:: wikimiki.org ::
| STS-9 |
STS-9
|
|
| Mission insignia |
image:Sts9 flight insignia.jpg
|
| Mission statistics |
| Mission: | STS-9 |
| Shuttle: | Columbia |
| Launch pad: | 39A |
| Launch: | November 28, 1983
16:00:00 UTC |
| Landing: | December 8, 1983
23:47:23 UTC
Edwards AFB, California, Runway 17 |
| Duration: | 10 days, 7 hours, 47 minutes, 24 seconds |
| Orbit altitude: | 155 nautical miles (287 km) |
| Orbit inclination: | 57.0 degrees |
| Orbits: | 167 |
| Distance traveled: | 4,295,853 miles (6,913,505 km) |
Crew photo |
Edwards AFB, California
L-R: Garriott, Lichtenberg, Shaw, Young, Merbold, Parker
|
STS-9 (Spacelab 1) was a United States Space Shuttle mission, the 6th mission of the Columbia orbiter.
Crew
- Commander: John W. Young (flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1, & STS-9)
- Pilot: Brewster H. Shaw (flew on STS-9, STS-61-B & STS-28)
- Mission Specialist 1: Owen Garriott (flew on Skylab 3 & STS-9)
- Mission Specialist 2: Robert A. Parker (flew on STS-9 & STS-35)
- Payload Specialist 1: Ulf Merbold (flew on STS-9, STS-42 & Euromir 94)
- Payload Specialist 2: Byron K. Lichtenberg (flew on STS-9 & STS-45)
Backup payload specialists
- Alternate Payload Specialist: Wubbo Ockels
- Alternate Payload Specialist: Michael Lampton
Mission parameters
- Mass:
- Orbiter liftoff: 112,318 kg
- Orbiter landing: 99,800 kg
- Payload: 15,088 kg
- Perigee: 241 km
- Apogee: 254 km
- Inclination: 57°
- Period: 89.5 min
Mission objective
For the STS-9 mission Columbia was once again back in orbit. The launch occurred at 11 a.m. EST, Nov. 28, 1983, after a 2-month delay because of a nozzle problem with one of the SRBs. This necessitated moving the vehicle back to the Vehicle Assembly Building where the nozzle was replaced.
The 6-member crew—a manned space flight record at the time—included John W. Young, commander, on his second Shuttle flight;
Brewster H. Shaw, pilot; Owen Garriott and Robert A. Parker, both
mission specialists; and Byron K. Lichtenberg and Ulf Merbold payload
specialists—the first two non-astronauts to fly on the Shuttle.
Merbold, a citizen of West Germany, also was the first foreign
citizen to participate in a Shuttle flight. Lichtenberg was a
researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The mission was devoted entirely to Spacelab l, a joint
NASA/European Space Agency (ESA) program designed to demonstrate the
ability to conduct advanced scientific research in space, with
astronauts and payload specialists working in the Spacelab module and
coordinating their efforts with scientists at the Marshall Payload
Operations Control Center (POCC) then located at the Johnson Space
Center. Funding for Spacelab l was provided by ESA.
The crew was divided into two teams, each working 12-hour shifts for
the duration of the mission. Young, Parker and Merbold formed the
Red Team, while Shaw, Garriott and Lichtenberg made up the Blue Team.
Usually, the commander and the pilot team members were assigned to
the flight deck, while the mission and payload specialists worked
inside the Spacelab.
Seventy-two scientific experiments were carried out in the fields of
atmospheric and plasma physics, astronomy, solar physics, material sciences, technology, life sciences and Earth observations. The
effort went so well that the mission was extended an additional day
to 10 days, making it the longest duration Shuttle flight to that date.
The Spacelab l mission was highly successful, having proved the
feasibility of the concept of carrying out complex experiments in
space using non-NASA persons trained as payload specialists in
collaboration with a POCC. Moreover, the Tracking and Data Relay
Satellite, now fully operational, was able to relay vasts amounts of
data through its ground terminal to the POCC.
Computer Problems
During orbiter orientation, four hours before re-entry, one of the
GPC guidance computers crashed when the RCS thrusters were fired.
A few minutes later, a second crashed in a similar fashion, but was
successfully rebooted. Young delayed the landing, letting the orbiter drift. He later testified: `Had we then activated the Backup Flight Software, loss of vehicle and crew would have resulted.'
Post-flight analysis revealed the GPCs failed when the RCS thruster
motion knocked a piece of solder loose and shorted out the CPU board.
Columbia landed on Runway 17 at Edwards AFB, on Dec. 8, 1983, at
3:47 p.m. PST, completing 166 orbits and traveling 4.3 million miles.
Columbia was ferried back to KSC on Dec. 15.
Mission insignia
The major Spacelab 1 is depicted in the cargo bay of the
Columbia. The nine stars and the path of the orbiter tell the flight's
numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission
sequence.
See also
- Space science
- Space shuttle
- List of space shuttle missions
- List of human spaceflights chronologically
External links
- [http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/chron/sts-9.htm NASA PAO page about STS-9]
- [http://members.aol.com/WSNTWOYOU/STS9MR.HTM STS-9 Mission Report]
- [http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/8.13.html#subj3 Risks Digest 8.13 on computer problems on early Shuttle flights]
STS-009
STS-009
Space Shuttle Columbia
Space Shuttle Columbia (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space shuttle in NASA's orbital fleet. Its first mission, STS-1, lasted from April 12 to April 14, 1981. On February 1, 2003, Columbia disintegrated during re-entry on its 28th mission; all seven crew members aboard were killed (see Space Shuttle Columbia disaster).
