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U.S. Presidential Election, 1896

U.S. presidential election, 1896

The U.S. presidential election of 1896 is often considered a realigning election. Republican William McKinley, drawing strong support from the business community, decisively defeated Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan. Economic issues related to the gold standard and Free Silver movement were crucial, as was a modern-style campaign run by Republican strategist Mark Hanna, who raised an unprecedented $3.5 million and outspent the opposition by a factor of ten. The Democratic Party's repudiation of their pro-business wing, represented by incumbent President Grover Cleveland, set the stage for sixteen years of Republican control of the White House, ended only by an Republican split in 1912 that resulted in the election of Woodrow Wilson.

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

As they did in 1876 and 1880, the Republicans dipped into the talent pool that was the Governor's office of Ohio to nominate William McKinley of Niles for President, and New Jersey's Garret Hobart for Vice President. With the platform calling for strong support for the gold standard, many Western Republicans walked out of the convention in Saint Louis to form the National Silver Party supporting the Democrats. McKinley campaign manager Mark Hanna raised a staggering $3,500,001 for the campaign, outspending the Democrats by an estimated 10-to-1 margin.

Democratic Party nomination

Incumbent President Grover Cleveland's second administration had been marked by a severe economic depression called the Panic of 1893. Cleveland had attempted to combat this depression through monetary policy and had gotten Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. What this law had done was set the United States on a bimetallic standard in which the dollar was pegged to both silver and gold and the value of silver was pegged at 16 troy ounces of silver to 1 troy ounce of gold. There were a few problems with this law. First, it was inflationary, as miners in the American West were steadily extracting large amounts of silver. Secondly, because of the oversupply of silver, Gresham's Law dictated that gold was driven out of circulation. Worse, since most other countries in the world were on a gold standard, the United States needed a gold reserve for international trade, and the Sherman Act was rapidly draining that reserve. Unfortunately for Cleveland, this law caused a split within the Democratic party. Miners in the West loved the Sherman Act because it made their silver more valuable. Farmers in the Midwest and South loved the Sherman Act because the inflation caused by the Act lowered their debts. Moreover, many of Cleveland's actions, such as selling government bonds to New York financiers in an attempt to tighten the currency, could easily be demagogued as pandering to business interests (what we would call "special interests" today), and the demagogues asserted that a gold standard helped only the wealthy East Coast elites. Thus, when the Democrats met for their convention in Chicago, Illinois, most of the Southern and Western delegates were committed to restoring free silver. The convention repudiated Cleveland's gold standard policies and then repudiated Cleveland himself. This, however, left the convention wide open: there was no obvious successor to Cleveland. At just 36 years old, Nebraska's William Jennings Bryan filled the void, attracting widespread support after delivering his famous "Cross of Gold" speech prior to delegate balloting. Bryan's stance unified splintered Democrats and earned him the nomination, defeating Seymour F. Norton by a 3-to-1 margin.

Other nominations

The Republicans and Democrats were joined by more "third party" candidates than ever before in 1896, with the Socialist Labor, Prohibition, National Prohibition and National Democratic parties each offering tickets for President and Vice President. The Populist Party took a page from the Democrats, joining them in supporting William Jennings Bryan's candidacy, but offering their own Vice Presidential choice, Thomas Edward Watson.

General election

While the Republicans began by pushing their tariff policy again, the gold standard became the dominant issue of the campaign. Bryan travelled across the country by train, while McKinley chose a front-porch campaign, with delegations coming from across the country to hear him speak. With the depression following the Panic of 1893 coming to an end, support for McKinley's more conservative policy increased, while Bryan's policies began to seem more radical and alarming. McKinley gained a solid victory, carrying the core of the East and Northeast, while Bryan did well only among the farmers of the South and West.

Results

Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): (a) Sewall was Bryan's Democratic running mate.
(b) Watson was Bryan's Populist running mate.

See also


- President of the United States
- History of the United States (1865-1918)

External links


- [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1896.htm 1896 popular vote by counties] Category:U.S. presidential elections Category:1896 elections

William McKinley

:The name "Mckinley" redirects here. For other uses, see McKinley, including Mount McKinley. William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States. He was elected twice, in 1896 and 1900, but served only part of his second term, as he was assassinated in 1901. He is remembered for presiding over a major period of expansion in U.S. territories through conquest, which included the annexation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island following the Spanish-American War, as well as the annexation of the future U.S. State of Hawaii. He was succeeded by his Vice President, Theodore Roosevelt. Born in Niles, Ohio on Sunday January 29, 1843, William McKinley was the seventh of nine children. His parents, William and Nancy (Allison) McKinley were of Scots-Irish ancestry. He attended Poland Academy, and Allegheny College, but McKinley fell ill and had to return home. While at Allegheny, McKinley joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. On June 23, 1861, at the start of the American Civil War, he enlisted in the Union Army, as a private in the [http://www.ohiocivilwar.com/cw23.html Twenty-third Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry]. McKinley saw combat in several battles — for delivering rations under enemy fire at Antietam he was promoted from commissary sergeant by his commander, another future U.S. President, Rutherford B. Hayes. McKinley was again promoted several times during the war, and eventually mustered out as Captain and brevet Major of the same regiment in September 1865.

