council (now the NHBC) was formed in the United Kingdom.
- Donald Goines (1937 - 1973)
- Jimmie Angel lands his plane on top of Devil's Mountain however the plane gets damaged and he has to trek through the rainforest for help.

Ongoing events


- Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
- Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
- Harlem Renaissance (1920-1940) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance]

Births

January


- January 1 - Anne Aubrey, British actor
- January 4 - Dyan Cannon, Ameircan actress
- January 6 - Underwood Dudley, American mathematician
- January 8 - Shirley Bassey, Welsh singer
- January 14 - Ken Higgs, English cricketer
- January 15 - Margaret O'Brien, American actress
- January 18 - John Hume, Irish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- January 27 - John Ogdon, English pianist (d. 1989)
- January 30 - Vanessa Redgrave, English actress
- January 30 - Boris Spassky, Russian chess player
- January 31 - Suzanne Pleshette, Amrican actress
- January 31 - Philip Glass, American composer

February


- February 1 - Garrett Morris, American comedian
- February 1 - Don Everly, American musician
- February 2 - Tom Smothers, American musician and comedian
- February 2 - Magic Sam, American musician (d. 1969)
- February 8 - Manfred Krug, German actor and singer
- February 11 - Bill Lawry, Australian cricketer
- February 12 - Charles Dumas, American athlete
- February 20 - Robert Huber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 20 - Roger Penske, American race car driver
- February 20 - Nancy Wilson, American singer and actress
- February 21 - King Harald V of Norway
- February 25 - Tom Courtenay, English actor

March


- March 2 - Abdelaziz Bouteflika, Algerian president
- March 4 - Graham Dowling, New Zealand cricket captains
- March 6 - Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut
- March 9 - Mickey Gilly, American musician
- March 17 - Rudy Ray Moore, American comedian
- March 20 - Jerry Reed, American musician
- March 22 - Armin Hary, German athlete
- March 23 - Craig Breedlove, American race car driver
- March 30 - Warren Beatty, American actor and director

April


- April 5 - Colin Powell, U.S. Secretary of State
- April 6 - Merle Haggard, American musician
- April 6 - Billy Dee Williams, American actor
- April 10 - Bella Akhmadulina, Russian poet
- April 16 - Joseph Whipp, American actor
- April 22 - Jack Nicholson, American actor
- April 29 - Jill Paton Walsh, English novelist

May


- May 1 - Una Stubbs, British actor
- May 8 - Thomas Pynchon, American writer
- May 6 - Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter, American boxer
- May 12 - George Carlin, American comedian
- May 13 - Roch Carrier, Canadian writer
- May 13 - Roger Zelazny, American writer (d. 1995)
- May 15 - Madeleine Albright, U.S. Secretary of State
- May 15 - Trini López, American musician
- May 17 - Hazel R. O'Leary, U.S. Secretary of Energy
- May 18 - Brooks Robinson, baseball player
- May 18 - Jacques Santer, Luxembourg politician, President of the European Council

June


- June 1 - Morgan Freeman, American actor
- June 3 - Solomon P. Ortiz, U.S. Congressman from Texas
- June 7 - Neemi Järvi, Estonian conductor
- June 9 - Harald Rosenthal, German biologist
- June 11 - Robin Warren, Australian pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 18 - Wray Carlton, American football player
- June 18 - Vitali Zholobov, cosmonaut
- June 23 - Martti Ahtisaari, President of Finland
- June 25 - Keizo Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2000)
- June 26 - Robert Coleman Richardson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 28 - Ron Luciano, baseball umpire and writer (d. 1995)

July


- July 6 - Vladimir Ashkenazy, Russian pianist
- July 6 - Ned Beatty, American actor
- July 7 - Tung Chee-Hwa, Hong Kong administrator
- July 9 - David Hockney, English-born artist
- July 12 - Lionel Jospin, Prime Minister of France
- July 12 - Bill Cosby, American actor and comedian
- July 14 - Yoshiro Mori, Japanese politician
- July 18 - Roald Hoffmann, Polish-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 29 - Daniel McFadden, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