History
Construction began on Columbia in 1975 primarily in Palmdale, California. Columbia was named after the Boston-based sloop Columbia captained by American Robert Gray, which explored the Pacific Northwest and became the first American vessel to circumnavigate the world; the name also honored Columbia, the Command Module of Apollo 11. After construction, the orbiter arrived at John F. Kennedy Space Center on March 25, 1979 to prepare for its first launch. On March 19, 1981 during preparations for a ground test, five workers were asphyxiated during a nitrogen purge, resulting in two deaths.
The first flight of Columbia (STS-1) was commanded by John Young (a space veteran from the Gemini and Apollo eras) and piloted by Robert Crippen, a rookie who had never been in space before, but who served as a support crew member for the Skylab missions and Apollo-Soyuz. It launched April 12, 1981 and returned April 14, 1981 after orbiting the earth 36 times.
In 1983, Columbia launched the first mission (STS-9) with 6 astronauts, including the first non-American astronaut on a space shuttle, Ulf Merbold. On January 12, 1986 Columbia took off with the first Hispanic American astronaut, Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, as well as the first sitting member of the House of Representatives in space, Bill Nelson. Another first was announced on March 5, 1998 when NASA named their choice of U.S. Air Force Lt. Col. Eileen Collins as commander of a future Columbia mission making Collins the first woman commander of a space shuttle mission.
Eileen Collins
Prototype orbiter
Unlike its sister orbiters, Columbia was different from the beginning, right up to its destruction in 2003. One of the most notable features was the black "chines" located on the upper wing surfaces. In addition, for the first four flights, the orbiter was equipped with modified SR-71 Blackbird ejection seats, that were made inactive after STS-4 and removed after STS-9. It also lacked, until its return to space in 1986, a heads-up display for the commander and pilot, and had an "all-tile" thermal protection system, which was later replaced with Nomex felt blankets.
Other major differences include the orbiter retaining the internal airlock, although it was retrofitted for an external airlock for flights to the International Space Station, along with having, until its last retrofitting, wing markings bearing an American flag on the left (port) wing and a "USA" on the right (starboard) wing--these were replaced with the newer NASA "meatball" logo on the left wing and the American flag and "Columbia" name on the right. Like Atlantis and Discovery, Columbia also had the new MEDS "glass cockpit" display installed during its last retrofit. Another feature, located on the tailfin, was the so-called "STILTS" pod, which was used to measure infrared and other thermal readouts during long-duration missions. The tailfin was also modified to incorporate the drag chute first used on Endeavour.
Final mission
Nomex]
Main article: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
On its final mission, the craft was carrying the first Israeli astronaut, Ilan Ramon, and the first female astronaut of Indian birth, Kalpana Chawla. Other crew members on the final flight included Rick Husband (commander), Willie McCool (pilot), Michael P. Anderson, Laurel Clark, and David M. Brown.
On the morning of February 1, 2003, the shuttle re-entered the atmosphere after a 16-day scientific mission. NASA lost radio contact at about 9 a.m. EST, only minutes before the expected 09:16 a.m. landing at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Video recordings show the craft breaking up in flames over Texas, at an altitude of approximately 39 miles (63 km) and a speed of 12,500 mph (5.6 km/s).
In the months following the tragedy, NASA scientists determined that a hole was punctured in the leading edge on one of Columbia's wings, made of a Carbon-Carbon composite. The hole had formed when a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeled off during the launch 16 days earlier, puncturing the edge of the wing. Hot ionized gases, called plasma, entered the interior of the wing, destroying the support structure and causing the rest of the shuttle to break apart during the intense heat of re-entry.
The collected debris of the vessel are currently stored in the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center; recovered items are occasionally loaned for research into the hypersonic flight regime.
Flights
Space Shuttle Columbia flew 28 flights, spent 300.74-days in space, completed 4,808 orbits, and flew 125,204,911 miles in total, including its final mission.
plasma
See also
- List of space shuttle missions
External links
- [http://caib.nasa.gov/ Columbia accident investigation board]
- [http://www.chrisvalentines.com/sts107/index.html Columbia Disaster Multi-Media]
- [http://www.io.com/~o_m/clfaq/clfaq.htm Columbia Loss FAQ]
- [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/orbiters.html Orbiter Vehicles]
- [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html Shuttle Orbiter Columbia (OV-102)]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/01/national/01WEB-SHUT.html New York Times coverage of the shuttle]
- [http://scriptingnews.userland.com/backissues/2003/02/01 Scripting News' roundup of links about the shuttle]
- [http://geology.heroy.smu.edu/~dpa-www/columbia/ NVAR and TXAR Infrasound of Explosion of Space Shuttle Columbia]
Category:Manned spacecraft
Category:Space Program Deaths
Category:Space Shuttle program
ja:コロンビア (オービタ)
November 28
November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 33 days remaining.
Events
- 1095 - On the last day of the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse to lead the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
- 1443 - Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja, in Middle Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
- 1520 - After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
- 1582 - In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 bond for their marriage licence.
- 1660 - At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
- 1729 - Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez.
- 1785 - The Treaty of Hopewell is signed
- 1821 - Panama Independence Day. Panama separates from Spain and joins the Great Colombia.
- 1843 - Ka Lahui: Hawaiian Independence Day - The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.
- 1862 - American Civil War: In the Battle of Cane Hill, Union troops under General John Blunt defeat General John Marmaduke's Confederates.
- 1895 - The first American automobile race takes place over the 54 miles from Chicago's Jackson Park to Evanston, Illinois. Frank Duryea wins in approximately 10 hours.
