Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
UTC

UTC

:For alternate uses of UTC see UTC (disambiguation) Coordinated Universal Time or UTC, also sometimes referred to as "Zulu time" or Z, is an atomic realization of Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich Mean Time, the astronomical basis for civil time. Time zones around the world are expressed as positive and negative offsets from UT. UTC differs by an integral number of seconds from International Atomic Time (TAI), as measured by atomic clocks and a fractional number of seconds from UT. UTC is a hybrid time scale: the rate of UTC is based on atomic frequency standards but the epoch of UTC is synchronized to remain close to astronomical UT. The Earth's rotation is very slowly decelerating (due to braking action of the tides), hence the mean solar day has increased since TAI was introduced on 1 January 1958 (under another name). For this reason, UT is 'slower' than TAI. As of 1 January 1999, TAI was ahead of UTC by 32 seconds, consisting of a 10-second offset introduced on 1 January 1972 to account for all variations between 1958 and 1971, plus an additional 22 leap seconds introduced between 1972 and 1998. UTC is maintained within 0.9 s of UT1 (UT1 is one of three precise definitions of UT); leap seconds are added (or, theoretically, subtracted) at the end of any UTC month as necessary. The primary dates for leap second adjustments are at the end of the day on June 30 and December 31. The secondary dates, which to date have been unused, are March 31 and September 30. To date, all such adjustments – the first in 1972 – have been positive and applied on dates June 30 or December 31, where an additive leap second is designated as 23:59:60. The announcement of leap seconds is made by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), based on precise astronomical forecasts of the Earth's rotation. Historically, one leap second has been required every one to two years. However a leap second has not been required since 1998, as the deceleration of the Earth's rotation slowed temporarily in the past seven years. The IERS announced in July 2005 that the next leap second will be on 31 December 2005. For most practical and legal-trade purposes, the fractional difference between UTC and UT (or GMT) is inconsequentially small, and for this reason UTC is colloquially called GMT sometimes, even if this is not technically correct.

Proposal to redefine UTC and abolish leap seconds

There is a proposal to redefine UTC and abolish leap seconds, such that sundials would slowly get further out-of-sync with civil time. See Leap second for more information.

General information

"UTC" is not a true acronym; it is a variant of Universal Time, UT, and has a modifier C (for "coordinated") appended to it just like other variants of UT. It [http://www.boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/general/misc.htm#Anchor-14550 may be regarded] as a compromise between the English acronym "CUT" and the French acronym "TUC" (temps universel coordonné). It is sometimes erroneously expanded into "Universal Time Code". International standard UTC time can only be determined to the highest precision after the fact, as atomic time is determined by the reconciliation of the observed differences between an ensemble of atomic clocks maintained by a number of national time bureaus. This is done under the auspices of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures). However, local clusters of atomic clocks are sufficient for accuracy to within a few tens of nanoseconds. UTC is the time system used for many Internet and World Wide Web standards. In particular, the Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronize the clocks of many computers over the Internet (usually to that of a known accurate atomic clock), uses UTC. As indicated in the standards, it is convenient to include the UTC date too. The UT time zone is sometimes denoted by the letter Z since the equivalent nautical time zone (GMT) has been denoted by Z since about 1950, and by a "zone description" of zero hours since 1920. See Time zone history. Since the NATO phonetic alphabet and radio-amateur word for Z is "Zulu", UT is sometimes known as Zulu time.

Amateur Radio

Those who transmit on the amateur radio bands often log the time of their radio contacts in UTC, as transmissions can go worldwide on some frequencies. In the past, the FCC required all amateur radio operators in the United States of America to log their radio conversations. While maintaining a record of radio transmissions is no longer required in the USA, many American amateur radio operators still choose to maintain a log expressing the time of their transmissions in UTC, due to the world wide reach of ham radio.

References


- ITU-R Recommendation TF.460-4: Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions. International Telecommunication Union. (Annex I of this document contains the official definition of UTC.)
- Dennis D. McCarthy: "Astronomical Time". Proc. IEEE, Vol. 79, No. 7, July 1991, pp. 915-920.
- Nelson, McCarthy, et al.: "[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf The leap second: its history and possible future]" (381 KB PDF file), Metrologia, Vol. 38, pp. 509–529, 2001.
- David W. Allan, Neil Ashby, Clifford C. Hodge: The Science of Timekeeping. Hewlett Packard Application Note 1289, 1997.