August


- August 4 - David Bedford, American musician
- August 5 - Herb Brooks, American hockey coach (d. 2003)
- August 8 - Dustin Hoffman, American actor
- August 18 - Robert Redford, American actor
- August 18 - Willie Rushton, English comedian and cartoonist (d. 1996)
- August 21 - Donald Dewar, First Minister of Scotland (d. 2000)
- August 29 - James Florio, Governor of New Jersey

September


- September 4 - Dawn Fraser, Australian swimmer
- September 15 - Robert Lucas, Jr., American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 15 - Fernando de la Rúa, President of Argentina
- September 19 - Abner Haynes, American football player
- September 28 - Rod Roddy, American television announcer (d. 2003)

October


- October 2 - Johnnie Cochran, American attorney (d. 2005)
- October 5 - Barry Switzer, American football coach
- October 10 - Bobby Charlton, English footballer

November


- November 8 - Paul Mackintosh Foot, British journalist
- November 15 - Yaphet Kotto, American actor
- November 17 - Peter Cook, English comedian and writer
- November 26 - Boris Yegorov, cosmonaut

December


- December 3 - Bobby Allison, American race car driver
- December 8 - Arne Næss Jr., Norwegian mountaineer and businessman (d. 2004)
- December 21 - Jane Fonda, American actress and social activist
- December 26 - Gnassingbe Eyadema, President of Togo (d. 2005)
- December 29 - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives
- December 30 - John Hartford, American musician and composer (d. 2001)
- December 30 - Jim Marshall, American football player
- December 31 - Avram Hershko, Israeli biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- December 31 - Sir Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor

Deaths


- January 6 - Brother Andre, Canadian religious leader (b. 1845)
- January 23 - Marie Prevost, Canadian actress (b. 1898)
- February 5 - Lou Andreas-Salome, Russian-born writer (b. 1861)
- February 7 - Elihu Root, American statesman and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1845)
- February 11 - Walter Burley Griffin, American architect and town planner (b. 1876)
- March 9 - Paul Elmer More, American critic and essayist (b. 1864)
- March 12 - Charles-Marie Widor, French organist and composer (b. 1840)
- March 15 - H. P. Lovecraft, American writer (b. 1890)
- March 17 - Austen Chamberlain, English statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1863)
- March 29 - Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (b. 1882)
- April 19 - William Martin Conway, British art critic and mountaineer (b. 1856)
- April 21 - Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (b. 1913)
- April 25 - Michał Drzymała, Polish rebel (b.1857)
- May 23 - John D. Rockefeller, American industrialist and philanthropist (b. 1839)
- May 28 - Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (b. 1870)
- June 19 - J. M. Barrie, Scottish novelist and dramatist (b. 1860)
- July 9 - Oliver Law, American labor organizer and Army officer (killed in battle) (b. 1899)
- July 11 - George Gershwin, American composer (b. 1898)
- July 20 - Guglielmo Marconi, Italian inventor (b. 1874)
- July 21 - Louis Vierne, French composer (b. 1870)
- August 11 - Edith Wharton, American writer (b. 1862)
- September 2 - Pierre de Coubertin, French founder of the modern Olympic Games (b. 1863)
- September 26 - Bessie Smith, American singer (b. 1894)
- September 29 - Ray Ewry, American athlete (b. 1873)
- October 16 - Jean de Brunhoff, French writer (b. 1899)
- October 19 - Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1871)
- October 26 - Józef Dowbór-Muśnicki, Polish general (b. 1867)
- November 17 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer and coach (b. 1860)
- November 23 - Jagdish Chandra Bose, Indian Physicist (b. 1858)
- December 9 - Gustaf Dalén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)
- December 20 - Erich Ludendorff, German general (b. 1865)
- December 21 - Frank B. Kellogg, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1856)
- December 28 - Maurice Ravel, French composer (b. 1875)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson
- Chemistry - Walter Haworth, Paul Karrer
- Medicine - Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt
- Literature - Roger Martin du Gard
- Peace - Robert Cecil Category:1937 ko:1937년 ms:1937 ja:1937年 simple:1937 th:พ.ศ. 2480

Church of Ireland

The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It is the largest Protestant Church on the island of Ireland and the second largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland. The church considers itself to be in direct succession to Ireland's ancient Celtic Christianity and the mediaeval Irish Catholic Church. When Henry VIII and the Church of England broke with the Pope, he took the Catholic Church in Ireland with him; and so the Church remains heir, in its cathedrals and churches, to much of the island's mediaeval heritage. Although the Catholic Church remained the church of the majority of the populace, the Church of Ireland was the established church until 1871.