- 1905 - Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin as a political party whose goal is the independence of Ireland.
- 1907 - In Haverhill, Massachusetts, scrap-metal dealer Louis B. Mayer opens his first movie theater.
- 1912 - Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1914 - World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.
- 1919 - Lady Astor is elected to be the first female member of parliament in the UK.
- 1920 - The Mark of Zorro, starring Douglas Fairbanks opens.
- 1925 - Country-variety show Grand Ole Opry makes its radio debut on station WSM.
- 1942 - In Boston, Massachusetts, a fire in the Cocoanut Grove nightclub kills 491 people.
- 1943 - World War II: Tehran Conference - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran to discuss war strategy.
- 1944 - Albania is liberated by the Albanian partisans.
- 1958 - Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French Community.
- 1960 - Mauritania becomes independent of France.
- 1964 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 probe toward Mars.
- 1964 - Vietnam War: National Security Council members agree to recommend that US President Lyndon B. Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President Elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
- 1969 - The final episode of BBC soap-opera The Newcomers is broadcast.
- 1969 - The Rolling Stones release the album Let It Bleed.
- 1975 - East Timor declares its independence from Portugal.
- 1975 - As the World Turns and The Edge of Night, the final two American soap operas that had resisted going to pre-taped broadcasts, air their last live episodes.
- 1979 - The Mount Erebus disaster: an Air New Zealand DC-10 crashes into Mount Erebus on a sightseeing trip, killing all 257 people on board.
- 1980 - Mark Morris, choreographer, puts on the Mark Morris Dance Group's first show at the Merce Cunningham Studios.
- 1982 - Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade.
- 1984 - Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made honorary citizens of the United States.
- 1987 - South African Airways flight 295 crashes into the Indian Ocean, killing all 159 people on-board.
- 1987 - Tawana Brawley is allegedly raped by six white men, some of them police officers, in Wappingers Falls, New York.
- 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution - In the face of protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power.
- 1990 - Margaret Thatcher formally tenders her resignation to The Queen and leaves Downing Street for the last time. John Major is elected her successor.
- 1994 - Voters in Norway reject European Union membership (see Norwegian EU referendum, 1994).
- 1994 - In Portage, Wisconsin, convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is clubbed to death by an inmate in the Columbia Correctional Institute gymnasium.
- 1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton signs a highway bill that ends the federal 55 mph speed limit.
- 1997 - Kosovo Liberation Army, Albanian guerrilla group fighting for freedom of Kosovo, presents in front of the people of Kosovo.
- 2000 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz begins the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.
- 2000 - The eighth tar drop falls in the University of Queensland pitch drop experiment.
- 2002 - 13 people are killed in a hotel bombing in Mombasa.
- 2005 - The Official Opposition (Conservative Party of Canada , New Democratic Party, and Bloc Quebecois) bring down the 38th Minority Liberal Government of Canada in a vote of non-confidence forcing immediate campaigning for the 39th Federal Election.
Births
- 1489 - Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland (d. 1541)
- 1570 - James Whitelocke, English judge (d. 1632)
- 1598 - Hans Nansen, Danish statesman (d. 1667)
- 1628 - John Bunyan, English cleric and author (d. 1688)
- 1632 - Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer (d. 1687)
- 1640 - Willem de Vlamingh, Flemish sea captain
- 1661 - Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (d. 1723)
- 1681 - Jean Cavalier, French protestant rebel leader (d. 1740)
- 1700 - Nathaniel Bliss, Astronomer Royal (d. 1764)
- 1757 - William Blake, British poet and artist (d. 1827)
- 1772 - Luke Howard, British meteorologist (d. 1864)
- 1785 - Achille Charles Léon Victor, duc de Broglie, Prime Minister of France (d. 1870)
- 1792 - Victor Cousin, French philosopher (d. 1867)
- 1793 - Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, Swedish romantic poet (d. 1866)
- 1805 - John Stephens, American archeologist (d. 1852)
- 1810 - William Froude, British engineer and naval architect (d. 1879)
- 1820 - Friedrich Engels, German philosopher (d. 1895)
- 1821 - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Russian poet (d. 1878)
- 1829 - Anton Rubinstein, Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (d. 1894)
- 1837 - John Wesley Hyatt, American inventor of celluloid (d. 1920)
- 1853 - Helen Magill White, first American woman to earn a Ph.D. (d. 1944)
- 1864 - Lindley M. Garrison, American lawyer, U.S. Secretary of War from 1913 through 1916 (d. 1932)
- 1866 - Henry Bacon, American architect (d. 1924)
- 1881 - Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (d. 1942)
- 1887 - Ernst Röhm, Nazi official (d. 1934)
- 1895 - José Iturbi, Spanish pianist (d. 1980)
- 1896 - Lilia Skala, Austrian actress (d. 1994)
- 1902 - Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)
- 1904 - Nancy Mitford, British essayist and satirist (d. 1973)
- 1907 - Alberto Moravia, Italian writer (d. 1990)
- 1908 - Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist
- 1916 - Mary Lilian Baels, Princess of Rethy, Belgium (d. 2002)
- 1925 - Gloria Grahame, American actress (d. 1981)
- 1925 - József Bozsik, Hungarian international footballer (d. 1978)
- 1927 - Chuck Mitchell, American actor (d. 1992)
