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| Spring Mill State Park |
Spring Mill State Park
Spring Mill State Park is a 1,319 acre state park in the state of Indiana. The park is located to the south of Bloomington, close to the town of Mitchell.
The park is located on the Mitchell Karst Plain, which allowed the park's caves and sinkholes to form. The caves include: Bronson Cave, Twin Caves, Donaldson Cave, Hamer Cave, and others.
A pioneer village can also be found in the park, featuring a historic grist mill.
Also of entrance is an memorial to native resident of Mitchell, Gus Grissom, one of the original Mercury 7 astronauts, who died in the Apollo 1 accident.
External link
- [http://www.in.gov/dnr/parklake/properties/park_springmill.html Spring Mill State Park- DNR]
Category:Indiana state parks
Acre:This article is about the unit of measure known as the acre. For other definitions, see Acre (disambiguation).
An acre is an English unit of area. It is most frequently used to describe areas of land.
The UK has a definition of the acre in [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19951804_en_2.htm The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995] as 4,046.856422 4 m². This is equivalent to 43,560 square feet using the definition of foot in the same source.
The US has a definition of the acre in [http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/230/235/appxc/appxc.htm NIST Handbook 44] as 43,560 square feet. However, the US has two definitions of foot (international foot and survey foot) and thus two definitions of acre:
- The international acre is 4,046.856422 4 m². This is based on international foot of 0.3048 m.
- The US survey acre is 4,046.87261 m². This is based on the US survey foot of 1200/3937 m.
Related linear measurements
Two obsolete, but related, measurements are the acre's length and the acre's breadth.
- 1 acre's length = 1 furlong, 40 poles, or 220 yards
- 1 acre's breadth = 1 chain, 4 poles, or 22 yards
An international acre is equivalent to exactly:
- 4 046.856 422 4 m² (SI unit)
- 40.468 564 224 a,
- 0.404 685 642 24 ha,
- 43 560 square feet,
- 4840 square yards,
- 160 square rods,
- 4 rood,
- 1/640 square mile,
- a 10:1 rectangle of 1 furlong by 1 chain.
- 10 square chains.
An acre is equivalent to approximately:
- a square of side 208.71 feet (63.61 metres).
One square mile is 640 acres. A square parcel of land ¼ mile wide is 40 acres. A square parcel of land ½ mile on a side is 160 acres, the usual land tract under the Homestead Act in the United States. This results in common field lengths of ½ mile, with every rod in width equal to one acre.
An American Football field covers approximately 1.32 acres.
History
The acre was selected as approximately the amount of land tillable by one man behind an ox in one day. This explains its rectangular definition one-chain by one-furlong parcel of land; a long narrow strip of land is more efficient to plough than a square plot, since the plough does not have to be turned so often. Statutory values were enacted in England by acts of
- Edward I,
- Edward III,
- Henry VIII,
- George IV and
- Victoria - the British "Weights and Measures Act" of 1878 defined it as containing 4840 square yards.
See also
- Conversion of units
- Acre-foot
- Acre (Scots)
External links
- [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19951804_en_2.htm The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995]
- [http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/230/235/appxc/appxc.htm NIST Handbook 44]
Category:Units of area
Category:Imperial units
Category:Customary units in the United States
Category:Real estate
ja:エーカー
U.S. state
A U.S. state is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, together with the District of Columbia and Palmyra Atoll (an uninhabited incorporated unorganized territory), form the United States of America. The separate state governments and the U.S. federal government share sovereignty, in that an "American" is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of residence.
The United States Constitution allocates power between the two levels of government in general terms; the general idea is that by ratifying the Constitution, each state has transferred certain aspects of its sovereign powers to the federal government while retaining the remainder for itself. The tasks of education, health, transportation, and other infrastructure are generally the responsibility of the states.
Over time, the Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization, with the federal government playing a much larger role than it once did.
Legal relationship
At the time of the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain in 1776, the 13 colonies became 13 independently sovereign states, which became fourteen in 1777 with the formation of the Vermont Republic; for a brief period, they were in effect legally separate nations. But upon the adoption of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the states became a single sovereign political entity as defined by international law, empowered to levy war and to conduct international relations, albeit with a very loosely structured and inefficient central government. After the failure of the union under the Articles of Confederation, the thirteen states joined the modern union via ratification of the United States Constitution, beginning in 1789.
Under Article IV of the Constitution, which outlines the relationship between the states, the Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, criminal judgments, and - at the time - slave status. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also required to ensure that the government of each state remains a republic.