History

The Church of Ireland claims that its origins go back to the ancient Celtic Church in Ireland, which was founded at Paris by disciples of St. Phillip c. AD 108 and expanded into Britain and Ireland shortly thereafter, however these claims are not left undisputed as the Catholic Church in Ireland has a longer history. Originally a form of Christianised Druidism, Saint Patrick was instrumental in the formal re-organisation of the Celtic Church two centuries later. A monastically-centred institution, the unique calendar and usages of the Celtic Church were slowly drifting in the direction of Catholic orthodoxy when they were forcibly abandoned in the twelfth century after the Anglo-Norman Conquest of Ireland. A parish- and diocese-centered model replaced the old monastic one. Hence it was the English (ironically, given their later policies) who brought the island firmly into the Roman fold, although the Celtic Church remained connected with the Holy See, she did have her own rites. In 1536 Henry VIII had the Irish Parliament declare him head of the Irish Church, so breaking with the Holy See. Later, in 1541, he had the same parliament declare him King of Ireland. When the Church of England travelled in a more Protestant direction under Edward VI so too did the Church of Ireland; unlike in England, however, Roman Catholicism remained the majority religion in Ireland. As before the Reformation, some clergymen of the Irish Church sat as Lords Spiritual in the Irish House of Lords; under the provisions of the Act of Union 1800, one archbishop and the three bishops chosen by rotation would be Lords Spiritual in the newly united United Kingdom House of Lords in Westminster, joining the two archbishops (Canterbury and York) and the twenty-four bishops from the Church of England. Though the religion of a minority of Irish people, it remained the official religion of Ireland, until its disestablishment by an 1869 Act of Parliament came into effect in 1871. Previously, it had been funded by tithes, taxes that all, whether Anglican or not, were obliged to pay to it. The representation of the Church in the House of Lords also ceased. To deal with its new situation, it made provision in 1870 for its own government (General Synod) and financial management (Representative Church Body). Like other Irish churches, it did not divide when Ireland was partitioned in 1920, and continues to be governed on an all-island basis, with twelve dioceses organized as two provinces (Armagh and Dublin).

The Church of Ireland today

The contemporary Church of Ireland, despite having a small number of High Church (often described as Anglo-Catholic) parishes, is on the moderately Protestant part of the spectrum of world Anglicanism. Historically, it had little of the difference in churchmanship between parishes characteristic of other Anglican Provinces, although a number of more markedly liberal, High Church or evangelical parishes have developed in recent decades. It was the second province of the Anglican Communion after the Anglican Church of New Zealand (1857) to adopt, on its 1871 disestablishment, synodical government, and was one of the first provinces to ordain women to the priesthood, in 1991. The Church is structured on a model inherited from pre-Reformation times. The Primate of All Ireland is the Archbishop of Armagh, whose seat is the medieval Saint Patrick's Anglican Cathedral, Armagh. (There is also a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and a Victorian Saint Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral, Armagh.) The Church is organised on diocesan or bishopric lines. Local parish clergy are usually, although not always, called rector. The Archbishop of Dublin, like his Catholic counterpart, is called the Primate of Ireland. The existence of two primates is quite unrelated to the political division of the island, predating this by several centuries; and the boundary between their provinces does not follow the political boundary. Canon law and Church policy are decided by its General Synod, and changes in policy must be passed by both the House of Bishops and the House of Representatives (Clergy and Laity). Important changes, e.g. the decision to ordain women priests, must be passed by two-thirds majorities. While the House of Representatives always votes publicly, often by orders, the House of Bishops has tended to vote in private, coming to a decision before matters reach the floor of the Synod. This practice has been broken only once, when in 1999 the House of Bishops voted unanimously in public to [http://www.ireland.anglican.org/archives/synods/synod99/synodnews/sectrepmot.html endorse the efforts] of the Archbishop of Armagh, the Diocese of Armagh and the Standing Committee of the General Synod of the Church of Ireland in their attempts to resolve the crisis at the Church of the Ascension at Drumcree, near Portadown. The current Archbishop of Armagh is His Grace Archbishop Robin Eames. (He is also called Lord Eames, having been appointed to the House of Lords as a life peer). The Archbishop of Dublin is His Grace Archbishop John Neill. The Church of Ireland experienced major decline during the 20th Century, both in Northern Ireland, where 75% of its members live, and in the Republic of Ireland. However, the 2002 Republic's census showed an unexpected increase of 30% in the Church of Ireland's membership, the first in almost a century. This is largely explained by the great number of Anglican immigrants who moved to Ireland, particularly from Africa; but some parishes, especially in middle-class areas of the larger cities, report a significant number of former Roman Catholics joining. The Church has two cathedrals in Dublin: within the walls of the old city is Christ Church Cathedral, the seat of the Archbishop, and just outside the old walls is St. Patrick's Cathedral, the Church's National Cathedral of Ireland. In recent decades the Church has closed many of its country churches and some historic churches in towns and cities, and has sold ancient buildings such as bishops' palaces.