- 1929 - Berry Gordy Jr., American record company owner and founder of Motown (d. 1992)
- 1931 - Hope Lange, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1931 - Tomi Ungerer, French graphic artist, and author
- 1936 - Gary Hart, American politician
- 1941 - Laura Antonelli, Italian actress
- 1942 - Paul Warfield, American football player
- 1943 - Randy Newman, American composer and musician
- 1949 - Alexander Godunov, Russian composer and ballet dancer (d. 1995)
- 1949 - Paul Shaffer, Canadian orchestra leader and musician
- 1950 - Ed Harris, American actor
- 1950 - Russell Alan Hulse, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1952 - S. Epatha Merkerson, American actress
- 1955 - Adem Jashari, Albanian freedom fighter
- 1957 - David Van Day, British singer (Dollar)
- 1958 - Dave Righetti, American baseball player
- 1959 - Judd Nelson, American actor
- 1961 - Martin Clunes, British actor
- 1961 - Alfonso Cuarón, Mexican film director
- 1961 - Jane Sibbett, American actress
- 1962 - Jon Stewart, American comedian, actor, and television host
- 1963 - Walt Weiss, American baseball player
- 1964 - Cornelia Guest, American debutante
- 1965 - Erwin Mortier, Belgian author
- 1965 - Matt Williams, American baseball player
- 1967 - Anna Nicole Smith, American model and television personality
- 1967 - Stephnie Weir, American actress and comedienne
- 1968 - Dawn Robinson, R&B singer (En Vogue)
- 1969 - Robb Nen, American baseball player
- 1969 - Lexington Steele (Clifton Britt), American adult film actor
- 1973 - Rob Conway, American professional wrestler
- 1974 - András Tölcséres, Hungarian footballer
- 1974 - Styles P (David Styles), American rapper
- 1977 - DeMya Walker, American basketball player
- 1978 - Freddie Mitchell, American football player
- 1978 - Mehdi Nafti, Tunisian footballer
- 1979 - Chamillionaire (Hakeem Seriki), American rapper
- 1979 - Joel Maximo (Kelvin Ramirez), American professional wrestler
- 1980 - Stuart Taylor, British footballer
- 1984 - Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
- 1988 - Scarlett Pomers, American actress
Deaths
- 741 - St. Gregory III
- 1170 - Owain Gwynedd, Prince of Gwynedd
- 1262 - Shinran, Japanese religious leader (b. 1173)
- 1290 - Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I of England (b. 1241)
- 1574 - Georg Major, German protestant theologian (b. 1502)
- 1585 - Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (b. 1532)
- 1667 - Jean de Thévenot, French traveller and scientist (b. 1633)
- 1675 - Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, English Civil War soldier
- 1675 - Leonard Hoar, American President of Harvard University (b. 1630)
- 1680 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian baroque sculptor (b. 1598)
- 1680 - Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1606)
- 1694 - Matsuo Basho, Japanese poet (b. 1644)
- 1695 - Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Italian composer
- 1695 - Anthony Wood, English antiquarian (b. 1632)
- 1698 - Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor of New France (b. 1622)
- 1794 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian army officer (b. 1730)
- 1815 - Johann Peter Salomon, German violinist, impresario, and composer (d. 1745)
- 1859 - Washington Irving, American writer (b. 1783)
- 1870 - Frédéric Bazille, French painter (b. 1841)
- 1872 - Mary Fairfax Somerville, British scientific writer (b. 1780)
- 1878 - Orson Hyde, American religious leader (b. 1805)
- 1907 - Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, poet, painter, and architect (b. 1869)
- 1912 - Walter Benona Sharp, American oil tycoon (b. 1870)
- 1921 - `Abdu'l-Bahá, Persian leader of the Bahá'í Faith (b. 1844)
- 1935 - Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1877)
- 1939 - James Naismith, Canadian creator of basketball (b. 1861)
- 1945 - Dwight F. Davis, U.S. Secretary of War and donor of the Davis cup (b. 1879)
- 1954 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- 1960 - Richard Wright, American author (b. 1908)
- 1962 - Queen Mother Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (b. 1880)
- 1963 - Karyn Kupcinet, American actress (b. 1941)
- 1968 - Enid Blyton, British children's author (b. 1897)
- 1972 - Havergal Brian, British composer (b. 1875)
- 1973 - Marthe Bibesco, Romanian writer (b. 1886)
- 1976 - Rosalind Russell, American actress (b. 1907)
- 1977 - Trevor Bardette, American actor (b. 1902)
- 1983 - Christopher George, American actor (b. 1929)
- 1986 - Herb Vigran, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Choh Hao Li, Chinese biochemist (b. 1913)
- 1994 - Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (b. 1960)
- 1994 - Jerry Rubin, American activist (b. 1938)
- 2000 - Liane Haid, Austrian actress (b. 1895)
- 2001 - William Kienzle, American author (b. 1928)
- 2003 - Antonia Forest, British children's author (b. 1915)
Holidays and observances
- R.C. Saints - Pope Gregory III
- Also see November 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith: Holy Day - Ascension of `Abdu'l-Bahá
- Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii: Feast of the Holy Sovereigns in honor of the founders of the Anglican Church of Hawaii
- Albania - Albanian Independence day (from Turkey, 1912); also known as Albanian Flag Day due to other National events that correspond to this day
- Mauritania - Independence Day (from France, 1960)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/28 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051128.html The New York Times: On This Day]
----
November 27 - November 29 - October 28 - December 28 -- listing of all days
ko:11월 28일
ms:28 November
ja:11月28日
simple:November 28
th:28 พฤศจิกายน
1983
1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January
- January 2 - The musical Annie is performed for the last time after 2,377 shows (Uris Theatre on Broadway, New York City).