Legal and early political career

Following the war, McKinley attended Albany Law School in Albany, New York, being admitted to the bar in 1867. He commenced practice in Canton, Ohio. He was prosecuting attorney of Stark County, Ohio, from 1869 to 1871, and was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh U.S. Congress (March 4, 1877-March 3, 1883). He was chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws (Forty-seventh Congress). He presented his credentials as a Member-elect to the Forty-eighth Congress and served from March 4, 1883 until May 27, 1884, when he was succeeded by Jonathan H. Wallace, who successfully contested his election. McKinley was again elected to the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and Fifty-first Congresses (March 4, 1885-March 3, 1891). He was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means (Fifty-first Congress). In 1890, he authored the unpopular McKinley Tariff. McKinley was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1884, 1888, and 1892. Standing for election with his running mate Andrew L. Harris, McKinley was elected Governor of Ohio in 1891, and re-elected in 1893, serving until January 13, 1896.

Presidency

William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan in the U.S. Presidential election of 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of modern political campaigning. Republican strategist Mark Hanna raised an unprecedented sum for the campaign and made extensive use of the media in managing the McKinley victory. In 1898, McKinley launched the trust-busting era when he appointed several Senators (and his former Lt. Governor Andrew L. Harris) to the U.S. Industrial Commission. Later, the Industrial Commission's report to Theodore Roosevelt would lay the groundwork for Roosevelt's attacks on trusts and 'malefactors of great wealth'. McKinley led the country into the Spanish-American War, bringing the former colonies of Spain in the Pacific (Guam and the Philippines) and the Caribbean Sea (Cuba and Puerto Rico) under American control. In addition, the territories of Hawaii and Wake Island were annexed during his first term. Despite some vocal domestic opposition, his administration ushered the U.S. into the "New Imperialism" of the era. He was re-elected in 1900, again beating Bryan.

Administration and Cabinet


Supreme Court appointments

McKinley appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Joseph McKenna: 1898

Significant events during presidency


- Dingley Tariff (1897)
- Maximum Freight Case (1897)
- Spanish-American War (1898)
- Gold Standard Act (1900)

Assassination

1900 McKinley was shot by Leon F. Czolgosz, a Republican turned Anarchist, on September 6, 1901, while attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died of blood poisoning from his infected wounds at the house of John Milburn (currently, the student parking lot for Canisius High School is located on the site), at 2:15 a.m. on Saturday September 14, 1901. He was the third U.S. president to be assassinated. His body was interred in the McKinley Monument adjacent to West Lawn Cemetery in Canton, Ohio. President Theodore Roosevelt, Ohio Governor Andrew L. Harris and other speakers saluted the fallen President at the McKinley Memorial.

Trivia


- McKinley's portrait appeared on the U.S. $500 bill from 1928 to 1946.
- McKinley had a pet parrot named 'Washington Post'.
- At his inauguration, the only item of jewelry McKinley wore was his Sigma Alpha Epsilon badge.
- McKinley was the first president to use the telephone for campaign purposes.
- McKinley was the first president to ride in an automobile (the electric ambulance that took him to the hospital after he was shot).

Monuments and memorials


- McKinley Memorial, Niles, Ohio, commemorates McKinley's Birthplace
- McKinley Monument, Buffalo, New York
- McKinley County, New Mexico is named in his honor.
- Mount McKinley, Alaska is named after him.
- McKinley Statue, Arcata, California
- McKinleyville, California

Media

See also


- U.S. presidential election, 1896
- U.S. presidential election, 1900
- History of the United States (1865-1918)

References


- Stephen J. Ducat. 2004. The Wimp Factor. Boston:Beacon Press. ISBN 0807043443. p. 75

External links


-
- [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=McKinleyW Audio clips of McKinley's speeches]
- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/mckin1.htm First Inaugural Address]
- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/mckin2.htm Second Inaugural Address]
- [http://www.ipl.org/ref/POTUS/wmckinley.html IPL POTUS -- William McKinley]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/mckinley.htm Biography of William McKinley]
- [http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/25pmcki.html Encyclopedia Americana: William McKinley]
- [http://www.mckinleymuseum.org/ William McKinley Presidential Library and Memorial]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-1.html First State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-2.html Second State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-3.html Third State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address]
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wm25.html White House biography]
- [http://libcom.org/history/articles/assassination-mckinley The Assassination of President William McKinley, 1901] - an account of the killing.
- [http://www.geocities.com/wmlives/ALB1.html A Loose Bandage] (Beck Reilly) is an alternative 20th century following the failed assassination of William McKinley. McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William McKinley, William ja:ウィリアム・マッキンリー

William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan, (March 19, 1860–July 26, 1925) born in Salem, Illinois, was a gifted orator and three-time United States Democratic nominee for President. Bryan was trained as a lawyer at Northwestern University and received his bachelor's degree at Illinois College. He practiced law in Lincoln, Nebraska, and represented Nebraska in Congress. Bryan, a populist, held fast to his Midwestern values throughout his life; his deeply-held religious beliefs and his consistent defense of the ordinary American earned him the moniker "the Great Commoner". He was a tireless worker for women's suffrage and Prohibition, but is probably best known today for his outspoken criticism of evolution, which culminated in the Butler Act and the Scopes Trial.