The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the union. The Articles of Confederation had stated that the earlier union of the colonies "shall be perpetual", and the preamble to the Constitution states that Constitution was intended to "form a more perfect union". In 1860 and 1861, several states attempted to secede, but were brought back into the Union by force of arms during the Civil War. Subsequently, the federal judicial system, in the case of Texas v. White, established that states do not have the right to secede without the consent of the other states.
- Four of the states bear the formal title of Commonwealth: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In these cases, this is merely a name and has no legal effect. However, the United States has non-state areas called commonwealths (Puerto Rico and the Northern Marianas) which do have a legal status different from the states.
- States are free to organize their judicial systems differently from the federal judiciary, as long as due process is protected. See state supreme court for more information. For example, most lawsuits in the state of New York are filed in the Supreme Court, and then appealed to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The highest court in New York is the Court of Appeals.
- The joint resolution which admitted the Republic of Texas to the Union as a state guaranteed Texas the right to divide itself up into up to 5 states. This clause may be redundant, however, as any such state would arguably require Congressional approval, just as when Maine was split off from Massachusetts; it may also be unconstitutional, as reducing the equal suffrage of the other states in the United States Senate.
List of states
The states, with their U.S. postal abbreviations, traditional abbreviations, capitals and largest cities, are as follows. For a complete list of non-state dependent areas and other territory under control of the U.S., see United States dependent areas.
State names speak to the circumstances of their creation. (See the lists of U.S. state name etymologies and U.S. county name etymologies for more detail.)
- Southern states on the Atlantic coast originated as British colonies named after British monarchs: Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. Some northeastern states, also former British colonies, take their names from places in the British Isles: New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York.
- Many states' names are those of Native American tribes or are from Native American languages: Kansas, Massachusetts, Hawaii, Connecticut, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Mississippi, Texas, Utah, and others.
- Because they are on territories previously controlled by Spain or Mexico, many states in the southeast and southwest have Spanish names. They include Colorado, New Mexico, Florida, and Nevada.
- Because it was previously a French colony, Louisiana is named after the Louis XIV (King of France at the time).
- The origins of the names of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Rhode Island are unknown, although various theories exist.
Trivia
Names
- "Georgia" can refer to either a U.S. state or to an independent country in the Caucasus.
- The name "New York" can refer to any one of three geographical levels: a state, a city in that state, or a county (coterminous with the borough of Manhattan) in that city.
- "Washington" is a state, a city corresponding to the District of Columbia (and thus not part of any state), and a number of cities and counties in various states. See the list of places named for George Washington.
- The state of Washington is the only state named after a U.S. President (or after a person born within the area now comprising the U.S., for that matter).
- The official name of Rhode Island is "the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations."
- Only two states have state capitals named for the state (however, such name-sharing occurs commonly with states and provinces in some other countries, where the state or province actually often takes its name from a capital city): Oklahoma, with capital Oklahoma City, and Indiana, with capital Indianapolis (which means Indiana City). Iowa City, Iowa was the first state capital of Iowa but the capital was later moved to Des Moines, Iowa.
- Maine is the only state with a one-syllable name.
Geography
- Colorado and Wyoming are bounded by two circles of latitude and two meridians each, i.e. they appear to be rectangles in a cylindrical map projection.
- Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are the only states whose borders are made up of only straight lines (taking meridians and circles of latitude as straight lines) and, thus, the only states whose borders completely ignore natural features.
- Every state—except Hawaii, which has no land boundaries—has straight lines as at least part of its boundaries. These are usually combined with rivers (see river borders of U.S. states), ridge lines and other natural boundaries. Pennsylvania and Delaware are unique in that their common border is an arc of a circle, see The Twelve-Mile Circle.
- The lower peninsula of Michigan is shaped like a mitten; Louisiana is shaped like a boot.
- Alaska, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas and West Virginia have panhandles.
- Alabama, Missouri, New Mexico and Mississippi have bootheels.
- Alaska and Hawaii are the only states that are not physically connected to other states; Maine is the only state that borders only one other state. Missouri and Tennessee each border eight other states, the most for any state.
- Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah are the only four states to share a common border, known as the "Four Corners."
- Appearances given by the stereographic projection to the contrary, Minnesota is the northernmost of the forty-eight contiguous United States, as a northern spur of the state contains a portion of Lake of the Woods. At one time it was thought that Lake of the Woods contained the headwaters of the Mississippi River (now known to be at Lake Itasca).