- January 8 - Riot in the Sing Sing prison
- January 10 - Mafia hitman Roy DeMeo is found dead in a trunk of his own car
- January 15 - Mafioso Meyer Lansky dies at Mount Sinai hospital
- January 19 - Klaus Barbie, Nazi war criminal, is arrested in Bolivia.
- January 22 - Björn Borg retires from tennis after winning 5 consecutive Wimbledon championships.
- January 24 - 25 members of the Red Brigades are sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Aldo Moro
- January 26 - Lotus 1-2-3 is released.
- January 31 - Seatbelt use for drivers and front seat passengers becomes mandatory in the United Kingdom.
February
- February 2 - Giovanni Vigliotto goes on trial for multiple counts of bigamy - 105 women
- February 3 - Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser is granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament for a double dissolution election for the March 5. Bob Hawke replaces Bill Hayden as federal ALP leader
- February 4 - Karen Carpenter(The Carpenters) died of Cardiac Arrest due to a prolonged battle with Anorexia Nervosa.
- February 6 - Klaus Barbie is charged with war crimes
- February 7 - Iran opens an invasion in the southeast of Iraq.
- February 13 - US President Ronald Reagan proclaims 1983 "The Year of the Bible".
- February 16 - The Ash Wednesday bushfires in Victoria and South Australia claim the lives of 76 people in one of Australia's worst ever fires.
- February 19 - Benjamin Ng and Willie Mak kill 13 in an attempted robbery in Seattle, Washington
- February 23 - The Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
- February 24 - A special commission of the U.S. Congress releases a report critical of the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
- February 25 - US playwright Tennessee Williams found dead in his hotel room
March
- March 1
- Balearic Islands and Madrid become autonomous communities of Spain
- Swatch introduce their first timepieces
- March 5 - Madame Chiang Kai-shek's birthday
Bob Hawke Elected Australian Prime Minister
- March 8 - IBM releases the IBM PC XT
- March 8 - President Ronald Reagan calls the Soviet Union an "evil empire."
- March 11 - Hawke Ministry sworn in, Andrew Peacock becomes Federal Opposition leader
- March 16 - Demolition of the radio tower Ismaning, the last radio tower in Germany built of wood.
- March 23 - Strategic Defense Initiative: President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. The media dub this plan "Star Wars."
April
- April 7 - During STS-6, astronauts Story Musgrave and Don Peterson perform the first space shuttle spacewalk (duration: 4 hours, 10 minutes).
- April 11 National Economic Summit held In Canberra
- April 15 - American Public Radio founded; changes its name to the current Public Radio International in 1994
- April 15 - The first non-American Disney theme park opens in Japan as Tokyo Disneyland
- April 18 - The U.S Embassy is bombed in Beirut, killing 63 people.
- April 22 - Soviet embassy official Valery Ivanov is expelled from Australia for allegedly trying to recruit spies in the Australian government.
- April 23 - Stern magazine in West Germany announces it has Hitler diaries
- April 25 - Maine schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.
May
- May 6 - Stern magazine publishes "Hitler Diaries" (later found to be forgeries).
- May 9 - Pope John Paul II retracts the ban of Galileo Galilei
- May 16 - London police begin the use of wheel clamps on illegally-parked vehicles.
- May 16 - NSW Premier Neville Wran steps down in response to allegations rasied by ABC program Four Corners That he Attempted to influence the NSW Majestry
- May 17 - Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.
- May 25 - Return of the Jedi opens in the United States.
June
- Shipbreaking begins on the beach at Alang in Gujarat.
- 9 June: Conservative Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 1979, won a landslide victory (42% of the popular vote) over Michael Foot, who led a highly-divided and weakened Labour Party which earned only 28% of the vote. The much improved economy (after 2-3 years of restructuring), her victory in the Falkands, as well as shrinking unemployment rates consolidated her election victory.
- June 13 - Pioneer 10 becomes the first manmade object to leave the solar system.
- June 18 - Sally Ride becomes first American woman in space on the Space Shuttle Challenger.
July
- July 1 - A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashed into the Fouta Djall Mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
- July 1 - High Court Blocks construction of the Franklin Dam In Tasmania
- July 7 - Samantha Smith flies to the Soviet Union.
- July 16 - Sikorsky S-61 disaster: helicopter crash off the Isles of Scilly, causing 20 fatalities
- July 18 - Michael Litton was born.
- July 20 - Government of Poland announces end of the martial law and amnesty for political prisoners.
- July 22 - Australian Dick Smith completes his solo circumnavigation in a helicopter
- July 23 - Gimli Glider: Air Canada flight 143 crash-lands in Gimli, Manitoba.
- July 25 - The outbreak of anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka which left over 3,000 Tamils massacred and millions of dollars worth of their property was destroyed. This genocide is the beginning of a deadly civil war in Sri Lanka.
- July 25 - Metallica released their debut album Kill 'Em All.
- July 28 New South Wales premier Neville Wran exonerated by Street Royal Commision over claims raised by ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) program Four Corners which claimed,he attempted to influence the NSW majestry
August
- August 4 - Thomas Sankara became President in Upper Volta.
- August 18 - Hurricane Alicia hits the Texas coast, killing 22 and causing over US$1 billion in damage (1983 dollars).
- August 18 - 5 people are killed and 18 others injured when a road train is deliberatly driven into a motel at Ayers Rock (Uluru) NT (The driver, Douglas Edward Crabbe, was found guilty of this in March 1984)
- August 21 - In the Philippines, opposition politician Benigno Aquino is assassinated just as he returns from exile
- August 24 - Old Philadelphia Arena is destroyed by arson
- August 21 - Benigno Aquino, Jr., Philippines opposition leader, assassinated in Manila
September
- September 1 - Cold War: Korean Air Flight 007 is shot down by a Soviet jet fighter when the commercial aircraft entered Soviet airspace. All 269 on board die.