Prominent Irish Anglicans

Prominent members of the Church of Ireland include or have included
- Samuel Beckett, playwright and Nobel Prize laureate
- Heidi Bedell, Irish Green Party councillor. Married to Trevor Sargent, and first cousin of U2 bassist, Adam Clayton
- William Bedell Stanford, former member of the Irish Senate (1948), Regius Professor of Greek in TCD from 1940-1980, and Chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1982-1984.
- George Berkeley, philosopher
- Jack Boothman, the first member of the Church of Ireland to have been elected president of the GAA
- Bono (real name Paul Hewson), lead singer with U2
- Phyllis Browne, author of "Thanks for the Tea, Mrs Browne", published by New Island Books. Married to the late Noel Browne, the Minister for Health famously remembered for the Mother and Child showdown of 1951
- Edmund Burke, statesman and philosopher
- Robert Burke, contested Dail elections in Galway for the Irish Labour Party from 1933-1948 when he was elected to the Upper House. Donated Toghermore House to the State, originally as a rehabilitation centre for TB patients.
- Ernest Blythe, Minister for Finance in W.T. Cosgrave's pro-Treaty government. Served as managing director of the Abbey Theatre 1941-67
- Edward Carson, Dublin-born Unionist - political leader and lawyer
- Roger Casement, humanitarian
- Erskine Hamilton Childers, fourth President of Ireland. His father was executed by a Free State firing squad in 1922
- Countess of Wicklow, Irish Labour Party Senator (1948-52) and member of the Irish delegation which helped to draft the statute of the Council of Europe. Although very critical about the partition of Ireland, she was one of the founders and first chairman of the Glencree Reconciliation Centre and she joined hands with the Peace Movement in NI in the mid-1970s.
- Susan Denham, the second most senior Supreme Court judge in Ireland (in terms of years served)
- Myles Dungan, RTE broadcaster, and convert to the Church of Ireland, after years of childhood abuse at the hands of the Christian Brothers.
- Robert Emmet, revolutionary
- George Fitzmaurice, writer
- Roy Foster, Professor of Irish history at Oxford University
- Johnny Fox, Former TD - father of Mildred Fox, currently an Independent TD for Wicklow
- Douglas Gageby, Former editor of the Irish Times and lifetime opponent of partition
- Alan Gillis, former president of the Irish Farmers' Association and former Fine Gael MEP. Among one of the very few MEPs to have spent time in prison, as a result of his involvement in the farmers' rights struggle of 1966.
- Henry Grattan, defender of Irish parliamentary independence
- TC Hammond, evangelist, later Principal Moore Theological College, Sydney
- Mary Henry, Senator (Trinity College)
- Rev Stephen Hilliard, Irish Times journalist and alleged IRA member, killed by an intruder in Rathdrum rectory
- Douglas Hyde, first President of Ireland
- Lady Valerie Goulding, Fianna Fail Senator and founder of the Dublin Remedial Clinic, which provided physiotherapy for children who had been disabled by polio. Converted to Catholicism in 1962
- Sean Lester, Director of Publicity at the Department of External Affairs (1924), Diplomat at the League of Nations, serving as its last secretary-general
- C. S. Lewis, scholar, author, Christian apologist
- Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, former vice-chairman of the Irish Labour Party. Broadcaster for Radio Eireann (1952), and for RTE, UTV and the BBC (1960s). Chairman of Bord na Gaeilge and was president of Conradh naGaeilge between 1989 and 1994
- Louis MacNeice, Poet
- Catherine McGuinness, a former Irish Labour Party senator who came to the Bar in middle age. Served as a judge of the Circuit Court (1994) and High Court (1996) before being appointed to the Supreme Court in 2000
- Sam Maguire Irish Republican and Gaelic Footballer
- Martin Mansergh, Fianna Fail Senator
- Van Morrison, Belfast born singer
- David Norris, Senator and gay rights campaigner
- Graham Norton, comedian
- Ivan Yates, Owner of Celtic Bookmakers and former Fine Gael cabinet member
- Sean O'Casey, playwright
- Jan O'Sullivan, Irish Labour Party TD and daughter of the late Ted Gale, (the well-known Limerick Leader journalist, and former treasurer of the National Union of Journalists)
- Charles Stewart Parnell, Home rule M.P.
- Howard Robinson, a successful businessman and banker, he created the City of Dublin Bank (commonly known today as the Anglo-Irish Bank), Father-in-law to Mary Robinson, former President of Ireland
- Trevor Sargent, leader of the Irish Green Party
- George Bernard Shaw, writer and Nobel Prize laureate
- William Sheldon, had the distinction of being the Independent TD on whom Eamon de Valera depended for an overall majority during the minority Fianna Fail government of 1951-1954.
- Richard Brinsley Sheridan, playwright
- Bram Stoker, creator of Dracula
- Jonathan Swift, writer (who served as Dean of Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin)
- George Plant, Tipperary IRA man who was given a state execution in controversial circumstances, in 1942
- Theobald Wolfe Tone, eighteenth century revolutionary
- George Townsend, Church of Ireland clergyman who became the first Irish convert to the Bahá'í Faith in 1917
- Hilda Tweedy, founding member of the Irish Housewives' Association, an influential pressure group that spoke out about injustices and the needs of Irish women, inside and outside the home. Held high office in the IHA and the CSW (now the Women's National Council of Ireland). In 1975, International Women's Year, she led the Irish delegation to the UN meeting in Mexico and was a board member of the International Alliance of Women.
- James Ussher, scholar, Archbishop of Armagh
- Oscar Wilde, writer, but converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed.
- William Butler Yeats, poet and Nobel Prize laureate