Rise to fame

After serving just two terms in the United States House of Representatives, Bryan reached the pinnacle of his political career. In the presidential election of 1896, Bryan's silver forces defeated conservative Gold Democrats supported by incumbent President Grover Cleveland, who did not seek renomination, to win the Democratic Party nomination for President. Just 36, the youngest major-party presidential nominee in U.S. history, Bryan managed to attract the support of mainstream Democrats as well as disaffected third party Populists and Free Silverites. Bryan actually formally received the Populist Party nomination in 1896 in addition to the Democratic nomination. Free Silver His famous "Cross of Gold" speech, delivered prior to his nomination, lambasted Eastern monied classes for supporting the gold standard at the expense of the average worker. Bryan's stance, directly opposing the conservative Cleveland, largely united splintered Democrats and won the handsome "Boy Orator of the Platte" the nomination. Bryan was said to have enjoyed this colorful nickname, until opponents ridiculed it by saying it was appropriate thing to call Bryan since the Platte River was narrow, shallow and widest at the mouth. Bryan logged more than 18,000 miles while visiting 27 states in the campaign of 1896. The unpopularity of the incumbent party, combined with the Republican candidate's well-filled war chest, catapulted William McKinley into the White House by a margin of 271 to 176 in the electoral college. Still, Bryan's following was large enough to result in two additional runs for President. Bryan ran again and lost to McKinley and William Howard Taft in the 1900 and 1908 elections. 1908

Secretary of State

Although Bryan never won an election after 1892, he continued to wield considerable influence. He was deeply opposed to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines as a "Commonwealth" after the Spanish-American War and the resultant Philippine-American War; he is still regarded as something of a hero in some circles in the Philippines for this stance. After helping Woodrow Wilson secure the Democratic nomination in 1912, he served as Secretary of State. A committed pacifist, Bryan resigned on June 9, 1915 over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the push toward World War I. He was still physically active, even attempting to join the army when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917.

The Anti-Evolution Movement and the Scopes Trial

Although he moved to a large home in Florida, Bryan never retired. Always pious, during the final years of his life he was extremely active in religious organizations and devoted himself to the defense of fundamentalist Christianity. (His father, a judge, was a Baptist, and his mother converted to this faith from Methodism when Bryan was 12. He and his sister later became Presbyterians.) Presbyterians By the 1920s, Bryan was among America's most outspoken critics of the theory of evolution. Echoing his earlier support of Prohibition, Bryan actively supported a constitutional amendment banning public schools from teaching evolution and several state legislatures passed anti-evolution laws after Bryan addressed them. His participation in the famous 1925 Scopes Trial served as a capstone to his career. Bryan was asked by William Bell Riley to represent the World Christian Fundamentals Association to act as counsel for the association at the trial. Political author Thomas Frank writes that Bryan's anti-evolution views are a result of his Populist idealism.
Frank suggests that Bryan's fight was really against Social Darwinism, a theory that many unfamiliar with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection perceive to go hand in hand with social theories. Bryan's death on July 26, 1925, only five days after the trial ended, prompted differing opinions in the newspapers of the time. Those that supported fundamentalism tended to view Bryan as the victor in his interrogation by Clarence Darrow, whilst those which leant towards the modernist view awarded the contest to Darrow and the defense team, even though the verdict had gone against them. (The conviction was eventually set aside on appeal on the grounds that the jury should have set the amount of the fine.) Although Bryan was undoubtedly upset to some extent by Darrow's playing up of his comparative lack of scientific knowledge, his busy itinerary over the last five days of his life seems to contradict any suggestion that he was exhausted by the part he played in the trial in general or by Darrow's questioning in particular (Larson, 1997). In fact Bryan had been a diabetic for years, but had made little allowance for the fact in his energetic life style, and he made no significant attempt to control his weight, which virtually guaranteed a premature death. Whilst the trial was still in progress, local School Superintendent Walter White proposed that Dayton should create a Christian University as a lasting memorial to Bryan. The first classes of Bryan College, took place in 1930, in the Rhea County High School building, the site of Scopes' alleged infraction of the Anti-evolution Law, until facilities were available on the campus at its current location.

War and Pacifism

1930 Though already a national figure who had run for President, Bryan volunteered to serve in the Spanish-American War in 1898. However, he never saw combat, perhaps because Republican President William McKinley did not want to turn one of his strongest political adversaries into a war hero. Another Republican opponent of Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, would serve in combat and would receive much renown for his participation in the Battle of San Juan Hill. After the war, Bryan came to detest it, and the imperialism that resulted from it. Bryan would later become a pacifist, a position that made it politically impossible for him to be elected President. At the time, pacifists were generally regarded as cowards. However, Bryan became committed to pacifism only after he was too old to serve in the army and the position hurt him politically; as such, it could be seen as an act of courage. For this reason those who believe that L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is actually a populist allegory consider the Cowardly Lion to represent Bryan. (The Scarecrow represents agriculture, the Tin Man represents industry, and Dorothy's slippers were, after all, made of silver in the book.)