- Alaska is the northernmost state and the westernmost state. Some would argue that it is also the easternmost state, as the Aleutian island chain crosses the 180º line of longitude.
Grouping of the states in regions
Alaska, The South and The Northeast. Note that Alaska and Hawaii are shown at different scales, and that the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from this map.]]
States may be grouped in regions; there are endless variations and possible groupings, as most states are not defined by obvious geographic or cultural borders. For further discussion of regions of the U.S., see the list of regions of the United States.
State lists
- List of U.S. state capitals
- List of current and former capital cities within U.S. states
- List of U.S. states' largest cities
- List of U.S. states by date of statehood
- List of U.S. states that were never territories
- List of U.S. state name etymologies
- List of U.S. states by area
- List of U.S. states by elevation
- List of U.S. states by population
- List of U.S. states by population density
- List of U.S. states by time zone
- List of U.S. states by unemployment rate
- Traditional U.S. state abbreviations
- U.S. postal abbreviations
- U.S. state temperature extremes
- Codes: FIPS state code, ISO 3166-2:US
- Lists of U.S. state insignia
- List of U.S. state amphibians
- List of U.S. state beverages
- List of U.S. state birds
- List of U.S. state butterflies
- List of U.S. state colors
- List of U.S. state dances
- List of U.S. state dinosaurs
- List of U.S. state fish
- List of U.S. state flags
- List of U.S. state flowers
- List of U.S. state foods
- List of U.S. state fossils
- List of U.S. state grasses
- List of U.S. state insects
- List of U.S. state instruments
- List of U.S. state license plates
- List of U.S. state mammals
- List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones
- List of U.S. state mottos
- List of U.S. state nicknames
- List of U.S. state reptiles
- List of U.S. state seals
- List of U.S. state slogans
- List of U.S. state soils
- List of U.S. state songs
- List of U.S. state sports
- List of U.S. state tartans
- List of U.S. state trees
See also
- Geography of the United States
- List of regions of the United States
- Political divisions of the United States
- United States territory
- United States territorial acquisitions
- List of U.S. counties that share names with U.S. states
- States' rights
- Statehood Quarter
References
External links
- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (in order of population)]
- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (alphabetical)]
- [http://www.usnewspapers.org US Newspapers by State]
- [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0854966.html Origin of State Names]
United States, States of the
Category:Subdivisions of the United States
- U.S. State
ja:アメリカ合衆国の地方行政区画
ko:미국의 주
simple:List of U.S. states
th:มลรัฐของสหรัฐอเมริกา
zh-min-nan:BÃ-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu
Bloomington, Indiana
Bloomington is a city located in Monroe County, Indiana. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 69,291. The city is the county seat of Monroe County.
Bloomington is the location of the main campus of the Indiana University system attended by about 40,000 students. It is also the seat of the Kinsey Institute. Bloomington is noted for having one of the most beautiful university campuses in the US. Most of the campus buildings are built of Indiana limestone.
The city was the site of the Academy Award-winning movie Breaking Away, featuring the annual IU bicycle race Little 500.
Geography
Little 500Bloomington is located at 39°9'44" North, 86°31'45" West (39.162147, -86.529045).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 51.6 km² (19.9 mi²). 51.1 km² (19.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.5 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.00% water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 69,291 people, 26,468 households, and 10,454 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,356.0/km² (3,511.1/mi²). There are 28,400 housing units at an average density of 555.8/km² (1,439.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 87.03% White, 4.24% African American, 0.29% Native American, 5.26% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.10% from other races, and 2.01% from two or more races. 2.49% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the households 17.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.2% are married couples living together, 7.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 60.5% are non-families. 39.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.09 and the average family size is 2.76.
In the city the population is spread out with 12.7% under the age of 18, 42.3% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 12.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 23 years. For every 100 females there are 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $25,377, and the median income for a family is $50,054. Males have a median income of $32,470 compared to $26,100 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,481. 29.6% of the population and 10.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.3% of those under the age of 18 and 7.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Nearby points of interest
- Assembly Hall (Bloomington) - Five NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship banners on display.