See also


- Universal Time (UTC)
- Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
- Ephemeris Time
- Sidereal time
- Terrestrial Time

External links


- [http://www.bipm.org/en/scientific/tai/time_server.html Bureau International des Poids et Mesures UTC/TAI Time Server]
- [http://www.time.gov/ The official U.S. time]
- [http://www.worldtimeserver.com/ World Time Server - any location, any time]
- [http://www.thetimenow.com/ thetimeNOW - Current time in all time zones]
- [http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/UT.html United States Naval Observatory - What is Universal Time?]
- [http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/bul/bulc/bulletinc.dat International Earth Rotation Service Leap Second Updates]
- [http://www.qsl.net/zl1bpu/micro/CLOCK/ Make your own UTC /Local time hardware clock]
- [http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime W3C Specification about UTC Date and Time] and IETF Internet standard RFC 3339
- [http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/MAEL/ag/zulu.htm Zulu Time]
- [http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/worldtime2.htm Hong Kong Time by Hong Kong Observatory] Category:Time scales als:UTC ko:협정 세계시 zh-min-nan:UTC ja:協定世界時 nb:UTC simple:Coordinated Universal Time th:เวลาพิกัดสากล

UTC (disambiguation)

UTC may mean
- Coordinated Universal Time
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
- Union Treiziste Catalane
- Universal Terran Church
- United Technologies Corporation
- United Trading Company

Greenwich Mean Time

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is mean solar time at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, London, England, which by convention is at 0 degrees geographic longitude. Noon Greenwich Mean Time is not the moment when the Sun crosses the Greenwich meridian (and reaches its highest point in the sky in Greenwich) because of Earth's uneven speed in its elliptic orbit and its axial tilt. This event may be up to 16 minutes away from noon GMT (this discrepancy is known as the equation of time). The fictitious mean sun is the annual average of this nonuniform motion of the true Sun, necessitating the inclusion of mean in Greenwich Mean Time. equation of time, green - Eastern European Time, khaki - Moscow Time.]] As Great Britain grew into an advanced maritime nation, English mariners kept their timepieces on GMT in order to calculate their longitude "from the Greenwich meridian". This did not affect shipboard time itself, which was still solar time. This combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, eventually led to GMT being used world-wide as a reference time independent of location. Most time zones were based upon this reference as a number of hours and half-hours "ahead of GMT" or "behind GMT". Hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924. The daily rotation of the Earth is somewhat irregular (see ΔT) and is slowing down slightly. Atomic clocks represent a much more stable timebase. On 1 January 1972, GMT was replaced as the international time reference by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. UT1 was introduced to represent "earth rotation time". Leap seconds are added to or subtracted from UTC to keep it within 0.9 seconds of UT1. Although civil time, e.g., the Greenwich Time Signal in Great Britain, is now based on UTC, it is still popularly called GMT. It is also called Western European Time (WET). Those countries marked in dark blue on the map at right use European Summer Time and advance their clock one hour in summer. In Great Britain, this is known as British Summer Time (BST); in Ireland it is called Irish Summer Time (IST). Those countries marked in light blue keep their clocks on UTC/GMT/WET year round.

See also


- Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- Universal Time
- Nautical mile
- Sidereal time
- Solar time
- Swatch Internet Time
- BPM
- CHU
- VNG
- WWV
- Central European Time
- Eastern European Time
- Moscow Time
- Sandringham Time

External Links


- [http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com Greenwich Mean Time]
- [http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/world.html NIST - World Time Scales]
- [http://hpiers.obspm.fr/ International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service] Category:Time scales Category:Greenwich ko:그리니치 평균시 ja:グリニッジ標準時

Civil time

Civil time is another name for mean solar time reckoned from midnight. Some astronomical and navigational timekeeping conventions in use before the mid-20th century reckoned the beginning of the mean solar day at noon. At one time Greenwich mean time (GMT) could refer to either convention, so the International Astronomical Union introduced the term Universal Time to suggest GMT with the civil day beginning at midnight. Civil time has precise astronomical meaning. However, more recently this term is sometimes found with reference to specific statutory or standard time scales designated by civilian authorities, or with reference to local or standard time indicated by clocks. Generally speaking, the non-astronomical uses of this label are considered imprecise. Category:Time scales

Second

:This article is about the unit of time. For other uses, see second (disambiguation). The second (symbol: s) is the SI base unit of time.

Definition

The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.

Origin

Originally, the second was known as a "second minute", meaning the second minute (i.e. small) division of an hour. The first division was known as a "prime minute" and is equivalent to the minute we know today.

Conversions


- 60 seconds = 1 minute
- 3 600 seconds = 1 hour
- 86.4 kiloseconds (86 400 seconds) = 1 day (in the SI sense)

Explanation

The factor of 60 may have been influenced by the Babylonians who used factors of 60 in their counting system. The hour had previously been defined by the Egyptians in terms of the rotation of the Earth as 1/24 of a mean solar day. This made the second 1/86,400 of a mean solar day. In 1956 the second was defined in terms of the period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun for a particular epoch, because by then it had become recognized that the Earth's rotation on its own axis was not sufficiently uniform as a standard of time. The Earth's motion was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun, which provides a formula for the motion of the Sun at the epoch 1900 based on astronomical observations made during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The second thus defined is :the fraction 1/31,556,925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time. This definition was ratified by the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. Reference to the year 1900 does not mean that this is the epoch of a mean solar day of 86,400 seconds. Rather, it is the epoch of the tropical year of 31,556,925.9747 seconds of ephemeris time. Ephemeris Time (ET) was defined as the measure of time that brings the observed positions of the celestial bodies into accord with the Newtonian dynamical theory of motion. With the development of the atomic clock, it was decided to use atomic clocks as the basis of the definition of the second, rather than the rotation of the earth. Following several years of work, two astronomers at the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) and two astronomers at the National Physical Laboratory (Teddington, England) determined the relationship between the hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium atom and the ephemeris second. Using a common-view measurement method based on the received signals from radio station WWV, they determined the orbital motion of the Moon about the Earth, from which the apparent motion of the Sun could be inferred, in terms of time as measured by an atomic clock. As a result, in 1967 the Thirteenth General Conference on Weights and Measures defined the second of atomic time in the International System of Units (SI) as :the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. The ground state is defined at zero magnetic field. The second thus defined is equivalent to the ephemeris second. The definition of the second was later refined at the 1997 meeting of the BIPM to include the statement :This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K. In practice, this means that high-precision realizations of the second should compensate for the effects of ambient radiation to try to extrapolate to the value of the second as defined above.