References


- Ray Ginger, William Jennings Bryan; Selections (1967)
- American Memory: [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/mar19.html Today in History: March 19]
- Summer for the Gods, Edward Larson. Harvard University Press (1997)

External links


-
- [http://www3.bradburyac/tenness9.html The Duel In the Shade - Darrow's examination of Bryan at the Scopes Trial]
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_bryan.html "William Jennings Bryan"] at The American Experience on PBS
- [http://www.geocities.com/vachellindsaybryan Text of Vachel Lindsay's famous poem honoring Bryan.]
- [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=william+jennings+bryan&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 William Jennings Bryan cylinder recordings], from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library. See also:
- U.S. presidential elections: 1896, 1900, 1908 Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings

Free silver

In economics, bimetallism is a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit can be expressed either with a certain amount of gold or with a certain amount of silver: the ratio between the two metals is fixed by law. This monetary system is very unstable: due to the fluctuation of the commercial value of the metals, the metal with a commercial value higher than the currency value tends to be used as metal and is withdrawn from circulation as money (Gresham's Law). This occurred in the United States throughout the 19th century as the official bimetallic standard became in effect a silver standard. In the United States, toward the end of the nineteenth century, bimetallism became a center of political conflict. Newly discovered silver mines in the American West caused an effective decrease in the value of money. This created a conflict between those that favored inflationary policies caused by a bimetallic standard and those that favored sound money produced by a gold standard. Bimetallism and "free silver" were favored by Democrats, populists, and Western states with silver mines, in contrast to the gold standard which was favored by financial interests in the East Coast. William Jennings Bryan, the eloquent champion of the cause, gave the famous "Cross of Gold" speech at the National Democratic Convention on July 9, 1896 asserting that "The gold standard has slain tens of thousands." He referred to "a struggle between 'the idle holders of idle capital' and 'the struggling masses, who produce the wealth and pay the taxes of the country;' and, my friends, the question we are to decide is: Upon which side will the Democratic party fight?" At the peroration, he said "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." However, his presidential campaign was ultimately unsuccessful and 1896 saw the election of William McKinley who implemented the gold standard in 1900.

See also


- Silver standard
- Gold standard

External link


- [http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/MH/Bimetalintro.htm The Bimetallic Standard], a series of pages on bimetalism from Micheloud & cie.
- [http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/redish.bimetallism History of Bimetallism] By economic historian Angela Redish Category:MoneyCategory:International trade category:International economics Category:Numismatics

Mark Hanna

:For the film screenwriter and actor, see Mark Hanna (screenwriter). Mark Hanna (screenwriter) Mark A. Hanna, born Marcus Alonzo Hanna (September 24, 1837–February 15, 1904) was an industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. He rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican Presidential candidate William McKinley in the U.S. Presidential election of 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

Business career

Moving to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1844, the young Hanna became involved in numerous unsuccessful business ventures. He served as a quartermaster in the U.S. Army during the Civil War, and was always close to veterans' organizations. (It is not true that he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor--that was an unrelated Marcus Hanna.) After 1867 he became rich as a shipper and broker serving the coal and iron industries. Cleveland was emerging as a major transhipping point between the Great Lakes ore deposits and the mills of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and Hanna loved making deals and bargains on a daily basis over a wide range of products and services. Hanna was one of the few industrialists fascinated less by profits than by the outdoor spectacle and indoor bargaining of politics.

Manager of campaigns

Hanna made a transition into politics during the 1880s and in 1888, he managed Ohio Senator John Sherman's unsuccessful effort to gain the Republican presidential nomination. Hanna, who had helped William McKinley win the 1891 and 1893 elections for Governor of Ohio, became his chief advisor. When McKinley won the 1896 Republican nomination for president, Hanna, as Chairman of the Republican National Committee, raised an unprecedented $3.5 million for McKinley's campaign for the gold standard, high tariffs, high wages, pluralism and renewed prosperity. Most of the money came from corporations who feared that William Jennings Bryan's more radical Free Silver policy would ruin the entire economy. By October the Democrats realized they were losing on the money issue and targeted Hanna as the arch-villain who threatened to put corporate interests ahead of the national interest. As McKinley was highly likeable, Hanna became a target of newspapers and Democrats, especially William Randolph Hearst and his New York Journal. Hanna's campaign employed 1,400 people, who concentrated a flood of pamphlets, leaflets, posters, and stump speakers. McKinley defeated Bryan by an electoral vote of 271 to 176. At the time, it was the most expensive campaign ever in U.S. politics, with the McKinley campaign outspending Bryan's by nearly 12 to 1. Today it is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign for its adroit use of publicity, its overall national plan, its strategic use of issues, and especially the candidate's own speech making.

Election to U.S. Senate

Once elected, McKinley appointed Senator Sherman to his Cabinet, and Hanna was elected in March of 1897 to fill the remainder of that term, and then re-elected to the subsequent term. As the economy recovered and international triumphs against Spain bolstered McKinley's popularity, the 1900 rematch was an easy victory for Hanna. Taking his place in the Senate, he came out from McKinley's shadow and played an influential role in terms of selecting the Panama route for a canal. More important Hanna worked with the Civic Federation as a concilator regarding labor strife. He succeeded to a considerable extent in attracting labor unions into the Republican fold and heading off major strikes that would be not only economically damaging but politically and socially divisive.

Hanna and Roosevelt

Hanna and Theodore Roosevelt had been allies when they met in 1884, but they became rivals, initially due to their disagreement about the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt strongly favored war with Spain; Hanna resisted war until public opinion demanded it. In 1900, New York politicians wanted to kick Governor Roosevelt upstairs to Vice President. Hanna lacked the political power to stop it. One of the leading powers in the conservative (and Rockefeller) faction of the Republican party, Hanna lost influence when McKinley was assassinated, replaced by the somewhat more progressive (Morgan faction) Roosevelt. (Hanna had known Rockefeller from high school.) Upon hearing the news, Hanna reputedly remarked that "Now that damn cowboy is president." Hanna and Roosevelt worked together (particularly on the Panama Canal) and although they remained personally cordial, they considered each another political rivals.