- Brown County, Indiana
- Brown County State Park
- Hoosier National Forest
- Lake Lemon
- Lake Monroe
- McCormick's Creek State Park
- Morgan-Monroe State Forest
- [http://www.in.gov/dnr/forestry/index.html?http://www.in.gov/dnr/forestry/stateforests/ylwwd.htm&2 Yellowwood State Forest]
External links
- [http://www.bloomington.in.gov/ Bloomington City Government]
- [http://www.bloomingpedia.org/ Bloomingpedia] - Bloomington's own City Wiki (released July 2005)
- [http://www.heraldtimesonline.com/ Herald Times] (Local paper)
- [http://www.real-estate-bloomington.com/ Bloomington Real Estate Information]
- [http://mypage.iu.edu/~ktuncay/Pics/bloomington.html Pictures]
Category:Cities in Indiana
Category:Monroe County, Indiana
Category:University towns
ja:ブルーミントン (インディアナ州)
KarstKarst topography is a landscape of distinctive dissolution patterns often marked by underground drainages. These are areas where the bedrock has a soluble layer or layers, usually, but not always, of carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. In such places there may be little or no surface drainage. Some areas of karst topography, such as the region of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas in the USA, contain literally thousands of caves.
The word Karst is the German name for Kras, a Slovenian region along the Adriatic coast that rests on a limestone plateau.
Adriatic
Chemistry of karst landscapes
Karst landforms are generally the result of mildly acidic rainfall acting on soluble limestone or dolostone bedrock. The process of subsurface rock dissolution results in a topography with distinctive features, including sinkholes or dolines (closed basins), vertical shafts, disappearing streams, and springs. After sufficient time, complex underground drainage systems (such as karst aquifers) and extensive caves and cavern systems may form.
The carbonic acid that causes these features is formed as rain passes through the atmosphere picking up CO2, which dissolves in the water. Once the rain reaches the ground, it passes through the soil, gathering up more CO2 to form a weak carbonic acid solution: H2O + CO2 → H2CO3.
This mildly acidic water begins to dissolve any fractures and bedding planes in the limestone bedrock. Over time these fractures enlarge as the bedrock continues to dissolve. Openings in the rock increase in size, and an underground drainage system begins to develop, allowing more water to pass through and accelerating the formation of underground karst features.
dissolve
Karst formations
Erosion along limestone shores, common in the tropics, produces typical karst topography, including a sharp makatea surface above the normal reach of the sea and undercuts that are mostly the result of biological activity or bioerosion at or a little above mean sea level. Some of the most dramatic of these formations can be seen in Thailand's Phangnga Bay and Halong Bay in Vietnam.
bioerosion]]
Calcium carbonate removed by water may deposit elsewhere. In caves, stalactites and stalagmites are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals as the water drips from above. An example is the Gruta Rei do Mato in the Lagoa Santa Karst formation around Sete Lagoas, Brazil with a stalactite of 20 meters height.
Other formations consist of shields (where the flow is from a fissure rather than from a point), and flowstone, which occurs when the flow of calcite-rich water is somewhat impeded and calcite is deposited in the flow. Helictites are curlicue-shaped formations associated with the roofs and walls of caves. Larger flow-type formations are rimstone pools and gours, which are bathtub-shaped and may contain large calcite or aragonite crystals as a result of slow evaporation. Rivers which emerge from limestone caves may also produce tufa terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time as the water leaves the CO2-rich cave environment.
Water drainage and problems
Farming in karst areas must take into account the excessive drainage. The soils may be fertile enough, and rainfall may be adequate, but rainwater quickly moves through the crevices into the ground, sometimes leaving the surface soil parched between rains.
Water supplies from wells in karst topography are inherently hazardous, as the well water may simply run from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer.
Groundwater in karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams. All too often, sinkholes have been used as farmstead or even community trash dumps. In karst areas where septic tanks are the main sewage disposal system, overloaded or malfunctioning systems dump raw sewage directly into underground channels.
The karst topography itself also poses some difficuties for human inhabitants. Sinkholes can develop gradually as surface openings enlarge, but quite often progressive erosion is unseen and the roof of an underground cavern suddenly collapses. Such events have swallowed homes, cattle, cars, and farm machinery.
The Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge in Iowa protects ice age snails surviving in air chilled by flowing over buried karst ice formations.
Pseudokarst
Pseudokarst occurs where the primary erosive agent is not rainwater, but there is underground drainage. This can occur in basalt, where drainage is through lava caves, or among granite tors (for example Labertouche Cave in Victoria, Australia).