See also


- Leap second
- Orders of magnitude (time)
- UTC
- Atomic clock

External links


- [http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/second.html Official BIPM definition of the second]
- [http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html Public domain article about definition of seconds and leap seconds] Category:SI base units Category:Units of time Category:CGS units ja:秒 simple:Second

Epoch

The word epoch can mean either an interval of time, or a particular point in time used as a reference point.
- In common usage, the term is often used to apply to a period of time when significant related events took place. Synonyms include historical period and era (links are to disambiguation pages).
- In geology, the recent (to the geologist) past is divided into a series of epochs of a few million years each. See geologic timescale.
- In computing and telecommunications, an epoch date is a specific date and time used as the reference for all other times. The Unix epoch is an example.
- In astronomy, an epoch (astronomy) is a moment in time for which celestial coordinates or orbital elements are specified.
- The epoch of a calendar era is the year, day, or instant from which the later (and earlier) years of a calendar are counted.
- The Epoch was a vehicle capable of time travel in the popular SNES game, Chrono Trigger.
- Epoch is a supervillian written in DC comics also known as the Lord of Time.
- Epoch is the name of a Japanese video game company. They released consoles in the early and mid 1980s
- [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233657/ Epoch] is the name of a TV movie from the year 2000.



1958

1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 1 - Treaty of Rome founding the EU is implemented
- January 4 - Sputnik 1 falls to Earth from its orbit (launched on October 4 1957)
- January 8 - 14 year old Bobby Fischer wins the United States Chess Championship
- January 13 - 9235 scientists publish a plea to stop nuclear bomb tests
- January 18 - Armed Lumbee Native Americans chase off an estimated 5,000 Klansmen and supporters at the town of Maxton, North Carolina.
- January 23 - Following a two-day general strike, dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez was overthrown by a militar-popular uprising.
- January 28 - Charles Starkweather and Caril Ann Fugate begin their murder spree with the killings of her parents and infant sister
- January 29 - Police capture Charles Starkweather in Wyoming
- January 31 - The first successful American satellite, Explorer I, is launched into orbit
- January 31 - James Van Allen discovers the Van Allen radiation belt

February


- February 1 - Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic
- February 5 - Gamel Abdel Nasser is nominated to be the first president of the United Arab Republic
- February 6 - Munich air disaster - 21 dead, including 7 players for Manchester United
- February 11 - Marshal Chen Yi succeeds Zhou Enlai as Chinese Minister of Foreign affairs.
- February 11 - Ruth Carol Taylor is 1st African American woman hired as a flight attendant
- February 17 - Pope Pius XII declares Saint Clare the patron saint of television
- February 20 - Test rocket explodes in Cape Canaveral
- February 23 - Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time world driving champion Juan Manuel Fangio. They release him 28 hours later
- February 23 - Arturo Frondizi wins presidential elections in Argentina
- February 24 - In Cuba, Radio Rebelde, radio of rebels of Fidel Castro, begins broadcasting from Sierra Maestra
- February 25 - Bertrand Russell launches the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
- February 28 - One of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history occurred at Prestonsburg, Kentucky, killing 27.

March-April


- March 1 - Samuel Alphonsus Stritch, ninth bishop (fourth archbishop) of the Roman Catholic diocese of Chicago, appointed Pro-Perfect of the Propagaion of Faith and thus becomes the first American member of the Roman Curia
- March 2 - A British team led by Sir Vivian Fuchs completes the first crossing of the Antarctic in Snow-cat caterpillar tractors and dogsled teams in 99 days
- March 8 - USS Wisconsin is decomissioned, leaving the United States Navy without an active battleship for the first time since 1896.
- March 11 - The US B-47 bomber drops a nuclear bomb in the Mars Bluff, South Carolina
- March 17 - The United States launches the Vanguard 1 satellite
- March 26 - The United States Army launches Explorer III
- March 27 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes Premier of the Soviet Union
- April 3 - Castro's revolutionary army begins its attacks on Havana
- April 4-April 7 - The first protest march for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament from Hyde Park, London to Aldermarston, Berkshire. Demonstrators demand ban of nuclear weapons
- April 4 - The daughter of the actress Lana Turner stabs her mother's gangster lover to death (eventually ruled self defence)
- April 6 - Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari divorces the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi after she is unable to produce any children.
- April 17 - King Baudouin of Belgium officially opens the World Fair in Brussels, also known as Expo '58.