Death and legacy

Hanna was expected to run against Roosevelt for the Republican nomination for president in the 1904 election. The rivalry was cut short by Hanna's death of typhoid fever, at the peak of his power, in February of that year. Hanna is buried in Cleveland's Lakeview Cemetery. The Hanna Building on the corner of Euclid Avenue and East 14th Street in Cleveland bears his name. Hanna was the father of Ruth Hanna McCormick.

External links


- [http://www.history.ohio-state.edu/projects/mckinley/hanna/default.htm McKinley and Hanna]
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/1900/peopleevents/pande17.html The American Experience: Mark Hanna]
- [http://www.cosmos-club.org/journals/1997/bailey.html Roosevelt and Hanna]

References


- Croly, Herbert Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work (New York, 1912) Hanna, Mark Hanna, Mark Hanna, Mark Hanna, Mark Hanna, Mark

1912

1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday.

Events

January-March


- January 1 - Establishment of Republic of China.
- January 5 - Prague Party Conference
- January 6 - New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state.
- January 17 - British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four begin the second expedition to reach the South Pole.
- January 23 - The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague.
- February 8 - Mexican Revolution - Military rebellion against the rule of Francisco Madero begins in Mexico City. Battles last for 10 days
- February 12 - Republic of China adopts the Gregorian calendar
- February 14 - Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state.
- February 14 - In Groton, Connecticut, the first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.
- February 18 - Francisco Madero is forced to resign - battle ends. All members of Madero's government are arrested.
- February 19 - Prizes are included in Cracker Jack candy boxes for the first time
- February 22 - Francisco Madero and Pino Suarez are shot, allegedly when they "tried to escape"
- March 1 - Albert Berry makes the first parachute jump from a moving airplane.
- March 1 - Georg Ritter von Trapp, head of the famous Austrian singing family memorialized in the musical The Sound of Music marries Agathe
- March 5 - Italian forces are the first to use airships for a military purpose by using them for reconnaissance west of Tripoli behind Turkish lines.
- March 7 - Roald Amundsen announces discovery of the South Pole
- March 7 - French aviator Henri Seimet makes the first non-stop flight from Paris to London in three hours
- March 12 - The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts) are founded.
- March 16 - Lawrence Oates, ill member of Scott's South Pole expedition leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time"
- March 27 - Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, D.C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries.
- March 30 - France establishes a protectorate over Morocco.

April-September


- April 15 - Sinking of the RMS Titanic.
- April 17 - Solar eclipse in Europe.
- April 19 - United States Senate inquiry into the Titanic sinking begins.
- May 2 - British Board of Trade inquiry into the sinking of Titanic begins.
- May 3 - The first victims of the RMS Titanic are buried in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
- May 5 - The 1912 Summer Olympics open in Stockholm, Sweden.
- May 13 - In the United Kingdom, the Royal Flying Corps (forerunner of the Royal Air Force) is established.
- June 4 - Fire in Constantinople - 1120 buildings destroyed
- June 5 - US Marines land on Cuba
- June 6-June 8 - Eruption of Novarupta in Alaska, second largest volcanic eruption in historic time.
- June 8 - Carl Laemmle incorporated Universal Pictures.
- July 12 - Greek island of Icana declares independence (Greece annexes it in November)
- July 19 - A meteorite with an estimated mass of 190 kg exploded over the town of Holbrook in Navajo County, Arizona causing approximately 16,000 pieces of debris to rain down on the town.
- July 30 - the Meiji Emperor of Japan, dies. He is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, the Taisho Emperor. In Japanese History, the event marks the end of the Meiji period and the beginning of the Taisho Era.
- August 12 - Sultan Abd al-Hafiz of Morocco abdicates.
- August 25 - Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party is founded.
- September 25 - Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism founded in New York,_New York.

October-November


- October 8 - First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against Turkey.
- October 14 - While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former president Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper William Schrank. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivers his scheduled speech.
- October 16 - Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the first bombing with an airplane in history at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne against Turkey.
- November 5 - U.S. presidential election, 1912: Democratic challenger Woodrow Wilson wins a landslide victory over Republican incumbent William Howard Taft. Taft's base was undercut by Progressive Party candidate (and former Republican) Theodore Roosevelt, who finished second, ahead of Taft.
- November 7 - The Deutsche Opernhaus (now Deutsche Oper Berlin) opened in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg with a production of Beethoven's Fidelio.
- November 11 - Chios declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- November 24 - Mine explosion in Hokkaido, Japan - 245 dead
- November 27 - Spain declares a protectorate over the north shore of Morocco.
- November 28 - Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.

December


- December 3 - First Balkan War ends temporarily - Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League) sign an armistice with Turkey, ending the two-month long war.