- September 4 - Six men walk underwater across the Sydney Harbor - 82.9 km in 48 hours
- September 5 - Tom Brokaw becomes lead anchor for NBC Nightly News
- September 6 - The Soviet Union admits to shooting down Korean Air Flight 007, stating that the pilots did not know it was a civilian aircraft when it violated Soviet airspace
- September 10 - Jon B. Minnoch, heaviest man in USA, dies weighing 362 kg. When he was admitted to hospital in March 1978, his weight was 635 kg
- September 16 - Donna Griffiths of Pershore, England, stops sneezing after continuous series of sneezes for 978 days, since January 13 1981
- September 23 - Violence erupts in New Caledonia between native Kanaks and French expatriates. The French government withdraws the promise of independence
- September 23 - Mass outbreak in Maze prison - 38 prisoners hijack a lorry and crash out of the gate - one guard dead and 5 others injured. 19 of the prisoners are later apprehended.
- September 23 - Barbara Turnbull, an 18 year old Canadian girl, was shot in the neck and became paralyzed for life during a store robbery in Mississauga, Canada.
- September 25-26 - Soviet military officer Stanislav Petrov averts a worldwide nuclear war.
- September 27 - The GNU project was announced publicly on the net.unix-wizards and net.usoft newsgroups.
October
- October 2 - Neil Kinnock is elected leader of the British Labour Party.
- October 4 - Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 mph, driving Thrust 2 at the Black Rock Desert, Nevada.
- October 7 - Plan to abolish Greater London Council announced.
- October 12 - Japan's ex Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei found guilty of taking a $2 million bribe from Lockheed and sentenced to 4 years in jail.
- October 19 - Maurice Bishop, the President of Grenada, and 40 others are shot in a military coup
- October 22 - In Bonn, West Germany people demonstrate for nuclear disarmament
- October 23 - A suicide truck-bombing destroys the United States Marine Corps barracks at Beirut International Airport, killing 241 US servicemen.
- October 24 - Arthur Hutchinson kills three members of Laitner family and rapes their daughter in the Sheffield suburb of Dore.
- October 25 - United States invades Grenada.
- October 27 - Pope John Paul II visits Mehmet Ali Ağca in prison to forgive him. Ali Ağca is the Turkish gunman who attempted to kill Pope John Paul II in 1981
- October 30 - The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held.
November
- November 2 - Martin Luther King Day: At the White House Rose Garden, President Ronald Reagan signs a bill creating a federal holiday on the third Monday of every January to honor American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
- November 5 - The worst offshore diving accident ever to take place, happened on board the Byford Dolphin rig in the North Sea of the coast of Norway. Five divers where killed and one severely wounded in an explosive decompression accident.
- November 11 - President Reagan became the first U.S. chief executive to address the Diet, Japan's national legislature.
- November 13 - The first US cruise missiles arrive at Greenham Common airbase in England amid protests from peace campaigners.
- November 15 - The Turkish part of Cyprus declares independence.
- November 16 - A jury in Gretna, Louisiana acquits Ginny Foat of the murder of Argentine businessman Moses Chaiyo.
- November 17 - The Zapatista Army of National Liberation founded.
- November 24 - 15-year-old Lynda Mann is found raped and strangled in the village of Narborough, England (Colin Pitchfork is sentenced to life imprisonment in 1988)
- November 26 - Brinks Mat robbery: In London, 6,800 gold bars worth nearly UK£26 million are taken from the Brinks Mat vault at Heathrow Airport. Only a fraction of the gold was ever recovered, and only two men were convicted of the crime.
- November 30 ASIO agents bungle a training exercise on the Melbourne Sheraton
- Microsoft Word is first released.
December
- December 9 - The Australian Dollar is floated, by Federal treasurer Paul Keating. Under the old flexible peg system, the Reserve Bank bought and sold all Australian dollars and cleared the market at the end of the day. This initiative was taken by the government of Bob Hawke.
- December 13 - The Denver Nuggets and the visiting Detroit Pistons combined for an NBA record 370 points, with Detroit winning in triple overtime, 186-184.
- December 17 - A fire at a discotheque in Madrid, Spain, kills 83 people.
- December 17 - An PIRA car bomb kills six Christmas shoppers and injures 90 outside Harrods in London.
- December 31 - Brunei gains independence from United Kingdom.
- December 31 - Two bombs explode in France. One on the Paris train kills 3 and injures 19. The other at Marseille station kills 2 and injures 34.
Unknown dates
- Democratic reform in power in Argentina.
- Roxanne Pulitzer divorces Herbert Pulitzer
- Gerard Debreu wins the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
- Leopold Kohr, the people of Belau, Amory and Hunter Lovins / Rocky Mountain Institute and Manfred Max-Neef / CEPAUR win the Right Livelihood Award
- McDonald's introduces the McNugget
- In Australia, the Northern Territory decriminalizes homosexual acts between consenting adults
- The immunosuppressant cyclosporine was approved by FDA, leading to a revolution in the field of transplantation.
- Flashdance and Return of the Jedi are box-office hits.
- Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program launched in U.S.
- Kellogg's introduces Crispix cereal.