See also


- List of Church of Ireland dioceses
- Religion in the United Kingdom

External links


- [http://www.ireland.anglican.org Church of Ireland website]
- [http://www.irishangle.net IRISH ANGLE: Church of Ireland news] Ireland Category:Religion in Ireland Category:Religion in the United Kingdom ja:アイルランド聖公会

Belfast

:This article is about the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland. For other uses, see Belfast (disambiguation). Belfast (Béal Feirste in Irish) is a city in the United Kingdom, and the second-largest city on the island of Ireland. It is the largest city in Northern Ireland, of which it is the capital, and in the province of Ulster. While the actual population within the city limits is c. 275,000, approximately 550,000 people live in the Greater Belfast area. It is situated at the south-western end of Belfast Lough, a long natural inlet ideal for the shipping trade that made the city famous, and near the mouth of the River Lagan. It is flanked by long stretches of hills, the Holywood Hills on the south and the Antrim Hills on the north. The name Belfast originates from the Irish Béal Feirste, or the mouth of the Farset (feirste is the genitive of the word fearsaid, "a spindle"), the river on which the city was built. Interestingly, the river Farset has been superseded by the River Lagan as the most important river; the Farset now languishes under the High Street in obscurity. Bridge Street indicates where there was originally a bridge across the Farset. Belfast saw the worst of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. A calmer scene in recent years has allowed some development of the city. The Lagan riverfront has been regenerated, including the new Odyssey complex and sports arena. Much of the city centre has now been pedestrianised. The city has two airports: Belfast City Airport adjacent to Belfast Lough and Belfast International Airport, formerley Aldergrove RAF Station, home of the famous 502 Squadron, which is near Lough Neagh. Queen's University Belfast is the main university in Belfast. The University of Ulster also maintains a campus in the city, which concentrates on fine art and design.