May-June


- May 1 - Arturo Frondizi becomes President of Argentina
- May 2 - A State of Emergency is declared in Aden
- May 12 - A formal North American Aerospace Defense Command agreement is signed between the United States and Canada
- May 13 - During a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, Vice President Richard M. Nixon's car is attacked by anti-American demonstrators
- May 15 - The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 3
- May 16 - Short-lived outburst of friendship between Arabs and Europeans in Algiers
- May 18 - An F-104 Starfighter sets a world speed record of 1,404.19 mph
- May 20 - Batista's government launches counteroffensive against Castro's rebels
- May 21 - United Kingdom Postmaster General Ernest Marples announces that from December, Subscriber Trunk Dialling will be introduced in the Bristol area. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2510000/2510289.stm]
- May 23 - Explorer I ceased transmission
- May 30 - The bodies of unidentified soldiers killed in action during World War II and the Korean War are buried at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery.
- June 1 - Charles De Gaulle is brought out of retirement to lead France by decree for six months
- June 1 - Iceland extends its fishing limits to 12 miles
- June 4 - Charles De Gaulle visits Algeria
- June 16 - Imre Nagy is hanged for treason in Hungary
- June 27 - Peronist party becomes legal again in Argentina
- June 29 - Brazil beat Sweden 5-2 to win the 1958 World Cup

July-August


- July 5 - First ascent of Gasherbrum I, 11th highest mountain in the world
- July 7 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law
- July 8 - 7.5 Richter scale earthquake in Lituya Bay, Alaska, causes a landslide that produces a huge 520 meter high wave
- July 10 - First parking meters installed in Britain
- July 14 - Iraqi Revolution: In Iraq the monarchy is overthrown by Arab nationalists and Abdul Karim Qassim becomes the nation's new leader
- July 14 - A left wing military coup in Iraq leads to the murder of the king, Faisal II
- July 15 - In Lebanon, 5,000 United States Marines land in the capital Beirut in order to protect the pro-Western government there
- July 17 - British paratroopers arrive in Jordania; king Hussein has asked help against pressure from Iraq
- July 20 - Various rebel groups in Cuba join forces but communists do not join the deal
- July 24 - The first life peerage is created in Britain
- July 26 - Explorer program: Explorer IV is launched
- July 29 - The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- August 3 - The nuclear powered submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) became the first vessel to cross the North Pole under water
- August 23 - Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait crisis begins with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy.
- August 30-September 1 - Riots between blacks and whites in Notting Hill, London

September-October


- September 14 - Two rockets of the German engineer Ernst Mohr reach as first German post-war rockets the upper atmosphere
- September 27 - Hurricane Vera in Honshu, Japan, kills 615
- September 28 - In France, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the Fifth Republic.
- October 1 - Tunisia and Morocco join the Arab League
- October 1 - NASA starts operations and replaces the NACA
- October 2 - Guinea declares itself independent from France
- October 4 - BOAC uses new Comet jets to become the first airline to fly jet passenger services across the Atlantic.
- October 9 - Pope Pius XII dies.
- October 11 - Pioneer program: NASA launches the lunar probe Pioneer 1 (the probe falls back to Earth and burns up)
- October 24 - Soviet Union loans Egypt 400 million rubles for the Aswan dam
- October 27 - Gen Ayub Khan succeeds Iskander Mirza as president of Pakistan
- October 28 - Boris Pasternak is expelled from soviet author's society
- October 28 - Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli becomes Pope and takes the name Pope John XXIII.

November-December


- November 3 - New UNESCO building inaugurated in Paris
- November 22 - Menzies Government re-elected for a 5th Term
- November 23 - Have Gun, Will Travel debuts on radio
- November 25 - French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French Community
- November 28 - Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French Community
- November 30 - Gaullists win parliamentary elections in France
- December 1 - Central African Republic becomes independent from France
- December 5 - Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the UK by the Queen when she dials a call from Bristol to Edinburgh and speaks to the Lord Provost. [http://www.bt.com/archives/history/19461959.htm#1958]
- December 9 - The John Birch Society is formed in the USA
- December 14 - The 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition becomes the first ever to reach The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility
- December 21 - General Charles de Gaulle is elected president of France with 78.5% of the votes.
- December 28 - The Baltimore Colts beat The New York Giants 23-17 in overtime to win The NFL Championship.
- December 29 - Rebel troops under Che Guevara begin to invade Santa Clara in Cuba

unknown date


- The First Cod War between UK and Iceland
- BBC Radiophonic Workshop created
- During the International Geophysical Year, Earth's magnetosphere is discovered
- The United States conducts Operation Argus during August and September
- Foundation of Amirkabir University of Technology
- Based on birth rates (per 1,000 population), the post-war baby boom ended in the United States as an eleven-year decline in the birth rate began - the longest on record in that country
- Last legal female circumcision in the United States.
- Denatonium, the bitterest substance known is discovered. It is used as an aversive agent in products such as bleach to reduce the risk of children drinking them.
- Van Cliburn wins the Tchaikovsky International Piano Competition in the USSR, breaking cold war tensions.
- The Jim Henson Company founded
- Andorra declared peace with Germany, having been forgotten on the Treaty of Versailles and remaining legally at war.