Unknown dates


- Sea Scouting begins under the aegis of the Boy Scouts of America.
- Kazimierz Funk identifies vitamins.
- The first blues song, "The Memphis Blues," is published.
- Alfred Wegener proposes the theory of continental drift.
- Mount Katmai in Alaska explodes.
- Piltdown Man presented in Britain.
- British treasure hunters try to drain Lake Guatavita to find gold – they find nothing.
- African National Congress

Births

January-February


- January 1 - Kim Philby, British spy (d. 1988)
- January 3 - Armand Lohikoski, Finnish director (d. 2005)
- January 6 - Jacques Ellul, French philosopher (d. 1994)
- January 7 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (d. 1988)
- January 8 - José Ferrer, Puerto Rican actor (d. 1992)
- January 19 - Leonid Kantorovich, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- January 21 - Konrad Emil Bloch, German-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2000)
- January 28 - Jackson Pollock, American painter (d. 1956)
- January 30 - Barbara W. Tuchman, American historian (d. 1989)
- February 4 - Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993)
- February 6 - Eva Braun, Adolf Hitler's mistress (d. 1945)
- February 11 - Roy Fuller, English poet and novelist (d. 1991)
- February 19 - Stan Kenton, American musician (d. 1979)
- February 20 - Pierre Boulle, French author (d. 1994)
- February 27 - Lawrence Durrell, British writer (d. 1990)

March-April


- March 5 - David Astor, British newspaper publisher (d. 2001)
- March 8 - Preston Smith, Governor of Texas (d. 2003)
- March 12 - Irving Layton, Canadian poet
- March 14 - Les Brown, American band leader (d. 2001)
- March 15 - Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (d. 1982)
- March 16 - Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993)
- March 17 - Bayard Rustin, American civil rights activist (d. 1987)
- March 18 - Lucien Laurin, Canadian horse trainer (d. 2000)
- March 22 - Karl Malden, American actor
- March 23 - Betty Astell, British actress (d. 2005)
- March 23 - Wernher von Braun, German-born physicist and engineer (d. 1977)
- March 27 - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
- April 8 - Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (d. 1969)
- April 12 - Walt Gorney, American actor (d. 2004)
- April 15 - Kim Il Sung, President of North Korea (d. 1994)
- April 19 - Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- April 22 - Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (d. 1953)
- April 26 - A. E. van Vogt, Canadian-born writer (d. 2000)
- April 28 - Odette Sansom, French World War II heroine (d. 1995)

May-July


- May 3 - Virgil Fox, American organist (d. 1980)
- May 9 - Pedro Armendáriz, Mexican actor (d. 1963)
- May 9 - Per Imerslund, "The aryan idol" (d. 1943)
- May 11 - Foster Brooks, American actor and comedian (d. 2001)
- May 12 - Archibald Cox, Watergate special prosecutor (d. 2001)
- May 14 - Ben Hogan, American golfer (d. 1997)
- May 16 - Studs Terkel, American writer and broadcaster
- May 18 - Perry Como, American singer (d. 2001)
- May 18 - Walter Sisulu, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 2003)
- May 21 - Monty Stratton, baseball player (d. 1982)
- May 22 - Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- May 23 - Jean Françaix, French composer (d. 1997)
- May 23 - John Payne, American actor (d. 1989)
- May 25 - Princess Dukhye of Korea (d. 1989)
- May 27 - Sam Snead, American golfer (d. 2002)
- May 28 - Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)
- May 30 - Julius Axelrod, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- May 31 - Alfred Deller, English countertenor (d. 1979)
- June 6 - Maria Montez, Dominican actress (d. 1951)
- June 23 - Alan Turing, British mathematician (d. 1954)
- June 25 - William T. Cahill, American politician (d. 1996)
- June 26 - Jay Silverheels, American actor (d. 1980)
- June 27 - Chen Kenmin, Japanese chef (d. 1990)
- June 30 - Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (d. 2003)
- July 1 - David R. Brower, American environmentalist (d. 2000)
- July 14 - Woody Guthrie, American folk musician (d. 1969)
- July 17 - Art Linkletter, American television host
- July 31 - Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 31 - Irv Kupcinet, American newspaper columnist (d. 2003)

August-November


- August 9 - Anne Brown, American soprano
- August 10 - Jorge Amado de Faria, Brazilian author (d. 2001)
- August 11 - Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2004)
- August 11 - Norman Levinson, American mathematician (d. 1975)
- August 13 - Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1991)
- August 15 - Julia Child, American chef (d. 2004)
- August 16 - Ted Drake, English footballer (d. 1995)
- August 16 - Wendy Hiller, English actress (d. 2003)
- August 23 - Gene Kelly, American actor (d. 1996)
- August 25 - Erich Honecker, East German leader (d. 1994)
- August 30 - Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
- August 30 - Nancy Wake, New Zealand World War II heroine
- September 5 - John Cage, American composer (d. 1992)
- September 11 - David Packard, American electrical engineer (d. 1996)
- September 19 - Kurt Sanderling, German conductor
- September 21 - Chuck Jones, American animator (d. 2002)
- September 22 - Martha Scott, American actress (d. 2003)
- September 24 - Don Porter, American actor (d. 1997)
- September 29 - Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian film director
- October 5 - Karl Hass, Nazi war criminal (d. 2004)
- October 5 - Kristina Söderbaum, German actress (d. 2001)
- October 17 - Pope John Paul I (d. 1978)
- October 21 - Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)
- October 22 - Johan Hendrik Weidner, Belgian World War II resistance fighter (d. 1994)
- October 25 - Minnie Pearl, American commedienne (d. 1996)
- October 27 - Conlon Nancarrow, American composer (d. 1997)
- November 4 - Vadim Salmanov, Russian composer (d. 1978)
- November 10 - Birdie Tebbetts, baseball player and manager (d. 1999)
- November 11 - Larry LaPrise American songwriter (d. 1996)
- November 14 - Barbara Hutton, American socialite (d. 1979)
- November 14 - T. Y. Lin, Chinese-born civil engineer (d. 2003)
- November 19 - George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 21 - Eleanor Powell, American actress and dancer (d. 1982)
- November 26 - Eugene Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (d. 1994)