Partial list of karst areas
- Mammoth Cave area and Bluegrass region of Kentucky
- The Ozark Plateau of Missouri and Arkansas
- The Florida peninsula
- The regions of Dalmatia, Lika, Gorski Kotar, Kvarner and the islands in Croatia
- The region of Inner Carniola in Slovenia
- The Cenotes of the Yucatan Peninsula
- The Karst forest in Puerto Rico
- Kras, a plateau in northeastern Italy and southwestern Slovenia
- Moravian Karst
- The Burren (Co.Clare, Ireland)
- The Stone Forest (Yunnan Province, China)
- Area around Guilin and Yangshuo in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Gunung Mulu National Park Malaysia
- Phangnga Bay Area, Southern Thailand
- Halong Bay, Vietnam
- The Nahanni region in the Northwest Territories, Canada
- Malham Cove, England
- The Apuseni Mountains, Romania
See also
- Karst field
- Proteus anguinus
- Speleothem
- Speleology
- Golden Sun character, Karst.
Category:Landforms
Category:Cave geology
ja:カルスト地形
SinkholesSinkhole
Category:Indiana state parksThis category contains state parks in the U.S. state of Indiana
State parks
Category:U.S. state parks Giacinto FacchettiGiacinto Facchetti, italiensk fotbollsspelare, försvarare
Facchetti var lagkapten för Italiens fotbollslandslag under 1960- och 1970-talet och firade stora framgångar med sitt klubblag Inter.
Meriter
- 94 A-landskamper för Italiens fotbollslandslag
- VM i fotboll: 1966, 1970, 1974
- VM-silver 1970
- EM i fotboll
- Europamästare 1968
- Europacupen för mästarlag: 1964, 1965
Klubbar
- FC Internazionale Milano
Facchetti, Giacinto
rozstêpy g³odówka slots prace magisterskie encyklopedia
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IIS
ja:Internet Information Services
Catégorie:Serveur Web
Internet Information Services, plus connu sous l'abréviation IIS, est un serveur HTTP et/ou FTP créé par Microsoft pour ses systèmes d'exploitation Windows.
Conçu pour fonctionner uniquement sur des produits de Microsoft (Rahman, Mujibur
Mujibur Rahman (17 mars 1920 - 15 août 1975) est le père fondateur du Bangladesh.
Rahman est né à Tongipara dans le district de Faridpur dans le Bengale orientale
En décembre Read More... |
Oisquercq
Oisquercq est une ancienne commune de la province du Brabant wallon, sur la Sennette, qui a été fusionnée à Tubize en 1970, c'est à dire six ans avant les fusions de communes de 1976.
Oisquercq compta autrefois l'une des premières centrales électriques du pays.
Le point d'arrêt ferroviaire de Oisquercq, sur la ligne 106, Clabecq-Écaussinnes, a fermé le 3 juin 1984.
La halte postale a fermé le 31 août 1992.
Traduction: en flamand Oostkerk (officielle), en wallon Oskèrke,
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Principe
Un LVDT est un capteur actif (inductif) de déplacements linéaires.
Il est constitué
- d'un transformateur
- d'un noyau
S'il est correctement conçu, sa réponse est proportionnelle au déplacement du noyau dans le cylindre formé par le transformateur.
Le transformateur
Il est constitué de 3 bobines de
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Catégorie:Personnage
Cette catégorie est la racine de la hiérarchie des catégories concernant des personnages, êtres fictifs rencontrés dans les oeuvres.
Pour les individus réels, voir :Catégorie:Personnalité.
Catégorie:Principale
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Sphénodontiens
Le clade des Sphénodontiens correspond à l'ordre des Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontia) dans les classifications plus anciennes.
Au sein des lépidosauriens ce groupe présente des caractères propres en particulier au niveau de la dentition :
- la présence de dents fusionnées à l'avant du maxillaire supérieur.
- des doubles rangées de dents sur le maxillaire supérieur avec des rangées internes de dents palatines.
- une insertion des dents sur les maxillaires dite « acrodonte »; les dents sont fixées
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Cataphorèse
La cataphorèse est une technique de peinture industrielle, employée principalement dans l'industrie automobile.
Principe technique
La cataphorèse est une technique de peinture qui consiste à immerger la pièce dans un bain de peinture hydrosoluble, en mettant la pièce en cathode (d'où le nom de cataphorèse), et en faisant migrer les particules de peintures en suspension dans le bain au moyen de courant électriqu
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Lys Gauty
Née Alice Gauthier à Levallois-Perret, Lys Gauty (1900-1994), eut une formation classique. C'est cependant chez Fyscher rue d'Antin qu'elle commence une carrière de chanteuse de music-hall avec Georges Van Parys pour pianiste. Gaston Groener qui devient son mari prend la direction de sa carrière et de
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