Births

January-March


- January 20 - Lorenzo Lamas, American actor
- January 24 - Jools Holland, British musician
- January 26 - Ellen DeGeneres, American actress and comedienne
- February 4 - Tomasz Pacyński, Polish writer (d. 2005)
- February 11 - Michael Jackson, British broadcast executive
- February 11 - Regina Marsikova, Czechoslovakian tennis player
- February 13 - Pernilla August, Swedish actress
- February 16 - Ice-T, American singer, songwriter, and actor
- February 21 - Mary Chapin Carpenter, American singer
- February 22 - Jake Burns, Irish musician
- February 24 - Sammy Kershaw, American musician
- February 28 - Michael Kennedy, son of Robert F Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy and nephew of John F Kennedy and Robert F Kennedy and Edward M Kennedy (d. 1997)
- March 3 - Miranda Richardson, English actress
- March 4 - Patricia Heaton, American actress
- March 5 - Andy Gibb, English-born singer (d. 1988)
- March 8 - Gary Numan, British singer
- March 10 - Sharon Stone, American actress
- March 14 - Albert II, Prince of Monaco
- March 18 - Kayo Hatta, American film director (d. 2005)
- March 20 - Holly Hunter, American actress
- March 21 - Gary Oldman, English actor

April-August


- April 3 - Alec Baldwin, American actor
- April 10 - Yefim Bronfman, Russian-born pianist
- April 10 - Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, American musician and record producer
- April 15 - Benjamin Zephaniah, British writer and musician
- April 21 - Andie MacDowell, American actress
- April 22 - Ken Olandt, American actor
- April 25 - Fish, Scottish singer
- April 28 - Hal Sutton, American golfer
- April 29 - Michelle Pfeiffer, American actress
- May 23 - Mitch Albom, American author
- May 23 - Drew Carey, American comedian and actor
- May 27 - Neil Finn, New Zealand singer and songwriter
- May 28 - Annette Bening, American actress
- June 7 - Prince, American musician
- June 8 - Keenen Ivory Wayans, American comedian, actor, and director
- June 12 - Rebecca Holden, American actress, singer, and entertainer
- June 17 - Jello Biafra, American musician and activist
- June 20 - Chuck Wagner, American actor
- June 27 - Magnus Lindberg, Finnish composer
- June 30 - Esa-Pekka Salonen, Finnish conductor and composer
- July 2 - Thomas Bickerton, American Methodist bishop
- July 7 - Michala Petri, Danish recorder player
- July 15 - Mac Thornberry, American politician
- July 28 - Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and cancer activist (d. 1981)
- July 30 - Kate Bush, British singer and songwriter
- July 31 - Mark Cuban, American entrepreneur and basketball team owner
- August 7 - Bruce Dickinson, English musician
- August 15 - Victor Shenderovich, Russian writer
- August 16 - Madonna, American musician, songwriter, and actress
- August 19 - Anthony Muñoz, American football player
- August 22 - Colm Feore, American-born actor
- August 29 - Michael Jackson, American singer

September-December


- September 10 - Dan Castellaneta, American voice actor
- September 14 - Jeff Crowe, New Zealand cricket captains
- September 16 - Orel Hershiser, baseball player
- September 19 - Azumah Nelson, Ghanaian boxer
- September 22 - Andrea Bocelli, Italian tenor
- September 23 - Marvin Lewis, American football coach
- September 23 - Scott Shaw, Author, Actor, Filmmaker
- October 5 - Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian
- October 13 - Derri Daugherty, American musician (The Choir and The Lost Dogs)
- October 14 - Thomas Dolby, English musician
- October 16 - Tim Robbins, American actor
- October 17 - Alan Jackson, American singer and songwriter
- October 20 - Viggo Mortensen, American actor
- October 27 - Simon Le Bon, English musician (Duran Duran)
- November 2 - Willie McGee, baseball player
- November 18 - Laura Miller, Mayor of Dallas, Texas
- November 22 - Jamie Lee Curtis, American actress
- November 25 - Kim Ashfield, British model
- November 28 - Dave Righetti, baseball player
- November 30 - Juliette Bergmann, Dutch bodybuilder
- December 1 - Charlene Tilton, American actress
- December 6 - Nick Park, English filmmaker and animator
- December 11 - Nikki Sixx, American musician, Motley Crue
- December 25 - Hanford Dixon, American football player
- December 25 - Rickey Henderson, baseball player
- December 31 - Bebe Neuwirth, American actress