December


- December 11 - Carlo Ponti, Italian film producer
- December 12 - Henry Armstrong, American boxer (d. 1988)
- December 25 - Natalino Otto, Italian singer (d. 1969)
- December 27 - Conroy Maddox, British painter (d. 2005)

Deaths


- January 28 - Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (b. 1819)
- February 16 - Nikolai of Japan, Eastern Orthodox monk and saint (b. 1836)
- February 25 - Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1852)
- March 1 - George Grossmith, English actor and comic writer (b. 1847)
- March 29 - Robert Falcon Scott, British Antarctic explorer (froze to death) (b. 1868)
- March 30 - Karl May, German author (b. 1842)
- April 15 - Victims of the sinking of the RMS Titanic:
  - Edward J. Smith, ship's captain (b. 1850)
  - John Jacob Astor IV, American businessman (b. 1864)
  - Archibald Butt, American presidential aide (b. 1865)
  - Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (b. 1865)
  - William Thomas Stead, English journalist (b. 1849)
  - Isidor Straus, German-American owner of Macy's (b. 1845)
  - Thomas Andrews, Jr., Titanic shipbuilder (b.1873)
- May 14 - August Strindberg, Swedish playwright and painter (b. 1849)
- May 14 - Frederick VIII, King of Denmark (b. 1843)
- May 25 - Austin Lane Crothers, American politician (b. 1860)
- May 30 - Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer (b. 1867)
- June 12 - Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1822)
- July 1 - Harriet Quimby, American pilot (b. 1875)
- July 2 - Tom Richardson, English cricketer (b. 1870)
- July 30 - Meiji Emperor of Japan (b. 1852)
- August 7 - François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss hydrologist (b. 1841)
- August 8 - Ross Winn, American anarchist writer and publisher (b. 1871)
- October 6 - Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1829)
- October 24 - Mykola Lysenko, Ukrainian composer (b. 1842)
- October 30 - James S. Sherman, Vice President of the United States (b. 1855)
- November 10 - Louis Cyr, Canadian strongman (b. 1863)
- November 28 - Walter Benona Sharp, American oil pioneer (b. 1870)
- December 23 - Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist (b. 1850)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Nils Gustaf Dalén
- Chemistry - Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier
- Medicine - Alexis Carrel
- Literature - Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann
- Peace - Elihu Root Category:1912 ko:1912년 ms:1912 ja:1912年 simple:1912 th:พ.ศ. 2455

1876

1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday.

Events

January-March


- January 31 United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations.
- February 2 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is formed.
- February 14 - Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone.
- February 22 - Johns Hopkins University founded in Baltimore, Maryland.
- March 7 - Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the telephone (patent # 174,464).
- March 10 - Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful telephone call by saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you."

April-June


- April 16 - Bulgarian April uprising
- April 17 - Six Fenian prisoners escape from a penal colony in Fremantle, Australia with the aid of ship Catalpa.
- May 1 - Turks crush uprising of Bulgar Slavs
- May 11-May 12 - Berlin Memorandum - Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents
- May 16 - British prime minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects Berlin Memorandum
- May 18 - Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas, serving under Marshal Larry Deger
- May 30 - Abd-ul-Aziz, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is deposed and succeeded by his nephew Murat V.
- June 4 - An express train called the Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco, California via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City.
- June 17 - Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud - 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse beat back General George Crook forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.
- June 25 - Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn. Lieutenant colonel George Armstrong Custer of the US 7th Cavalry Regiment leads a unit of 300 men in battle against the allied forces of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, counting 5000 men under the leadership of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. The latter emerge victorious.

July-September


- July 1 - Serbia declares war on Turkey
- July 2 - Montenegro declares war on Turkey
- July 4 - United States Centennial See: [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/T825xB1xI5/ Centennial exposition described and illustrated], being a concise and graphic description of this grand enterprise commemorative of the first centennary of American independence. Publisher: Philadelphia, Hubbard bros, 1876.
- July 8 - Reichstadt Agreement between Russia and Austria-Hungary on partitioning the Balkan peninsula.
- August 1 - Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.
- August 8 - Thomas Edison receives a patent for his mimeograph.
- August 31 - Murat V, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.
- September 5 - Gladstone publishes Bulgarian Horrors pamphlet
- September 7 - In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang attempt to rob the town's bank but are surrounded by an angry mob and are nearly wiped out.