Births
January-March
- January 2 - Kate Bosworth, American actress
- January 18 - Samantha Mumba, Irish singer and actress
- January 19 - Hikaru Utada, Japanese singer and songwriter
- February 7 - Elin Grindemyr, Swedish model
- February 8 - Jim Verraros, American singer
- February 23 - Mido, Egyptian footballer
- March 10 - Carrie Underwood, American singer
- March 14 - Bakhtiyar Artayev, Kazakh boxer
- March 14 - Taylor Hanson, American musician
- March 21 - Bruno Langley, British actor
April-June
- April 13 - Schalk Burger, South African rugby player
- April 15 - Ilya Kovalchuk, Russian hockey player
- April 17 - Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player
- April 22 - Matt Jones, American football player
- April 22 - Sean Muir, American playwright
- April 23 - Daniela Hantuchova, Slovakian tennis player
- May 11 - Matt Leinart, American football player
- May 11 - Holly Valance, Australian actress and singer
- May 14 - Amber Tamblyn, American actress
- May 27 - Bobby Convey, American soccer player
- May 30 - Jennifer Ellison, British actress
- June 4 - Ivan, Italian writer
- June 6 - Joe Rokocoko, New Zealand rugby player
- June 8 - Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player
- June 30 - Cheryl Tweedy, British singer
July-September
- July 2 - Michelle Branch, American singer
- July 11 - Marie Eleonor Sernehlot, Swedish musician (A-Teens)
- July 13 - Liu Xiang, Chinese athlete
- July 21 - Eivør Pálsdóttir, Faroese singer and composer
- July 21 - Kellen Winslow Jr., American football player
- July 22 - Shelby Belle, Canadian actress
- July 23 - Rebecca Cartwright, Australian actress
- July 23 - Aaron Peirsol, American swimmer
- August 6 - Robin van Persie, Dutch football player
- August 14 - Mila Kunis, Ukrainian actress
- August 19 - Tammin Sursok, Australian actress
- August 23 - Nicol David, Malaysian squash player
- August 24 - Christopher Parker, British actor
- September 17 - Jennifer Peña, American singer
- September 21 - Maggie Grace, American actress
October-December
- October 2 - Efren Ramirez, American actor
- October 5 - Nicky Hilton, American model and socialite
- October 24 - Brian Vickers, American race car driver
- October 30 - Diana Karazon, Jordanian singer
- November 16 - Fallon Bowman, South African-born guitarist (Kittie)
- November 18 - Jon Johansen, Norwegian computer programmer
- December 6 - Bryan Habana, South African rugby player
- December 12 - Katrina Elam, American singer
- December 12 - Brad Smith, American football player
- December 13 - Otylia Jędrzejczak, Polish swimmer
- December 15 - René Duprée, Canadian professional wrestler
- December 18 - Ryan Dowling, American Singer/Songwriter/Mandolinist for the band The Tipplin' Weigh
- December 20 - Lucy Pinder, British model
Deaths
January-March
- January 11 - Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian industrialist and educator (b. 1894)
- January 15 - Meyer Lansky, Russian-born gangster (b. 1902)
- January 23 - Fred Bakewell, English cricketer (b. 1908)
- January 24 - George Cukor, American film director (b. 1899)
- January 28 - Frank Forde, fifteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1890)
- February 4 - Karen Carpenter, American singer (b. 1950)
- February 12 - Eubie Blake, American musician and songwriter (b. 1887)
- February 14 - Lina Radke, German athlete (b. 1903)
- February 22 - Sir Adrian Boult, English conductor (b. 1889)
- February 25 - Tennessee Williams, American playwright (b. 1911)
- March 3 - Hergé, Belgian comics creator (b. 1907)
- March 3 - Arthur Koestler, Austrian writer (b. 1905)
- March 8 - William Walton, English composer (b. 1902)
- March 9 - Ulf von Euler, Swedish physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- March 15 - Rebecca West, English-born writer (b. 1892)
- March 17 - Haldan Keffer Hartline, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
April-June
- April 4 - Gloria Swanson, American actress (b. 1897)
- April 22 - Earl 'Fatha' Hines, American musician (b. 1903)
- May 8 - Frank Aiken, Irish Foreign Minister (b. 1898)
- May 8 - John Fante, American writer (b. 1909)
- May 14 - Roger J. Traynor, American judge (b. 1900)
- May 19 - Jean Rey, President of the European Commission (b. 1902)
- May 21 - Kenneth Clark, British art historian (b. 1903)
- May 22 - Albert Claude, Belgian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)
- June 2 - Stan Rogers, Canadian musician (b. 1949)
- June 12 - Norma Shearer, Canadian-born actress
- June 18 - Marianne Brandt, German industrial designer (b. 1893)
- June 25 - Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (b. 1916)
July-September
- July 1 - Buckminster Fuller, American architect (b. 1895)
- July 4 - John Bodkin Adams, alleged English murderer (b. 1899)
- July 7 - Vicki Morgan, American model (murdered) (b. 1952)
- July 23 - Georges Auric, French composer (b. 1899)
- July 29 - Raymond Massey, Canadian actor (b. 1896)
- July 29 - David Niven, English actor (b. 1910)
- August 16 - Earl Averill, baseball player (b. 1902)
- August 21 - Benigno Aquino Jr., Filipino politician (b. 1932)
- September 1 - Larry McDonald, U.S. Congressman (plane crash) (b. 1935)
- September 10 - Felix Bloch, Swiss-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- September 25 - King Léopold III of Belgium (b. 1901)
- September 26 - Tino Rossi, Corsican singer (b. 1907)
October-December
- October 6 - Terence Cardinal Cooke, American Catholic archbishop (b. 1921)
- October 8 - Joan Hackett, American actress (b. 1934)
- October 18 - Willie Jones, baseball player (b. 1925)
- October 28 - Otto Messmer, American cartoonist (b. 1892)
- November 7 - Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (b. 1892)
- November 15 - John Le Mesurier, British actor (b. 1912)
- December 2 - Fifi D'Orsay, Canadian actress (b. 1904)
- December 6 - Lucienne Boyer, French singer (b. 1903)
- December 11 - Sir Neil Ritchie, British general (b. 1897)
- December 21 - Paul de Man, Belgian-born literary critic (b. 1919)
- December 25 - Joan Miró, Catalan painter (b. 1893)
Nobel Prizes
- Physics - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler
- Chemistry - Henry Taube
- Medicine - Barbara McClintock
- Literature - William Golding
- Peace - Lech Wałęsa
- Economics - Gerard Debreu
- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Category:1983
als:1983
ko:1983년
ja:1983年
simple:1983
th:พ.ศ. 2526
UTC
:For alternate uses of UTC see UTC (disambiguation)
Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as "Zulu time" or Z, is an atomic realization of Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich Mean Time, the astronomical basis for civil time. Time zones around the world are expressed as positive and negative offsets from UT. UTC differs by an integral number of seconds from International Atomic Time (TAI), as measured by atomic clocks and a fractional number of seconds from UT.