Deaths


- January 1 - Edward Weston, American photographer (b. 1886)
- January 8 - Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (b. 1883)
- January 11 - Edna Purviance, American actress (b. 1895)
- January 30 - Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (b. 1878)
- February 1 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- February 4 - Henry Kuttner, American author (b. 1915)
- February 13 - Christabel Pankhurst, English suffragette (b. 1880)
- March 21 - Cyril M. Kornbluth, American writer (b. 1923)
- March 22 - Mike Todd, American film producer (b. 1909)
- March 25 - Tom Brown, American musician (b. 1888)
- March 26 - Phil Mead, English cricketer (b. 1887)
- March 28 - W.C. Handy, American composer (b. 1873)
- April 16 - Rosalind Franklin, British crystallographer (b. 1920)
- April 19 - Billy Meredith, Welsh footballer (b. 1874)
- May 3 - Frank Foster, English cricketer (b. 1889)
- May 19 - Ronald Colman, English actor (b. 1891)
- May 29 - Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- June 20 - Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- June 26 - George Orton, Canadian athlete (b. 1876)
- June 28 - Alfred Noyes, English poet [b. 1880)
- July 14 - King Faisal II of Iraq (b. 1935)
- August 14 - Frédéric Joliot, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1900)
- August 22 - Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- August 27 - Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- October 9 - Pope Pius XII (b. 1876)
- October 17 - Charlie Townsend, English cricketer (b. 1876)
- November 24 - Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, English politician and diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1864)
- November 27 - Artur Rodzinski, Croatian conductor (b. 1892)
- December 8 - Tris Speaker, baseball player (b. 1888)
- December 15 - Wolfgang Ernst Pauli, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
- Chemistry - Frederick Sanger
- Medicine - George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
- Literature - Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
- Peace - Georges Pire

Fields Medalists


- Klaus Roth, Rene Thom
- ko:1958년 ja:1958年 simple:1958 th:พ.ศ. 2501

1999

1999 (MCMXCIX) is a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations.

Events


- Kosovo War
- Y2K preparation was a major event in 1999 both in actual events and in media over-reporting.
- The human population of the world surpassed six billion. The United Nations Population Fund designated October 12 as the approximate date for this event.

January


- January 1 - Euro currency introduced.
- January 1 - An avalanche destroys a school gymnasium during New Year celebrations in Kangiqsualujjuaq in far northern Quebec, killing nine.
- January 2 - A brutal snowstorm smashes into the Midwestern USA, causing 14 inches (359 mm) of snow at Milwaukee, Wisconsin and 19 inches (487 mm) at Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, temperatures plunge to -13°F (-25°C), and 68 deaths are reported.
- January 4 - Gunmen open fire on Shiite Muslims worshipping in an Islamabad mosque killing 16 people and injuring 25.
- January 12 - The remains of Christina Marie Williams were found three miles (5 km) from her home on the old Fort Ord military base.
- January 20 - The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafes.
- January 21 - War on Drugs: In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds (4.3 t) of cocaine aboard. The ship was headed for Houston, Texas.
- January 25 - A 6.0 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia killing at least 1,000

February


- February 4 - Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race-relations in the city.
- February 5 - Mike Tyson is sentenced to a year's imprisonment, fined $5,000, and ordered to serve 2 years probation and perform 200 hours of community service for the August 31, 1998 assault on two people after a car accident.
- February 7 - King of Jordan, Hussein of Jordan, dies from cancer. His son Abdullah II then inherits the throne, and becomes King of Jordan.
- February 10 - Avalanches in the French Alps near Geneva kill at least ten.
- February 11 - Pluto, a planet with an irregular orbit, changes from the eighth to ninth planet furthest from the Sun. It had been the eighth furthest since 1979, and will become again in 2231.
- February 12 - President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial
- February 12 - John Myatt and John Drewe are sentenced for art forgery for one and six years, respectively.
- February 16 - In Uzbekistan a bomb explodes and gunfire is heard at the government headquarters in an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov.
- February 16 - Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrested one of their rebel leaders, Abdullah Öcalan.
- February 16 - In Jasper, Texas, testimony begins in the trial of John William King who is accused of dragging African American James Byrd Jr. to death in an apparent hate crime. King was later convicted and sentenced to the death penalty.
- February 22 - Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated.
- February 23 - Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
- February 23 - White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr by dragging him behind a truck for two miles (3 km).
- February 23 - An avalanche destroys the Austrian village of Galtür, killing 31.
- February 24 - LaGrand Case: The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery that led to a death. Karl's brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germany's legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him.
- February 27 - While trying to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon, Colin Prescot and Andy Elson set a new endurance record after being in a hot air balloon for 233 hours and 55 minutes.
- February 27 - Olusegun Obasanjo becomes Nigeria's first elected president since mid-1983.