Geography

Belfast is situated at . A consequence of this latitude is that it both endures short winter days and enjoys long summer evenings. In the middle of the darkest period in December, local sunset is at 3.50 p.m. while sunrise is as late as 8.45 a.m. However, this is counterbalanced by the period from May to July. In mid-to-late June, sunset occurs after 10 p.m. and the daylight survives until 11 p.m. on fine nights. To the north of Belfast are the Glens of Antrim in County Antrim, and to the south, the Castlereagh Hills in County Down. Overlooking the city are Divis Mountain, Black Mountain and Cavehill - the famous "Napoleon's Nose" is a basaltic outcrop here which forms the border with neighbouring Glengormley, and is said to have inspired the famous novel Gulliver's Travels. Like much of the country, Belfast has a temperate climate with significant rainfall. Average daily maximums are 19°C (66°F) in July, 8°C (46°F) in January. There is significant rainfall on over 200 days in an average year, and an annual rainfall total of approximately 850mm (33 inches), still barely half that received in Western Ireland and Scotland. While sleet and snow fall occasionally in Winter, as an urban, coastal, area, snow lies in Belfast on an average of only 2-3 days per year.

Points of interest

Gulliver's Travels The City Hall, dating from 1906, Queen's University, Belfast (1849), and other Victorian and Edwardian buildings display a large number of sculptures. Among the grandest buildings are two former banks: Ulster Bank (1860), in Waring Street and Northern Bank (1769), in nearby Donegall Street. Also notable is the Linenhall Library (1788), in Donegall Square North. The world's largest dry dock is located in the city, and the giant cranes (Samson and Goliath) of the Harland and Wolff shipyard, builders of the Titanic, can be seen from afar. Other long-gone industries included Irish linen and rope-making. Sections of the city contain numerous sectarian murals, reflecting the political and religious allegiances of the communities living there: the Shankill Road, which is almost entirely Protestant, has murals depicting loyalty to the British Crown, the Ulster Volunteer Force, and other loyalist paramilitary groups. Conversely, murals on the Falls Road, Poleglass, Marrowbone, New Lodge, Twinbrook and Ardoyne neighborhoods, which are almost entirely Roman Catholic areas feature political themes such as a united Ireland, and the Provisional IRA, as well as traditional folklore and the Irish language. The Irish folk hero Cú Chulainn has appeared on both republican and loyalist murals, representing the heroic Celtic past for the former and legendary battles between Ulster and the other provinces for the latter. The ornately decorated Crown Liquor Saloon in Great Victoria Street is notable as being the only bar owned by the National Trust. The Royal Courts of Justice in Chichester Street is home to Northern Ireland's Supreme Court.
- Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast
- Ormeau Baths Gallery