October-December


- October 4 - Texas A&M University, the state’s first public institution of higher education, opened on October 4, 1876 as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.
- November 2 - Atlantic giant squid 6.1 meters long washes ashore in Thimble Tickle Bay in Canada
- November 21 - Porfirio Diaz arrives in Mexico City and takes power
- November 7 - U.S. presidential election is held. After long and heated disputes, Rutherford Birchard Hayes would be declared the winner over Samuel Jones Tilden.
- November 7 - Green Clay Smith ran as presidential candidate of Prohibition Party.
- November 7 - Samuel Fenton Cary ran as vice-presidential candidate of Greenback Party.
- November 23 - Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City after being captured in Spain.
- November 25 - Indian Wars: In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River (the soldiers destroyed all of the villager's winter food and clothing and then slashed their ponies' throats).
- November 29 - Porfirio Díaz becomes President of Mexico.
- December 5 - Fire in theater in Brooklyn, New York City, kills more than 300
- December 23 - Conference of Constantinople about Ottoman treatment of its ethnic minorities begins
- December 29 - The Ashtabula River Railroad bridge disaster, 64 injured, 92 dead at Ashtabula, Ohio.

Unknown dates


- Spandau Prison finished
- Paraguay makes peace with Argentina
- Invention of the four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine by Nikolaus Otto
- United States of America Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia
- After the Young Turks rebellion deposes sultan Abd al-Aziz. He is succeeded by Murad V who, after being declared insane, gives way to Abd al-Hamid I.
- Samurai are banned from carrying swords in Japan.
- Harvard Lampoon founded.
- Heinz Ketchup introduced.

Births

January-March


- January 5 - Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1967)
- January 11 - Elmer Flick, baseball player (d. 1971)
- January 12 - Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer (d. 1948)
- January 12 - Jack London, American author (d. 1916)
- January 20 - Józef Hofmann, Polish pianist (d. 1967)
- January 23 - Otto Diels, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
- January 29 - Havergal Brian, British composer (d. 1972)
- February 19 - Constantin Brancusi, Romanian sculptor (d. 1957)
- March 1 - Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian International Olympic Committee president (d. 1942)
- March 2 - Pope Pius XII, (d. 1958)
- March 4 - Léon-Paul Fargue, French poet (d. 1947)
- March 11 - Carl Ruggles, British composer (d. 1971)
- March 21 - John Tewksbury, American athlete (d. 1968)

April-September


- April 4 - Maurice de Vlaminck, lyricist (d. 1958)
- April 22 - Robert Bárány, Nobel Prize winner in medicine
- June 5 - Tony Jackson, jazz musician (d. 1920)
- July 12 - Max Jacob, French poet (d. 1944)
- July 19 - Joseph Fielding Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1972)
- August 7 - Mata Hari, exotic dancer and spy
- September 6 - John James Richard Macleod, Scottish-born physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1935)
- September 15 - Bruno Walter, German conductor (d. 1962)
- September 16 - Marvin Hart, boxer (d. 1931)
- September 18 - James Scullin, ninth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1953)
- September 26 - Edith Abbott, social worker, educator, and author (d. 1957)

October-December


- October 13 - Rube Waddell, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1914)
- November 7 - Charlie Townsend, English cricketer (d. 1958)
- November 7 - Culbert Olson, Governor of California (d. 1962)
- November 17 - August Sander, German photographer (d. 1964)
- November 23 - Manuel de Falla, Spanish composer (d. 1946)
- November 24 - Walter Burley Griffin, American architect (d. 1937)
- December 9 - Berton Churchill, Canadian actor (d. 1940)
- December 12 - Alvin Kraenzlein, American athlete (d. 1928)
- December 21 - Jack Lang, Australian politician (d. 1975)
- December 25 - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan (d. 1948)
- December 25 - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
- December 29 - Pablo Casals, Catalan cellist (d. 1973)
- Alfred Stock, German chemist (d. 1946)

Deaths


- January 14 - Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, French painter, total gaylord (b. 1780)
- February 18 - Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress (b. 1816)
- May 26 - František Palacký, Czech historian and politician (b. 1798)
- June 21 - Antonio López de Santa Anna, President of Mexico (b. 1794)
- June 25 - George Armstrong Custer, U.S. officer (killed in battle) (b. 1839)
- August 2 - Wild Bill Hickok, American gunfighter and entertainer (b. 1837)
- October 1 - James Lick, American land baron (b. 1796)
- Abd al-Aziz, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1830) 1876 was also the year that football club Port Vale FC were formed Category:1876 ko:1876년 ms:1876 simple:1876 th:พ.ศ. 2419

1880

1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events

May - August


- May 13 - In Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison performs the first test of his electric railway.
- June 29 - France annexes Tahiti
- July 1 - First performance of O Canada, the song that would become the national anthem of Canada.
- July 16 - First woman licensed to practice medicine in Canada - Dr. Emily Howard Stowe.

September - December


- September 5 - First successful test of an electric Tram in the world takes place in St. Petersburg, Russia
- October - terrible winter storm in North America, the "Blizzard of 1880".
- October 15 - Mexican soldiers kill Victorio, one of the greatest Apache military strategists.
- November - James Garfield defeats Winfield S. Hancock in the U.S. presidential election
- November 4 - the first cash register was patented by James and John Ritty of Dayton, Ohio.
- November 11 - Australian bushranger and bank robber Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.
- November 22 - Vaudeville actress Lillian Russell makes her debut at Tony Pastor's Theatre in New York City.
- December 20 - Action at Bronkhorstspruit, the first major action of the First Boer War.
- December 30 - The Transvaal becomes a republic and Paul Kruger becomes its first president.

Unknown date


- Discovery of piezoelectricity by Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.
- Completion of Cologne cathedral.
- Founding of Science by Thomas Edison.
- Cocaine isolated
- The British recognise Abdur Rahman Khan as amir of Af