March


- March 1 - One of four bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, destroys the Angolan Embassy.
- March 1 - Rwandan Hutu rebels kill and hack to pieces eight foreign tourists at the Buhoma homestead, Uganda
- March 1 - The Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines comes into force.
- March 3 - Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones begin their attempt to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon without stopping. Their journey ended in success on March 21.
- March 4 - Monica Lewinsky's book detailing her affair with Bill Clinton goes on sale in the United States
- March 4 - In a military court, Captain Richard Ashby of the United States Marines is acquitted of the charge of reckless flying which resulted in the deaths of 20 skiers in the Italian Alps when his low-flying jet hit a gondola cable.
- March 12 - Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic join NATO.
- March 15 - The European Commission under the presidency of Jacques Santer resigns over allegations of corruption.
- March 17 - The [http://www.roth-401k-forum.com/ Roth 401k] is introduced by Sen Roth Jr., William V.
- March 20 - Serbs launch an offensive in Bosnia
- March 21 - Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.
- March 22 - US pro-euthanasia doctor Jack Kevorkian goes on trial for murder in Pontiac, Michigan. He is later convicted of second-degree murder
- March 23 - Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña
- March 24 - NATO launches air strikes in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which was refusing to sign a peace treaty. This marks the first time NATO attacked a sovereign country
- March 24 - Fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel kills 39 people, closing the tunnel for nearly 3 years.
- March 26 - The Melissa worm attacks the Internet.
- March 26 - A jury in Michigan finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man (the incident was videotaped and aired on September 17, 1998 edition of 60 Minutes)
- March 29 - For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10000 mark at 10006.78.

April


- April 1 - Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, part of the Northwest Territories becomes Canada's third territory.
- April 5 - Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 are handed over to Scottish authorities for eventual trial in the Netherlands. The United Nations suspends sanctions against Libya
- April 5 - In Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson pleads guilty to kidnapping and felony murder in order to avoid a possible death penalty conviction for the apparent hate crime killing of Matthew Shepard
- April 7 - Kosovo War: Kosovo's main border crossings are closed by Serbian forces to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving
- April 7 - Bomb explodes in the Valley of the Fallen church in Spain - GRAPO claims responsibility
- April 9 - Ibrahim Baré Maînassara, president of Nigeria, is assassinated
- April 17 - A nail bomb explodes in the middle of a busy market in Brixton, South London
- April 18 - "The Great One" Wayne Gretzky plays his final game in the NHL.
- April 20 - Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers named Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open fire on their teachers and fellow students. The teenagers killed 12 students and 1 teacher, and then killed themselves. See Columbine High School massacre.
- April 25 - End of term for Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman as the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 26 - Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, Sultan of Selangor becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 28 - The first comic of Sexy Losers (then called "The Thin H Line") goes online. This webcomic would go on to be one of the most popular webcomics ever made, with a sustained level of unique IP address hits of approximately 1 million a week. It would also popularize the word "fap" as an onomatopoeia for masturbation, a sound effect widely used in anime-themed comics since.
- April 30 - Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) bringing the total members to 10.
- April 30 - A third nail bomb (see April 17) explodes in the Admiral Duncan pub in Old Compton Street, Soho, London, killing a pregnant woman and two friends and injuring 70 others, including her husband. This was part of a hate campaign against ethnic minorities and gay people by David Copeland

May

David Copeland
- May 2 - Oliver Reed, British actor famous for starring in The Three Musketeers, The Four Musketeers, and The Assassination Bureau, dies of a heart attack in Malta while filming Gladiator.
- May 2 - Norman J. Sirnic and Karen Sirnic are murdered by Angel Maturino Resendiz in a parsonage in Weimar, Texas. They were his fourth and fifth victims in his fourth incident.
- May 3 - Photo driver licences and banknotes made out of polymer substrate are introduced to New Zealand.
- May 3 - A F5 tornado slams in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma killing 38 people. This was the strongest tornado ever. (See Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak)
- May 3 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 for the first time. It closes at 11,014.70.
- May 6 - Elections are held in Scotland and Wales for the new Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales
- May 7 - A jury finds The Jenny Jones Show and Warner Bros liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure after the show purposely deceived Jonathan Schmitz to appear on a secret same-sex crush episode.
- May 7 - Kosovo War: In Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese embassy workers are killed and 20 wounded when a NATO aircraft mistakenly bombs the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
- May 7 - In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup
- May 8 - Nancy Mace becomes the first female cadet to graduate from The Military College of South Carolina.
- May 12 - David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament
- May 13 - in Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of the republic
- May 17 - Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.
- May 19 - Star Wars: The Phantom Menace is released in theaters.
- May 20 - Bluetooth announced.
- May 23 - In Kansas City, Missouri, Owen Hart (Blue Blazer) falls 90 feet (30 m) to his death while being lowered into a World Wrestling Federation ring
- May 26 - Indian Air Force launches attack on intruding Pakistan backed militants in Kashmir sparking the Kargil War.
- May 26 - Manchester United win the UEFA Champions League at the Nou Camp stadium, Barcelona, beating Bayern Munich to lift their third major trophy in their unprecedented Treble, after winning the English Premier League and FA Cup.
- May 26 - Madejczyk Massacre Averted, Bridgman, Michigan school shooting plot
- May 26 - first Welsh Assembly for over 600 years opens in Cardiff
- May 27 - The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milošević and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo
- May 28 - In Milan, Italy, after 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo de Vinci's newly-restored masterpiece "The Last Supper" is put back on display.