UTC is a hybrid time scale: the rate of UTC is based on atomic frequency standards but the epoch of UTC is synchronized to remain close to astronomical UT. The Earth's rotation is very slowly decelerating (due to braking action of the tides), hence the mean solar day has increased since TAI was introduced on 1 January 1958 (under another name). For this reason, UT is 'slower' than TAI. As of 1 January 1999, TAI was ahead of UTC by 32 seconds, consisting of a 10-second offset introduced on 1 January 1972 to account for all variations between 1958 and 1971, plus an additional 22 leap seconds introduced between 1972 and 1998. UTC is maintained within 0.9 s of UT1 (UT1 is one of three precise definitions of UT); leap seconds are added (or, theoretically, subtracted) at the end of any UTC month as necessary. The primary dates for leap second adjustments are at the end of the day on June 30 and December 31. The secondary dates, which to date have been unused, are March 31 and September 30. To date, all such adjustments – the first in 1972 – have been positive and applied on dates June 30 or December 31, where an additive leap second is designated as 23:59:60. The announcement of leap seconds is made by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), based on precise astronomical forecasts of the Earth's rotation. Historically, one leap second has been required every one to two years. However a leap second has not been required since 1998, as the deceleration of the Earth's rotation slowed temporarily in the past seven years. The IERS announced in July 2005 that the next leap second will be on 31 December 2005.
For most practical and legal-trade purposes, the fractional difference between UTC and UT (or GMT) is inconsequentially small, and for this reason UTC is colloquially called GMT sometimes, even if this is not technically correct.
Proposal to redefine UTC and abolish leap seconds
There is a proposal to redefine UTC and abolish leap seconds, such
that sundials would slowly get further out-of-sync with civil time.
See Leap second for more information.
General information
"UTC" is not a true acronym; it is a variant of Universal Time, UT, and has a modifier C (for "coordinated") appended to it just like other variants of UT. It [http://www.boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/general/misc.htm#Anchor-14550 may be regarded] as a compromise between the English acronym "CUT" and the French acronym "TUC" (temps universel coordonné). It is sometimes erroneously expanded into "Universal Time Code".
International standard UTC time can only be determined to the highest precision after the fact, as atomic time is determined by the reconciliation of the observed differences between an ensemble of atomic clocks maintained by a number of national time bureaus. This is done under the auspices of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures). However, local clusters of atomic clocks are sufficient for accuracy to within a few tens of nanoseconds.
UTC is the time system used for many Internet and World Wide Web standards. In particular, the Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronize the clocks of many computers over the Internet (usually to that of a known accurate atomic clock), uses UTC.
As indicated in the standards, it is convenient to include the UTC date too.
The UT time zone is sometimes denoted by the letter Z since the equivalent nautical time zone (GMT) has been denoted by Z since about 1950, and by a "zone description" of zero hours since 1920. See Time zone history. Since the NATO phonetic alphabet and radio-amateur word for Z is "Zulu", UT is sometimes known as Zulu time.
Amateur Radio
Those who transmit on the amateur radio bands often log the time of their radio contacts in UTC, as transmissions can go worldwide on some frequencies. In the past, the FCC required all amateur radio operators in the United States of America to log their radio conversations. While maintaining a record of radio transmissions is no longer required in the USA, many American amateur radio operators still choose to maintain a log expressing the time of their transmissions in UTC, due to the world wide reach of ham radio.
References
- ITU-R Recommendation TF.460-4: Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions. International Telecommunication Union. (Annex I of this document contains the official definition of UTC.)
- Dennis D. McCarthy: "Astronomical Time". Proc. IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 7, July 1991, pp. 915-920.
- Nelson, McCarthy, et al.: "[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf The leap second: its history and possible future]" (381 KB PDF file), Metrologia, Vol. 38, pp. 509–529, 2001.
- David W. Allan, Neil Ashby, Clifford C. Hodge: The Science of Timekeeping. Hewlett Packard Application Note 1289, 1997.
See also
- Universal Time (UTC)
- Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
- Ephemeris Time
- Sidereal time
- Terrestrial Time
External links
- [http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/tai/time_server.html Bureau International des Poids et Mesures UTC/TAI Time Server]
- [http://www.time.gov/ The official U.S. time]
- [http://www.worldtimeserver.com/ World Time Server - any location, any time]
- [http://www.thetimenow.com/ thetimeNOW - Current time in all time | | |