History

Ormeau Baths Gallery The site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze ages, and the remains of Iron Age hill forts can still be seen. The original Belfast Castle was at Castle Junction, where several roads meet at the top of the High Street. This was demolished at the same time the River Farset was covered over to create the High Street. There is a new castle on the slopes of the Cavehill above the Antrim and Shore Road, now a popular location for wedding receptions. In the early 17th century Belfast was settled by English and Scottish settlers, under a plan by Sir Arthur Chichester to colonise and remove Irish Catholics from the land (see Plantation of Ulster. This caused much tension with the existing Irish Catholic population who rebelled in 1641, when England was distracted with its Civil War. The resulting slaughter is still strong in Ulster Protestant folk memory. It was later settled by a small number of French Huguenots fleeing persecution, who established a sizeable linen trade. In the 19th Century, Belfast became Ireland's pre-eminent industrial city, with linen, heavy engineering, tobacco and shipbuilding dominating the economy, and Belfast briefly overtook Dublin in population at the end of the nineteenth century. Migrants to Belfast came from across Ireland, Scotland and England, but particularly from rural Ulster, where sectarian tensions ran deep. The same period saw the first outbreaks of sectarian riots, which have recurred regularly since. By 1901 Belfast was the largest city in Ireland. Since around 1840 its population included many Catholics, who originally settled in the west of city, around the area of today's Barrack Street. West Belfast remains the centre of the city's Catholic population (in contrast with the east of the City which is almost exclusively Protestant). Other areas of Catholic settlement have included the north of the city, especially Ardoyne and the Antrim Road and the Markets area immediately to the south of the city centre. Conditions for the new working-class were often squalid, with much of the population packed into overcrowded and unsanitary tenements, and the city suffered from repeated cholera outbreaks in the mid 19th Century. Conditions improved somewhat after a wholesale slum clearance programme in the 1900s. Belfast became the centre of Irish unionism, and in 1922 it was declared the capital of Northern Ireland after Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State (later to become the Republic of Ireland, when it withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1949). The period immediately after partition was marked by vicious sectarian disturbances, and a dramatic hardening of the city's sectarian boundaries. In common with similar cities world-wide, Belfast suffered particularly during the Great Depression. Many thousands of Catholics left the city, often permanently, after the creation of Northern Ireland saw a sustained campaign of violence and intimidation against them, such as the families of former Fianna Fail Taoiseach Charles Haughey, and Canadian-born actors Martin Short and the late James Doohan. During the Second World War, Belfast was one of the major cities in the United Kingdom bombed by German forces and virtually the only one intentionally bombed by the Luftwaffe on the isle of Ireland, most of which had remained neutral during the War. Belfast was targeted due to its concentration of heavy shipbuilding and aerospace industries. Ironically, the same period saw the economy recover as the war economy saw great demand for the products of these industries. See Belfast blitz. The post-war years were relatively placid in Belfast, but sectarian tensions and resentment among the Catholic population at the widespread discrimination festered below the surface, and the city erupted into violence in 1969 and bombing, assassination and street violence formed a backdrop to life throughout The Troubles. In the early 1970s, the city saw huge forced population movements as families, mostly but not exclusively Roman Catholic, living in areas dominated by the other community were intimidated from their homes. The general decline in European manufacturing industry of the early 1980s, exacerbated by political violence, devastated the City's economy. As recently as 1971 the city was overwhelmingly Protestant, but today is almost evenly balanced due to higher Catholic birth rates and rising prosperity, together with Protestant emigration (both internal, e.g. to North Down and external) together with boundary changes have fundamentally, and irreversibly changed the balance. Today the city still remains scarred by the conflict between the two communities and most of it is highly segregated with enclaves of one community surrounded by another (e.g. Protestant Glenbryn Estate in North Belfast, and the Catholic Short Strand in East Belfast) feeling, and often being, under siege. In 1997, unionists lost control of Belfast City Council for the first time in its history. Since then it has had two Catholic mayors, one from the SDLP and one from Sinn Féin. In 2004, the composition of the Belfast City Council changed again, and now the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland holds the balance of power between nationalists and unionists. The formation of the Laganside Corporation in 1989 heralded the start of the regeneration of the River Lagan and its surrounding areas, a process assisted by the ceasefires of 1994, although communal segregation has continued since then, with occasional low level street violence in isolated flashpoints and the construction of new Peace Lines.

Local Politics

In the 2005 local government elections, the voters of Belfast elected 51 councillors to Belfast City Council from the following political parties: 15 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 14 Sinn Féin, 8 Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 7 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 4 Alliance Party, 2 Progressive Unionist Party (PUP), and 1 Independent (Frank McCoubrey). Belfast has four UK parliamentary and Assembly constituencies - North Belfast, West Belfast, South Belfast and East Belfast. All four extend somewhat beyond the city boundaries into parts of Castlereagh, Lisburn and Newtownabbey districts. In 2003, they elected 7 Sinn Féin, 6 DUP, 5 UUP, 4 SDLP, 1 PUP, and 1 Alliance MLAs (members of the Northern Ireland Assembly). In the 2005 general election, they elected 2 DUP MPs, 1 SDLP MP, and 1 Sinn Féin MP. Belfast is twinned with Nashville, Tennessee in the United States and Hefei in China.

Media

Belfast is the home of