June


- 'solid - the socialist youth is formed in Hannover, Germany
- June 2 - After decades of fighting off outside technological influences like television, the King of Bhutan allows television transmissions to commence in the Kingdom for the first time, coinciding with the King's silver jubilee (see Bhutan Broadcasting Service).
- June 5 - The AIS, the armed wing of FIS, agrees in principle to disband in Algeria.
- June 6 - In Brazil, 345 prisoners escape from Putim prison through the front gate
- June 7 - Garfield daily strips in colour.
- June 8 - The government of Colombia announces it will include the estimated value of the country's illegal drug crops, exceeding half a billion US dollars, in its gross national product.
- June 9 - Kosovo War: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.
- June 10 - Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.
- June 12 - Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian begins - NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force KFor enter the province of Kosovo in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Texas Governor George W. Bush announces his intention to seek the Republican Party's nomination for President of the United States.
- June 15 - George Morber Senior and Carolyn Frederick are murdered by Angel Maturino Resendiz in Gorham, Illinois. They are his eighth and ninth victims, in his seventh and final incident.
- June 19 - Torino is picked as the host city of the 2006 Winter Olympics.

July


- July 4 - David Beckham and Victoria Adams are married.
- July 11 - India recaptures Kargil as Pakistan pulls out its troops and militants after international condemnation. India claim victory in the two-month conflict.
- July 16 - Off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, a plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. crashes with his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy and her sister Lauren Bessette on board. All three are killed in the crash
- July 20 - Mercury program: Liberty Bell 7 is raised from the Atlantic Ocean.
- July 23 - Mohammed VI becomes King of Morocco.
- July 23 to July 25 - Woodstock 99 festival held in New York.
- July 23 - Hijack of ANA Flight 61 in Tokyo.
- July 25 - Lance Armstrong wins first Tour de France.
- July 27 - 21 die in a canyoning disaster near Interlaken, Switzerland.
- July 31 - Mark O. Barton kills 9 in Atlanta, Georgia
- July 31 - NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.

August


- August 8 - The first edition of the Callatis Festival, the largest music &culture festival in Romania.
- August 9 - Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet
- August 10 - Buford O. Furrow, Jr. attempts a mass murder in Los Angeles
- August 10 - Atlantique Incident occurs as an intruding Pakistan navy plane is shot down in India. The incident sparks tensions between the two nations, coming just a month after the end of the Kargil War.
- August 11 - Total eclipse in Europe and Asia
- August 11 - An F-2 tornado rips through downtown Salt Lake City, Utah, killing one person and injuring over 100.
- August 17 - A 7.4-magnitude earthquake strikes Istanbul and northwestern Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000. This earthquake was the first of a long series of unrelated but frequent earthquakes throughout the world during the years 1999 and 2000. Some connected the earthquake to the fact that the Umbra of the solar eclipse of August 11, was right above Istanbul.
- August 19 - In Belgrade, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević

September


- September 7 - Earthquake strikes Athens resulting to more than 100 dead and 672 homes destroyed. It was not clear if it was related to the earlier earthquake of Turkey. That earthquake was the worst in Athens after 20 years. Both disasters were noted for resulting to a mutual assistance and better climate between the two 'rivalling' countries.
- September 8 - first of the series of Russian apartment bombings. The subsequent occurred on September 13, 16, and 22 (failed).
- September 9 - Sega released the Dreamcast worldwide. Breaking video game and other entertainment sales record in its first 24 hours of availability.
- September 21 - Chi-Chi earthquake occurred in central Taiwan, caused about 2,400 people dead.

October


- October - NASA loses one of its Mars probes, the Climate Orbiter
- October 5 - Thirty-one people die in the Ladbroke Grove rail crash, west of London, England.
- October 12 - Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attempts to dismiss Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf and install ISI director Khwaja Ziauddin in his place. Senior Army generals refuse to accept the dismissal. Musharraf, who was out of the country, attempts to return in a commercial airliner. Sharif orders the Karachi airport to not allow the plane to land. The generals lead a coup, ousting Sharif's administration and taking over the airport. The plane lands with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf takes control of the government.
- October 12 - The 6 billionth person in the world, according to the UN is born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- October 13 - The United States Senate rejects ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
- October 15 ? National Geographic Society reveals the fossil of Archaeoraptor in a press conference (the fossil is later found to be a forgery)
- October 18 ? Michael Pawluk Michigan attorney sails solo-single-handed over 2,500 nautical miles (4600 km) on a 30 foot (10 m) boat when his wife demands "some space".
- October 25 - Golfer Payne Stewart, 42, dies in an aircraft accident.
- October 27 - Gunmen open fire in the Armenian parliament killing Prime Minister Vazgan Sarkisian, Parliament Chairman Karen Demirchian and 6 other members.
- October 27 - The New York Yankees complete a 4 game sweep of the Atlanta Braves to win their second consecutive World Series.
- October 31 - EgyptAir Flight 990 traveling from New York City to Cairo crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on-board
- October 31 - Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church leaders sign the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, ending a centuries-old doctrinal dispute over the nature of faith and salvation.

November


- November 5 - United States v. Microsoft: US District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson issues a preliminary ruling that the software company Microsoft had "monopoly power" (on April 3, 2000 Jackson found that Microsoft violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act).
- November 6 - Australians vote to keep the British queen as their head of state
- November 18 - In College Station, Texas, 12 are killed and 28 injured at Texas A&M University when a huge bonfire under construction collapses.
- November 19 - In Istanbul, the